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Objective To understand the health nutritional status among residents in Jiangxi Province and to explore the related factors influencing the residents health literacy to provide a scientific basis for the government departments to formulate the health promotion related policy. Methods A total 3 289 permanent residents aged 15-69 years old were extracted from 33 villages and towns (streets) in 11 counties (districts) of Jiangxi Pprovince from June to December 2012 by using the multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. Results The overall level of residents health literacy in Jiangxi Province was 7.58%; the proportions of basic health knowledge and idea, healthy lifestyle and behaviors, and health basic skills were 13.47%, 11.56% and 8.04% respectively; the proportions of scientific health concept, safety and emergency literacy,prevention and treatment literacy of infectious diseases,health information literacy, prevention and treatment literacy of chronic disease and basic medical literacy were 31.47%, 29.28%,12.22%, 11.00%, 9.69% and 4.79% respectively. The Logistic regression analysis showed that the culture degree, occupation and average month income were the independent influencing factors of residents health literacy (P<0.05). The proportion of health literacy in civil servants and medical staffs was significantly higher than that in other occupation groups (OR=3.954, 3.822, P=0.016, P=0.010). Conclusion Conducting the resident health education intervention work should be strengthened according to the characteristics of different populations. The populations of low cultural level and low income should be focused for pertinently increasing the health literacy level in population of the whole province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]