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Word learning is critical for the development of reading and language comprehension skills. Although previous studies have indicated that word learning is compromised in children with reading disability (RD) or developmental language disorder (DLD), it is less clear how word learning difficulties manifest in children with comorbid RD and DLD. Furthermore, it is unclear whether word learning deficits in RD or DLD include difficulties with offline consolidation of newly learned words. In the current study, we employed an artificial lexicon learning paradigm with an overnight design to investigate how typically developing (TD) children (N = 25), children with only RD (N = 93), and children with both RD and DLD (N = 34) learned and remembered a set of phonologically similar pseudowords. Results showed that compared to TD children, children with RD exhibited: (i) slower growth in discrimination accuracy for cohort item pairs sharing an onset (e.g. pibu‐pibo), but not for rhyming item pairs (e.g. pibu‐dibu); and (ii) lower discrimination accuracy for both cohort and rhyme item pairs on Day 2, even when accounting for differences in Day 1 learning. Moreover, children with comorbid RD and DLD showed learning and retention deficits that extended to unrelated item pairs that were phonologically dissimilar (e.g. pibu‐tupa), suggestive of broader impairments compared to children with only RD. These findings provide insights into the specific learning deficits underlying RD and DLD and motivate future research concerning how children use phonological similarity to guide the organization of new word knowledge., We employed an artificial lexicon learning paradigm with an overnight design to investigate how typically developing (TD) children, children with reading disability (RD), and children with both RD and developmental language disorder (DLD) learned and remembered a set of phonologically similar pseudowords. Compared to TD children, children with RD experienced difficulty learning and remembering phonologically similar items, whereas children with both RD and DLD experienced difficulty learning and remembering phonologically dissimilar items in addition to phonologically similar items. These findings suggest one of the specific deficits underlying RD and DLD is difficulty establishing robust phonological representations for newly learned words.

Sleep spindle activity in infants supports their formation of generalized memories during sleep, indicating that specific sleep processes affect the consolidation of memories early in life. Characteristics of sleep spindles depend on the infant's developmental state and are known to be associated with trait‐like factors such as intelligence. It is, however, largely unknown which state‐like factors affect sleep spindles in infancy. By varying infants’ wake experience in a within‐subject design, here we provide evidence for a learning‐ and memory‐dependent modulation of infant spindle activity. In a lexical‐semantic learning session before a nap, 14‐ to 16‐month‐old infants were exposed to unknown words as labels for exemplars of unknown object categories. In a memory test on the next day, generalization to novel category exemplars was tested. In a nonlearning control session preceding a nap on another day, the same infants heard known words as labels for exemplars of already known categories. Central–parietal fast sleep spindles increased after the encoding of unknown object–word pairings compared to known pairings, evidencing that an infant's spindle activity varies depending on its prior knowledge for newly encoded information. Correlations suggest that enhanced spindle activity was particularly triggered, when similar unknown pairings were not generalized immediately during encoding. The spindle increase triggered by previously not generalized object–word pairings, moreover, boosted the formation of generalized memories for these pairings. Overall, the results provide first evidence for a fine‐tuned regulation of infant sleep quality according to current consolidation requirements, which improves the infant long‐term memory for new experiences.

The main objective of the present work was to carry out a small theoretical practical investigation on the comparison of the adhesive Aquazol® with the present adhesives:starch and Thylose® in the technique of paper lamination that proves the effectiveness of this adhesive, as a suitable product in the lamination process, observing the data obtained in the test specimens, for its reversibility, its easy application, the change of perception and the resistance to the adhesive joint. In order to reach this goal, a bibliographic search was initially made about the different adhesives regarding the method of manual paper lamination and the different application systems. Beginning with this information, a wide variety of materials and systems were selected to carry out paper lamination tests. Fot this, a total of three adhesives, an application system and a single type of secondary support -Japanese paper- were chosen, resulting in a total of 15 different laminations. In order to compare the results that could be obtained from the different adhesives, it was decides to perform a peeling test in T. Once the tests were completed, a comparison of results was carried out along with conclusions of the advantages and disadvantages of the different adhesives and the method used, attaching summaries and visually explanatory graphs., El objetivo principal del presente trabajo era realizar una pequeña investigación teórico práctica sobre la comparación del adhesivo Aquazol® con los adhesivos actuales: almidón y Thylose® en la técnica de laminación de papel que demuestre la eficacia de este adhesivo, como un producto apto en el proceso de laminación, observando los datos obtenidos en las probetas, tanto por su reversibilidad, su fácil aplicación, el cambio de percepción y la resistencia a la junta adhesiva. Para poder llegar a tal fin, inicialmente se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre los diferentes adhesivos en el método de laminación manual de papel y los diferentes métodos de laminación manual del papel y sistemas de aplicación de los mismos. A partir de esta información, se eligieron diversos materiales y sistemas para llevar a cabo las pruebas de laminación de documentos de papel. Para ello se escogieron un total de tres adhesivos, un sistema de aplicación y un solo tipo de soporte secundario -papel japonés- de los que resultaron un total de 15 laminaciones distintas. Para poder comparar los resultados que se pueden obtener de los diferentes adhesivos, se decidió realizar una prueba de pelado en T. Una vez finalizadas las pruebas, se realizó una comparativa de resultados y unas conclusiones de las ventajas y desventajas de los diferentes adhesivos y el método empleado, adjuntando resúmenes y gráficos visualmente explicativos.

Multiple enterprise system instances in organizations with multiple business units are quite costly to maintain and causes the lack of common business processes. To consolidate these systems into one or fewer instances has the benefits of reduce costs, centralize IT and standardize business processes. But a consolidated model may not be the best choice for every company. To help companies with this decision making process, we studied relevant papers and provided several consideration factors that companies should concern before conducting a system consolidation program. By analyzing their situation according to these factors, companies will get a clearer view on whether they should consolidate their enterprise systems or not. In this thesis a case study is conducted with Holmen Paper. Our study with Holmen Paper focused on the maintenance area of theirs three paper mills. By analyzing these paper mills’ situations based on three of our consideration factors, we made the conclusion that Holmen Paper should consolidate their systems in the maintenance area when they are ready.