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Indian paper industry depends on natural resources for its raw material supply, hence it has to balance both paper production and natural resource consumption for its survival and sustenance. Any imbalance in this regard can pose threat to this industry's survival on one hand and put adverse impact of this industry upon environment on the other. The present paper analyses how some of the paper industries falling under the ambit of CSR clause 135 are taking initiatives for CSR and sustainability in order to have responsible and sustained existence in the corporate world. This study tries to probe into the areas where there is more requirement of CSR expenditure and scalability/replicability of CSR projects. Gap analysis has also been done to see the gaps between the amount allocated for CSR initiatives and the amount actually spent. The paper proposes a logical framework for CSR that is based on Bertelsmann's iooi method with certain modifications by inclusion of moderators like ethics, values, legal obligations, knowledge and skills that influence decision on CSR initiatives. The various efforts taken by paper industries for CSR projects, their monitoring and evaluation shall stand as an answer to CSR clause 135. Though the clause is in its initial phase, but the study shall help analyse if organisations are living up to the spirit of the clause and contributing for the benefit of environment and community. The study concludes that with the coming up of the clause, the focus on CSR has increased. Also, there have been efforts on the part of industries to comply with the clause but standard planning and evaluation frameworks have to be followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focusses on three aspects of our work with the urban poor: utilization of participatory research methodologies to elicit local knowledge in forms that do not require traditional education; building capacities to create active organized citizenry through catalysing Settlement Improvement Committees, which are representative bodies (involving youth, women and men) of the urban poor aimed at advocating interests of the community, and planning for collective positive action; and enabling communities and their organizations to utilize technology-enabled mobile surveys to collect their own data, leading to the demystification of technology and allowing for utilization of data for planning (for individual and community-level action), monitoring the implementation of these plans, as well as seeking access to services from state actors. This paper was presented in an International Research Symposium on "Other ways of knowing and doing", organized by the O.P Jindal Global University. The symposium was an opportunity to discuss the utilization of technology combined with participatory methods for the production of knowledge, and catalyzing social change actions by the urban poor in selected Indian cities.

The paper argues that access to public infrastructure plays a crucial role on the presence of private schools in a community, as it could not only minimise the cost of production, but also ensure a high return to private investment. Results using community, school and child/household-level PROBE survey data from five north Indian states provide some support to this central hypothesis: even after controlling for all other factors, access to village infrastructural facilities is associated with a higher likelihood of having a private school in the community. This is also corroborated by an analysis of household demand for private schools. The paper concludes by examining the effect of private school presence on year 5 pass rates: while all-school pass rates are significantly higher in villages with a private school, private school presence fails to have significant effect on local state school pass rates.

Following initial scepticism, the growth and developments within distance education in India have been tremendous. This paper records those developments in one of the largest distance education systems in the world with regard to its contribution to national development. The paper also examines curricular programmes, access and equity, media and technology, funding and costing, quality and accreditation, collaboration and networking, internationalization, and outcomes and benefits. The paper argues that higher education at a distance has significantly contributed to Indian national development on various counts, including innovative programmes for niche markets as well as community development; nationwide training programmes for the workforce and community and the empowerment of women; information and communications technology (ICT) networking and sharing of resources; massive human resource development for IT; management; school teaching; and development in new sectors of the workforce. Nevertheless, the areas of quality of instructional processes, access and equity, and effective deployment and use of ICT have been highlighted as accelerators to the system in its future expansion.

This paper shares an innovative methodology to 'co-create' a curriculum with eleven international community development organisations from seven countries to prepare undergraduate students for international work-integrated learning activities. The co-creation process was complex, messy, and always evolving. Here we reflect on and document the process, identifying three key methodological principles that might guide the co-creation process for others. These principles embrace the unpredictable, emotional, and personal reality of bringing together diverse ideas and perspectives, as well as opening up possibilities for more creative ways of communicating and listening to what is seen, heard, and felt.

Education has been identified as one of the primary agents of transformation towards development. However, low level of literacy and education is one of the major challenges facing most of the underdeveloped countries. Active community involvement and participation has emerged as an effective mechanism in improving the sustainable level of education in many of these countries. This paper analyses the crucial aspects of community participation in education and supports its importance by reviewing the basic framework and outcome of Janshala--a Government of India-UN program in Jharkand, India. Though community participation is not a panacea for addressing all barriers, the Janshala experience in Jharkhand and cross country experiences involving community in educational programs indicate that the active involvement of the community has facilitated in identifying community specific education issues and formulating effective strategies to address those barriers by mobilising resources within the community. (Contains 1 footnote, 3 tables, and 2 figures.)

The success of any project depends on the stakeholder participation. There are many methods by which stakeholder participation is ensured in a project. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is an approach that is used by many development projects to incorporate knowledge and opinions of the stakeholders, especially the beneficiaries, in various stages like planning, implementation, and evaluation. This paper documents a PRA exercise done by trained social work students to evaluate a company’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) projects implemented in India. Apart from highlighting the process of conducting PRA, this paper sheds light on the possibility of using participatory methods like PRA to assess CSR projects in India, which ensures the inclusion of the perception of beneficiaries. The research adopted a case study approach, and the participants were the beneficiaries of CSR projects in the community. Qualitative feedback was also taken from 20 participants to understand the advantages of using participatory tools in the performance evaluation of CSR. The group discussions, in-depth interviews and PRA techniques were adopted to gather data. The findings underline the relevance of social work professionals in CSR initiatives and also the role of PRA in empowering the beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social networking sites have seen tremendous growth and are widely used around the world. Nevertheless, the use of social networking sites in educational contexts is an under explored area. This paper uses a qualitative methodology, autoethnography, to investigate how social networking sites, specifically Facebook[TM], can help first semester doctoral students adapt to a Ph.D. program and a new national culture. Each week during the semester, a Ph.D. Student Tip and a Cultural Tip was posted. Students would then post related discussions, observations, and/or questions. At the conclusion of the semester the doctoral students shared their thoughts about participating in the Facebook[TM] group through autobiographical narratives. A technique called open coding was used to analyze the narratives. Our findings suggest three emergent themes. Social networking sites can aid adaptation through: 1) facilitating knowledge exchange, 2) alleviating apprehension, and 3) enabling socialization and building community. The data showed that the Facebook[TM] discussions aided in various types of knowledge exchange, providing a conceptual map that facilitated greater adaptation. Next, the interactions appeared to help minimize trepidation related to embarking on a new program of study and adjusting to a new national culture. Third, the Facebook[TM] group was useful fostering socialization and community among the students. We make the following recommendations for professors when implementing SNS (Social Network Site) groups: 1) establish a Facebook[TM] group with a course-related identity, 2) be sensitive to security and privacy issues, 3) provide tips to "seed" various types of knowledge exchange, 4) encourage participation, and 5) assess and adjust. While our research is exploratory in nature, we believe it provides a foundation for future research in this important and rapidly expanding area of SNS usage. (Contains 2 tables.)

Faith ethos education has subjective elements in it that are elusive to planners and administrators of national and international systems. This paper looks at how Sikhs, a minority group both in India and in other countries to which they have migrated manage to retain their faith-based education programmes successfully and yet relate to the educational systems and practical needs of the society in which they live and work. The countries studied are India, the UK and the USA. Although recognition has been given to faith-based education in community development by international planners, the factors that link spiritual development and culture in education with social development have been neglected in research on education's contribution to socio-economic development. Sikh culture and education offer a case study which illuminates this. (Contains 4 notes.)

This paper presents the processes and findings of a three-year action research project implemented in a small number of urban slums in the city of Kolkata (previously known as Calcutta), the capital of the state of West Bengal in Eastern India. The project involved partnership between an established institute for cerebral palsy in Kolkata, two United Kingdom (UK) universities and three non-government organisations working on community development in the urban slums of Kolkata. These diverse groups working jointly were able to reach low-income, disadvantaged families with low literacy skills, providing individualised home-based intervention for their child with disabilities. (Contains 4 tables.)

Examines problems in coordination between nonformal adult education and national development programs in India and suggests management structures for institutionalizing coordination. Notes the difficulty with which influential political and administrative groups will allow changes in the system and suggests possible alternative development and education organization. (MF)

This paper draws on recent empirical research into indigenous Adivasi identities in India to explore Adivasi participation and demands for community rights within local structures of governance in a village context. I examine the multiple articulations of rights by the Adivasis that they consider crucial for community development in the backdrop of protracted violence and conflict. This paper engages with the local context of civil unrest by drawing attention to the Maoist movement, its assumed opposition to rights in official policy discourses and its relevance to the Adivasi lives. In particular, I analyse the ways in which the Adivasis engage with the local power relations with respect to the state, the Maoists and other community groups to make demands for everyday survival and gain access to resources. Linked to this, I attend to the modes of collective (dis)engagement, social and political participation of the Adivasis in governance forums to (re)claim the rights to land, forest, safety and overall community development that were denied to them as a group historically. These rights, I argue, are deemed necessary by the community in ensuring equal citizenship, social inclusion and in realising their specific struggles for human rights within the local context of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local migrant organization is an emerging phenomenon in many emigrant countries, where such an organization is formed and run by current or former migrants and engages in a range of philanthropic activities for community development. Research on migrant organizations tends to focus either on immigrant organizations located in the host countries or on transnational migrant organizations engaged in diaspora philanthropy with origin country. Contrary to mainstream research on migrant organizations, this paper looks at the local migrant organizations and their engagements in emigrant countries through a case study in India. Drawing on selected local migrant organizations that cater to healthcare needs in India, this paper investigates how they evolve and mobilize resources, what sort of healthcare activities they are carrying out, and how such collective efforts are contributing to the healthcare needs for the underserved community. This study reports that local migrant organizations tend to be small and resource-poor, but they reach out to the Indian periphery and serve the underprivileged sections of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, Indian society consists of heterogeneous groups with wider different culture, religion, pattern and lifestyle. Community development programmes were initiated since from the days of independence. The main aim of implementing CD programme is to reduce interpersonal and intrapersonal disparities and also reducing inequalities of income distribution. Prominent CD Programmes in India have so far been initiated at various zones in various states. But at the same time the desired results were not been achieved. Poverty reductions as well as eradication of illiteracy, creation of social assets, social infrastructure, dimensions of development and overall improvement are the important notions of CD Programmes. The Panchayat Raj system especially Amendment 73rd clearly envisages giving more autonomy to local bodies in achieving community development. The existence of growth pockets as well as depressed pockets consumes larger plan allocations in India. Since, the command area project achieved the overall economic growth and societical development. This paper clearly reveals the way in which of attaining inclusive growth with the main aim of quicker accessibility of credit and overall rural development. Most of the programmes under the instruction of Niti Ayog sustainable rural development and creating of social infrastructure in the rural areas are the main thrust as well as priority oriented schemes. A deliberate attempt was made by the researchers to focus the main theme of rural development with suitable financial inclusion strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional myths such as the poor are misfit to manage smart technologies or that women-led rural enterprises generally fall through faster than men managed ones - have since been broken as evidenced by various empirical studies. However, the research on solar energy enterprises managed by women, particularly in rural or peri-urban areas, has remained largely elusive while the impact of such womenled entrepreneurial energy-based start-ups has significant personal, social and community level consequential impacts. A range of institutional arrangements that support these entrepreneurs starting from identifying, training to building and sustaining of such start-ups are explored and evaluated in this paper. This paper shows that not only do women collectively run these enterprises but they also successfully incubate others in the community. The context of solar energy in rural communities has become all the more important for both a practitioner as well as a theoretical understanding of women entrepreneurship. This research deploys a qualitative method approach that uses both primary and secondary data; this is then put through a lens of systematic thematic analysis for discussion. The work contributes to policy discussions as well as build an empirical knowledge of how women-led solar technology-based enterprises are built, managed, sustained and scaled in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Placing social work trainees in public libraries is a relatively new concept in India. Library social work offers a fresh perspective by locating social work activities in the public library setting. Integrating social work practices within public libraries facilitates community development and social change. This paper considers the unexplored opportunities related to library social work in India through Rajagiri's Model of Library Social Work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the causes of the demise of community development and shows how a community development department could become the major agency for social and economic development. (JOW)

Presents recommendations from a January 1979 seminar held in Bengal, India, of representatives from different voluntary agencies associated with the national adult education program. Three groups discussed program components (literacy, awareness, and functionality), integrating development with adult education, voluntary agencies and government coordination, learning motivation, and educational and economic development. (MF)

Development in postcolonial India remains a contested terrain where competing approaches are negotiated and operationalized. From the early days of independence, development discourse in India carried elements of Nehruvian impulse of state-led technocratic development as well as people-centric community development primarily influenced by the Gandhian notion of the village economy. The present paper aims at engaging with this Indian development complex, where conventional binaries such as state-led/community-led, national/local, top-down/bottom-up, and so forth are transcended, leading to a framework where the binaries become complementary. It traces the evolution of community development and engages with its mainstreaming in the early decades of independence as well as in the neoliberal phase of developmental governance. Although this renewed trend of involving the community in the development process presents itself to be more people-centric, it is argued that such a tendency could be as homogenizing as the narratives of national and global institutions. The paper recognizes the ambivalence of community development and proposes that the state and community, far from being autonomous spaces, mediate and produce each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to compare the relative influence of migrant and indigenous entrepreneurs on regional development in the eastern state of Odisha in a developing country like India. The data is based on ownership across 30 districts and ten different sectors for small and medium businesses. It is modeled on economic indicators such as Net District Domestic Product (NDDP) and employment generation at the district level. One‐way ANOVA and multiple linear regression on the data set suggest that ownership pattern influences development indices differently, hence having policy‐level implications based on the goals to be achieved. While migrant entrepreneurs' impact NDDP and employment opportunities positively for main workers, indigenous entrepreneurs from Odisha positively influence employment opportunities at an overall level, and for marginal workers, everything else remains unchanged. Hence, during slowdowns or post‐pandemic recovery situations, when the need of the hour for the local government is immediate employment and livelihood for low‐skill‐based marginal workers, facilitating indigenous owners is more preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is to examine whether MNCs operating in conflict zones could employ CSR to create both for themselves and for the local community in which they operated. This paper mainly deals with the CSR initiatives taken by Guwahati Refinery as a subdivision of Indian Oil Corporation Limited. Guwahati Refinery is one of the Refinery of Indian Oil Corporation Limited under Refinery Divisions in the development of North East India which is also a conflict zone for the industrial development. In this study the IOCL is selected because it is one of the major industrial establishment that operating in North East India since long time. The findings suggest that significant investment in CSR operations based on a carefully designed need expectations analysis in such conflict zones, not only for business profit but also for local community development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the level of corporate social responsibility (CSR) contributions disclosed by central public sector enterprises (CPSEs) in India. This paper analyses the nature and quality of CSR disclosures (CSRDs) made by CPSEs listed in India following the issue of CSR guidelines by the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) for CPSEs in March 2010. The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of CSR guidelines on the reporting practices of the CPSEs. A content analysis of annual reports across seven themes shows that Human Resources (HR) and Community Development are the prime focus areas of CSR disclosures, whereas Carbon and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are the least reported activity. The disclosures across all CSR themes are primarily narrative rather than quantitative or in monetary terms. The findings of the study may help policy makers in India to assess practices and devise detailed and specific CSRD requirements, rather than the current general mandatory requirements, to enhance the performance and quality of CSRDs by the CPSEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the characteristics most often associated with religion is that it is a discrete source of value that shapes people's attitudes and behaviour. In some cases, these values may be negative such as submission or violence; in other cases, religion is seen to promote positive values such as charity and social justice. In recent years, the international development community has reawakened an interest in religion, and has directly embraced the assumption that religion is foundational of people's values, seeking how best to tap into the potential positive values while mitigating against the more negative values. This paper critically explores the assumptions behind this approach. It argues that there is no straightforward relationship between belonging to a religion and the values which inform one's actions and decisions. Drawing on fieldwork research from India, the paper shows that it is impossible to disentangle religion from its interaction with the social, economic and political contexts in which it is lived. The paper concludes by deriving some implications of this for the way the international development community engages with religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - In view of significance of social entrepreneurial activity for community development, the purpose of this paper is to attempt to identify attributes of social entrepreneurs and philanthropists among returning successful diaspora in North Indian villages. Philanthropists are defined by the fact that they only invest money, whereas the social entrepreneurs invest their activities as well. An attempt is also made to ascertain key determinants and processes influencing outcomes of social entrepreneurial activity with a view to facilitate it. Design/methodology/approach - Emphasis is on qualitative analysis based on interviews of scientifically sampled respondents. However, the paper suggests that the rational choice approach is inappropriate to address the issue of community development. An approach based on a broader view of man in works of some classical economists like Adam Smith is more useful. Findings - The results of empirical analysis suggest that there exist substantial factors, such as early socialization, experience in community work, education and health, that differentiate social entrepreneurs and philanthropists. Salience of relationship between formal and informal institutions, personal traits and social skills of social entrepreneurs in influencing outcomes of social entrepreneurial activity is indicated. By investing moral and material resources in communities, social entrepreneurs augment social capital and facilitate social action. In contrast, philanthropists may add to distortions in community functioning, especially if they opt to operate through largely dysfunctional formal local institutions due to structural impasse in rural areas. Research limitations/implications - The paper pertains to Indian Punjab, an area with a long history of emigration. However, researchers need to take into account distinct socio-economic conditions in Punjab when designing studies for other areas. Practical implications - Policy measures addressing hurdles in the way of social entrepreneurial activity can speed up the modernization of traditional communities. Originality/value - The paper adds to understanding of what motivates human behaviour in economic analysis of community development. Further, it makes an important distinction between the roles of the philanthropist and the social entrepreneur in community development. The paper would be useful to researchers desirous of doing similar exercises in other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A healthy, robust and sustainable banking system is the key for achieving inclusive growth in Indian economy. This paper is aimed at determining the status quo of banking sector in India towards adoption of sustainable banking practices. The findings reveal that Indian banking industry has responded relatively slowly to sustainability issues. The public sector banks are more involved in addressing the social dimensions of sustainability through various microfinance schemes, gender-specific loan schemes, community development programme, etc., whereas the private sector banks in India have adopted relatively more comprehensive approach in addressing environmental care dimension like green building, ISO 14000 certification, innovative products and services, etc. They are more active in subscribing to the voluntary international guidelines and framework on sustainable development like UNEP FI, EPs, GRI, CDP, etc. For integrating sustainable banking, the Indian banking industry has to be more proactive in its approach and should adopt at least the established sustainable banking code of conducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecotourism and sustainable development are widely debated topics in tourism industry in this 21st century. However, there are no proper strategies for protecting the ecosystem in developing countries. In India, majority of the population live in rural areas and therefore the Government faces a lot of challenges in protecting the natural ecosystem. In order to develop a successful sustainable ecotourism destination, there should be adequate involvement of stakeholders and their incentives. Mangalajodi Ecotourism Trust is a community owned and managed ecotourism facility promoted by Royal Bank of Scotland Foundation India (RBSFI) in partnership with Indian Grameen Services (IGS) and local Government bodies. The project is based on the principles of community ownership and Ecotourism involvement of key stakeholders for destination development. This paper describes the participatory framework and descriptive case study which analyze the various key stakeholders to the development of the Mangalogdi ecotourism destination. The research methodology involved in-depth interviews with key decision makers and communities involved in the destination development. The findings show a destination development system model that represents the various stakeholders, including local communities, local organizational involvement, tourism enterprises and tourists, with roles to promote and sustain the destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the need of the hour. By engaging in CSR activities, the companies mainly aim to give back to the society in which they operate. Modern businesses are currently shifting their focus from profit maximization to sustainable development. Only the companies that are ready to work toward making public life easier can sustain in today's competitive market. Along with that, contributing effectively to CSR helps companies to have a better brand image, stakeholder satisfaction, employee retention, new opportunities, and better access to capital. The banking industry being the lifeblood of the Indian economy and a key service sector contributes the highest percentage of CSR Funds in India when compared with the other sectors such as Oil Drilling Lubricants and Petrochemical, miscellaneous, metals, mining, minerals, and computer software and IT. HDFC Bank being one of the largest private sector banks in India constantly contributes a large sum of amount on CSR to transform public lives. Their major CSR activities are rural development, Skill Development and Livelihood Enhancement, Promotion of Education, Healthcare and Hygiene, and Financial Literacy and Inclusion. The data for this study is collected through secondary sources such as CSR Reports, websites, and papers. The data have been collected and analyzed over three years starting from the financial year 2019-20 to 2021-22. In addition, the study uses resource dependence theory, and corporate citizenship theory to best understand the concept. The importance of CSR in the banking sector and the popularity of HDFC Bank in the Indian market as a key player makes this study relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the very large numbers of low-income households displaced by development or infrastructure projects in Ahmedabad and their relocation by city government to housing on resettlement sites. It discusses the involvement of the Mahila Housing SEWA Trust (MHT) in setting up the required resident welfare associations (RWAs) in eight of these resettlement sites and the difficulties MHT faced in getting residents to follow the many time-consuming procedures that were necessary. Constraints included distrust by residents of the government agencies and the lack of social networks or leadership structures in the resettlement sites resulting from the housing allocation process, which did not keep neighbours or communities together. The city government's objective for the RWAs was not to support participatory governance or facilitate improvements in the lives of resettled dwellers but to pass on the costs, maintenance and management responsibilities of the resettlement sites to these associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theatre has always given a platform to the common people to share their emotions, feelings as well as express their discomfort on the happenings around them. There are various forms of theatre which has emerged historically; they can be classified broadly as -- Proscenium theatre i.e. theatre for the stage and flexible theatre for the field and of/for oppressed. Theatre of the oppressed initiated by Augusto Boal has been used in different forms for the development of the community. Different forms of theatre are used to address the social issues in the communities for their development. They are third theatre, street theatre, forum theatre, playback theatre, intimate theatre, invisible theatre and others. These form of theatre play a relevant role in social awareness and community transformation. It is a medium for empowering the communities, a medium to voice their problems and encourage them to solve their problem with the help of their own resources. The present paper presents reflections from case study of Jana Sanskriti, an organization who are using theatre as a method of social intervention and bringing about social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory approaches within development programs involving common-pool resources are intended to revive a community's role in managing these resources. Certainly, to ensure the successful and equitable use of such resources, community participation is essential. However, in many cases, attempts at applying a participatory approach often fail to genuinely engage all subgroups within a community due to assumptions of homogeneity and a lack of understanding of the deep socio-political divisions between people. As a result, development programs can be plagued by these pre-existing power relations, potentially resulting in tokenistic community participation and the continuation of elite capture of natural resources to the same extent or worse than before a development program has begun. This in turn can negatively impact good governance and the fair distribution of a common pool resource. This paper explores the use of participatory approaches in water projects, assessing to what degree power relationships impact water management programs. Using a qualitative approach, the paper identifies key challenges of participatory water governance through case studies from Turkey, India, and Sri Lanka, exploring: lack of social trust, elite capture of participatory processes, power heterogeneity and imbalances at the micro-level, and a lack of inclusive participation in decision-making. Based on the analysis of these case studies, this paper argues that it is essential for participatory development interventions to understand socio-political power relations within a community—an inherently complex and contested space. The so-called "exit strategy" of a community project play a key role to decide the project sustainability that grants the "community ownership" of the project. Such an understanding can bring about greater success in development interventions attempting to address water-related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long back in our history, Kautilya's 'Arthashatra' talked about merchants doing trade and showing their responsibility towards social development. So it can be said that 'Corporate Social Responsibility' (CSR) is not a new term. But yes, it has been legalized a few years back to make it mandatory for companies to plough back a minimum of 2 percent of their net profit on the upliftment of society. Companies Act 2013, through section 135, introduced CSR and laid down several rules to be followed by corporates. CSR has gained popularity among corporates as they have realized that their ultimate goal is not only to earn profits but also build trust among their stakeholders. This paper tries to analyze the status of CSR in India and its popularity among corporates and society. It also highlights the challenges faced by corporates in giving their 100 percent towards society. A major concentration of this paper is on how CSR contributes to the inclusive growth of our country in the short run and long run. The study is based on secondary data and presents a comprehensive review of literature in a descriptive manner. Data has been collected from various journals, company websites, government sites and blogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scope of community partnership in irrigation is an emerging area of research in Maharashtra. It is difficult to complete the ongoing irrigation projects with government funding. Private sector is unwilling to join hands with the government due to stringent regulations. The paper raises the issue of completing Nira Deoghar Irrigation Project, major irrigation project in Pune District, by community partnership. It is based on a primary survey and Focus Group Discussions. The difference in the average area under crop and expenditure made to avail the irrigation facility is tested between two talukas. The impact of membership of Self-help Groups and Water Uses' Associations on the farmers' willingness to contribute towards the capital cost has been tested with the help of a logistic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines determinants of contextual relationship and effects on ageing population in India. It also explores what are the hindrances of successful ageing in India. Data (qualitative and quantitative) collected purposively through random sampling regardless of their religion, caste and other demographic factors from 200 elderly population (male and female ration = 1:1) between the age of 60-70 years from a community development block of West Bengal, India. It reveals that 86 per cent elderly population lived with hunger if they did not involve in paid work (out of which 42 per cent of them were under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) because they had no support from off springs/relative. They had no social security measures excluding 22per cent informants were under government social security measures, i.e. old age pension and widow pension. They did not getting assistance for health care when almost all of them suffered from dental and cataract problems. Elderly association and recreation were absent or insignificant. Some of them only visited temple rarely. Truncated family relation and economic insecurity are the prime factors of fractured contextual relationship and vulnerability among elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Displacement by development projects jeopardizes welfare of people living at its periphery. The acquisition of land for large industries, mines, or special economic zones gives rise to the livelihood insecurity of the poor and less privileged people. Displacement from the original habitations often means not only the physical relocation but also the loss of livelihood derived from the subsistence resources offered by the local environment. Due to displacement, people lose common property resources like forests, rivers, fields, and grazing grounds. It is estimated that some 3-5 million people have been displaced since 1950 in Odisha on account of various development projects, of which more than 50 percent are tribals (Haan, A. D and Dubey, A. (2005) Poverty, Disparities, or the Development of Underdevelopment in Orissa, Economic and Political Weekly, XL(22-23), 2321-2329). The involuntary displacement has brought imbalances in possession of land in various districts of Odisha. Therefore, this paper seeks to explore further the impact of displacement on livelihood of tribal and non-tribal communities of Odisha. It may pinpoint key challenges faced by them due to development-induced displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this paper is to find out the socio-economic status of the Bettakuruba tribal women and to suggest ways and means for their overall development. The Bettakuruba community has a rich and cultural heritage, and strong traditions, but lacks socio-economic empowerment. They are not able to create wealth, since they cannot hold land and properties and so on. Anyhow, governments offered constitutional relieves in the form of reservations, but it is still difficult to reach the needy people. Therefore, a detailed research study has been carried out on the socio-economic status of women in the Bettakuruba community. Here several strategic suggestions as well as policy guidelines have been suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, capacity building has gained significance among non-governmental organizations, not-for-profit organizations, community development agencies and civil society organizations. These organizations embrace capacity building to find out the effectiveness of the programs funded or organized by them. In doing so, the development organizations assess their existing capacities and devise relevant strategies to further improve their capacities. Though a diversity of views about the term capacity building abounds, there is no getting away from its all- pervasive nature. Capacity building has found resonance across a wide swathe of sectors which includes community development, health, education, watershed development, irrigation, education, civil society, tourism, infrastructure and so on. Increasingly, capacity building is being extended to for-profit organizations also. This paper offers a glimpse of the concept, framework of capacity building and the bewildering range of programs undertaken in India at different levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of Himachal Pradesh, over the past decades, has seen a marked surge in accelerating the development leading to remarkable growth and plethora of livelihood opportunities. This paper brings out the case of a village, Gagal, depicting the fortunes that the development has brought in the quotidian life of people and changing the picture of the village giving it a new dimension. The paper compiles selected case studies that .reflect on the success of development programs initiated in the area and how the people have drawn benefits from them. It also throws light on definite flaws and loopholes that have led to people lose their faith in these initiatives and explains how these programs have failed to accomplish their goals on the ground reality. The paper explores how the development has transformed the silhouette of the village encountering development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stigmatization and discrimination against social groups raise obstacles to the participation of their members in community interventions. Internalized stigma and a lack of empowering experiences promote fatalistic expectations that little can be achieved. This paper discusses how the Sonagachi Project in Kolkata, India, challenges stigma as part of its community development and health promotion efforts with sex workers, drawing on interviews with 19 sex workers involved in the Project and one group discussion among the Project's leaders. The internalized stigma of prostitution is challenged (1) by asserting that sex workers have rights which should be respected, (2) by claiming equivalence to other oppressed but politically successful groups and (3) by providing evidence of sex workers' positive achievements. These arguments are made plausible to sex workers by a material context that provides evidence and experience of the possibility of change. I conclude that interventions designed to problematize stigma and discrimination should back up the conceptual alternatives that they present by producing concrete changes to a community's living conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper is about the making of culture, its problematic relation with national and global discourses on development, but more than anything else, the shifting nature of what we call culture and the place of development in it. It offers a critique of both the modernist framework, which sees culture as development's other as well as the post-development tendency to exaggerate local cultures as the space of genuine development. Instead, it makes a case for approaching culture as a site of conformity and contestation and where development realities are produced, thus making development a temporal and discursive construct. The questions that guide this paper are whether culture exists as a fixed essence on which development works in an antagonistic relationship or development constructs culture in a complementary alliance, and whether culture is a homogeneous space of belonging or a slippery site where multiple meanings and truths scramble for legitimacy. These questions are answered by drawing from, and expanding on, existing cultural development literature, as well as by engaging with two environmental movements from India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have been recognised as engines of economic growth. These MSMEs have been instrumental in generating large-scale employment; contributing towards rise in incomes of labour and returns to capital; promoting regional development; and touching the lives of the most vulnerable and marginalised sections, such as women, backward communities and minorities. This paper explains the role of STI in MSME development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates various papers focusing on social development in Asia. Land reforms and agrarian change in India; Examination of professional profiles and employment problems in selected countries; Analysis of the political sociology of the process of economic development; Agrarian framework for development.

Purpose: This study aims to use a multi-stage scale development process to identify the dimensions of philanthropic corporate social responsibility (PCSR) in India's fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conducted a study to develop a comprehensive, reliable and valid scale for measuring PCSR based on the customer perception of FMCG product manufacturers. This research adopted a comprehensive and detailed scale development process using multi-stage sampling for scale development. This final study was conducted on a sample of 402 respondents from the city of Jaipur, India. Findings: The results have underlined the multi-dimensional aspect of PCSR; these dimensions are: altruism towards society, volunteering for local community development, generosity towards ecology, benevolent spirit and problem-solving charity. Practical implications: This study gives valuable insights into philanthropic scale development in the FMCG sector that can immensely help domestic and international marketers to formulate CSR as a strategy. This research provides insights into a wide range of scales which can be base for future research studies that aim to explore different organizational settings. Originality/value: PCSR and CSR are important for developing strategies for sustainable businesses across the globe. Dimensions of PCSR will be useful for practitioners and researchers in developing second-order constructs for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The seeds of jackfruit are often overlooked and discarded globally, leading to the underutilization of this valuable resource. This study explored the potential of utilizing underutilized jackfruit seeds as an alternative source of human subsistence by investigating the availability of jackfruit, the utilization and underutilization of seeds at the household level, and the types of subsistence activities in the community. Methods: We used a case study of Byse village in Karnataka, India, to understand this topic. A mixed research approach was used. First, a descriptive research design was employed to collect and describe the data, while a correlation design was used to examine the relationships among variables related to jackfruit seed utilization. Second, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to explore global trends in jackfruit seed utilization. Results and Discussion: The findings indicated that agriculture, particularly arecanut farming followed by paddy rice cultivation, was the primary means of subsistence in the community. While human consumption of jackfruit seeds is statistically significant, it has a detrimental effect on seed utilization in the community (r = -0.295, p = 0.008). The study also revealed that consuming jackfruit seeds in a semidry form had a positive and significant influence (r = 0.345, p = 0.002) compared to eating them in a fresh form. Consequently, more focus could be placed on encouraging the consumption of semidry jackfruit seeds as a preferred option among residents. Despite the abundance of jackfruits, their seeds are rarely used, with a mean utilization score of 1.77. Since jackfruit seeds are limited in their application and are readily available, they could be utilized as an alternative source for sustainable human subsistence. sustainable human subsistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is fast growing sector in the world. It is sine-quo-non for generation revenue, foreign exchange and employment for every country of the world. Its development could also bring balanced regional development. This paper is an attempt in this direction. The areas covered are tourism global perspective, Indian scenario and state-wise development of tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philanthropic organisations are engaged in diverse welfare and development works including community development in India. A substantial number of these organisations are faith-based organisations (FBOS). While religion impacts people in many ways, religious tenets and practices have shaped, and in many cases strengthened, much of philanthropic activity. This paper focuses on the socio-economic change impacted by a philanthropic organisation called Bettiah Parish Society, successively managed by two FBOS since 1745, for the development of a Christian community, located at Bettiah, West Champaran District, in the State of Bihar, eastern India. The two FBOS were the Capuchin Mission Society (1745-1921), and the Patna Jesuit Society (1921-2000). The paper explores the influence and impact of these two external, goal-oriented FBOS on the 265-year-old Bettiah Christian community in Bihar. Aside a brief discussion on the missionary agents and their religion-induced ideologies, vision and motivations that seem to have goaded them engage in philanthropic works, the main discussion will be on the second aspect, namely the impact of their philanthropic action on the recipient community. The overall impact was (1) the construction of a Christian community (the Bettiah Christians) from among disparate convert groups, formerly belonging to different Hindu castes, and (2) changes in the socio-economic structures of the community through development aid and education. I have used an inter-disciplinary method for this study, relying much on historical, sociological and anthropological data, collected during a field study in 1998, and again in 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) has been hailed as one of the country's most creative social initiatives. Since the program was begun only recently (in 2004-2005) there is a need to assess household access to this program and persistence of benefits to households not just in one year but over time. Using a unique panel data set for 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 for the Indian state of Rajasthan, this paper analyzes the transitions into and out of NREGS. It models the impact of such transitions on earnings of workers as well the determinants of such transitions. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study of this kind. Several policy conclusions are advanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Community organisations and community members are increasingly being involved in health research projects worldwide as part of the engagement movement. Achieving deeper forms of community engagement like partnership demands that decision-making power be shared with community partners. However, how can community partners assess if meaningful engagement and shared decision-making will be possible when approached by prospective research partners? In this paper, we explore how community organisations decide to join health research projects when approached by health researchers.Methods: Case study research was undertaken on a health systems research project in Karnataka, India called Participation for Local Action, which was carried out by local researchers in partnership with the Zilla Budakattu Girijana Abhivrudhhi Sangha, a community development organisation. In-depth interviews were conducted with the researchers, Sangha leaders and field investigators from their community.Results: Thematic analysis identified two main themes - 'context' and 'deciding to engage'. The Sangha's experience offers lessons to other community organisations that can help them when deciding to engage with researchers in terms of what features to look for in research partners and in proposed research projects, what requests to make of prospective research partners, and what sorts of outcomes or partnership agreements to accept. These lessons may be especially applicable in contexts where relationships of trust already exist between partners and where they have the skills to lead data collection and analysis.Conclusions: We hope that this guidance will help empower community organisations to select good research partners and promote more equitable partnerships between community partners and academic researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical community development relies on a sociological understanding of knowledge although the sociology of scientific knowledge in community development is under-researched. Literature on the public understanding of science, and even people's science movements, has tended to focus on communication between specialist scientists and a lay public who, at best, co-produce knowledge with scientists. Seldom are communities in struggle considered as generators of scientific knowledge. Even more rarely considered are the material interests embedded in scientific knowledge that result from the economic location of the generators of knowledge. This paper draws on the experience of a community in Tamil Nadu, South India, that has been mobilizing against the polluting impacts of industrial development. The SIPCOT Area Community Environmental Monitors have been generating scientific knowledge by building on indigenous knowledge through the systematization of observation. This praxis has also transformed community members' relationship with specialist scientists and increased their knowledge of science, not only as an authoritative yet contested knowledge on which conflicts over development may be resolved, but also as a social process embedded in conflicting relations of production. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]