15 results
Search Results
2. Chemical characterization of pitch deposits produced in the manufacturing of high-quality paper pulps from hemp fibers.
- Author
-
Gutiérrez A and del Río JC
- Subjects
- Acetone, Cations chemistry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Antifoaming Agents chemistry, Biotechnology methods, Cannabis chemistry, Paper, Resins, Plant chemistry
- Abstract
The composition of pitch deposits occurring in pulp sheets and mill circuits during soda/anthraquinone pulping and elemental chlorine-free pulp bleaching of bast fibers of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) was studied. Pitch deposits were extracted with acetone, and the extracts analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Acetone extracts (15-25% of pitch deposits) were constituted by the defoamers used at the mill and by lipophilic extractives from hemp fibers. Acetone-insoluble residues (75-85% of pitch deposits) were analyzed by pyrolysis-GC/MS in the presence and absence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. These residues were constituted by salts of fatty acids (arising from hemp fibers) with calcium, magnesium, aluminum and other cations that were identified in the deposits. It was concluded that inappropriate use of defoamer together with the presence of multivalent ions seemed to be among the causes of hemp extractives deposition in the pitch problems reported here.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Cannabis (marijuana) contamination of United States and foreign paper currency.
- Author
-
Lavins ES, Lavins BD, and Jenkins AJ
- Subjects
- Cannabinoids analysis, Dronabinol analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Indicators and Reagents, Paper, United States, Cannabis chemistry
- Abstract
It is well known that United States paper currency in general circulation is contaminated with trace amounts of illicit substances such as cocaine, heroin and marijuana. As is the case with cocaine, differentiating "background levels" of the various cannabinoid constituents of Cannabis sativa L., namely, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabidiol (CBD) contaminating currency found in the general circulation from currency associated with illegal drug activity is imperative if a legal nexus is to be established with the latter. We analyzed 165 randomly collected paper currency notes from 12 U.S. cities (N = 125) and 4 foreign countries (N = 40) for THC, CBD, CBN, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11-hydroxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol. Uncirculated US 1 dollar notes were added as negative controls. Drug residues were washed from individual bills, extracted using a liquid-liquid extraction protocol, derivatized, and quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry by selected ion monitoring. For the US 1 dollar currency, THC was present in 1.6% (2 notes), CBN 10.31% (13 notes), CBD 1.6% (2 notes). The following concentrations were determined: 0.085 microg/bill and 0.146 microg/bill for THC; 0.014-0.774 microg/bill (mean 0.166 microg/bill) for CBN; and 0.032 microg/bill and 0.086 microg/bill for CBD. For the foreign currency (Colombia, Qatar, India, and New Zealand), THC and CBN were present in 22.5% (9 notes). The following concentration ranges were determined: THC 0.026-0.065 microg/bill (mean 0.049 microg/bill), CBN 0.061-0.197 microg/bill (mean 0.115 microg/bill). All of the positive THC and CBN were found in the New Zealand polypropylene notes. This study demonstrated that marijuana (cannabinoids) may contaminate both paper and plastic currency.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Worth the paper it's written on.
- Author
-
James T
- Subjects
- Humans, Substance-Related Disorders, United States, Cannabis, Legislation, Drug, Paper
- Published
- 1975
5. An improved procedure for the field testing of cannabis.
- Author
-
de Faubert Maunder MJ
- Subjects
- Chemistry Techniques, Analytical, Coloring Agents, Humans, Methods, Paper, Substance-Related Disorders, United Kingdom, Cannabis analysis, Drug and Narcotic Control
- Published
- 1974
6. Using Sesame Seed Oil to Preserve and Preconcentrate Cannabinoids for Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry
- Author
-
Brandon J. Bills and Nicholas E. Manicke
- Subjects
Paper ,Analyte ,medicine.drug_class ,medicine.medical_treatment ,010402 general chemistry ,Mass spectrometry ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Designer Drugs ,Sesamum ,Limit of Detection ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Structural Biology ,mental disorders ,Synthetic cannabinoids ,medicine ,Humans ,Plant Oils ,Dronabinol ,Saliva ,Spectroscopy ,Driving under the influence ,Cannabis ,Reagent Strips ,Ambient ionization ,Psychotropic Drugs ,Chromatography ,Cannabinoids ,Chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,celebrities ,Sesame seed ,0104 chemical sciences ,Substance Abuse Detection ,celebrities.reason_for_arrest ,Designer drug ,Seeds ,Cannabinoid ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Cannabinoids present a unique set of analytical challenges. An increasing number of states have voted to decriminalize recreational marijuana use, creating a need for new kinds of rapid testing. At the same time, synthetic compounds with activity similar to THC, termed synthetic cannabinoids, have become more prevalent and pose significant health risks. A rapid method capable of detecting both natural and synthetic cannabinoids would be useful in cases of driving under the influence of drugs, where it might not be obvious whether the suspect consumed marijuana, a synthetic cannabinoid, or both. Paper spray mass spectrometry is an ambient ionization technique which allows for the direct ionization of analyte from a biofluid spot on a piece of paper. Natural cannabinoids like THC, however, are labile and rapidly disappear from dried sample spots, making it difficult to detect them at clinically relevant levels. Presented here is a method to concentrate and preserve THC and synthetic cannabinoids in urine and oral fluid on paper for analysis by paper spray mass spectrometry. Sesame seed oil was investigated both as a means of preserving THC and as part of a technique, termed paper strip extraction, wherein urine or oral fluid is flowed through an oil spot on a strip of paper to preconcentrate cannabinoids. This technique preserved THC in dried biofluid samples for at least 27 days at room temperature; paper spray MS/MS analysis of these preserved dried spots was capable of detecting THC and synthetic cannabinoids at low ng/mL concentrations, making it suitable as a rapid screening technique. The technique was adapted to be used with a commercially available autosampler.
- Published
- 2020
7. Comparative effects of combined use of alcohol with cannabis and tobacco on testicular function in rats
- Author
-
Adakole Sylvanus Ada, Roltdelmwa Filibus Maimako, Osarenkhoe Omorefosa Osemwegie, Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo, Adeyinka Samuel Adedayo, Omowumi T Kayode, Charles Obiora Nwonuma, T. D. Olaolu, Omokolade Oluwaseyi Alejolowo, Damilare Rotimi, and Emenike Onyebum Irokanulo
- Subjects
Paper ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Glutathione reductase ,Alcohol ,Pharmacology ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease_cause ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Tetrahydrocannabinol ,030304 developmental biology ,Smoke ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,business.industry ,biology.organism_classification ,Malondialdehyde ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Alkaline phosphatase ,Cannabis ,business ,Oxidative stress ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Alcoholism has been linked to problems with male reproductive function. The combined effects of alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco were compared in this study. A total of 35 rats were assigned randomly into seven groups A–G: animals in A were administered distilled water. Animals in B–G were either administered alcohol orally (30 ml 40% alcohol) or exposed to smoke from ignited tobacco (exposure to smoke from 0.7 g tobacco for 5 min) or cannabis (exposure to smoke from 0.7 g tobacco and cannabis for 5 min): B (orally administered alcohol), C (exposed to the smoke from tobacco), D (exposed to smoke from cannabis), E (treated with alcohol and exposed to smoke from tobacco), F (treated with alcohol and exposed to smoke from cannabis), G (treated with alcohol and exposed to smokes from tobacco and cannabis). Assays were carried on the testicular homogenate after a 14-day treatment. There was a significant increase in activity of alkaline phosphatase (P ≤ 0.05), concentrations of cholesterol, glutathione reductase, and malondialdehyde in treated rats by the co-administration of alcohol with cannabis and tobacco compared with the control group. The combined treatment also caused degeneration and morphological distortions of testicular cells. The biochemical and histoarchitectural change was due to oxidative damage attributable to the synergistic effects. The high binding energy of tetrahydrocannabinol ligand to prostate acid phosphatase may be a prediction that the ligand can have an inhibitory effect on the function of enzymes in the prostate.
- Published
- 2021
8. The Wide Wild World of Hemp Food for Thought.
- Author
-
Dvorak, John E.
- Subjects
HEMP ,PLANT fibers ,INTERNET ,RAMIE ,MARIJUANA ,WEBSITES ,COMMERCIAL products ,RAPID prototyping ,MULTIMEDIA communications - Abstract
In this column, John E. Dvorak provides insight into some of the best industrial hemp websites on the Internet. Areas covered in detail include news portals, hemp associations, new products and research sites. Reviews relating to specific topics such as hemp food, textiles, paper and other industrial uses will also be periodically touched upon. The ever-changing nature of the world wide web will be reflected in the many different types of websites reviewed. While the focus of this column is on North America, a concerted effort is being made to incorporate as many sites from as many countries as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Cannabis (Marijuana) Contamination of United States and Foreign Paper Currency
- Author
-
Amanda J. Jenkins, Eric S. Lavins, and Bethany D. Lavins
- Subjects
Paper ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Toxicology ,Cannabis sativa ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Dronabinol ,Tetrahydrocannabinol ,Cannabis ,Chemical Health and Safety ,biology ,Cannabinoids ,biology.organism_classification ,United States ,Drug activity ,chemistry ,Currency ,General Circulation Model ,Cannabinol ,Indicators and Reagents ,Business ,Cannabidiol ,medicine.drug - Abstract
It is well known that United States paper currency in general circulation is contaminated with trace amounts of illicit substances such as cocaine, heroin and marijuana. As is the case with cocaine, differentiating "background levels" of the various cannabinoid constituents of Cannabis sativa L., namely, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabidiol (CBD) contaminating currency found in the general circulation from currency associated with illegal drug activity is imperative if a legal nexus is to be established with the latter. We analyzed 165 randomly collected paper currency notes from 12 U.S. cities (N = 125) and 4 foreign countries (N = 40) for THC, CBD, CBN, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11-hydroxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol. Uncirculated US 1 dollar notes were added as negative controls. Drug residues were washed from individual bills, extracted using a liquid-liquid extraction protocol, derivatized, and quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry by selected ion monitoring. For the US 1 dollar currency, THC was present in 1.6% (2 notes), CBN 10.31% (13 notes), CBD 1.6% (2 notes). The following concentrations were determined: 0.085 microg/bill and 0.146 microg/bill for THC; 0.014-0.774 microg/bill (mean 0.166 microg/bill) for CBN; and 0.032 microg/bill and 0.086 microg/bill for CBD. For the foreign currency (Colombia, Qatar, India, and New Zealand), THC and CBN were present in 22.5% (9 notes). The following concentration ranges were determined: THC 0.026-0.065 microg/bill (mean 0.049 microg/bill), CBN 0.061-0.197 microg/bill (mean 0.115 microg/bill). All of the positive THC and CBN were found in the New Zealand polypropylene notes. This study demonstrated that marijuana (cannabinoids) may contaminate both paper and plastic currency.
- Published
- 2004
10. Effect of various factors on ethanol yields from lignocellulosic biomass by Thermoanaerobacterium AK₁₇
- Author
-
Arnheidur Ran, Almarsdottir, Margret Audur, Sigurbjornsdottir, and Johann, Orlygsson
- Subjects
Paper ,Xylose ,Ethanol ,Acetates ,Carbon Dioxide ,Poaceae ,Lignin ,Glucose ,Biomass ,Thermoanaerobacterium ,Biotransformation ,Triticum ,Cannabis ,Hydrogen - Abstract
The ethanol production capacity from sugars and lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates (HL) by Thermoanaerobacterium strain AK(17) was studied in batch cultures. The strain converts various carbohydrates to, acetate, ethanol, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Ethanol yields on glucose and xylose were 1.5 and 1.1 mol/mol sugars, respectively. Increased initial glucose concentration inhibited glucose degradation and end product formation leveled off at 30 mM concentrations. Ethanol production from 5 g L(-1) of complex biomass HL (grass, hemp, wheat straw, newspaper, and cellulose) (Whatman paper) pretreated with acid (0.50% H(2) SO(4)), base (0.50% NaOH), and without acid/base (control) and the enzymes Celluclast and Novozyme 188 (0.1 mL g(-1) dw; 70 and 25 U g(-1) of Celluclast and Novozyme 188, respectively) was investigated. Highest ethanol yields (43.0 mM) were obtained on cellulose but lowest on hemp leafs (3.6 mM). Chemical pretreatment increased ethanol yields substantially from lignocellulosic biomass but not from cellulose. The influence of various factors (HL, enzyme, and acid/alkaline concentrations) on end-product formation from 5 g L(-1) of grass and cellulose was further studied to optimize ethanol production. Highest ethanol yields (5.5 and 8.6 mM ethanol g(-1) grass and cellulose, respectively) were obtained at very low HL concentrations (2.5 g L(-1)); with 0.25% acid/alkali (v/v) and 0.1 mL g(-1) enzyme concentrations. Inhibitory effects of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural during glucose fermentation, revealed a total inhibition in end product formation from glucose at 4 and 6 g L(-1), respectively.
- Published
- 2011
11. Chemical characterization of lignin and lipid fractions in industrial hemp bast fibers used for manufacturing high-quality paper pulps
- Author
-
José C. del Río, Isabel Rodriguez, Ana Gutiérrez, European Commission, and Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (España)
- Subjects
Paper ,engineering.material ,Mass spectrometry ,Lignin ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Alkanes ,Organic chemistry ,Industry ,Chemical composition ,Industrial hemp ,Cannabis ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Wax ,Pulp (paper) ,Fatty Acids ,Glycoside ,Phytosterols ,General Chemistry ,Cannabis sativa ,Lipids ,Bast fibers ,Paper pulp ,chemistry ,visual_art ,Waxes ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,engineering ,Bast fibre ,Steroids ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Pyrolysis - Abstract
Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, 41080 Seville, Spain, The chemical composition of lignin and lipids of bast fibers from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) used for high-quality paper pulp production was studied. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) of fibers showed a lignin with a p-hydroxyphenyl:guaiacyl:syringyl unit (H: G:S) molar proportion of 13:53:34 (S/G ratio of 0.64). p-Hydroxycinnamic acids, namely, p-coumaric and ferulic acids, were found in only trace amounts. Among the lipids, the main compounds identified by GC/MS of the hemp fibers extracts were series of n-alkanes, free and esterified sterols and triterpenols, waxes, and long-chain n-fatty acids. Other compounds such as n-aldehydes, n-fatty alcohols, steroid hydrocarbons, and steroid and triterpenoid ketones as well as steryl glycosides were also found., This study has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MCyT) and FEDER funds (Projects AGL2002-00393).
- Published
- 2006
12. Chemical characterization of pitch deposits produced in the manufacturing of high-quality paper pulps from hemp fibers
- Author
-
José C. del Río, Ana Gutiérrez, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (España), and European Commission
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Extractives ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Antifoaming Agents ,Bioengineering ,engineering.material ,Anthraquinone ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Acetone ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Defoamer ,Cations ,Organic chemistry ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Cannabis ,Industrial hemp ,Fatty acid salts ,Tetramethylammonium hydroxide ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Magnesium ,Pulp (paper) ,Analytical pyrolysis ,General Medicine ,Cannabis sativa ,Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ,Paper pulp ,Pitch ,chemistry ,engineering ,Bast fibre ,Gas chromatography ,Resins, Plant ,Biotechnology ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, P.O. Box 1052, E-41080, Seville, Spain E-mail address: delrio@irnase.csic.es, The composition of pitch deposits occurring in pulp sheets and mill circuits during soda/anthraquinone pulping and elemental chlorine-free pulp bleaching of bast fibers of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) has been studied. Pitch deposits were extracted with acetone, and the extracts analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Acetone extracts (15-25% of pitch deposits) were constituted by the defoamers used at the mill and by lipophilic extractives from hemp fibers. Acetone-insoluble residues (75-85% of pitch deposits) were analyzed by pyrolysis-GC/MS in the presence and absence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. These residues were constituted by salts of fatty acids (arising from hemp fibers) with calcium, magnesium, aluminum and other cations that were identified in the deposits. It was concluded that inappropriate use of defoamer together with the presence of multivalent ions seemed to be among the causes of hemp extractives deposition in the pitch problems reported here., This study has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MCYT) and FEDER funds (projects 2FD97-0896-C02-02 and AGL2002-00393). A.G. acknowledges a "Ramón y Cajal" contract of the Spanish MCYT. We also thank CELESA (Tortosa, Spain) for providing the samples.
- Published
- 2005
13. Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis: urgent need for long term trials
- Author
-
B M J Uitdehaag, J Killestein, and VU University medical center
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Paper ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Multiple Sclerosis ,Adolescent ,Treatment outcome ,Alternative medicine ,Administration, Oral ,Off-label use ,Placebo ,Severity of Illness Index ,Placebos ,Double-Blind Method ,medicine ,Humans ,Disabled Persons ,Spasticity ,Intensive care medicine ,Psychiatry ,Cannabis ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,biology ,Plant Extracts ,business.industry ,Cannabinoids ,Multiple sclerosis ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Analgesics, Non-Narcotic ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Editorial Commentary ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Treatment Outcome ,Female ,Surgery ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Neurology (clinical) ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
To test the effectiveness and long term safety of cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (MS), in a follow up to the main Cannabinoids in Multiple Sclerosis (CAMS) study.In total, 630 patients with stable MS with muscle spasticity from 33 UK centres were randomised to receive oral Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), cannabis extract, or placebo in the main 15 week CAMS study. The primary outcome was change in the Ashworth spasticity scale. Secondary outcomes were the Rivermead Mobility Index, timed 10 metre walk, UK Neurological Disability Score, postal Barthel Index, General Health Questionnaire-30, and a series of nine category rating scales. Following the main study, patients were invited to continue medication, double blinded, for up to 12 months in the follow up study reported here.Intention to treat analysis of data from the 80% of patients followed up for 12 months showed evidence of a small treatment effect on muscle spasticity as measured by change in Ashworth score from baseline to 12 months (Delta(9)-THC mean reduction 1.82 (n = 154, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53 to 3.12), cannabis extract 0.10 (n = 172, 95% CI -0.99 to 1.19), placebo -0.23 (n = 176, 95% CI -1.41 to 0.94); p = 0.04 unadjusted for ambulatory status and centre, p = 0.01 adjusted). There was suggestive evidence for treatment effects of Delta(9)-THC on some aspects of disability. There were no major safety concerns. Overall, patients felt that these drugs were helpful in treating their disease.These data provide limited evidence for a longer term treatment effect of cannabinoids. A long term placebo controlled study is now needed to establish whether cannabinoids may have a role beyond symptom amelioration in MS.
- Published
- 2005
14. Worth the paper it's written on
- Author
-
T, James
- Subjects
Paper ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Humans ,Legislation, Drug ,United States ,Cannabis - Published
- 1975
15. The work of the Drugs Intelligence Laboratory, Home Office Forensic Science Service
- Author
-
I J, Humphreys
- Subjects
Paper ,Jurisprudence ,Illicit Drugs ,Amphetamines ,Capsules ,Forensic Medicine ,United Kingdom ,Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ,Pharmaceutical Preparations ,Humans ,Powders ,Coloring Agents ,Laboratories ,Cannabis ,Tablets - Abstract
The primary purpose of the Drugs Intelligence Laboratory is to help the police identify sources of supply and manufacture of illicit drugs. This is done by providing scientific support to the Central Drugs and Illegal Immigration Intelligence Unit, a national police unit based at New Scotland Yard, London. The Laboratory provides detailed information on United Kingdom drug seizures and data obtained from a programme of comparison and characterization of seized samples. This intelligence information is then used to supplement that obtained through normal police channels in the search for illicit drug sources, manufacturers or distributors. This paper describes the techniques used for comparing and characterizing various drug preparations and outlines the type of information that can be gained from such studies.
- Published
- 1984
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.