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Background and aims: Studies on cancer incidence and mortality among people with opioid use‐related disorders are lacking. We aimed to measure cancer‐specific incidence, mortality and survival among people diagnosed with opioid use‐related disorders in Norway during 2010–18. Design and setting: This was a cohort study conducted in Norway during 2010–18. Participants: Individuals (n = 20 710) diagnosed with opioid use‐related disorders. Measurements: We conducted a cohort study utilizing a data‐linkage of national health and population registers. Information on opioid use‐related disorders was extracted from specialized healthcare, malignancies from the Cancer Registry of Norway and deaths from Cause of Death Registry. Cancer incidence and mortality were compared with the general population by calculating sex‐specific age‐standardized incidence (SIR) and mortality (SMR) ratios. One‐year survival rates were computed. Findings Compared with the general population, people with opioid use‐related disorders were at an increased risk of developing cancer overall [SIR = 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–1.3] with a higher than twofold cancer mortality rate (SMR = 2.3, 95% CI = 2.0–2.7). Excess risk was observed for liver (12.6, 95% CI = 9.1–17.0), larynx (4.7, 95% CI = 1.7–10.2), lung (3.5, 95% CI = 2.8–4.3) and pancreas cancer (2.6, 95% CI = 1.6–4.0), whereas reduced risk was found for melanoma (0.5, 95% CI = 0.3–0.9), breast (0.6, 95% CI = 0.4–0.9) and prostate cancers (0.3, 95% CI = 0.1–0.4). Site‐specific SMRs were significantly elevated for liver (12.3, 95% CI = 8.5–17.2), lung (3.9, 95% CI = 3.0–5.0), pancreas (3.0, 95% CI = 1.7–4.8) and colon cancers (1.9, 95% CI = 1.1–3.1). The average 1‐year survival rate after a cancer diagnosis was low in liver, pancreas and colon cancer, ranging from 10 to 15% less than that of the general population. Conclusions: In Norway, cancer incidence and cancer‐related mortality appear to be elevated among individuals with opioid use‐related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is believed to be associated with an increased risk for cancer, especially urinary tract cancer. However, previous studies predominantly focused on the association of decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with cancer. In this study, we investigated the association of albuminuria with cancer incidence, adjusted for eGFR. Methods We included 8490 subjects in the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease (PREVEND) observational study. Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was measured in two 24-hour urine specimens at baseline. Primary outcomes were the incidence of overall and urinary tract cancer. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of other site-specific cancers, and mortality due to overall, urinary tract, and other site-specific cancers. Results Median baseline UAE was 9.4 (IQR, 6.3–17.8) mg/24 h. During a median follow-up of 17.7 years, 1341 subjects developed cancer (of which 177 were urinary tract cancers). After multivariable adjustment including eGFR, every doubling of UAE was associated with a 6% (hazard ratios (HR), 1.06, 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.02–1.10), and 14% (HR, 1.14, 95% CI, 1.04–1.24) higher risk of overall and urinary tract cancer incidence, respectively. Except for lung and hematological cancer, no associations were found between UAE and the incidence of other site-specific cancer. Doubling of UAE was also associated with a higher risk of mortality due to overall and lung cancer. Conclusions Higher albuminuria is associated with a higher incidence of overall, urinary tract, lung, and hematological cancer, and with a higher risk of mortality due to overall and lung cancers, independent of baseline eGFR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco smoke is a known carcinogen, but the magnitude of smoking‐related cancer risk depends on country‐specific, generational smoking patterns. We quantified cancer risk in relation to smoking in a population‐based cohort, the 45 and Up Study (2006‐2009) in New South Wales, Australia. Cox proportional hazards regressions estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HR) by self‐reported smoking history at baseline (2006‐2009) for incident, primary cancers via linkage to cancer registry data to 2013 and cancer death data to 2015. Among 229 028 participants aged ≥45 years, 18 475 cancers and 5382 cancer deaths occurred. Current‐smokers had increased risks of all cancers combined (HR = 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34‐1.51), cancers of the lung (HR = 17.66, 95%CI, 14.65‐21.29), larynx (HR = 11.29, 95%CI, 5.49‐23.20), head‐and‐neck (HR = 2.53, 95%CI, 1.87‐3.41), oesophagus (HR = 3.84, 95%CI, 2.33‐6.35), liver (HR = 4.07, 95%CI, 2.55‐6.51), bladder (HR = 3.08, 95%CI, 2.00‐4.73), pancreas (HR = 2.68, 95%CI, 1.93‐3.71), colorectum (HR = 1.31, 95%CI, 1.09‐1.57) and unknown primary site (HR = 3.26, 95%CI, 2.19‐4.84) versus never‐smokers. Hazards increased with increasing smoking intensity; compared to never‐smokers, lung cancer HR = 9.22 (95%CI, 5.14‐16.55) for 1‐5 cigarettes/day and 38.61 (95%CI, 25.65‐58.13) for >35 cigarettes/day. Lung cancer risk was lower with quitting at any age but remained higher than never‐smokers for quitters aged >25y. By age 80y, an estimated 48.3% of current‐smokers (41.1% never‐smokers) will develop cancer, and 14% will develop lung cancer, including 7.7% currently smoking 1‐5 cigarettes/day and 26.4% for >35 cigarettes/day (1.0% never‐smokers). Cancer risk for Australian smokers is significant, even for 'light' smokers. These contemporary estimates underpin the need for continued investment in strategies to prevent smoking uptake and facilitate cessation, which remain key to reducing cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Central Cancer Registry of China (NCCR) was the only available source of cancer monitoring in China, even though only about 70% of cancer registration sites were qualified by now. In this study, based on a national large prospective cohort-the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB), we aimed to provide additional cancer statistics and compare the difference of cancer burden between urban and rural areas of China. A total of 497,693 cancer-free participants aged 35-74 years were recruited and successfully followed up from 2004 to 2013 in 5 urban and 5 rural areas across China. Except for traditional registration systems, the national health insurance system and active follow-up were used to determine new cancer incidents and related deaths. The mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) was used to compare the differences of cancer burden between urban and rural areas of China. We found that cancer mortality coincided well between our cohort and NCCR, while the incidence was much higher in our cohort. Based on CKB, we found the MIR of all cancers was 0.54 in rural areas, which was approximately one-third higher than that in urban areas with 0.39. Cancer profiles in urban areas were transiting to Western distributions, which were characterized with high incidences of breast cancer and colorectal cancer; while cancers of the esophagus, liver and cervix uteri were still common in rural areas of China. Our results provide additional cancer statistics of China and demonstrate the differences of cancer burden between urban and rural areas of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares cancer mortality and incidence of ethnic German migrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) in Germany. Data were obtained from two migrant cohorts residing in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) ( n = 34,393) and Saarland ( n = 18,619). Vital status of the NRW cohort was ascertained through local population registries. Causes of death were obtained from the NRW statistical office or from local health offices. Cancer incidence of the Saarland cohort was derived from the Saarland cancer registry using record linkage. From 1990 to 2005, we observed 708 cancer deaths and 586 incident cancer cases. In males, both cancer incidence and cancer mortality were similar to the German population. Female cancer incidence and mortality were lower, the latter significantly. Site-specific standardized mortality and incidence ratios showed great variation in comparison to Germans and were remarkably similar to each other for most sites. Lung cancer was elevated among males, but lower among females. Stomach cancer was higher contrasting with lower ratios for prostate cancer, male colorectal cancer, and female breast cancer. Results confirm that FSU-migrants suffer from cancers, which may be prevented by prevention programs. Furthermore, we cannot conclude a different health-seeking behavior compared to Germans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A longitudinal study was performed to investigate the associations of exposure to environmental cadmium (Cd) with cause-specific mortality and cancer incidence rates. The study population comprised 275 adults living in a Cd-polluted area, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. The follow-up period extended from 1982 to 2005 for the analysis of cancer mortality, and from 1985 to 2002 for the analysis of cancer incidence. In the study area, the daily Cd intake from foods had decreased after 1980–1983 because of the restoration of Cd-polluted rice fields. The mortality rate among those with urinary β2-microglobulin (U-β2M)≥1000μg/g creatinine was significantly higher than that of the Japanese population for death from causes other than cancer, but not for cancers (177 at the 95% confidence interval [CI] 94–303). From analysis within the Cd-polluted area, the age-adjusted rate ratio of cancer deaths associated with increased U-β2M was 2.58 (95% CI 1.25–5.36). The incidence rate of cancer among those with U-β2M≥1000μg/g creatinine was 1.38 (95% CI 0.69–2.47) times that of the regional reference rate. Within the Cd-polluted area, the age-adjusted rate ratio of developing cancer associated with high U-β2M was 1.79 (95% CI 0.84–3.82). In summary, there was a significant association between U-β2M excretion and cancer mortality. However, there was neither a significantly increased standardized incidence ratio of cancer, nor significant relationship between U-β2M and cancer incidence rate, though the point estimates were higher than unity. Continued follow-up and investigation of a larger cohort may be required before drawing a conclusion for the association between exposure to environmental Cd and cancer risk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]