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Ecosystems are assaulted by human activities in a variety of ways resulting in perturbations that impact on their stability, including their ability of contributing to human wellbeing. Halting biodiversity loss is one of the most challenging environmental issues that entered a novel stage by a major paradigm shift brought through the ecosystem approach. This approaches core concept is the one of ecosystem economy. Enabling the ecosystem service economy is a major goal of current policy for biodiversity preservation. This action necessitates a profound integration of ecological and economic knowledge, such as the development of a common concept that allow the needs of conservation to be reflected in economic processes. The ecosystem service concept grounded the design of economic tools for preserving biodiversity by using the anthropocentric model of nature for humans. According to this the existence of ecosystems brings benefits for humans such as carbon sequestration, watershed protection, biomass production, nutrient cycling and others. For these, beneficiaries should be accountable by payments using various schemes. By examining the estimates for the global value of ecosystem services and the financial flows of major programs that are using these schemes it was established the potential and prospects of the ecosystem service economy.

The objective of this study is to develop a digital capability model for Small-Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and use it as a tool to investigate the maturity of digital transformation of SMEs in three traditional business communities: Suci, Rahayu, and Binong in Bandung, Indonesia. The study employs quantitative research methodology and is exploratory in nature. A digital capability model, using the value chain analysis framework, is constructed. The model consists of nine dimensions: organisation or company presence, store presence, support, knowledge management and decision making, marketing and sales, customer relationship, internal communication, ecosystem management, and digital revenue. It is then used to collect data using saturated and random sampling method. Data is later analysed using descriptive-correlational statistical technique in an effort to describe how each variable plays its role in the digital transformation for SMEs. The aggregate of measurement shows overall digital capability maturity index for Kampong Digital Suci, Rahayu, and Binong are 2.62, 3, and 2.36 from the maximum scale of 4 respectively. The results of the measurement suggest that the constructed model of measurement may be overwhelming for the type of companies under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business activities play a major role in biodiversity loss so that firms are under increasing pressures from stakeholders to mitigate their negative impacts on ecosystems. As business attitudes, policies and behaviors regarding biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES) progressively change, a better understanding of how business strategies may be framed and implemented is required. In the first part of this paper, we discuss how biodiversity is usually understood as an external environmental constraint on business activities, and how this perception influences arbitrages. We then discuss how assessing BES interdependencies (impacts and dependencies) may bring about new business strategies and needs: we explore the opportunities and challenges of emerging mechanisms of payments for ecosystem services and expose the need for standardized sets of indicators at different scales for the effective management of their BES dependencies and impacts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]