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Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims at identifying the most common constructions that realise metaphor in a group of commonly used Jordanian Arabic proverbs. The metaphorical instances in the data were identified using the Metaphor Identification Procedure (cf. Pragglejaz Group 2007). The analysis of the data focused on the form of the linguistic metaphors in Jordanian proverbs as this aspect of analysis has been paid less attention for favour of idea-content aspect of metaphors since Aristotle. It was found that metaphor is mainly realised by the constructions: genitive, grammatical metaphor, post-modification, pre-modification, and sentence metaphor. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data showed that the most common types of metaphor realization were sentence metaphor and grammatical metaphor. A future paper with a larger size of data might show further constructions that realise metaphor in Jordanian Arabic.

By using FactSage calculations, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), rotational viscometers, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the combined effect of MgO and Al2O3 on fluorine-free mold flux was confirmed. The viscosity of the slag at 1300 oC decreased with 2-10 wt% MgO, and higher Al2O3 increased the overall viscosity. The trend of the experimental results was consistent with the models of Riboud and Iida, while the FactSage calculation values were relatively higher. The viscosity of the slag was more influenced by the Si-O network than by the Al(B)-O structure and the MgO has a dual effect on the slag structure. The viscosity-temperature curves changed from alkaline to acidic slag characteristics when Al2O3 increased from 8 wt% to 12 wt%, and the trend was not uniform with the addition of 2-10 wt% MgO. Both FactSage calculation and XRD patterns showed that increasing MgO content gradually promoted the growth of Ca3MgSi2O8 and Ca11Si4B2O22 crystals, while the addition of Al2O3 inhibited crystal precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domoljublje je pojam koji ne karakterizira terminološko već živopisno određenje. To znači da se u razmatranju pojma domoljublje ne valja zadovoljiti definicijom već načinima na koje ljudi percipiraju domoljublje u okvirima svakodnevnog života. U hrvatskom je društvu domoljublje česta tema u javnom prostoru i stoga ovaj rad analizira veze između povjerenja u različite skupine institucija i percepcije domoljublja. Razlog proučavanja odnosa opisane veze može se pronaći u teorijskom razmatranju domoljublja kao specifičnog za interakcijsku sferu, a koja je pod utjecajem strukturalnih silnica društva pa se i sama percepcija domoljublja reflektira kroz odnos pojedinaca prema pojedinim institucijama. Podaci su dobiveni pomoću metode anketnog istraživanja na neprobabilističkom uzorku, a sama analiza je napravljena faktorskom analizom i strukturalnim modeliranjem. Pomoću faktorske analize su dobivene dvije dimenzije za percepciju domoljublja, a koje su nazvane »pozitivna percepcija« i »negativna percepcija domoljublja«; te dvije dimenzije za povjerenje u institucije, a koje su na temelju vrsta institucija nazvane »institucije visokog povjerenja« i »institucije niskog povjerenja«. Zadnje dvije dimenzije su se u strukturalnom modeliranju promatrale kao egzogeni konstrukti, te se pokazalo da dimenzija »institucije visokog povjerenja« može poslužiti kao dobar prediktor za dimenziju »pozitivna percepcija« domoljublja (standardizirani koeficijent = 0,75), dok je za ostale promatrane odnose između dimenzija pronađena relativno slabija mogućnost predikcije (između -0,27 i -0,06). Također, pokazalo se da su prethodno opisani odnosi ostali konzistentni i nakon uvođenja u model kontrolnih varijabli spol, dob i obrazovanje.

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Staklo je materijal koji se upotrebljava još od Antike pa sve do danas, ali je razvojem tehnologije postalo dostupno svima i sveprisutno je u industriji. Za proizvodnju stakla važan je sastav sirovina, a svojstva stakla ovise i o procesu proizvodnje. U članku je opisan proces proizvodnje stakla kroz povijest i razvoj novih vrsta stakla s boljim svojstvima. Također, uspoređeno je antropogeno s prirodnim staklima kao što su opsidijani i tektiti. Opisana su stakla koja se upotrebljavaju za izradu velikih teleskopa i u svemirskoj tehnologiji. U nastavnom dijelu opisani su jednostavni pokusi koji se mogu napraviti u učionici u sklopu STEM-orijentirane nastave.

Copyright of HUM: Journal of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Mostar is the property of University of Mostar, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wieloaspektowość badań poświęconych jedynemu oratorium Ludwiga van Beethovena Chrystus na Górze Oliwnej może dawać złudzenie braku potrzeby ich kontynuacji. Jednak pośród szczegółowych analiz nadarza się przestrzeń do ujęcia całościowego. Warto pokusić się o umiejscowienie dzieła wiedeńskiego klasyka w kontekście przemian dziejowych i jego osobistych przeżyć, spróbować nakreślić tradycję niemieckiego oratorium i umiejscowić dzieło kompozytora z jego strukturą formalną w realiach epoki. Ten zakres problematyki będzie esencją niniejszego tekstu, stanowiąc pierwszą część obszerniejszego materiału. W drugiej odsłonie rozważania przybiorą zakres bardziej analityczny, poświęcony tekstowi i jego relacji do struktur muzycznych.

To better understand and manage the forest vegetation of the Saïda district (types of vegetation present, floristic compositions, possible types of degradation), a total of 215 phytoecological surveys were carried out in the study area. In each survey, the intensity of the grazing and the presence or absence of regeneration of the tree layer were noted. The plant groups were determined using a modified TWINSPAN classification. For each vegetation group, the diagnostic species were selected based on their fidelity index (phi coefficient). We identified 9 plant groups and selected 147 diagnostic species. The results of this study showed that in the surveys carried out, there were more than 80% of moderately to heavily grazed, while in more than 70% of the studied plots, there was no regeneration of the main tree species. This alarming situation implies the rapid and effective implementation of protection and conservation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel smelting produces a large amount of nickel slag which contains a lot of Fe in the form of FeO. The effect of FeO content on the melting properties and structure of nickel slag is investigated by thermodynamic calculations and experiments, using the nickel slag of water quenching furnace as raw material, which is simplified to CaO-SiO2-FeO-MgO slag system. The results are as follows: with increasing FeO content, the precipitated primary phase changes from melilite to olivine. The liquidus temperature, softening temperature, hemispherical temperature, flow temperature, viscosity, and critical viscosity temperature of the slag system tend to decrease gradually, but the solid phase temperature tends to decrease first and then increase. The centre of the symmetric stretching vibration band of the [SiO4]4 tetrahedron -in the slag system shifts to the low wavenumber region. The mole fraction of O0 in the slag continuously decreases, and the mole fraction of O- and O2- increases. The complex silicon-oxygen tetrahedron structure gradually disintegrates and the structural unit tends to be simple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biblica & Patristica Thoruniensia is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Glass has been produced since ancient times, and today is a high-technology material embedded in almost every technical product. This article describes how ancient glass was produced, and how the technology evolved developing new types of glass with ever better properties. Fabricated glass is compared with natural glass such as obsidian and tektite. The versatile use of glass today spans from flat window glass to heat-resistant Pyrex glass, which was used for the primary mirror of the large telescope on Mt. Palomar observatory, and in space technology. The education section describes several easy experiments, which may be conducted in Chemistry classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historiae Scientiarum is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annales Kinesiologiae is the property of Annales Kinesiologiae and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Praktyka Teoretyczna is the property of University of Wroclaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Filozofija i Drustvo is the property of University of Belgrade, Institute for Philosophy & Social Theory and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The characteristics of plasma spray coatings are directly related to the type of process applied (APS - atmospheric plasma spray, VPS - vacuum plasma spray, and SPS - suspension plasma spray), the characteristics of the powder and the powder deposition parameters. The properties of plasma spray coatings can be changed and adjusted depending on the operating conditions, i.e. the purpose of coatings. Applying the same powder in the deposition process can lead to coatings of different properties, depending on their purpose. If the deposited coating is intended for corrosion protection and biomedical application, it is necessary that the coating is compact. When the coating is deposited for the purpose of thermal insulation, it should be porous. Powder particles in the plasma are spherical liquid drops which, in collision with the substrate, form a lamellar structure of the coating. A higher degree of powder melting and a higher velocity of molten droplets lead to a denser structure of deposited layers. When colliding with the substrate, deposited particles transfer heat to a working part until cooling to ambient temperature. If the working part is cooled by compressed air, molten droplets solidify extremely quickly with columnar crystals in lamellae. The aim of this paper is to describe the influence of temperature and velocity of powder particles on the deformation and hardening of particles defined by the D/d ratio, chemical changes in molten particles as well as porosity, crystal changes, and internal stresses in coatings. / Характеристики покрытий, нанесенных плазменным напылением напрямую взаимосвязаны с видом применяемого процесса (APS - atmospheric plasma spray, VPS - vacuum plasma spray и SPS - suspension plasma spray), свойствами порошка и параметрами осаждения порошка. Свойства покрытий, нанесенных плазменным напылением, могут быть изменены и приспособлены к условиям эксплуатации и их назначению. При использовании одного и того же порошка в процессе осаждения могут быть получены различные свойства покрытий в зависимости от их назначения. Так, например, если покрытие предназначено для антикоррозионной защиты или биомедицинских нужд, то необходимо чтобы оно было как можно более компактным. В то время как при нанесении покрытия для нужд термоизоляции благоприятным свойством будет считаться пористость. Частицы порошка в плазменной струе представляют собой капли жидкости, имеющие сферическую форму, которые при сцеплении с подложкой образуют ламинарную структуру покрытия. Чем выше температура плавления порошка и чем больше скорость капель расплава, тем плотнее будет структура нанесенных слоев. При столкновении с подложкой осажденные частицы передают тепло рабочей поверхности до момента их охлаждения до температуры окружающей среды. В случаях, когда рабочая поверхность охлаждается сжатым воздухом, отверждение капель расплава ускоряется максимально со столбчатыми кристаллами в ламелях. Целью данной работы являлось описание того, каким образом температура и скорость частиц порошка влияют на образование деформаций и затвердения частиц, которые определяют соотношение D/d, пористость в слоях покрытия, химические реакции в частицах расплава и на кристаллические изменения в слоях покрытия, пористость и внутреннее напряжение покрытия. / Karakteristike plazma sprej prevlaka su u direktnoj vezi sa vrstom primenjenog procesa (APS - atmospheric plasma spray, VPS - vacuum plasma spray i SPS - suspension plasma spray), karakteristikama praha i parametrima depozicije praha. Svojstva plazma sprej prevlaka mogu se menjati i podešavati u zavisnosti od radnih uslova, odnosno namene prevlaka. Pri upotrebi istog praha u postupku depozicije mogu se postići različita svojstva prevlake, zavisno od namene. Ako se prevlaka deponuje za korozionu zaštitu i biomedicinsku primenu, neopohodno je da bude kompaktna, a kada se deponuje radi toplotne izolacije poželjno je da bude porozna. Čestice praha u plazmi su tečne kapi sfernog oblika koje u sudaru sa podlogom formiraju lamelarnu strukturu prevlake. Veći stepen topljenja praha i veća brzina istopljenih kapi proizvodi gušće strukture deponovanih slojeva. Na kontaktu sa podlogom deponovane čestice prenose toplotu radnom delu do hlađenja na temperaturu okoline. Ako se radni deo hladi komprimovanim vazduhom, očvršćavanje istopljenih kapi odvija se ekstremno brzo sa stubastim kristalima u lamelama. Cilj rada jeste da se opišu: uticaj temperature i brzine čestica praha na deformaciju i očvršćavanje čestica koje definiše odnos D/d, poroznost u prevlakama, hemijske promene u istopljenim česticama i kristalne promene u prevlakama, poroznost u prevlakama i unutrašnji naponi prevlaka.

Recenzja książki: Kalina Wojciechowska – Mariusz Rosik, Oczekując miłosierdzia. Komentarz strukturalny do Listu św. Judy (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Chrześcijańskiej Akademii Teologicznej 2020). Ss. 458. PLN 92,40. ISBN 978-83-60273-53-1.

W artykule rozpatrywane jest pojęcie antyprzysłowia, główne etapy jego rozwoju i analizy jako zjawiska lingwistycznego. Określono problem badania i opracowań leksykograficznych antyprzysłów we współczesnym języku białoruskim. Opisano historię rozwoju, skład, podstawowe sfery użycia, grupy tematyczne, odmiany prototypów (tekstów wyjściowych), najbardziej produktywne sposoby derywacji, związek z treścią tekstu wyjściowego, typy strukturalne oraz formy wariacyjne białoruskich antyprzysłów.

Copyright of Studies in Polish Linguistics is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Az írás egy budapesti alternatív iskola, a „Diákház” belső diskurzusában megjelenő szubkulturális és iskolai/intézményi értelmezések kapcsolatát mutatja be. Két eltérő értelmezési kerethez tartozó értelmezéseket és gyakorlatokat, amelyek párhuzamosan, egymásba fonódva jelennek meg a diákházi kommunikációs színtéren. Ez hozzájárul egy olyan problémamegoldó felkészültség/tudás létrejöttéhez, amely külön egyik értelmezési keretben sem jelenik meg. Ebben a diskurzusban a különbözőség, deviancia, marginalitás, ellenállás vagy a communitas szubkulturális megnyilvánulásai, illetve a tudás, önállóság, felelősségvállalás és az iskolai hierarchikus struktúra megnyilvánulásai hol egymással szembeállítva, hol egymást erősítve jelennek meg. A diskurzusban létrejövő tudást a Diákház fel tudja használni a (korábban iskolaelhagyó) diákok intézményen belül tartásához, a diákok pedig saját érvénytelenség-élményük csökkentéséhez. Így a Diákház a két ellentétes társadalmi állapotot, a communitast és a struktúrát képes a saját hasznára fordítani.

Podstawowym zadaniem gospodarstw domowych jest wydatkowanie, a tym samym zaspokajanie potrzeb jego użytkowników. Każdy z nas, bez względu na wiek, płeć, sytuację osobistą czy zdrowotną tworzy gospodarstwa domowe, wydatkuje, generuje dochody do budżetu rodziny. Na przestrzeni lat proces zarządzania dochodami i wydatkami ewoluował. W dzisiejszych czasach, w dobie ogólnego dostępu do informacji zmiany te są bardzo istotne. Jednak czy jesteśmy świadomi zmian w strukturze gospodarowania budżetem domowym oraz jego wpływie na społeczeństwo? W poniższym artykule przedstawiona zostanie struktura zmian w zarządzaniu budżetem gospodarstw domowych w ujęciu demograficznym, ekonomicznym oraz społecznym w oparciu o dane statystyczne, empiryczne oraz dostępną literaturę naukową. Przedstawione zostaną wyniki badań Fundacji Kronenberga przy banku Citi Handlowy, dotyczące koniunktury gospodarstw domowych oraz postaw Polaków wobec finansów. Zostanie wybrany również najkorzystniejszy wariant zarządzania budżetem domowym oraz zostaną przedstawione wskazówki mające na celu upowszechnienie oraz usprawnienie procesu gospodarowania budżetem domowym.

Analiza naučne i metodološke literature pokazuje fragmentarnu prirodu dostupnih informacija o pitanjima sistema obuke sportista sa invaliditetom u sportovima snage. Danas se posmatra mehanički prenos neadekvatnih naučnih i metodoloških pristupa pripremi sportista u olimpijskom sportu do adaptivnog sporta. Cilj istraživanja je da se identifikuju specifičnosti sastavljanja sistema treninga za sportiste sa invaliditetom u sportovima snage. U istraživanju su uključeni treneri (n = 54) koji rade na snazi u sportu. Upitnik je proveden u otvorenom obliku na osnovu 15 regionalnih centara fizičke kulture i sporta za invalide "Invasport". Na osnovu analize rezultata upitnika razvijena je teorijska struktura dugoročne višegodišnje pripreme sportista sa invaliditetom u sportovima snage. Pored toga, utvrđeni su preporučeni kvantitativni pokazatelji konkurentnih aktivnosti sportista u sportovima snage. Utvrđeno je da struktura dugoročne višegodišnje pripreme treba da sadrži pet faza, čije trajanje zavisi od nivoa ostatnih motoričkih sposobnosti sportista. Otkrivena je neophodnost korekcije pristupa za sastavljanje sistema obuke za sportiste sa invaliditetom u sportovima snage na osnovu prilagođavanja odgovarajućih pristupa opšte teorije osobenosti treninga sportista sa invaliditetom.

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Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Social Dissertations / Rozpraw Społecznych is the property of Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum seria Zootechnica is the property of West Pomeranian University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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A comparison of karren formation on various rocks under diverse environmental conditions makes an important contribution to our understanding of the formation and development of karst. In this regard, the present study brings a number of new insights through description of the karst development on marbles at the foothills of the Altai Mountains. We studied karst phenomena in the field and in laboratory where structural-textural properties, mineral composition and quantity of carbonate components were determined. Rivers dissected karst surface and additionally uncovered carbonate rocks. The marble layers are faulted, folded and sheared, consequently containing numerous densely spaced net of discontinuities, which are often parallel. Brittle deformations significantly increased the rocks' porosity, consequently making it more sensitive to water absorption and freezing thaw effect. Distinct continental climate, with extreme daily and seasonal temperature variations, conditions the pronounced peeling off of the marbles along discontinuities. The diversity of disintegration is conditioned by the massive or oriented structure, cleavage, texture, and type and grainsize of the marbles' mineral constituents. Interaction and alternation of chemical dissolution and mechanical disintegration play the major role on the karren formation and its preservation. The formed karren is mostly destroyed due to peeling off and disintegration of the marbles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Warren Montag w swojej książce Althusser and His Contemporaries: Philosophyʼs Perpetual War (2013) zaproponował spojrzenie na dzieło Louisa Althussera przez pryzmat jego relacji z jemu współczesnymi, ale przede wszystkim jego lektury Benedykta Spinozy. W niniejszym artykule recenzyjnym autor podejmuje się zarówno rekonstrukcji, jak i oceny tej próby, skupiając się na wydobyciu heretyckiego wymiaru materializmu uprawianego tak przez niderlandzkiego filozofa, jak i francuskiego marksistę.

Fenomen miasta polega na tym, że jest ono strukturą wielowarstwową. Mówiąc miasto europejskie, ma się przed oczami jego specyficzną tkankę: kompozycję budynków, ulic i placów. Wyraźne granice między strefą prywatną a publiczną, wzajemne relacje między budynkami, które zawsze są otwarte na przestrzeń publiczną – wszystko to tworzy niepowtarzalną atmosferę dobrze skrojonej struktury. Camillo Sitte patrzył na miasto jak na dzieło sztuki. Twierdził, że sztuka budowania miast polega na artystycznej umiejętności komponowania takich elementów, jak place, ulice i budynki. Gordon Cullen, który w swoich szkicach wyraził artystyczne walory krajobrazu miejskiego, również uważał, że sztuka architektury polega na szukaniu relacji pomiędzy poszczególnymi komponentami. Miasta powinny być piękne, ale muszą też być przyjazne człowiekowi. To w miejskich przestrzeniach publicznych ludzie mogą najpełniej zaspokoić swoje aspiracje i potrzeby związane z komfortem fizycznym i psychicznym. Co więcej, otoczenie innych ludzi daje człowiekowi nieocenioną szansę na nawiązywanie różnorodnych kontaktów społecznych, a także zapewnia mu poczucie akceptacji i bezpieczeństwa. Miasto to nie tylko struktura przestrzenna, ale przede wszystkim ludzie i ich zmieniające się w czasie potrzeby. Aby odpowiadać na potrzeby mieszkańców większych i mniejszych miast, istotne staje się traktowanie organizmu miejskiego jako systemu wielu skomplikowanych układów urbanistycznych i architektonicznych przyjaznych człowiekowi. Wiedza o projektowaniu, w tym metodologia projektowania i związana z nią wiedza systemowa, może pomóc w rozwiązywaniu problemów organizacji przestrzeni współczesnych miast. Ważne jest zatem, aby miasta funkcjonowały jak dobrze zaprojektowany organizm.