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2 results on '"stone hammers"'

1. Do Chimpanzees Use Weight to Select Hammer Tools?

Author

Cornelia Schrauf, Koki Fuwa, Josep Call, Satoshi Hirata, University of St Andrews. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, and University of St Andrews. Centre for Social Learning & Cognitive Evolution

Subjects
Male, Time Factors, Property (programming), Chi square tests, ANVILS, WILD CHIMPANZEES, lcsh:Medicine, IVORY-COAST, Monkeys, Wildlife, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Choice Behavior, law.invention, Task (project management), STONE HAMMERS, law, Psychology, lcsh:Science, Problem Solving, Multidisciplinary, Animal Behavior, Equipment Design, PAN-TROGLODYTES, Mammalogy, Female, Cognitive psychology, Research Article, Nut, Côte d'Ivoire, Pan troglodytes, Animal Types, Cote d ivoire, Biology, Research laboratories, NUT-CRACKING BEHAVIOR, Animals, Learning, Hammer, Community ecology, Chimpanzees, Evolutionary Biology, Tool Use Behavior, lcsh:R, Cognitive Psychology, Reasoning, lcsh:Q, Veterinary Science, Decision making, Zoology, MONKEYS CEBUS-LIBIDINOSUS
Abstract

This study was financially supported by a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Predoc Grant (http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-summer/index.html) to Cornelia Schrauf. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The extent to which tool-using animals take into account relevant task parameters is poorly understood. Nut cracking is one of the most complex forms of tool use, the choice of an adequate hammer being a critical aspect in success. Several properties make a hammer suitable for nut cracking, with weight being a key factor in determining the impact of a strike; in general, the greater the weight the fewer strikes required. This study experimentally investigated whether chimpanzees are able to encode the relevance of weight as a property of hammers to crack open nuts. By presenting chimpanzees with three hammers that differed solely in weight, we assessed their ability to relate the weight of the different tools with their effectiveness and thus select the most effective one(s). Our results show that chimpanzees use weight alone in selecting tools to crack open nuts and that experience clearly affects the subjects' attentiveness to the tool properties that are relevant for the task at hand. Chimpanzees can encode the requirements that a nut-cracking tool should meet (in terms of weight) to be effective. Publisher PDF

Published
2012

2. Sa Mitjalluna: minería prehistórica de cobre en Illa den Colom (Mahón, Menorca)

Author

Hunt Ortiz, Marcos Andrés, Llull Estarellas, Bartomeu, Perelló Mateo, Laura, Perelló Fiol, Damiá, Salvà Simonet, Bartomeu, Hunt Ortiz, Marcos Andrés, Llull Estarellas, Bartomeu, Perelló Mateo, Laura, Perelló Fiol, Damiá, and Salvà Simonet, Bartomeu

Abstract

The preliminary results of the archaeological excavation carried out in April 2012 in the, previously identified by surface survey, prehistoric mining remains in Sa Mitjalluna ore deposit are presented. This deposit is located in the eastern-central part of Illa den Colom, a small island in the municipality of Mahon (Minorca, Balearic Islands, Spain), in front of the village of Es Grau. The archaeological dig, designed to be done by means of six diagnosis squares, has allowed the documentation of a mining working front exploiting a quartz vein with chalcopyrite and secondary copper minerals (mainly malachite and azurite) and one of the associated mining waste heaps with a complex prehistoric stratigraphic sequence, containing numerous prehistoric mining hammers, manufactured with local boulders of erosive marine formation. These tools, along with the and-made pottery fragments recovered, have allowed to date the mining works to the middle of the second millennium BC., Se presentan los resultados preliminares de la excavación arqueológica realizada en abril de 2012 en los restos mineros prehistóricos, identificados previamente por prospección superficial, del depósito mineral de Sa Mitjalluna. Este depósito está localizado en la parte centro oriental de Illa den Colom, una pequeña isla situada en el término municipal de Mahón (Menorca, Islas Baleares), frente a la población de Es Grau. La intervención, planteada a través de seis sondeos de diagnóstico, ha permitido la documentación de un frente de trabajo minero que explotaba una veta de cuarzo con mineralización de calcopirita y especies secundarias de cobre (malaquita y azurita fundamentalmente), y de una de las escombreras asociadas a la actividad minera, con una secuencia estratigráfica prehistórica compleja, conteniendo numerosas mazas líticas mineras prehistóricas, fabricadas con cantos rodados de origen erosivo marino local. Estas herramientas, junto con los fragmentos de cerámica recuperados, han permitido datar la explotación minera en torno a mediados del II milenio a.C.

Published
2013

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