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Background: Migraine is a common debilitating disorder characterized by attacks of mostly unilateral, moderate to severe, throbbingheadaches. The diagnosis of migraine is made according to the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders developed by the International Headache Society. There are several types of migraine, the most common of which are migraine without aura and migraine with aura. Objectives: This study aims to find the correlations between quantitative EEG changes and cognition in migraine patients. Patients and Methods: The study included 20 migraine patients,10 during pain attack (ictal phase) and 10 during pain-free period (inter-ictal), in addition to18 healthy controls.Montreal cognitive assessment and 20 minutes scalp EEG were done. After that, four seconds epochs were taken from the EEG record to find the powerspectral density (PSD) for each of the waves in the range of[detlaδ(0.5-4)Hz, theta θ(4-8)Hz, alpha α (8-12)Hz,and beta β (12-30)Hz]. The study was conducted in Al-Shaheed Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital in Baghdad from October 1, 2022, to May 1, 2023. Results: Quantitative EEG analysis revealed that there is a significant decrease in theta and beta waves in descending pattern from control to inter-ictal and then to ictal migraine patientswhile alpha wave increased in ascending pattern from control to inter-ictal to ictal migraine patients. In cognition, there was a significant difference between controls and migraine patients in recall memory, language, and abstraction domains. Conclusions: Quantitative EEG findings suggest that alpha waves correlate negatively with cognition, while both theta and beta waves correlate positively with cognitive level. Received: June,, 2022 Accepted: Oct. 2023 Published: Jan.2024

Healing of various ailments using herbal medicines is gaining much interest. Plants classified as grasses, specifically Cynodon dactylon, are an appreciated group of monocots used in many herbal remedies. In this work, C. dactylon, is grown naturally and also under market available LED Luminaires with different lighting conditions. Until 2010, most of the plants are grown under conventional lamps that are not spectrally tunable. Cynodon dactylon, the grass is grown under two different light spectrum, two light levels and three photoperiods (9hours, 12 hours, 15 hours) to extend our experiential knowledge. The biomass accumulation was the highest when grown under a lower RB ratio-12-hour- $163\mu $ mol/s, and phenolic content was the highest at 92.8 mg/g wt Gallic Acid Equivalents under combined light source at 15-hour photoperiod. A spectrally tunable LED light source with an optimal quantity of LEDs saves cost, space and energy. Considering the light parameters from the light sources used for growing C. dactylon, Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm is implemented to select an optimal LED quantity that composes the light source. The algorithm simulates the given target spectrum with minimum fitness error. The method applied to model LEDs, its validation against the practical LED spectrum, spectrum matching and computation of Luminous flux, Photosynthetic Photon Flux and efficacy are also presented. Many spectrums are simulated to validate the performance of the algorithm. A solution of optimal LEDs for three Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF) levels with LEDs is derived, and it is observed that the number of LEDs increased with PPF.

Introduction Power spectral analysis is the most common method of quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) techniques and enables investigation of the microstructure of insomnia. Previous spectral analysis studies on insomnia have shown inconsistent results due to their heterogeneity and small sample sizes. Objectives We compared the difference of electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral power during sleep among participants without insomnia, insomniacs with no hypnotic use, hypnotic users with no insomnia complaints, and hypnotic users with insomnia complaints. Methods We used the Sleep Heart Health Study data, which is large sample size and has good quality control. The fast Fourier transformation was used to calculate the EEG power spectrum for total sleep duration within contiguous 30-second epochs of sleep. For 1,985 participants, EEG spectral power was compared among the groups while adjusting for potential confounding factors that could affect sleep EEG. Results The power spectra during total sleep differed significantly among the groups in all frequency bands (p corr < 0.001). We found that quantitative EEG spectral power in the beta and sigma bands of total sleep differed (p corr < 0.001) between participants without insomnia and hypnotic users with insomnia complaints after controlling for potential confounders. The higher beta and sigma power were found in the hypnotic users with insomnia complaints than in the non-insomnia participants. Conclusions This study suggests differences in the microstructures of polysomnography-derived sleep EEG between the insomnia groups. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction. Today, many research endeavors are devoted to the miniaturization of microwave sources. One of the promising approaches is the use of magnetic nanostructures (spintronics elements), providing a wide range of frequency tuning and low power consumption. The main disadvantage of spintronics generators (spintransfer nanoscillators ‒ STNO) is a low output power of generated oscillations (tens of nanowatts and less). A possible solution is to sum up the power of many STNOs in a mutual synchronization mode.Aim. The investigation of noise properties of two connected STNOs with identical and non-identical parameters in a phase synchronization mode.Materials and methods. A model was developed of two STNOs interconnected by spin waves taking into account thermal noises. Spectral power densities of the amplitude and phase noise were obtained by the method of effective linearization.Results. Dependencies were obtained in a general form for attenuation coefficients of the amplitude and phase fluctuations of noise sources for each STNO. Three cases of synchronization were considered: completely identical STNOs, two identical STNOs but with different oscillation frequencies, and two non-identical STNOs, differing in an allowance of self-excitation by frequencies and amplitudes of the oscillations. It was possible to obtain a gain in the amplitude and phase noise for two identical STNOs. In this case, an increase in the allowance of self-excitation led to a decrease in the level of phase and amplitude noise.Conclusion. This analysis of the attenuation coefficients for non-identical STNOs demonstrates the possibility of improving the noise properties of each of the generators. In this case, the best noise value is obtained for an STNO with greater stability in a stand-alone mode.

Experimental model has been developed to study optoacoustic signal from model blood cells presented by polystyrene microspheres with nanoparticles. It was found out that nanoparticles due to their strong absorption of light significantly affect the coefficient of cellular optical absorption, while the thermophysical parameters, namely the coefficient of thermal expansion, compressibility and isobaric specific heat of cells remain unchanged, since nanoparticles occupy a small intracellular volume compared to the cell volume. Optoacoustic signals were obtained using model solutions at various concentrations of cells and nanoparticles using 1064 nm laser. The results of experimental measurements using LIMO 100–532/1064-U system based on Nd:YAG showed that the amplitude of the optoacoustic signal increased without increasing the temperature in the laser area.

Malaria causes a serious health problem in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. In many cases, the consequences of this disease are fatal. Therefore, a simple, fast, accurate and affordable diagnostic system for the early detection of this disease is necessary for the timely administration of antimalarial drugs.The malarial parasite, during its intra-erythrocyte development, processes a significant amount of hemoglobin, which in this case turns into a hem form called hemozoin. Hemozoin and hemoglobin have different molar extinction coefficients at certain optical wavelengths, hence, light absorption and an optoacoustic signal (OAS) from the infected cell will be different from that of a healthy cell. The paper describes the developed theoretical model intended for studying the influence of intra-erythrocyte malarial parasite development on optoacoustic signals. The OAS were calculated based on the models of healthy and infected blood modeled on the basis of a 3D model.The simulated OAS were analyzed in the temporal and frequency domains to obtain signs of infection at various stages. The calculated OAS spectra have different amplitude levels, which indicates that the optoacoustic method can be useful for differentiating various intraerythrocyte stages of the malarial parasite. The carried out modeling and the results obtained allow us to continue working on the creation of an optoacoustic flow cytometer.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a disease characterized by excessive vomiting and nausea during pregnancy. It differs from normal pregnancy where simple nausea and vomiting are seen frequently with unknown cause. The place and role of the brain in HG is unknown. METHODS: Thirty-three healthy pregnant women and 30 patients diagnosed with HG admitted to Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department were included and electroencephalograph (EEG) signals of all patients obtained at Neurology Department were examined. These signals were evaluated with high math and examined with developed engineering methods. The sampling frequency of the EEG was 200 Hz. Data were obtained in the frequency-power axis using 0.1 Hz frequency resolution, Hamming windowing, and 0.5 overlap ratio with signals on the time axis on all channels. All sub-bands have formed with unearthed power spectral density as delta, theta, alpha, and beta and after being created was calculated spectral densities. RESULTS: As a result, while showing significant changes as delta band for Fp1F3, theta band for C3P3, F3C3, Fp1F3, P3O1, T5O1, for other channels and subbands has not seen any significant changes with regard to average power spectral density. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: HG and normal pregnancies, when examined in terms of power spectral density, abnormalities were observed in the EEG signals in the left hemisphere frontal area of the delta band, fronto-centro-parietal, and parietal-occipital areas of the theta band. In light of the literature, neither cerebral abnormalities in HG could be displayed nor the place of abnormality could be shown. However, this study is the first to clearly show abnormalities of theta-delta band activity and differences of locations in the left cerebral hemisphere.

Objective: Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a disease characterized by excessive vomiting and nausea during pregnancy. It differs from normal pregnancy where simple nausea and vomiting are seen frequently with unknown cause. The place and role of the brain in HG is unknown. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three healthy pregnant women and 30 patients diagnosed with HG admitted to Selçuk University Faculty of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department were included and electroencephalograph (EEG) signals of all patients obtained at Neurology Department were examined. These signals were evaluated with high math and examined with developed engineering methods. The sampling frequency of the EEG was 200 Hz. Data were obtained in the frequency-power axis using 0.1 Hz frequency resolution, Hamming windowing, and 0.5 overlap ratio with signals on the time axis on all channels. All sub-bands have formed with unearthed power spectral density as delta, theta, alpha, and beta and after being created was calculated spectral densities. Results: As a result, while showing significant changes as delta band for Fp1F3, theta band for C3P3, F3C3, Fp1F3, P3O1, T5O1, for other channels and sub-bands has not seen any significant changes with regard to average power spectral density. Conclusion: HG and normal pregnancies, when examined in terms of power spectral density, abnormalities were observed in the EEG signals in the left hemisphere frontal area of the delta band, fronto-centro-parietal, and parietal-occipital areas of the theta band. In light of the literature, neither cerebral abnormalities in HG could be displayed nor the place of abnormality could be shown. However, this study is the first to clearly show abnormalities of theta-delta band activity and differences of locations in the left cerebral hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Our aim in this study was to investigate spectral power density (PSD) in first-episode mania and subsequent remission period and to evaluate their difference. Methods: Sixty-nine consecutive cases referring to our hospital within the previous 1 year, who were evaluated as bipolar disorder manic episode according to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) at the first episode and had the informed consent form signed by first degree relatives, were included in this study. Exclusion criteria included having previous depressive episode, using drugs which could influence electroencephalographic activity before electroencephalography (EEG), and having previous neurological disease, particularly epilepsy, head trauma, and/or loss of consciousness. EEG records were obtained using a digital device in 1 6 channels; 23 surface electrodes were placed according to the International 10-20 system. Spectral power density (dbµV/Hz) of EEG signal provided information on the power carried out by EEG waves in defined frequency range per unit frequency in the present study. Results: A peak power value detected on the right with FP2P4 and on the left with F7T3 electrodes were found to be higher in the manic episode than in the remission period (p=0.01 8 and 0.025). In the remission period, in cases with psychotic symptoms during the manic period, F4C4 peak power value was found to be lower than that in cases with no psychotic findings during the manic period (p=0.027). There was no relation was found between YMRS scores and peak power scores. Conclusion: Electrophysiological corollary of mood episode is present from the onset of the disease, and it differs between the manic and remission periods of bipolar disorder. In the remission period, peak power values of PSD distinguish cases with psychotic findings from cases without psychotic findings when they were manic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosic discovered that spectral analyses of a protein sequence after each constituent amino acid had been transformed into an appropriate pseudopotential predicted a resonant energy between interacting molecules. Several experimental studies have verified the predicted peak wavelength of photons within the visible or near-visible light band for specific molecules. Here, this concept has been applied to a classic signaling pathway, JAK–STAT, traditionally composed of nine sequential protein interactions. The weighted linear average of the spectral power density (SPD) profiles of each of the eight “precursor” proteins displayed remarkable congruence with the SPD profile of the terminal molecule (CASP-9) in the pathway. These results suggest that classic and complex signaling pathways in cells can also be expressed as combinations of resonance energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]