Search

Na območju Zgornje Soške doline sta bila s pomočjo dendrokronologije analizirana dva snežna plazova. Oba snežna plazova sta evidentirana v lavinskem katastru in poimenovana – snežni plaz Kraj Planje se nahaja v dolini Zadnja Trenta, snežni plaz Skok pa v dolini Lepena. Oba spadata med stalno aktivne snežne plazove in se ob ustreznih vremenskih razmerah in dovolj debeli snežni odeji prožita vsako leto, včasih večkrat letno. Januarja 2021 je bil obseg številnih plazov v Zgornji Soški dolini izjemen, snežna plazova Kraj Planje in Skok pa sta v dolino transportirala tudi veliko količino debel podrtih dreves, iz katerih smo s Presslerjevim svedrom odvzeli izvrtke. Na območju odlaganja snežnega plazu Kraj planje smo odvzeli 98 izvrtkov ter prav toliko na območju odlaganja snežnega plazu Skok. Skupno smo starost v prsni višini določili za 97 dreves. Povprečna starost v raziskavo zajetih dreves v prsni višini znaša 82,4 leta (Kraj Planje) oz. 71,4 leta (Skok). V primeru snežnega plazu Kraj Planje smo v raziskavo zajeli 12 dreves s starostjo v prsni višini nad 100 let, v primeru snežnega plazu Skok pa 9. Najvišja starost drevesa v prsni višini je bila v primeru snežnega plazu Kraj Planje 186 let, v primeru snežnega plazu Skok pa 222 let. In the area of the Zgornja Soča Valley, two avalanches were analyzed with the help of dendrochronology. Both avalanches are recorded in the avalanche cadastre and named - the Kraj Planje avalanche is located in the Zadnja Trenta valley, and the Skok avalanche is in the Lepena valley. Both belong to the permanently active avalanches and, given the right weather conditions and a sufficiently thick snow cover, are triggered every year, sometimes several times a year. In January 2021, the scale of numerous avalanches in the Zgornja Soča valley was extraordinary, and the Kraj Planje and Skok avalanches also transported a large amount of fallen tree trunks into the valley, from which we took core samples with a Pressler drill. We took 98 core samples in the Kraj Planje avalanche deposit area and the same number of samples in the Skok avalanche deposit area. In total, we determined the age at breast height for 97 trees. The average age of the trees included in the study at breast height is 82.4 years (Kraj Planje) or 71.4 years (Skok). In the case of the Kraj Planje avalanche, we included in the research 12 trees with an age at breast height of over 100 years, and in the case of the Skok avalanche, 9. The highest age of a tree at chest height was 186 years in the case of the Kraj Planje avalanche, in the case of the Skok avalanche it was 222 years.

V gozdovih alpskega prostora lahko abiotske in biotske motnje vplivajo na porazdelitev in strukturo gozdov do te mere, da jim zmanjšajo varovalni učinek pred naravnimi nevarnostnimi, kot so snežni plazovi in skalni podori. V članku je zato predstavljen pregled glavnih vplivov abiotskih (gozdni požari, vetrolom, snegolom, žled, snežni plazovi in skalni podori) in biotskih (insekti in patogeni) motenj na varovalno in zaščitno funkcijo gozdov pred snežnimi plazovi in skalnimi podori. Naravne motnje na splošno negativno vplivajo na varovalni učinek gozda pred naravnimi nevarnostmi, še posebej v primeru veliko-površinskih dogodkov z visoko jakostjo poškodovanosti. Slednje so v alpskem prostoru najpogosteje posledica neviht, napada podlubnikov, snežnih plazov in gozdnih požarov. Podnebne spremembe in njihov vpliv na naravne motnje bodo v bodoče postale pomemben izziv pri upravljanju z gozdovi, ki opravljajo varovalno in zaščitno funkcijo. Abiotic and biotic disturbances in alpine forests can reduce forest cover or change the structure of the forest and consequently reduce the protective effect of forest against natural hazards such as avalanches and rockfalls. In this review article, the effect of the main abiotic (forest fire, windthrow, ice break, snow break, avalanche and rockfall) and biotic (insects and pathogens) disturbances in protection forests are presented along with their potential influence on the protective effect of forest against avalanches and rockfalls. In general, natural disturbances negatively affect the protective effect of forest, especially in the case of large-scale and severe events, which in alpine areas are mostly caused by storms, bark beetle outbreaks, avalanches and forest fires. Climate change induced interactions between disturbances are expected to present challenges in the management of protection forests in the future.

Cesto na Vršič ogrožajo snežni plazovi, gozdovi nad njo pa opravljajo zaščitno in varovalno funkcijo pred njimi. Analizirali smo potencialno ogroženost dela ceste in gozda nad njo, opravili presojo zaščitne funkcije gozda pred snežnimi plazovi ter določili smernice in ukrepe za nadaljnji razvoj gozda in krepitev njegovega varovalnega učinka. Na objekt raziskave smo postavili mrežo 21 raziskovalnih ploskev. Po modificirani metodi NaiS (Frehner in sod., 2005) smo izločili in opisali sestoje ter primerjali njihovo dejansko stanje s ciljnim, ki zagotavlja zaščito pred snežnimi plazovi. Glede na naklon in pokritost z gozdom smo naredili karto, ki kaže najbolj ogrožena območja pred snežnimi plazovi. Ugotovili smo, da noben sestoj ne zagotavlja popolne in trajne zaščitne funkcije. Največji problem sta pomlajevanje in zagotavljanje raznomerne strukture sestojev. Najpomembnejše smernice za nadaljnji razvoj gozda so pospeševanje raznomerne in raznodobne strukture, zagotavljanje pomladka, vzgoja čim večjega števila nosilcev stabilnosti ter zagotavljanje dobre vitalnosti in zadostne gostote dreves. The road leading to the Vršič Pass is threatened by snow avalanches, and the forests above it are performing a protective function against them. We analysed potential hazard to the road and forests above it from snow avalanches, and evaluated the protective function of the forest. We defined guidelines and measures for further development of the forest to enhance its protective effect, and evaluated the actual spatial distribution of formalized protective function area of the forest within management plans. We set a network of 21 research sample plots. Using the modified method NaiS (Frehner et al., 2005), we defined the stand boundaries, analysed them and compared the actual state of the stands to the target situation. With regard to the slope and forest cover, we made a map of the sections most prone to formation of snow avalanches. We concluded that none of the stands provided complete and permanent protective function against snow avalanches. The greatest problems lay in poor regeneration and lack of unevenaged stand structure. The most important guidelines for the future development of the forest are favouring heterogeneous stand structure and regeneration, safeguarding good stability and vitality of the trees and providing for their sufficient density.

Na območju gozdnogospodarskih enot Tržič in Jezersko smo določili območja s poudarjeno funkcijo varovanja gozdnih zemljišč in sestojev ter zaščitno funkcijo gozda. Območja s poudarjeno zaščitno funkcijo pred padajočim kamenjem in snežnimi plazovi smo določili na podlagi kriterijev, ki jih uporabljajo v srednjeevropskih državah. Najprej smo določili območja naravnih nevarnosti z največjim dosegom in potencialno ogroženo infrastrukturo, ki se nahaja v teh območjih (stavbe, javne ceste, območje smučišča). Gozdu, ki leži med virom naravne nevarnosti (npr. virom padajočega kamenja, območjem proženja snežnih plazov) in ogroženo infrastrukturo (npr. cesto, stavbo) smo opredelili zaščitno funkcijo in določili stopnjo naravne nevarnosti. Območja s poudarjeno varovalno funkcijo smo glede na veljavne kriterije za valorizacijo gozdnega prostora določili na podlagi digitalnega modela višin (12,5 m x 12,5 m) in razpoložljivih strokovnih podlag. Prostorske analize smo izvedli v programih MapInfo 10.5 in ArcGIS 10.0, za delo pa uporabili razpoložljive prostorske podatke (npr. kataster snežnih plazov, pedološko karto območja največje višine snežne odeje). Ugotovili smo, da je površina območja s poudarjeno varovalno funkcijo za 80 %, površina območij z zaščitno funkcijo pa za 46 % večja od površin, ki so bile določene s karto funkcij Zavoda za gozdove Slovenije. V predelih s poudarjeno zaščitno funkcijo pred padajočim kamenjem smo na podlagi sestojnih kazalnikov prikazali določanje primernosti stanja gozda za zaščito pred padajočim kamenjem in na podlagi odstopanja strukture sestojev od želenega stanja predlagali prioritete za ukrepanje. We delineated forests with direct and indirect protection function in forest management units Tržič and Jezersko. We adopted the methodology of delineation of forests with direct protection function against rockfall and avalanches from other Central European countries. Firstly we modeled the maximum reach of natural hazards and identified infrastructure threatened by natural hazards. We assigned direct protection function and defined the level of risk to forests located between the source of natural hazards and endangered infrastructure. We delineated areas with indirect protection function on the basis of digital elevation model (12,5 x 12,5 m) and existing expert data of Non-forestry institutions (e.g. Pedologic map, lavine cadastre), taking into account the criteria from the Forest planning guidelines (Priročnik za %, 2008). We used GIS software MapInfo 10.5 and ArcGIS 10.0 for spatial analysis. Elaborated maps of areas with direct and indirect protection function were compared with the Slovenia Forest Service maps. Comparison showed that surface of areas with indirect protection function was 80 % larger, and surface of areas with direct protection function 46 % larger than surface of areas with the same functions under Slovenia Forest Service maps. For areas with direct protection function, we proposed the procedure for assessing suitability of forest stands for protection against rockfalls according to the stand indicators, and recommended management priorities according to the deviation of current forest stand structure from the optimal one.

Cesto na Vršič ogrožajo snežni plazovi, gozdovi nad njo pa opravljajo zaščitno in varovalno funkcijo pred njimi. Analizirali smo potencialno ogroženost dela ceste in gozda nad njo, opravili presojo zaščitne funkcije gozda pred snežnimi plazovi ter določili smernice in ukrepe za nadaljnji razvoj gozda in krepitev njegovega varovalnega učinka. Na objekt raziskave smo postavili mrežo 21 raziskovalnih ploskev. Po modificirani metodi NaiS (Frehner in sod., 2005) smo izločili in opisali sestoje ter primerjali njihovo dejansko stanje s ciljnim, ki zagotavlja zaščito pred snežnimi plazovi. Glede na naklon in pokritost z gozdom smo naredili karto, ki kaže najbolj ogrožena območja pred snežnimi plazovi. Ugotovili smo, da noben sestoj ne zagotavlja popolne in trajne zaščitne funkcije. Največji problem sta pomlajevanje in zagotavljanje raznomerne strukture sestojev. Najpomembnejše smernice za nadaljnji razvoj gozda so pospeševanje raznomerne in raznodobne strukture, zagotavljanje pomladka, vzgoja čim večjega števila nosilcev stabilnosti ter zagotavljanje dobre vitalnosti in zadostne gostote dreves. The road leading to the Vršič Pass is threatened by snow avalanches, and the forests above it are performing a protective function against them. We analysed potential hazard to the road and forests above it from snow avalanches, and evaluated the protective function of the forest. We defined guidelines and measures for further development of the forest to enhance its protective effect, and evaluated the actual spatial distribution of formalized protective function area of the forest within management plans. We set a network of 21 research sample plots. Using the modified method NaiS (Frehner et al., 2005), we defined the stand boundaries, analysed them and compared the actual state of the stands to the target situation. With regard to the slope and forest cover, we made a map of the sections most prone to formation of snow avalanches. We concluded that none of the stands provided complete and permanent protective function against snow avalanches. The greatest problems lay in poor regeneration and lack of unevenaged stand structure. The most important guidelines for the future development of the forest are favouring heterogeneous stand structure and regeneration, safeguarding good stability and vitality of the trees and providing for their sufficient density.

Diplomska naloga obravnava regionalno cesto R1-206 Kranjska Gora – Ruska cesta – Vršič – Trenta – Bovec, bolj znano pod imenom Vršiška cesta. Gre za eno najlepših slovenskih panoramskih gorskih cest, ki ima zgodovinski, turistični, širši demografski in narodno gospodarski pomen. Pri načrtovanju gorskih cest velja osnovno pravilo, da se izognemo plazljivim zemljiščem in snežno plazovitim območjem, a Vršiška cesta je bila projektirana drzno, njeno vzdrževanje skozi zgodovino pa je bilo neredno in nesistematično. Poleg vodne in porušitvene erozije je največja težava Vršiške ceste snežna erozija. Regionalno cesto R1-206 po podatkih iz lavinskega katastra za Slovenijo ogroža najmanj 27 snežnih plazov, ki so glavni razlog, da v letih z normalnimi zimami cesta ni prevozna tudi do 6 mesecev. Zaradi pomembnosti Vršiške ceste in dolgotrajnih zapor je bilo v zadnjih nekaj desetletjih izdelanih več študij in projektov za celoletno prevoznost ceste na različnih ravneh, ki smo jih v diplomski nalogi predstavili in analizirali. Ugotovili smo, da je edina rešitev za celoletno prevoznost ceste izgradnja predora z določenimi zaščitnimi ukrepi na oziroma ob obstoječi cesti. Različne variante predorov smo med seboj primerjali in na koncu predstavili ugotovitve. My thesis deals with the regional road R1-206 Kranjska Gora – Ruska cesta – Vršič – Trenta – Bovec, better known as the Vršič road. It is one of the most beautiful panoramic mountain roads in Slovenia and it has a historic, touristic, broader demographic and national economic significance. When planning mountain roads, one has to follow one simple rule – we should avoid landslide areas and avalanche areas. However, the Vršič road has been boldly planned and its maintenance through history has been irregular and unsystematic. In addition to the water erosion and destructive erosion, Vršič road’s biggest problem is the snow erosion. According to the avalanche cadastre for Slovenia, the regional road R1-206 is jeopardized by at least 27 avalanches which are the main reason for the road not being passable up to 6 months in the period of normal winters. Due to the importance of the Vršič road and these long-term roadblocks, there have been several studies and projects made over the last few decades about the transportability of the road on different levels, which will be further presented and analyzed in this thesis. We have discovered that the only solution for the round the year transportability of the road is the construction of a tunnel with certain safety measures on or by the existent road. We have compared the different versions of the tunnels and in the end presented our findings.

Cesto na Vršič ogrožajo snežni plazovi, gozdovi nad njo pa opravljajo zaščitnoin varovalno funkcijo pred njimi. Nad delom ceste v bližini ruskega križa smo analizirali potencialno ogroženost ceste in gozda nad njo pred snežnimi plazovi, opravili presojo zaščitne funkcije gozda pred snežnimi plazovi ter določili smernice in ukrepe za nadaljnji razvoj gozda in krepitev njegovega varovalnega učinka. Ovrednotili smo tudi aktualno prostorsko razporejenost varovalne in zaščitne funkcije znotraj objekta raziskave. Na objekt raziskave smo postavili mrežo 21-ih raziskovalnih ploskev na katerih smo popisali vsa živa drevesa s prsnim premerom ?10 cm. Po modificirani metodiNaiS (Frehner in sod., 2005) smo izločili in opisali sestoje ter primerjali njihovo dejansko stanje s ciljnim, ki zagotavlja zaščito pred snežnimi plazovi. Glede na naklon in pokritost z gozdnim rastjem smo naredili tudi karto, ki kaže najbolj ogrožena območja pred snežnimi plazovi. Delež bukve v lesni zalogi je znašal 55 %, delež smreke 32 %, delež macesna pa 11 %.Ugotovili smo, da noben sestoj ne zagotavlja popolne in trajne zaščitne funkcije. Največji problem predstavlja pomlajevanje in zagotavljanje raznomerne strukture sestojev. V dveh sestojih so potrebni tudi tehnični ukrepi. Najpomembnejše smernice za nadaljnji razvoj gozda so: pospeševanje raznomerne in raznodobne strukture, zagotavljanje pomladka, čim večje število nosilcev stabilnosti, zagotavljanje dobre vitalnosti dreves, zagotavljanje zadostne gostote dreves, delež smreke v lesni zalogi naj znaša do 30 %, delež bukve naj ne bo manjši kot 60 %. The Vršič road is threatened by snow avalanches, and the forests above it are performing a protective function against them. We analysed potential hazard tothe road and forests above it from snow avalanches, and evaluated the protective function of the forest. We defined guidelines and measures for further development of the forests to enhance its protective effect, and evaluated the actual spatial distribution of formalized protective function area of the forest within management plans. We set a network of 21 sample plots on the research area and measured all living trees with DBH ? 10 cm. Using the modified method NaiS (Frehner et al., 2005) we defined the stand boundaries, analysed them and compared the actual state of the stands to the target state. With regard to the slope and forest cover we made a map of the areas that are most prone to formation of snow avalanches. The share of beech in growing stock was 55 %, the share of spruce 32 % and the share of larch 11 %. We concluded that none of the stands provided complete and permanent protective function against snow avalanches. The largest problems are poor regeneration and ensuring uneven-aged stand structure. Technical measures are needed in two stands. The most important guidelines for the future developmentof the forest are: favouring heterogeneous stand structure and regeneration, safeguarding good stability and vitality of the trees, ensuring sufficient density of the trees, the share of the spruce in growing stock should not exceed 30 %, while the share of the beech should not be less than 60 %.

V preteklosti so gore pozimi bolj samevale. Turne smuči so se uporabljale predvsem za transportno sredstvo v zasneženi pokrajini. Danes pa gore obiskujemo predvsem zaradi rekreativnih razlogov, v zadnjem času pa tudi zaradi tekmovanj v turnem smučanju. Z odličnimi geografskimi in klimatskimi pogoji se ponujajo številne možnosti za raznovrstno smuko. Slovenija kot raznolika dežela ponuja številnim turnim smučarjem nepozabne užitke. Vendar pa se užitki lahko kaj hitro spremenijo, če ne upoštevamo nasvetov varnostnih ukrepov, precenimo svoje telesne sposobnosti, ali pa ne poznamo nevarnosti, ki v zimskem času prežijo na nas. Pomembno je, da najprej poskrbimo za svojo varnost. Na turno smuko se je varneje odpraviti v spremstvu več oseb, saj lahko hitro pomagamo v primeru nesreče. Ker se število turnih smučarjev iz leta v leto povečuje, se tudi število nesreč na žalost povečuje. Namen diplomskega dela je predstavitev značilnosti nesreč, ki so se zgodile na turnih smukih v obdobju 2005–2010. Podatke smo dobili v internem gradivu Gorske reševalne zveze Slovenije. Ugotovili smo, da se je v obdobju 2005–2010 zgodilo 39 nesreč na turnih smukih. Pri tem je bil najpogostejši vzrok padec oziroma zdrs. V diplomskem delu smo tudi predstavili zgodovino turnega smučanja in opremo. Predstavili smo tudi pripomočke za iskanje zasutih v snežnem plazu. Ugotovili smo, da ne obstaja popolna oprema, ki bi nas rešila pred snežnih plazom. Lahko pa nam podaljša možnost preživetja v snežnem plazu ali pa nam omogoči natančni položaj zasutega. Opisali smo tudi osnovne značilnosti snežnih plazov, Gorsko reševalno zvezo Slovenije, Mednarodno komisijo za reševanje v gorah, ogroženost Slovenije zaradi plazov itd. Kljub odličnim pogojem za turne smuke, pa imamo v Slovenji zelo skromno lavinsko preventivo. Zato smo se odločili, da na kratko predstavimo preventivne ukrepe pred snežnimi plazovi v Slovenji in prav tako tudi Švici. Delo je namenjeno tudi preventivnemu delovanju: osveščanju ter opozarjanju na nevarnosti in pasti v zimskih razmerah. In the past, the mountains in winter more or less stood derelict. Touring skis have been used primarily only as means of transport in the snowy landscape. Today we are visiting the mountains in the winter mostly for recreational reasons. Recently, however, a lot of visitors come because of the competitions in ski touring. The excellent geographical and climatic conditions offer several possibilities for a variety of skiing. Slovenia as a diverse country offers many unforgettable ski tourers’ pleasures. However, the pleasure can quickly change into something else if we do not follow the advice of the security measures, if we overestimate our physical abilities or if we do not know the dangers that lurk for us in the winter. It is most of all important to take care of our own safety. It is safer to start the touring accompanied by more than one person so that we can quickly help in an eventual accident. As the number of the ski mountaineers is increasing from year to year, unfortunately increases also the number of the accidents. The purpose of the thesis is the presentation of the characteristics of the accidents on ski touring in Slovenia in 2005–2010. Data were obtained from the internal material of the Mountain Rescue Association of Slovenia. We found out that in the period 2005–2010 39 accidents occurred during ski touring. The most common cause of those accidents was the fall or slip. In this thesis we also present the history of the ski tours and of the used equipment. We also presented the tools to search for people buried in the avalanche. We found out that there is no complete equipment that would save us from an avalanche. Alternatively, it can extend the chance of survival in the avalanche or allow us to define the exact position of the buried in the snow. We described as well the basic features of an avalanche, the work of the Mountain Rescue Association of Slovenia and of the International Commission for the Mountain Rescue, the risks for the avalanche activation in Slovenia etc. Despite the excellent conditions for ski touring in Slovenia there is a very modest prevention of avalanches. Therefore, we decided to briefly present the preventive measures against avalanches in Slovenia and Switzerland as well. The work is also intended to become the preventive action: raising awareness and drawing attention to the dangers and pitfalls in winter conditions.