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Ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma (SebCA) represents one of the most clinically problematic periocular tumors, often requiring aggressive surgical resection. The pathobiology of this tumor remains poorly understood, and few models exist that are suitable for preclinical testing. The aim of this study was to establish new cell lines to serve as models for pathobiological and drug testing. With patient consent, freshly resected tumor tissue was cultured using conditional reprogramming cell conditions. Standard techniques were used to characterize the cell lines in terms of overall growth, clonogenicity, apoptosis, and differentiation in vitro. Additional analyses including Western blotting, short tandem repeat (STR) profiling, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were performed. Drug screening using mitomycin-C (MMC), 5-fluorouricil (5-FU), and 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) were performed. JHH-SebCA01, JHH-SebCA02, and JHH-SebCA03 cell lines were established from two women and one man undergoing surgical resection of eyelid tumors. At passage 15, they each showed a doubling time of two to three days, and all could form colonies in anchorage-dependent conditions, but not in soft agar. The cells contained cytoplasmic vacuoles consistent with sebaceous differentiation, and adipophilin protein was present in all three lines. STR profiling confirmed that all lines were derived from their respective patients. NGS of the primary tumors and their matched cell lines identified numerous shared mutations, including alterations similar to those previously described in SebCA. Treatment with MMC or 5-FU resulted in dose-dependent growth inhibition and the induction of both apoptosis and differentiation. MYC protein was abundant in all three lines, and the glutamine metabolism inhibitor DON, previously shown to target high MYC tumors, slowed the growth of all our SebCA models. Ocular adnexal SebCA cell lines can be established using conditional reprogramming cell conditions, and our three new models are useful for testing therapies and interrogating the functional role of MYC and other possible molecular drivers. Current topical chemotherapies promote both apoptosis and differentiation in SebCA cells, and these tumors appear sensitive to inhibition or MYC-associated metabolic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) is an aggressive skin cancer characterized by a heightened risk of recurrence and metastasis. While surgical excision is the primary treatment, unraveling the molecular intricacies of SGC is imperative for advancing targeted therapeutic interventions and enhancing patient outcomes. This comprehensive review delves into the molecular landscape of eyelid SGC, emphasizing key genetic alterations, signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, and potential therapeutic targets. Significant findings include aberrations in critical signaling pathways (β-catenin, lymphoid enhancer binding factor, hedgehog, epidermal growth factor receptor, P53, and P21WAF1) associated with SGC progression and poor prognosis. Notably, eyelid SGC manifests a distinctive mutational profile, lacking ultraviolet signature mutations in tumor protein 53 (TP53), indicating alternative mutagenic mechanisms. Next-generation sequencing identifies actionable mutations in genes such as phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2), facilitating the emergence of personalized medicine approaches. Molecular chaperones, specifically X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and BAG3, emerge as pivotal players in promoting tumor survival and proliferation. The review underscores the role of epithelial–mesenchymal transition, where regulators like E-cadherin, vimentin, and ZEB2 contribute to SGC aggressiveness. Epigenetic modifications, encompassing DNA methylation and microRNA dysregulation, further elucidate the molecular landscape. This review consolidates a comprehensive understanding of the molecular drivers of eyelid SGC, shedding light on potential therapeutic targets and providing a foundation for future investigations in diagnostic, prognostic, and personalized treatment strategies for this formidable malignancy.

Sebaceous carcinoma is a highly malignant eyelid tumor with a notable morbidity and mortality rate. Delay in the diagnosis occurs usually; due to benign formations that are confused in the differential diagnosis. We report the case of sebaceous gland carcinoma in a 61-year-old male patient who presented with a long-standing nodule on the right upper eyelid and had right parotid lymph nodes metastases. After wide excision, reconstruction of the oncologic defect was performed considering the functional and aesthetic results. No residual disease was found in the 4-year follow-up. Successful management of sebaceous gland carcinoma consists of early diagnosis, complete removal of the tumor, and a satisfactory reconstruction method. Treatment should be designed on the basis of the tumor and the patient's needs.

Background: Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare cancer, and little is known about its current epidemiology and treatment. This is particularly true for sebaceous carcinomas of the trunk and extremities. Objective: We present a database analysis of sebaceous carcinoma cases to further delineate demographics, location, tumor characteristics, and treatment modalities among patients diagnosed with these tumors. Methods: The National Cancer Database was queried for cases of sebaceous carcinoma between 2004 and 2016. 3211 cases were analyzed for descriptive and comparative statistics. Results: Twenty-six percent of sebaceous carcinomas were found on the trunk and extremities. Tumors on the trunk and extremities were more likely to be larger than tumors on the head and neck, with 8% being greater than 50 mm (P

Ovarian mature teratomas (OMTs) originate from post-meiotic germ cells. Malignant transformation occurs in approximately 1–2% of OMTs; however, sebaceous carcinoma arising from OMTs is rare. This is the first report of a detailed genomic analysis of sebaceous carcinoma arising from an OMT. A 36-year-old woman underwent evaluation for abdominal tumors and subsequent hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy. Pathologically, a diagnosis of stage IA sebaceous carcinoma arising from an OMT was established. Eight months post-surgery, the patient was alive without recurrence. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was negative for mismatch repair proteins. A nonsense mutation in TP53 (p.R306*) and a deletion in PIK3R1 were identified. Single nucleotide polymorphisms across all chromosomes displayed a high degree of homozygosity, suggestive of uniparental disomy. Herein, the OMT resulting from the endoreduplication of oocytes underwent a malignant transformation to sebaceous carcinoma via TP53 as an early event and PIK3R1 as a late event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface mould brachytherapy is a conformal radiotherapy technique that can deliver high dose to the target while sparing nearby normal structures, Here, we aim to describe the procedurals details for high-dose rate (HDR) surface mould brachytherapy in sebaceous carcinoma of eyelid in a 54-year old lady. She was hesitant for surgery and any form of invasive intervention like interstitial brachytherapy. So, she was treated with surface mould HDR brachytherapy to a total dose of 52 Gy in 13 fractions at a dose of 4 Gy per fraction delivered twice daily using Iridium-192 isotope with no acute side effects. She was evaluated on a weekly basis for any radiation side effects and now she is disease-free for 6 months post-treatment with only mild dry eye. A detailed step-by-step procedure of surface mould technique, simulation procedure, dose prescription, planning, plan evaluation and treatment has been described in this paper. Surface mould HDR brachytherapy can be safely used as organ preserving modality of treatment for eyelid carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition that leads to an increased risk of many neoplasms. In the United Kingdom, NICE recommends that patients with colorectal and endometrial cancer should be tested for Lynch syndrome. There is conflicting evidence in the literature on the link between breast cancer and Lynch syndrome. Case presentation: A 54-year-old woman presented with a lump in her right breast with a background of locally advanced colorectal cancer and Lynch syndrome due to a MLH1 gene mutation. A core biopsy showed a grade 3, invasive, triple-negative NST carcinoma. The tumour was triple-negative with patchy positivity for CK14 and CK5/6. Simultaneously, a cystic skin lesion in the contralateral breast was noted, which comprised lesional cells with a proliferation of clear cells and bland basaloid cells. The lesion had evidence of sebaceous differentiation with AR, podoplanin and p63 positivity. MSH1 and PMS2 deficiency was found in the breast and skin lesions. Conclusions: In Lynch syndrome, it is vital to be aware of the increased risk of various types of cancer. This case adds to the body of evidence of the spectrum of malignancies that can be encountered in patients with Lynch syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sebaceous carcinoma is an extremely rare malignant disease and it is more aggressive when it occurs in the eyelids and orbit. It can mimic several benign lesions, resulting in diagnostic delay. We present a case of sebaceous carcinoma in a 50-year-old male who presented with complaints of swelling of the upper eyelid, which was followed by appearance of an ulcerative growth over the eyelid. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports showed an ulcerated mass in the left periorbital and orbital region appearing heterogeneously hyperintense. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) showed malignant epithelial differentiation which was followed by exenteration of the eyeball. Histopathology showed the rare diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma. The disease has a poor prognosis as the entity is associated with increased morbidity and if not detected early it can metastasize to other organs which may be fatal sometimes.

Introduction: Extraocular sebaceous carcinoma (SC), particularly those outside the head and neck region, is rare and not well-described. Purpose: This study aimed to explore the epidemiology and identify the prognostic factors of non-head and neck SC, describe the possible relevant factors of distant metastasis, and provide implications for distant metastasis screening. Methods: Data from the 17 registries in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were retrospectively collected for patients with SC outside the head and neck from 2000 through 2020. Overall survival (OS) and diseasespecific survival (DSS) were the primary endpoints. Survival analysis was conducted through Kaplan-Meier curves, and multivariate analysis was carried out using Cox proportional hazard models. Results: A total of 1,237 patients with SC outside the head and neck were identified. The mean age at diagnosis of the entire patient cohort was 67.7 years (30 to 90+ years), and the mean tumor size was 2.2 cm (0.1-16 cm). Patients with distant disease experienced the lowest OS (mean, 29.5 months) than those with localized disease and regional disease (p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that age, tumor size, and stage were independent determinants of OS; age, stage, and primary site were independent determinants of DSS. Tumor grade and lymph node status had less prognostic value for survival. Undifferentiated tumors have a trend toward distant metastasis, especially those at the primary site of the trunk. Conclusion: The prognosis of the non-head and neck SC is excellent, while the survival of distant disease is very poor. Distant metastasis screening can be considered for undifferentiated tumors, especially those located in the trunk region with large tumor sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidermal cutaneous tumors represent an enormous group of tumors, which can be classified as both benign and malignant, and primary and secondary. In this case series, there are six cases of such tumors encountered in a health-care center of Eastern India. The histopathological examination IS mainstay of reporting in some cases; however, other cases do require a supplementary immunohistochemistry or electron microscopy for confirmatory diagnosis. The childhood lesions should not be ignored, as it may present as metastasis many years later.

Ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma (SebCA) represents one of the most clinically problematic periocular tumors, often requiring aggressive surgical resection. The pathobiology of this tumor remains poorly understood, and few models exist that are suitable for preclinical testing. The aim of this study was to establish new cell lines to serve as models for pathobiological and drug testing. With patient consent, freshly resected tumor tissue was cultured using conditional reprogramming cell conditions. Standard techniques were used to characterize the cell lines in terms of overall growth, clonogenicity, apoptosis, and differentiation in vitro. Additional analyses including Western blotting, short tandem repeat (STR) profiling, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were performed. Drug screening using mitomycin-C (MMC), 5-fluorouricil (5-FU), and 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) were performed. JHH-SebCA01, JHH-SebCA02, and JHH-SebCA03 cell lines were established from two women and one man undergoing surgical resection of eyelid tumors. At passage 15, they each showed a doubling time of two to three days, and all could form colonies in anchorage-dependent conditions, but not in soft agar. The cells contained cytoplasmic vacuoles consistent with sebaceous differentiation, and adipophilin protein was present in all three lines. STR profiling confirmed that all lines were derived from their respective patients. NGS of the primary tumors and their matched cell lines identified numerous shared mutations, including alterations similar to those previously described in SebCA. Treatment with MMC or 5-FU resulted in dose-dependent growth inhibition and the induction of both apoptosis and differentiation. MYC protein was abundant in all three lines, and the glutamine metabolism inhibitor DON, previously shown to target high MYC tumors, slowed the growth of all our SebCA models. Ocular adnexal SebCA cell lines can be established using conditional reprogramming cell conditions, and our three new models are useful for testing therapies and interrogating the functional role of MYC and other possible molecular drivers. Current topical chemotherapies promote both apoptosis and differentiation in SebCA cells, and these tumors appear sensitive to inhibition or MYC-associated metabolic changes.

Epidermal cutaneous tumors represent an enormous group of tumors, which can be classified as both benign and malignant, and primary and secondary. In this case series, there are six cases of such tumors encountered in a health-care center of Eastern India. The histopathological examination IS mainstay of reporting in some cases; however, other cases do require a supplementary immunohistochemistry or electron microscopy for confirmatory diagnosis. The childhood lesions should not be ignored, as it may present as metastasis many years later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positron emission tomography (PET) has gained widespread acceptance as a valuable diagnostic tool for cancer. It is rare for a PET/CT scan to overlook the presence of metastatic disease. Sebaceous carcinoma is an uncommon malignant tumour that typically originates in the skin of the eyelid. In this case report, we present a unique case involving a metastatic sebaceous carcinoma that was not initially detected by a PET/CT scan in an 88-year-old female. Therefore, clinicians must maintain a heightened awareness of sebaceous carcinoma and exercise caution when making decisions solely based on PET scan results. It is crucial to recognise this potential limitation of PET scans in sebaceous carcinoma and consider further diagnostic approaches to ensure timely and accurate detection of sebaceous carcinoma.

Cutaneous Adnexal Neoplasms (CAN) are rare skin tumours with varied morphology that are often misdiagnosed clinically. The definitive diagnosis of these tumours can only be made by Histopathology (HP) based on their appendage differentiation. Though rare in occurrence, diagnosing these tumours is of prime importance, as they can mimic primary cutaneous carcinomas, cutaneous metastasis of a primary tumour, or can serve as markers of internal malignancy. Excision is mostly curative in benign tumours, and wide local excision needs to be performed to prevent recurrences. The aim of the present case series study was to investigate the histopathological spectrum of different CANs based on their appendage differentiation in a hospital-based study. A retrospective analysis was conducted over a period of 4.5 years, and all CAN cases diagnosed on HP were classified according to their appendage differentiation. The concordance between histopathological diagnosis and clinical diagnosis was calculated. Additionally, the frequency distribution of CAN in relation to demographic data was analysed. In the present case series, 18 cutaneous adnexal tumours were reported, showing a female predominance. The majority of the tumours 12 (66.67%) cases were observed in the head and neck region and exhibited a predominance of sweat gland differentiation 12 (66.67%) cases. The most common CANs were eccrine spiradenoma and pilomatrixoma, with 3 (16.67%) cases each. Sebaceous carcinoma and a rare case of Malignant Proliferating Trichilemmal Tumour (MPTT) accounted for 2 (11.11%) cases, being the only malignant tumours reported. The present study demonstrated only concordance of 4 (22.22%) cases between clinical and HP diagnosis. Therefore, the present series emphasises the importance of appendage differentiation in HP, which plays a crucial role in the definitive diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis in CAN.

Sebaceous carcinoma is a ra malignant tumor of adnexal origin arising from sebaceous glands. It is most commonly seen arising from the eyelids and head and neck. It is predominantly seen in females with an average age of around 65 years. Apocrine differentiation in sebaceous carcinomas is rare but has been reported in the literature. Here, we present a case of sebaceous carcinoma with apocrine differentiation in a 62-year- old female who was a diagnosed case of basal cell carinoma.

Sebaceous gland carcinoma is a rare and aggressive skin cancer derived from the sebaceous glands. Sebaceous carcinomas are divided into those occurring in ocular (75%) and extra-ocular locations. A 45-year-old female patient presented with rapidly growing swelling over the upper back region. It was provisionally diagnosed as an infected sebaceous cyst, and an excision biopsy was received in the pathology department. Histopathology was reported as sebaceous carcinoma, Grade II, Stage P T3 Nx. Immunohistochemistry was positive for epithelial membrane antigen. Sebaceous carcinoma accounts for 0.2–4.6% of all malignant cutaneous neoplasms, and the estimated rate of occurrence is only 1–2 per 1 million individuals per year. These tumors frequently present with a painless sub-cutaneous nodule, but they can also present as pedunculated lesions, irregular mass, or diffuse thickening of the skin. Hence, they are misinterpreted as other benign tumors or inflammatory conditions, thereby leading to delay in diagnosis, inappropriate treatment, increased morbidity, and mortality.

Background: Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition that leads to an increased risk of many neoplasms. In the United Kingdom, NICE recommends that patients with colorectal and endometrial cancer should be tested for Lynch syndrome. There is conflicting evidence in the literature on the link between breast cancer and Lynch syndrome. Case presentation: A 54-year-old woman presented with a lump in her right breast with a background of locally advanced colorectal cancer and Lynch syndrome due to a MLH1 gene mutation. A core biopsy showed a grade 3, invasive, triple-negative NST carcinoma. The tumour was triple-negative with patchy positivity for CK14 and CK5/6. Simultaneously, a cystic skin lesion in the contralateral breast was noted, which comprised lesional cells with a proliferation of clear cells and bland basaloid cells. The lesion had evidence of sebaceous differentiation with AR, podoplanin and p63 positivity. MSH1 and PMS2 deficiency was found in the breast and skin lesions. Conclusions: In Lynch syndrome, it is vital to be aware of the increased risk of various types of cancer. This case adds to the body of evidence of the spectrum of malignancies that can be encountered in patients with Lynch syndrome.

Ovarian mature teratomas (OMTs) originate from post-meiotic germ cells. Malignant transformation occurs in approximately 1–2% of OMTs; however, sebaceous carcinoma arising from OMTs is rare. This is the first report of a detailed genomic analysis of sebaceous carcinoma arising from an OMT. A 36-year-old woman underwent evaluation for abdominal tumors and subsequent hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy. Pathologically, a diagnosis of stage IA sebaceous carcinoma arising from an OMT was established. Eight months post-surgery, the patient was alive without recurrence. Immunohistochemically, the tumor was negative for mismatch repair proteins. A nonsense mutation in TP53 (p.R306*) and a deletion in PIK3R1 were identified. Single nucleotide polymorphisms across all chromosomes displayed a high degree of homozygosity, suggestive of uniparental disomy. Herein, the OMT resulting from the endoreduplication of oocytes underwent a malignant transformation to sebaceous carcinoma via TP53 as an early event and PIK3R1 as a late event.

Sebaceous carcinoma is an extremely rare malignant disease and it is more aggressive when it occurs in the eyelids and orbit. It can mimic several benign lesions, resulting in diagnostic delay. We present a case of sebaceous carcinoma in a 50-year-old male who presented with complaints of swelling of the upper eyelid, which was followed by appearance of an ulcerative growth over the eyelid. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports showed an ulcerated mass in the left periorbital and orbital region appearing heterogeneously hyperintense. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) showed malignant epithelial differentiation which was followed by exenteration of the eyeball. Histopathology showed the rare diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma

Abstract Background Sebaceous carcinoma is an uncommon non-melanoma skin cancer. Extraocular sites are extremely rare, with only a few cases reported in the medical literature. This article reviews the diagnostic challenges and treatment of a case of sebaceous carcinoma of nasal ala. Case presentation A 75-year-old female presented with a slow-growing right nasal alar mass for the last 1.5 years. It was nodular in appearance and covered with crusts and concretions. An incisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma. The patient underwent a wide local excision of the mass followed by nasolabial flap reconstruction. Conclusions Sebaceous Carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of an elderly patient with nasal growth to avoid delaying treatment.

Abstract Background This observational study aims to describe and compare histopathological, architectural, and nuclear characteristics of sebaceous lesions and utilized these characteristics to develop a predictive classification approach using machine learning algorithms. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on Iranian patients with sebaceous tumors from two hospitals between March 2015 and March 2019. Pathology slides were reviewed by two pathologists and the architectural and cytological attributes were recorded. Multiple decision tree models were trained using 5-fold cross validation to determine the most important predictor variables and to develop a simple prediction model. Results This study assessed the characteristics of 123 sebaceous tumors. Histopathological findings, including pagetoid appearance, neurovascular invasion, atypical mitosis, extensive necrotic area, poor cell differentiation, and non-lobular tumor growth pattern, as well as nuclear features, including highly irregular nuclear contour, and large nuclear size were exclusively observed in carcinomatous tumors. Among non-carcinomatous lesions, some sebaceoma and sebaceous adenoma cases had features like high mitotic activity, which can be misleading and complicate diagnosis. Based on multiple decision tree models, the five most critical variables for lesion categorization were identified as: basaloid cell count, peripheral basaloid cell layers, tumor margin, nuclear size, and chromatin. Conclusions This study implemented a machine learning modeling approach to help optimally categorize sebaceous lesions based on architectural and nuclear features. However, studies of larger sample sizes are needed to ensure the accuracy of our suggested predictive model.

Introduction: Skin Adnexal Tumours (SAT) are a category of rare and most uncommon tumours. They could display multiple lines of differentiation such as follicular, eccrine, apocrine, sebaceous, and sometimes mixed differentiation, generating a mistaken diagnosis that might lead to unwarranted and unnecessary interventions. Aim: To describe the types and microscopic features of adnexal tumours. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective study on SAT received for histopathology at the Department of Pathology, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, Karnataka, India, from January 2018 to June 2022 during the study period of September 2022 to March 2023. The records of patients including age, gender and site were retrieved from the registers maintained at the department and Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained slides were examined and the data was analysed by descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 62 cases were included in the study out of which, 59 (95.2%) cases were found to be benign and 3 (4.8%) cases were malignant. The mean age was found to be 43.87 years. A total of 28 (45.1%) cases were seen in the age group of 21 to 40 years. Females outnumbered the males with 32 cases (51.6%). A maximum number of cases belonged to the group of sweat gland tumours (29/62, 46.8%) followed by hair follicle tumours (21/62, 33.9%) and sebaceous gland tumours (12/62, 19.3%). Nodular hidradenoma was the commonest sweat gland tumour (12/29, 41.4%), pilomatricoma was the commonest hair follicle tumour (10/21, 47.6%) and sebaceous adenoma was the commonest sebaceous gland tumour (10/12, 83.3%). The most common malignancy was sebaceous carcinoma (2/3, 66.67%). The male-to-female ratio was found to be 1:1.06. Conclusion: The incidence of SAT was low with the majority being benign tumours. Malignant tumours are even rarer and are often mistaken for cutaneous epithelial malignancies. These lesions may prompt the clinician towards unwanted surgery or treatment for the patient. They exhibit a wide variety of morphological patterns which may be confused for primary from other sites. In such cases, histopathological examination becomes necessary. Hence, a combination of good clinical expertise and histopathological confirmation by the pathologist helps appropriately manage the patient.

Jiangping Ye,1 Qiaoyun Li2 1Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jiangping Ye, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email 18267851205@163.comAbstract: Sebaceous carcinoma (SC) is an uncommon but aggressive malignancy and has a specific anatomic preference for the ocular region, especially the eyelids. However, periocular SC originated from the eyebrow is rare, which may cause poorer outcomes due to a greater likelihood of orbital invasion and excessive tumor volume. In the present case, we exhibited a 68-year-old male presenting with a large solid mass in his right eyebrow region developing in ten months. Based on the patient’s history, clinical conditions, orbital computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan results, a malignant tumor was suspected preliminarily. Excisional biopsy was performed, and the histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of the tumor revealed SC. The patient declined the enlarged surgery recommended next and ended up with death caused by the distant metastasis of SC. The case highlighted the fact that despite its rarity, SC should be considered as a differential diagnosis of tumors located in the eyebrow region and histopathologic evaluation must be performed to reach a definite diagnosis. Ophthalmologists are supposed to have a comprehensive understanding of the clinicopathological characteristics of this disease and help patients accept the appropriate treatments promptly via properly and adequate communication if necessary.Keywords: sebaceous carcinoma, eyebrow, diagnosis, prognosis, case report, SC

Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid frequently presents with metastatic disease involving regional lymph nodes. However, metastasis to parotid gland is very rare and can be mistaken for a primary parotid gland tumor. We present a case of a 53-year-old female who presented with right parotid swelling. MRI of the head and neck with contrast was suggestive of a pleomorphic adenoma. She was operated on for sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid four years back. Characteristic cytological findings of a mixture of high-grade malignant cells with vacuolated cells along with clinical correlation were helpful in the diagnosis of this tumor following which the patient underwent parotidectomy.

Muir–Torre syndrome (MTS) is a rare subtype of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome caused by a defect in DNA mismatch repair leading to microsatellite instability. It is characterized by the presence of at least one sebaceous gland tumor and one internal malignancy, most commonly colorectal and endometrial tumors. These patients have a high propensity for tumorigenesis, and while strict screening protocols are in place, there are only two cases that describe the management approach to recurrent colon cancer. Here, we present a case of recurrent colorectal cancer in a patient with MTS, and describe how it was managed at our facility by a multidisciplinary team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid frequently presents with metastatic disease involving regional lymph nodes. However, metastasis to parotid gland is very rare and can be mistaken for a primary parotid gland tumor. We present a case of a 53‑year‑old female who presented with right parotid swelling. MRI of the head and neck with contrast was suggestive of a pleomorphic adenoma. She was operated on for sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid four years back. Characteristic cytological findings of a mixture of high‑grade malignant cells with vacuolated cells along with clinical correlation were helpful in the diagnosis of this tumor following which the patient underwent parotidectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sebaceous carcinoma is an uncommon non-melanoma skin cancer. Extraocular sites are extremely rare, with only a few cases reported in the medical literature. This article reviews the diagnostic challenges and treatment of a case of sebaceous carcinoma of nasal ala. Case presentation: A 75-year-old female presented with a slow-growing right nasal alar mass for the last 1.5 years. It was nodular in appearance and covered with crusts and concretions. An incisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma. The patient underwent a wide local excision of the mass followed by nasolabial flap reconstruction. Conclusions: Sebaceous Carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of an elderly patient with nasal growth to avoid delaying treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This observational study aims to describe and compare histopathological, architectural, and nuclear characteristics of sebaceous lesions and utilized these characteristics to develop a predictive classification approach using machine learning algorithms. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on Iranian patients with sebaceous tumors from two hospitals between March 2015 and March 2019. Pathology slides were reviewed by two pathologists and the architectural and cytological attributes were recorded. Multiple decision tree models were trained using 5-fold cross validation to determine the most important predictor variables and to develop a simple prediction model. Results: This study assessed the characteristics of 123 sebaceous tumors. Histopathological findings, including pagetoid appearance, neurovascular invasion, atypical mitosis, extensive necrotic area, poor cell differentiation, and non-lobular tumor growth pattern, as well as nuclear features, including highly irregular nuclear contour, and large nuclear size were exclusively observed in carcinomatous tumors. Among non-carcinomatous lesions, some sebaceoma and sebaceous adenoma cases had features like high mitotic activity, which can be misleading and complicate diagnosis. Based on multiple decision tree models, the five most critical variables for lesion categorization were identified as: basaloid cell count, peripheral basaloid cell layers, tumor margin, nuclear size, and chromatin. Conclusions: This study implemented a machine learning modeling approach to help optimally categorize sebaceous lesions based on architectural and nuclear features. However, studies of larger sample sizes are needed to ensure the accuracy of our suggested predictive model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sebaceous carcinoma (SC) is a rare carcinoma classified as ocular or extraocular. Ocular SC is believed to arise from the meibomian glands or the glands of Zeis. However, the origin of extraocular SC is controversial because there is no evidence of carcinoma arising from pre-existing sebaceous glands. Several hypotheses about the origin of extraocular SC have been proposed, including one suggesting an origin from intraepidermal neoplastic cells. Although extraocular SCs have been shown to occasionally comprise intraepidermal neoplastic cells, no study has investigated whether intraepidermal neoplastic cells possess sebaceous differentiation. The present study analyzed the clinicopathological features of ocular and extraocular SC, with an emphasis on the presence of in situ (intraepithelial) l esions. It retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathological features of eight patients with ocular and three patients with extraocular SC (eight women and three men; median age, 72 years), respectively. In situ (intraepithelial) lesions were observed in four of the eight ocular SC cases and one of the three extraocular SC cases and an apocrine component was noted in one patient with ocular SC (seboapocrine carcinoma). In addition, immunohistochemical analyses showed that the androgen receptor (AR) was expressed in all ocular SCs and two of the three extraocular SC cases. Adipophilin expression was observed in all ocular and extraocular SC. In situ lesions of extraocular SC showed positive immunoreactivity for both AR and adipophilin. The present study is the first to demonstrate sebaceous differentiation in in situ lesions of extraocular SC. The possible origin of extraocular SC is speculated to be the progenitor cells present in the sebaceous duct or interfollicular epidermis. The results of the present study and reported cases of SC in situ indicate that extraocular SC also arises from intraepidermal neoplastic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare, usually slow-growing, malignant epithelial tumor of the skin. Mostly located on the face and neck, especially on the upper eyelid. It accounts for less than 1% of all skin malignancies. Extraocular sebaceous carcinoma is a very rare variant of this cancer. Case report: This paper presents a case of a 92-year-old man who presented with extensive, rapidly growing ulceration, located on the chest and abdomen. Based on the results of histopathological examinations and specific immunohistochemical staining, advanced sebaceous carcinoma was diagnosed in the thoracic and abdominal region. Conclusions: In patients with rapidly spreading ulcers, sebaceous carcinoma should also be considered in the differential diagnosis, although the course of this tumor is usually slow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Skin Adnexal Tumours (SAT) are a category of rare and most uncommon tumours. They could display multiple lines of differentiation such as follicular, eccrine, apocrine, sebaceous, and sometimes mixed differentiation, generating a mistaken diagnosis that might lead to unwarranted and unnecessary interventions. Aim: To describe the types and microscopic features of adnexal tumours. Materials and Methods: The present study was a retrospective study on SAT received for histopathology at the Department of Pathology, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, Karnataka, India, from January 2018 to June 2022 during the study period of September 2022 to March 2023. The records of patients including age, gender and site were retrieved from the registers maintained at the department and Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained slides were examined and the data was analysed by descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 62 cases were included in the study out of which, 59 (95.2%) cases were found to be benign and 3 (4.8%) cases were malignant. The mean age was found to be 43.87 years. A total of 28 (45.1%) cases were seen in the age group of 21 to 40 years. Females outnumbered the males with 32 cases (51.6%). A maximum number of cases belonged to the group of sweat gland tumours (29/62, 46.8%) followed by hair follicle tumours (21/62, 33.9%) and sebaceous gland tumours (12/62, 19.3%). Nodular hidradenoma was the commonest sweat gland tumour (12/29, 41.4%), pilomatricoma was the commonest hair follicle tumour (10/21, 47.6%) and sebaceous adenoma was the commonest sebaceous gland tumour (10/12, 83.3%). The most common malignancy was sebaceous carcinoma (2/3, 66.67%). The male-to-female ratio was found to be 1:1.06. Conclusion: The incidence of SAT was low with the majority being benign tumours. Malignant tumours are even rarer and are often mistaken for cutaneous epithelial malignancies. These lesions may prompt the clinician towards unwanted surgery or treatment for the patient. They exhibit a wide variety of morphological patterns which may be confused for primary from other sites. In such cases, histopathological examination becomes necessary. Hence, a combination of good clinical expertise and histopathological confirmation by the pathologist helps appropriately manage the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare malignancy that should be treated with surgical resection. Nonetheless, a dynamic and aggressive course of the disease may disqualify a patient from this treatment. Applying radiotherapy with the escalation dose using a stereotactic boost is worthy of consideration as a radical treatment. In this paper, we present the case study of a young patient with a tumor localized in the periocular area. The patient was treated with operation two times without a satisfactory effect. Conventional radiotherapy, 60 Gy in 30 fractions, combined with chemotherapy based on cisplatin 40 mg/m2 and the addition of a stereotactic radiosurgery boost were administered. The tolerance of this treatment was acceptable. During the 2-year follow-up, local and distant recurrences were not diagnosed. The presented case shows the usefulness of an individualized approach in the radical treatment of sebaceous carcinoma with the use of the stereotactic radiotherapy boost. This is a subsequent example of the implementation of the boost in head and neck carcinoma, which yields a positive result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a breakthrough surgical technique that has changed the management of neoplasms in dermatology. Through continued practice and evolution, MMS now can successfully treat a variety of rare non-melanocytic cutaneous malignancies for which achieving remission and the optimal aesthetic result after surgery was previously challenging. Mohs micrographic surgery has utility for conditions besides melanoma. Herein, we discuss this versatility of Mohs micrographic surgery. Specifically, Mohs micrographic surgery can be successfully used for cases such as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, atypical fibroxanthomas, extramammary Paget disease, Merkel cell carcinoma, sebaceous carcinoma, and microcystic adnexal carcinoma.

Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare cutaneous malignancy that frequently mimics other dermatologic conditions. Extraocular subtypes are uncommon, but when present are frequently located in the head and neck region. Herein, we present a patient with a rapidly growing upper back mass eventually diagnosed as sebaceous carcinoma and managed with wide surgical excision. Currently, sparse literature exists to guide management of such patients. This case highlights not only the diagnostic challenges of sebaceous carcinoma, but also the need for further studies to investigate therapeutic interventions and long-term outcomes.

Wei Ju,1,2,&ast; Guan-fa Luo,1,&ast; Yuan-yuan Shi,3 Fei-jun Zhou,1 Meng-qi Li,1 Jian-hui Xu,1 Zhi-xin Yan,2 Xi-hu Yang1 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xi-hu Yang, Email yangxihu1981@126.comObjective: Sebaceous carcinoma (SC) of the submandibular gland is extremely rare. Owing to the low morbidity and nonspecific clinical manifestations, diagnosis is commonly delayed, which increases metastasis and mortality. To date, there have been five reported cases of SC of the submandibular gland. Here, we present a new case and review the relevant literature.Methods and Results: A 36-year-old woman presented with an enlarged left submandibular gland. Clinical features included a non-tender solitary nodular mass with normal overlying skin. There were no special findings on computed tomography or ultrasound examination except for a swollen mass in the left submandibular gland. The patient underwent surgical resection. Pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of SC with nerve infiltration. Immunohistochemical examination of this case showed positive staining for P63, P40, CK7, CK8/18, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. The specimen was negative for androgen receptor, CEA, S-100, CK5/6, SOX-10, SOX-11, SMA, and GCDFP-15. The KI-67 labeling index was determined to be 15%. PAS and anti-epithelial membrane antigen were positive in partial area. The patient is still undergoing follow-up, and no metastasis or recurrence has been observed for 2 months.Conclusion: This case highlighted the fact that despite its rarity, SC should be considered as a differential diagnosis for masses located in the head and face. Early and accurate diagnosis, followed by wide surgical excision, has a favorable prognosis. Therefore, clinicians should be familiar with the clinical and pathological features of this disease.Keywords: sebaceous carcinoma, salivary gland neoplasms, submandibular gland, androgen receptor, P63, P40

Muir-Torre syndrome is a rare form of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome; simplified, it is an association of at least one sebaceous skin tumor and at least one visceral malignancy. It follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. We present a case of a recurrent sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid in a patient previously operated on for colorectal carcinoma. During his treatments, he was examined by experts in different medical fields. After genetic counseling, he also underwent genetic testing.

Background: Cutaneous adnexal tumours (CATs) are one of the commonest clinical presentations in dermatology outpatients. They constitute a subset of skin tumours with a common clinical presentation and variable histological findings. Almost all of them clinically present as a subcutaneous nodule. Depending upon the site and distribution, the clinician can suspect the diagnosis. However, histopathological examination is the gold standard for the definitive diagnosis and proper subtyping of CATs. Aims: The present study is conducted to see the overall spectrum, incidence and distribution of CATs in a large cohort at the tertiary care centre with their clinical profile. Methods: This was a retrospective study in which all the CATs diagnosed over a period of 5 years (2015 to 2019) in a tertiary care hospital were studied. Clinical data were recorded from the histopathology requisition forms. Results: Three hundred and ninety-five cases of CATs were retrieved. Approximately 90% of cases were benign and 10% were malignant. The age of presentation ranged from 8 months to 81 years with male preponderance in all the histological subtypes. The most common site was the head and neck followed by the extremities. Morphologically, the maximum cases showed a differentiation towards sweat glands (44%), followed by sebaceous (29%), follicular (26.5%) and apocrine differentiation (5.3%). Malignant tumours were common in the elderly age group with sebaceous carcinoma being the commonest. Conclusion: CATs comprise of a wide spectrum of tumours occurring in all age groups. Malignant CATs are rare and common in older age groups. Histopathological examination is the gold standard in distinguishing between the different subtypes.

Non-melanoma skin cancer in the pediatric population is an uncommon entity and its occurrence must prompt evaluation for underlying risk factors or genetic predisposition. We present a rare case of a 7-year-old female who presented with a rapidly growing, ulcerated, exophytic lesion to the philtrum of the cutaneous upper lip. She underwent wide local excision with intra-operative frozen sections, final pathology showed moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with a 15–20% component of sebaceous carcinoma. She has subsequently been evaluated by genetics with no identifiable predisposing condition and remains free from recurrence.

Sebaceous neoplasms describe a group of tumors with sebaceous differentiation commonly seen in lesions located primarily in the face and neck. The majority of these lesions are benign, while malignant neoplasms with sebaceous differentiation are uncommon. Sebaceous tumors present a strong association with the Muir–Torre Syndrome. Patients suspected with this syndrome should undergo neoplasm excision, followed by histopathologic and additional immunohistochemistry and genetics examinations. Clinical and dermoscopic features of the sebaceous neoplasms, as well as management procedures collected from the literature analysis regarding sebaceous carcinoma, sebaceoma/sebaceous adenoma, and sebaceous hyperplasia are described in the current review. A special note is made for describing the Muir–Torre Syndrome in patients presenting multiple sebaceous tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundSebaceous carcinoma (SeC) is an uncommon malignancy arising from sebaceous glands of the conjunctiva and skin. Recurrent mutations in the ZNF750 were recently identified in ocular SeC. We assessed whether ZNF750 loss is a specific feature of ocular SeC or a general feature of sebaceous tumors.MethodsImmunostaining for ZNF750 expression was performed in 54 benign and malignant sebocytic proliferations. Staining for ZNF750 was scored on a three-tier scale: positive (>75%), partially positive (5%-74%), and negative (

Abstract Background Sebaceous carcinoma is a very rare, aggressive, malignant tumor arising in the adnexal epithelium of the sebaceous gland. Sebaceous carcinoma in the oral cavity is extremely rare, with only 14 cases reported in literature. We reported the fourth case of sebaceous carcinoma involving the lip Case presentation A 71-year-old Caucasian male smoker presented an ulcerated lesion in the lateral region of the lower lip. The patient stated that the lesion had been present for 1 year. The past medical history was unremarkable. Extraoral examination revealed a markedly ulcerated, exophytic, irregularly shaped, indurated mass of the lower right labial region, measuring 1.8 cm in size. The nodular lesion, located at the point of transition between mucosa and skin, showed a central ulceration. No other intraoral lesions were identified. The clinical differential diagnosis included squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma with sebaceous differentiation, and salivary gland neoplasms. Operation was performed under local anesthesia. On histopathological examination, the tumor was composed by nodules or sheet of cells separated by a fibrovascular stroma. The neoplastic tissue was deeply infiltrating, involving the submucosa and even the underlying muscle. Neoplastic cells showed a range of sebaceous differentiation with finely vacuolated rather than clear cytoplasm. Neoplastic cells were positive for S-100 protein and epithelial membrane antigen, but negative for carcinoembryonic antigen. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of sebaceous carcinoma of the lower lip was rendered. Conclusion The histogenesis, differential diagnosis, and clinicopathological conditions of this disease according to literature are reviewed. Sebaceous carcinoma should be distinguished from other tumors full of vacuolated clear cells. A periodic acid-Schiff stain and immunohistochemical stain for Ki-67, P53, cytokeratin, S-100, epithelial membrane antigen, and androgen receptor can be useful for the diagnosis.

We herein report a 57-year-old man afflicted with multiple malignant tumors arising from a giant sebaceous nevus on his left parieto-temporal scalp and neck. The upper eyelid was resected in all layers, and the auricle was resected as well, leaving part of the external auricular cartilage; the parotid gland area was also resected over the parotid fascia. The lost part of the left eyebrow was reconstructed using an anterior forehead skin flap, and the residual defect was covered with skin graft and expanded scalp flap. This is probably the first case report of giant sebaceous nevus associated with three malignancies: sebaceous carcinoma, apocrine adenocarcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

Background: Cutaneous adnexal tumours (CATs) are one of the commonest clinical presentations in dermatology outpatients. They constitute a subset of skin tumours with a common clinical presentation and variable histological findings. Almost all of them clinically present as a subcutaneous nodule. Depending upon the site and distribution, the clinician can suspect the diagnosis. However, histopathological examination is the gold standard for the definitive diagnosis and proper subtyping of CATs. Aims: The present study is conducted to see the overall spectrum, incidence and distribution of CATs in a large cohort at the tertiary care centre with their clinical profile. Methods: This was a retrospective study in which all the CATs diagnosed over a period of 5 years (2015 to 2019) in a tertiary care hospital were studied. Clinical data were recorded from the histopathology requisition forms. Results: Three hundred and ninety-five cases of CATs were retrieved. Approximately 90% of cases were benign and 10% were malignant. The age of presentation ranged from 8 months to 81 years with male preponderance in all the histological subtypes. The most common site was the head and neck followed by the extremities. Morphologically, the maximum cases showed a differentiation towards sweat glands (44%), followed by sebaceous (29%), follicular (26.5%) and apocrine differentiation (5.3%). Malignant tumours were common in the elderly age group with sebaceous carcinoma being the commonest. Conclusion: CATs comprise of a wide spectrum of tumours occurring in all age groups. Malignant CATs are rare and common in older age groups. Histopathological examination is the gold standard in distinguishing between the different subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, great research interest has been directed to the diagnostic, therapeutic and marker role of Preferentially expressed Antigen in Melanoma (PRAME) in the setting of various human neoplasms. Although it has been extensively studied mainly in the differential diagnosis setting of melanocytic pigmented lesions, still very few papers have analyzed the usefulness or otherwise of PRAME in the context of other non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). (2) Methods: In this paper, we report the data of our experience of 21 cases of sebaceous carcinoma (SC) classified in the three WHO grade and collected in the period between January 2005 and 31 October 2022, on which immunostaining for PRAME was performed; Non-parametric Mann–Whitney test for non-normally distributed values was performed. A comparison was made of the means between the three study groups (grade I, II and III). A value of p ≤ 0.05 was set as statistically significant (3) Results: Only seven cases (33.3%) were positive with an immunoscore of 2+/3+ for intensity and 1+/2+ for percentage cells positivity, while 14 cases (66.6%) were totally or nearly totally negative for PRAME with a few of sebaceous-like cells positive with an immunoscore of 1+. Eight cases of SC grade I were immunostaining for PRAME, a level of the cytoplasm of foci of sebaceous differentiation with a significant statical value (p < 0.0001) with respect to ten cases of SC grade II; furthermore, the eight cases of grade I were positive for PRAME in the same areas respect the 3 cases of SC grade III (p = 0.0303). There were no statistical significance between the 10 cases of grade II and 3 cases of grade III (p = 0.2028); (4) Conclusions: PRAME not seems to add particular information in the case of histopathological diagnostics of SC where other markers, including adipophylline, can be quite indicative. It seems, on the other hand, that PRAME can be useful in the subclassification setting of sebaceous carcinoma in grades I–II–III according to the directives of the latest WHO 2018, highlighting the foci of mature sebaceous differentiation most present in grades 1–2 and almost completely absent in grade 3 of the SC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]