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Quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) verification stands out as one of the most formidable endeavors in the realm of forecast verification. Traditional verification methods are not suitable for high-resolution forecasting products in some cases. Therefore, the SAL (structure, amplitude and location) method was proposed as a method of object-based spatial verification that studies precipitation verification in a certain range, which is combined with factors including structure, amplitude and location of the targets. However, the setting of the precipitation threshold would affect the result of the verification. This paper presented an improved method for determining the precipitation threshold using the QPF from ECMWF, which is an ensemble forecast model and three-source fusion product that was used in China from 1 July to 31 August 2020, and then the results obtained with this method were compared with the other two traditional methods. Furthermore, the SAL and the traditional verification methods were carried out for geometric, simulated and real cases, respectively. The results showed the following: (1) The proposed method in this paper for determining the threshold was more accurate at identifying the precipitation objects. (2) The verification area size was critical for SAL calculation. If the area selected was too large, the calculated SAL value had little significance. (3) ME (Mean Error) could not identify the displacement between prediction and observation, while HSS (Heidke Skill Score) was sensitive to the displacement of the prediction field. (4) Compared with the traditional verification methods, the SAL method was more straight forward and simple, and it could give a better representation of prediction ability. Therefore, forecasters can better understand the model prediction effect and what needs to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding disturbances that are of significant significance requires a critical focus on preventing forest degradation and addressing problems related to vegetation loss. Hence, the primary objective of this work was to examine the structure of species and the patterns of regeneration at various density gradients within the Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve in India. This study involved the selection of one closed site (CS) and one open site (OS) from both the Mixed Sal Forest (MSF) and the Pure Sal Forest (PSF). In order to ascertain population structure and regeneration status, plants were classified into seedlings, saplings, and adults based on their Girth at breast height (GBH). The results of our study revealed that the population density of seedlings, saplings, and trees was higher in MSFCS (49250, 980, and 920 ind/ha) compared to PSFCS (41500, 740, 890 ind/ha), MSFOS (16750, 580, and 370 individuals ind/ha), and PSFOS (9750, 180, and 334 ind/ha). Both forests exhibited a reverse-J shaped curve in the CS and an interrupted reverse-J shaped curve in the OS of overall tree species. Nevertheless, the distribution curve at the species level displayed diverse patterns. For instance, Shorea robusta displayed irregular shapes in the OS of both forests, while Terminalia tomentosa displayed a bell-shaped GBH density distribution population curve across all the sites. Differences in regeneration status were observed among different tree species. At the four sites, 18.75% of the species showed good regeneration, 21.87% showed fair regeneration, and a substantial portion, 35.94%, displayed poor to no regeneration. Additionally, 23.44% of the species showed new regeneration. Among these species, Diospyros melanoxylon and Syzygium cumini showed strong regeneration capabilities, while Shorea robusta shown moderate regeneration potential. In the future, the population structure, dominance, and richness of the present tree community may undergo changes. Hence, it is imperative to conduct study on the survival of seedlings and use appropriate management techniques in order to guarantee the long-term viability of the forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding disturbances that are of significant significance requires a critical focus on preventing forest degradation and addressing problems related to vegetation loss. Hence, the primary objective of this work was to examine the structure of species and the patterns of regeneration at various density gradients within the Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve in India. This study involved the selection of one closed site (CS) and one open site (OS) from both the Mixed Sal Forest (MSF) and the Pure Sal Forest (PSF). In order to ascertain population structure and regeneration status, plants were classified into seedlings, saplings, and adults based on their Girth at breast height (GBH). The results of our study revealed that the population density of seedlings, saplings, and trees was higher in MSFCS (49250, 980, and 920 ind/ha) compared to PSFCS (41500, 740, 890 ind/ha), MSFOS (16750, 580, and 370 individuals ind/ha), and PSFOS (9750, 180, and 334 ind/ha). Both forests exhibited a reverse-J shaped curve in the CS and an interrupted reverse-J shaped curve in the OS of overall tree species. Nevertheless, the distribution curve at the species level displayed diverse patterns. For instance, Shorea robusta displayed irregular shapes in the OS of both forests, while Terminalia tomentosa displayed a bell-shaped GBH density distribution population curve across all the sites. Differences in regeneration status were observed among different tree species. At the four sites, 18.75% of the species showed good regeneration, 21.87% showed fair regeneration, and a substantial portion, 35.94%, displayed poor to no regeneration. Additionally, 23.44% of the species showed new regeneration. Among these species, Diospyros melanoxylon and Syzygium cumini showed strong regeneration capabilities, while Shorea robusta shown moderate regeneration potential. In the future, the population structure, dominance, and richness of the present tree community may undergo changes. Hence, it is imperative to conduct study on the survival of seedlings and use appropriate management techniques in order to guarantee the long-term viability of the forests.

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: The value of traditional medicinal plants increasing day by day because of their advantages over synthetic products. The present study deals with the determination of Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical and Phytochemical evaluations of leaves of Shorea robusta gaertn. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopical studies of leaves were included under Pharmacognostical evaluation whereas ash value, extractive value, moisture content and fluorescence behavior was the parameters determined for Physicochemical evaluation. Phytochemical screening was performed on extracts (ethanol and water) for the confirmation of presence of plant metabolites. Results: According to findings, the leaves show cork cells, trichomes and vessels. Physicochemical analysis of leaves revealed 1.53% w/w total ash value, 4.97% w/w alcoholic extractive value, 1.08% moisture content. S. robusta leaves comprise a number of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. Conclusion: This information will be used for further pharmacological and therapeutical evaluation of the species and will assist in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous languages of North East India are classified according to extralinguistic factors such as district and state borders or superficial similarities in culture. This has resulted in highly diverse language varieties — often with little or no mutual intelligibility — falling under a single label despite these considerable linguistic and cultural differences. Likewise, varieties which are closely related or lacking any meaningful differences may be classified as distinct entities, such as with the Phong variety which is classified as either Tangsa or as Nocte depending on the district in which the speaker resides.Based on an analysis of sound correspondences and lexical variation between varieties, this paper argues the case for treatment of Tangsa-Nocte not as two closely related branches within the Sal languages, as earlier classifications may suggest, but rather as a single dialect continuum.

Simple Summary: The in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes is often delayed due to oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, resulting in a decrease in oocyte quality. We used a porcine oocyte model to check the effects of salidroside supplementation during IVM on the quality and developmental competence of oocytes. Using a variety of experimental methods, the efficiency of salidroside in protecting mature oocytes, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function was observed. Salidroside (Sal) possesses several pharmacological activities, such as antiaging, and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer activities, and proliferation-promoting activities, but the effects of Sal on oocytes have rarely been reported. In the present study, we evaluated the beneficial effects of Sal, which is mainly found in the roots of Rhodiola. Porcine cumulus oocyte complexes were cultured in IVM medium supplemented (with 250 μmol/L) with Sal or not supplemented with Sal. The maturation rate in the Sal group increased from 88.34 ± 4.32% to 94.12 ± 2.29%, and the blastocyst rate in the Sal group increased from 30.35 ± 3.20% to 52.14 ± 7.32% compared with that in the control group. The experimental groups showed significant improvements in the cumulus expansion area. Sal reduced oocyte levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced intracellular GSH levels. Sal supplementation enhanced the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP level, and mtDNA copy number, which shows that Sal enhances the cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes. Oocytes in the Sal group exhibited slowed apoptosis and reduced DNA breakage. Cell cycle signals and oocyte meiosis play important roles in oocyte maturation. The mRNA expressions of the MAPK pathway and MAPK phosphorylation increased significantly in the Sal group. The mRNA expression of the oocyte meiosis gene also increased significantly. These results show that Sal enhances the nuclear maturation of oocytes. Moreover, Sal increased the number of blastocyst cells, the proliferation of blastocysts, and the expressions of pluripotency genes. Sal down-regulated apoptosis-related genes and the apoptotic cell rate of blastocysts. In summary, our results demonstrate that Sal is helpful to improving the quality of porcine oocytes in vitro, and their subsequent embryonic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Neurite dystrophy is a pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, drug discovery targeting neurite protection in AD remains largely unexplored. Methods Aβ-induced neurite and mitochondrial damage assays were used to evaluate Aβ toxicity and the neuroprotective efficacy of a natural compound salidroside (SAL). The 5×FAD transgenic mouse model of AD was used to study the neuroprotective function of SAL. To verify the direct target of SAL, we used surface plasmon resonance and cellular thermal shift assays to analyze the drug-protein interaction. Results SAL ameliorates Aβ-mediated neurite damage in cell culture. We further reveal that SAL represses mitochondrial damage in neurites by promoting mitophagy and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, dependent on an NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT3. In AD mice, SAL protects neurite morphology, mitigates Aβ pathology, and improves cognitive function, which are all SIRT3-dependent. Notably, SAL directly binds to transcription factor NRF2, inhibits its degradation by blocking its interaction with KEAP1 ubiquitin ligase, and then advances NRF2-mediated SIRT3 transcription. Conclusions Overall, we demonstrate that SAL, a potential anti-aging drug candidate, attenuates AD pathology by targeting NRF2/SIRT3 pathway for mitochondrial and neurite protection. Drug discovery strategies focusing on SAL may thus provide promising therapeutics for AD.

La figura de la mujer de Lot aparece con frecuencia en la predicación de los grandes representantes de la espiritualidad latina de los siglos IV y V, con el propósito de evocar la importancia que tiene la firmeza de los votos para un cristiano comprometido con su fe. Esta figura, además, cuenta con una larga y variada tradición exegética, que será importante tener presente para valorar los aportes de nuestro período específico de interés.

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is a reflex constriction of vascular smooth muscle. This study aims to investigate the role of Salidroside (Sal) in pulmonary arterial dilatation and the potential mechanism of Sal regulating hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in vitro and in vivo. A rat model of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) was constructed using hypoxic chamber. The effect of Sal on HPH were evaluated using vascular ring, whole cell patch-clamp, WGA staining, HE staining, and Sirius Scarlet staining assays. Sal treatment alleviated the injury of acute hypoxia on pulmonary circulation in SD rats. Meanwhile, Sal treatment reduced the pulmonary vascular tone of acute hypoxia in a concentration-dependent manner, which was involved in the TWIK-related acid-sensitive potassium channel 1 (TASK-1) mediating diastolic effect. We found that Sal treatment significantly increased the TASK-1 current of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in a concentration-dependent manner, as well as reversed the inhibitory effect of acute hypoxia on the TASK-1 current. Moreover, Sal treatment improved the TASK-1 current density, suppressed the proliferation, and enhanced the apoptosis of PASMCs in SD rats under continuous hypoxic condition. In addition, we found that the electrophysiological remodeling and pulmonary vascular remodeling of PASMCs were improved by the treatment of Sal through the regulation of TASK-1 channel. Sal could alleviate HPH by restoring the function of TASK-1 channel, which may provide a novel method for the treatment of HPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacture and sale of artisanal raw milk cheeses have been growing continuously due to their variation and flavor intensity compared to pasteurized milk cheeses. The development of flavor and aroma in raw milk cheese occurs mainly due to the diversified endogenous microbiota and natural milk enzymes, which are normally eliminated during the pasteurization process. The absence of the pasteurization process intensifies the need for a well-controlled maturation step to obtain a quality final product. Cheese maturation is a complex phenomenon that involves biochemical reactions resulting from the interaction of microorganisms with the cheese and physicochemical changes resulting from this microbial activity and the climatic action on cheese. Thus, maturation tends to reduce moisture, and water activity and increase the acidity of the cheeses. Thereby maturation can reduce populations of pathogenic microorganisms, and control the risk related to the consumption of this type of food. Factors that control the growth of microorganisms in cheese include water activity, salt concentration, oxidation-reduction potential, pH, the presence of NO3, ripening temperature, and the production of bacteriocins. In this review, the main factors related to cheese maturation that have deleterious effects on pathogenic microorganisms and their importance in the production of artisanal Minas cheeses will be addressed.

Despite largely being overlooked in Basque scientific literature, the presence of pigs has been of vital importance in the Basque Country. Roaming free or kept in pens, pigs have been faithful companions to the Basques, providing solutions to multiple problems. Indeed, pig farming helped many avoid starvation. In this field, the Northern Basque Country developed ties with the Southern Basque Country through the regular pig markets that were held. Pigs enabled tenets to pay rent to landowners and their meat has always been very popular, not only in rural farmhouses but in urban areas also. Their hind legs were highly valued in expeditions to Newfoundland, since they could successfully be preserved for long periods of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The figure of Lot's wife appears frequently in the preaching of the great representatives of Latin spirituality of the 4th and 5th centuries, with the purpose of evoking the importance of the firmness of the vows for a Christian committed to his faith. This figure also has a long and varied exegetical tradition, which will be important to keep in mind to assess the contributions of our specific period of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurite dystrophy is a pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, drug discovery targeting neurite protection in AD remains largely unexplored. Methods: Aβ-induced neurite and mitochondrial damage assays were used to evaluate Aβ toxicity and the neuroprotective efficacy of a natural compound salidroside (SAL). The 5×FAD transgenic mouse model of AD was used to study the neuroprotective function of SAL. To verify the direct target of SAL, we used surface plasmon resonance and cellular thermal shift assays to analyze the drug-protein interaction. Results: SAL ameliorates Aβ-mediated neurite damage in cell culture. We further reveal that SAL represses mitochondrial damage in neurites by promoting mitophagy and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, dependent on an NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT3. In AD mice, SAL protects neurite morphology, mitigates Aβ pathology, and improves cognitive function, which are all SIRT3-dependent. Notably, SAL directly binds to transcription factor NRF2, inhibits its degradation by blocking its interaction with KEAP1 ubiquitin ligase, and then advances NRF2-mediated SIRT3 transcription. Conclusions: Overall, we demonstrate that SAL, a potential anti-aging drug candidate, attenuates AD pathology by targeting NRF2/SIRT3 pathway for mitochondrial and neurite protection. Drug discovery strategies focusing on SAL may thus provide promising therapeutics for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive sodium intake is associated with cardiovascular disease. To improve population health, in Brazil and worldwide, food scientists are looking for technological alternatives for the partial or total reduction of sodium chloride (NaCl), one of the major contributors to sodium consumption. Salt is very important for the microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of food, so its removal is a great challenge for the food industry. Among the foods focused on reducing sodium are some dairy products. This article aims to carry out a literature review of research focused on sodium reduction in cheese and butter and their solutions to meet the demands.

Copyright of Revista do Instituto de Laticínios Cândido Tostes is the property of Revista do Instituto de Laticinios Candido Tostes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El propósito de este trabajo es presentar los usos y creencias en torno a la sal de la población que habita la Puna, y en particular en el Salar de Atacama. Para ello se propone un recorrido etnográfico sobre prácticas y emociones en el que se registra y analiza un conjunto de relaciones sociales culturalmente relevantes. Estas se despliegan alrededor de la sal por distintas temporalidades y modos de vida: pastoril, agrícola y minero, ocupando este último el lugar de telón de fondo durante el siglo pasado y el presente.

Reducing salt intake is one of the most cost-effective interventions to improve population health due to the subsequent reductions in blood pressure. Countries are introducing programs to lower salt consumption. Such programs usually focus on reducing salt in packaged foods and meals alongside campaigns to change consumer behavior. Thus, this paper provides an overview of the rationale for and evidence supporting the use of salt substitutes. Current approaches to salt reduction are insufficient, and more innovative solutions need to be identified. There is good evidence that salt substitutes, where some of the sodium is replaced with potassium, are effective to lower sodium total intake. The main challenge is to understand the pathways to market for salt substitutes. How do we implement programs to promote salt substitutes in different countries What levels of government intervention are required? With more research and government investment, salt substitutes could be a game changer for increasing the impact of strategies to reduce population salt intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of the present study, surveys on occurrence and distribution of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi in tropical sal forests of foothills of the Himalayas, India, were undertaken. The species of two genera of agarics, namely Asproinocybe and Inocybe, were found organically associated with the roots of Shorea robusta (sal tree). However, prior to our study the genus Asproinocybe has not been reported from India. In this article, the morpho-anatomical details of mycorrhizal roots of Shorea robusta associated with Asproinocybe lactifera and Inocybe purpureoflavida are provided for the first time. The EcM colonized roots of the two species are distinguished by differences in the shape and colour of the roots, surface texture, size and shape of cystidia, type of mantle, as well as different chemical reactions. Asproinocybe lactifera EcM is mainly characterised by a monopodial pinnate mycorrhizal system with the dark brown to reddish brown and loose cottony surface, while in Inocybe purpureoflavida it is irregularly pinnate to coralloid, silvery grey to reddish brown, with densely woolly surface. The outer mantle layer is heterogeneous with obclavate to awl-shaped cystidia in Asproinocybe lactifera, whereas Inocybe purpureoflavida EcM have a plectenchymatous outer mantle with subcylindrical to obclavate metuloidal and non-metuloidal cystidia. The presence of lactifers in the mantle is a unique feature in Asproinocybe lactifera as compared to Inocybe purpureoflavida.

• Speech Average Loss Index (SAL), the Early Loss Index (ELI) and the Percentage of Hearing Loss. • We examined a sample of 1,418 workers from a wide range of jobs. • Variables used: gender, age, noise level and other non-work-related factors. • Bayesian networks. Introduction: This research relates the most important work-related factors affecting the development of hearing loss to the main methods used as medical assessment criteria in the diagnosis of occupational deafness. These criteria are the Speech Average Loss Index (SAL), the Early Loss Index (ELI) and the Percentage of Hearing Loss, and are applied to data obtained from audiograms performed on workers in occupational medical examinations. Method: Depending on the assessment method selected, these often return different results in grading an individual's hearing status and predicting how it will evolve. To address this problem, medical examinations (including audiograms) were carried out on a heterogeneous sample of 1,418 workers in Spain, from which demographic or personal data (gender, age, etc.), occupational data (noise level to which each individual is exposed, etc.) and other non-work-related factors (exposure to noise outside work, family history, etc.) were also gathered. Using Bayesian Networks, the conditional probability of an individual developing hearing loss was obtained taking into account all these factors and, specifically, noise level and length of service in the workplace. Sensitivity analyses were also carried out using the three scales (SAL, ELI and Percentage Hearing Loss Index), proving their suitability as tools the diagnosis and prediction of deafness. These networks were validated under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) criterion and in particular by the Area Under the Curve (AUC). Results: The results show that all three methods are deficient in so far as detecting preventive hearing problems related to noise in most workplaces. Conclusions: The most restrictive methods for detecting possible cases of deafness are the SAL index and the Percentage Loss Index. The ELI index is the least restrictive of the three methods, but it is not able to discriminate the causes of hearing problems in an individual caused by exposure to noise, either by its intensity level or by the time of exposure to noise. Practical Applications: The use of the three methods in the field of occupational risk prevention is extremely limited and it seems reasonable to think that there is a need for the construction of new scales to correct or improve the existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La sal durante el Antiguo Régimen se constituyó en uno de los instrumentos de desarrollo de la economía de las localidades asentadas en torno al río Tinto (Andalucía occidental, España) a causa de haber sido un producto fundamental para la conservación de los alimentos, la elaboración de los suministros y el aprovisionamiento de las embarcaciones que partieron de sus puertos desde la época de los descubrimientos. Como consecuencia de la demanda de este recurso marino existía una red de salinas destinadas al consumo comarcal y a los circuitos comerciales que conectaban las rutas atlánticas y las mediterráneas. Precisamente, la rentabilidad mercantil de la explotación del mencionado producto y el régimen fiscal que lo gravaba motivó que los linajes nobiliarios (Medina Sidonia, Portocarrero, Saltés y Cifuentes) procuraran dominar la titularidad de la explotación de las salinas desde la Baja Edad Media a pesar de haber sido en su origen una prerrogativa regia.

RESUMEN: El presente cuaderno es uno de los dos volúmenes que resumen las jornadas del Seminario Internacional que se desarrolló en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid, en noviembre de 2019, bajo la coordinación y dirección de la profesora Emilia Román López. El Seminario se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación “Cartografía del Paisaje Cultural de la Sal Artesanal en Chile. Instrumento para la planificación y gestión del patrimonio”, fruto del Concurso de Investigación Interdisciplinaria convocado por la Vicerrectoría de Investigación de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (2018), con la participación de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid como entidad extranjera. Durante lasdos jornadas participaron un gran número de profesionales y académicos de varias disciplinas (geógrafos, musicólogos, arquitectos, filólogos, arqueólogos, biólogos, ambientólogos, etc.), interesados en el paisaje cultural desde diferentes aproximaciones y experiencias. Así mismo, se contó con el apoyo y participación de varios grupos de investigación de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (GIAU+S, ABIO, Paisaje Cultural y LOCUS). La asistencia de un numeroso y variado público, de distinta nacionalidad, constató el interés y la necesidad de difundir el extraordinario valor de estos olvidados paisajes, así como de promover iniciativas de puesta en valor mediante proyectos y colaboraciones interdisciplinarias. ABSTRACT: This notebook is one of the two volumes that summarize theInternational Seminar that took place at the “Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid”, in November 2019, under the coordination and direction of Professor Emilia Román López. The Seminar is part of the research project "Cartography of the Cultural Landscape of Artisanal Salt in Chile. Instrument for heritage planning and management”, the result of the Interdisciplinary Research Competition convened by the Vice-Rectory for Research of the “Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile” (2018), with the participation of the “Universidad Politécnica de Madrid” as a foreign entity. During the seminar, a large number of professionals and academics from various disciplines (geographers, musicologists, architects, philologists, archaeologists, biologists, ambientologists, etc.) participated, interested in the cultural landscape from different approaches and experiences. Likewise, it had the support and participation of various research groups from the “Universidad Politécnica de Madrid” (GIAU + S, ABIO, Cultural Landscape and LOCUS). The attendance of a large and varied public, of different nationalities confirmed the interest and the need to spread the extraordinary value of these forgotten landscapes, as well as to promote value-adding initiatives through projects and interdisciplinary collaborations.

RESUMEN: El presente artículo propone un breve recorrido por los principales aspectos léxicos, semánticos y etimológicos de la palabra “sal” y ofrece algunas muestras significativas de la presencia que, debido a su importancia en la vida cotidiana, tiene en la paremiología y en la poesía española e hispanoamericana. ABSTRACT: This article propounds a short outlook on the main lexical, semantic and etymological aspects of the word “salt” and gives some significant examples of its presence both in the paremiology and in Spanish and Hispanic poetry because of its importance in people’s quotidian lives.

RESUMEN: El Valle Salado de Añana se ubica en el País Vasco, a unos treinta kilómetros de su capital, Vitoria-Gasteiz. Se trata de un ejemplo notable de la interacción del hombre con el medio en la formación de un paisaje singular cuyo origen se remonta al Neolítico, conservándose y manteniéndose vivo durante más de 7.000 años, en una evolución dinámica que le ha permitido adaptarse a unos ritmos de producción que aseguran su sustentabilidad. En el proceso se han utilizado los mínimos recursos con el máximo rendimiento de forma absolutamente sostenible y ecológica aplicando una tecnología ingeniosa. El resultado es un paisaje humanizado de 12 hectáreas, donde cuatro kilómetros de canales de madera conducen el agua salada desde los manantiales a las más de cinco mil plataformas de producción escalonadas construidas con piedra, madera y arcilla, donde el sol, el viento y los salineros trabajan de forma conjunta para obtener una de las mejores sales del mundo: la Sal de Añana. El Valle Salado es paradigma de una sabia y discreta intervención humana sobre el entorno, aprovechando éste hasta el límite. Un maravilloso ejemplo de sabiduría popular que se plasma en un paisaje de increíble pero sencilla belleza, ejemplo de sostenibilidad y de respeto ecológico, que ha sabido también incorporar las nuevas exigencias de calidad, gestión y usos de la sociedad contemporánea. Una sociedad que está perfectamente imbricada con él, que lo vive, lo explota, lo mantiene y lo disfruta, implicándose enérgicamente en su gestión y que, orgullosa de él, hace partícipe al resto de la humanidad. ABSTRACT: The Salt Valley of Añana is located in the Basque Country, about thirty kilometers from its capital, Vitoria-Gasteiz. This is a remarkable example of the interaction of man with the environment in the formation of a unique landscape whose origin dates back to the Neolithic, preserved and kept alive for more than 7,000 years, in a dynamic evolution that has allowed it to adapt to rhythms of production that ensure its sustainability. In the process, the minimum resources have been used with the maximum performance in an absolutely sustainable and ecological way applying an ingenious technology. The result is a humanized landscape of 12 hectares, where four kilometers of wooden canals lead the salt water from the springs to the more than five thousand staggered production platforms built with stone, wood and clay, where the sun, the wind and the “Salineros” (saltmen) work together to obtain one of the best salts in the world: Añana Salt. The Salt Valley is a paradigm of a wise and discreet human intervention on the environment, taking advantage of it to the limit. A wonderful example of popular wisdom that is reflected in a landscape of incredible but simple beauty, an example of sustainability and ecological respect, which has also managed to incorporate the new demands of quality, management and uses of contemporary society. A society that is perfectly intertwined with him, that lives it, exploits it, maintains it and enjoys it, implying itself vigorously in his management and that, proud of him, makes the rest of humanity participate.

RESUMEN: El vínculo entre salud humana y medio ambiente ha adquirido en la actualidad una gran relevancia. Ya en la Antigüedad, las primeras civilizaciones estudiaban los condicionantes del entorno natural para elección de los asentamientos y ciudades. Este conocimiento tradicional se ha ido perdiendo y, muestra de ello, son las enfermedades y epidemias consecuencia de asentamientos inadecuados. En este contexto, la sal se ha utilizado a lo largo de los siglos para usos muy diversos. A medida que la medicina y las investigaciones han ido evolucionando, la sal ha adquirido igualmente una gran visibilidad en cuanto a su relación con la salud. Los hábitos de vida y consumo en la actualidad están perjudicando negativamente no solo a la salud humana, sino a la salubridad medioambiental. La puesta en valor del patrimonio, el paisaje cultural y la artesanía conecta a las personas con los territorios de una forma todavía poco explorada y que requiere mayor investigación. Este trabajo muestra la necesidad de seguir fomentando los estudios interdisciplinares y la colaboración entre distintas áreas de conocimiento, para poder comprender mejor las relaciones causa-efecto entre el medio ambiente, los territorios, hábitos y estilo de vida y la salud humana. ABSTRACT: The connection between human health and environment has recently acquired special relevance. Since antique times, first civilizations already studied environmental conditionants in order to chose the optimal place for settlements and cities. This traditional knowledge has been gradually lost and proof of that are the diseases and epidemies consequence of innacurated settlements. In this context, salt has been used during centuries with different applications. As long as medicine and scientific research have evolved, the salt and its relationship with health have become more visible. Modern lifestyles and consumption patterns are affecting negatively both human health and environmental healthiness. Emphasizing the heritage, cultural landscapes and artisan activities make people develop special connections with territories that need to be explored yet. This paper shows the interest on supporting interdisciplinary studies and collaboration between different fields, in order to better understand the relations cause-effect between environment, territories, habits and lifestyles and human health.

Copyright of Estudios Atacameños is the property of Estudios Atacamenos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Illegal use of salbutamol (SAL), a β-adrenergic leanness-enhancing agent, has posed potential threat to human health in China. The excretion and depletion of SAL in pigs and goats were investigated, and the concentration correlations between edible tissues and living samples were analyzed to find out a suitable living sample for pre-slaughter monitoring of SAL in pigs and goats. After a single oral dosage of 1.2 mg/kg SAL, approximately 70% of the dose was excreted by pigs and goats from their excreta. When pigs and goats were supplied feed containing SAL (20 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days, high concentrations of SAL were observed in the liver and kidneys, and the longest persistence was observed in hair. Unlike pigs, SAL was presented primarily as conjugated SAL in goats. Excellent concentration correlations of SAL were observed between urine and edible tissues both in pigs and goats, and in addition, good correlations also were found between hair and edible tissues in pigs and between feces and edible tissues in goats. Hence, urine and hair could accurately predict SAL concentrations in edible tissues of pigs, whereas feces and urine were satisfactory for predicting SAL concentrations in edible tissues of goats. These data make it possible for pre-slaughter monitoring of SAL residues in the edible tissues of pigs and goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illegal use of salbutamol (SAL), a β-adrenergic leanness-enhancing agent, has posed potential threat to human health in China. The excretion and depletion of SAL in pigs and goats were investigated, and the concentration correlations between edible tissues and living samples were analyzed to find out a suitable living sample for pre-slaughter monitoring of SAL in pigs and goats. After a single oral dosage of 1.2 mg/kg SAL, approximately 70% of the dose was excreted by pigs and goats from their excreta. When pigs and goats were supplied feed containing SAL (20 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days, high concentrations of SAL were observed in the liver and kidneys, and the longest persistence was observed in hair. Unlike pigs, SAL was presented primarily as conjugated SAL in goats. Excellent concentration correlations of SAL were observed between urine and edible tissues both in pigs and goats, and in addition, good correlations also were found between hair and edible tissues in pigs and between feces and edible tissues in goats. Hence, urine and hair could accurately predict SAL concentrations in edible tissues of pigs, whereas feces and urine were satisfactory for predicting SAL concentrations in edible tissues of goats. These data make it possible for pre-slaughter monitoring of SAL residues in the edible tissues of pigs and goats.

BACKGROUND: Deep learning is an important outcome of the higher education and is mostly determined by students' approaches to learning (SALs). The latest version of the Study Process Questionnaire (SPQ) is one of the most used instruments assessing SALs. Many studies from various contexts have either validated or used this famous tool. But none of them—to the best of our knowledge—stem from the Moroccan tertiary context. The current study fills this gap by first: Getting a local translation of the questionnaire following the standardized methodological process and secondly to update the validity and psychometric properties of the construct. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Arabic back translation was performed. Data were collected among tertiary scientific students. Descriptive statistics, Cronbach's coefficient alpha, and confirmatory factor analysis were carried out under SPSS version 22. RESULTS: A strong fit of the dichotomic construct (deep and surface) was found, whereas the hierarchical models were disappointing. CONCLUSIONS: Following the standards of the psychometrics' validation, this Arabic version could be used only in first-order factor model to evaluate the deep and surface approach within tertiary education in Moroccan context.

Objetivos: Evaluar la concentración de fluoruro en la sal de mesa disponible comercialmente en Montevideo, Uruguay. Método: Fueron analizados catorce paquetes de sal para determinar la concentración de iones fluoruro libres. Las muestras se pesaron, se diluyeron en agua desionizada, se mezclaron con TISAB II y se utilizó un electrodo específico conectado a un analizador de iones para determinar la concentración de fluoruro Resultado: La mayoría de los paquetes presentaron valores inferiores a 250 mgF / kg. Las muestras de sal gruesa mostraron concentraciones mayores a las de sal fina (p

Se exploran los vínculos entre los kichwa de la comunidad nativa Callanayaku, en el Bajo Huallaga, y la mina de sal del mismo nombre, a partir de lo que dicen sobre su aprovechamiento en el pasado. En los relatos sobre la historia de esta mina se resaltan varias interacciones entre los kichwa de Callanayaku con personas foráneas (empleados de una empresa de recaudación de impuestos, indígenas de otros pueblos, comerciantes, personal de salud) a través de la circulación de la sal, en especial del intercambio comercial. La disponibilidad de la sal para todos estos grupos es explicada por las personas en la comunidad a través del control sobre las relaciones sociales en las redes de comercio y la distribución de la sal.

Copyright of Revista do Instituto de Laticínios Cândido Tostes is the property of Revista do Instituto de Laticinios Candido Tostes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El trabajo presenta los resultados de las intervenciones arqueológicas llevadas a cabo en el yacimiento prehistórico de La Marismilla (La Puebla del Río). Éste está situado en la orilla occidental de la comarca de Las Marismas, en la provincia de Sevilla. Esta zona era a mediados del Holoceno la costa de un gran golfo en el que desembocaba el Guadalquivir. Labores agrícolas pusieron fortuitamente de manifiesto restos de recipientes cerámicos, hallazgo que conllevó una excavación. Los trabajos arqueológicos detectan diecisiete hogares colmatados por potentes conglomerados de fragmentos de vasijas, que constituían los residuos de la actividad antrópica en el lugar. El análisis exhaustivo de la estratigrafía y de la cultura material exhumada permite obtener los resultados de la primera explotación salina prehistórica conocida en la península ibérica, hallazgo al que se han sumado posteriormente otros a lo largo de la geografía peninsular. La Marismilla se fecha actualmente en la segunda mitad del IV milenio cal BC., en el periodo conocido como Neolítico final, y constituye todavía una de las factorías más antiguas en Europa occidental donde se produjo sal mediante cocción de agua marina en grandes recipientes cerámicos.

La sal, en el interior del Nuevo Reino de Granada, desde la época prehispánica, se había convertido en un producto indispensable para el consumo humano y para la mediación de relaciones de intercambio y reciprocidad entre los indígenas productores y consumidores. Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, con el surgimiento de los asentamientos hispanos y la creación de las ciudades coloniales, este producto de limitado acceso fue objeto de codicia por parte de los españoles, quienes buscaron apropiarse de los yacimientos de agua salobre a través de mercedes de tierra y de la explotación del trabajo indígena en la producción de sal, como podrá evidenciarse en este texto, que es resultado de un proyecto de investigación.

Las salinas constituyen uno de los paisajes más singulares que la humanidad ha creado al borde del mar y son considerados como espacios etnográficos de gran interés para la ciudadanía. Ante el manifiesto estado ruinoso que presentan las salinas canarias debido al abandono por parte de la sociedad actual de las mismas por falta de actividad, se pretende apostar por la recuperación de las mismas desde un punto de vista paisajístico, creando espacios ajardinados de carácter liquido e iluminados artificialmente en horario nocturno mediante el constaste de las tonalidades de las lámparas. La iniciativa planteada posibilitaría recuperar lo que aún no se ha perdido de estas construcciones tan singulares procedentes del patrimonio industrial tradicional canario y aportarían un valor añadido respecto a las diversas rutas culturales, patrimoniales y paisajísticas pensadas fundamentalmente en horario diurno.

Arkeolojik bulgular sonucunda, Anadolu’nun, dokumacılığın yapıldığı en eski yerlerden biri olduğu düşünülmektedir. Önceleri ilkel tezgâhlarda yapılan dokumacılık, zaman içerisinde artan talepleri ve estetik ihtiyaçları karşılama arayışları ile geliştirilmiştir. Aşama aşama gelişim gösteren dokumacılık incelendiğinde, ilk örneklerde elle atkı iplikleri atılıyorken, sonrasında ise karmaşık desenlerin dokunabildiği jakar tezgâhlarının geliştirildiği görülmektedir. Dokumacılık; sosyal, ekonomik durum ve coğrafi konuma göre gelişim gösterdiğinden dolayı üretildikleri toplumun kültürel özelliklerini yansıtmaktadırlar. Sivas’ın Gürün ilçesinde dokunan ve dokunduğu bölgenin ismi ile anılan Gürün Şalları’nın günümüzde dokuması yapılmamaktadır. Desen, motif ve renk özellikleriyle kendine özel bir kimlik kazanan Gürün Şal dokumalarından günümüze çok az sayıda örnek ulaşmıştır. Gürün yöresinde yapılan alan araştırması ile bölgede dört Şal örneğine ulaşılmış ve incelemeleri yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Gürün Şalları’nın desen, renk ve motif özelliklerine değinilerek, incelenen Gürün Şal örneklerine yer verilecektir. Yörede ulaşılan, gelecekte tamamen kaybolma tehlikesi olan eşsiz Gürün Şal örneklerinin ve üzerinde yapılan incelemelerin ileride yapılacak çalışmalara kaynak oluşturabileceği düşünülmektedir.

La sal siempre ha sido un elemento indispensable para la vida humana y utilizada y aplicada en miles de usos desde alimenticios hasta industriales. Las salinas “Viejas” de Santa María ubicadas en el actual municipio de Santo Domingo en San Luis Potosí, fueron descubiertas por los españoles hacia finales de la cuarta década del siglo XVI, y de éstas se proveyó la sal necesaria para la supervivencia de los nuevos poblados fundados por los estos y sus aliados tlaxcaltecos, y posteriormente para el beneficio de la plata en los reales de minas de Zacatecas principalmente. Este estudio etnoarqueológico de las primeras salinas ubicadas en las cercanías de Zacatecas, demuestra una continuidad en los métodos y técnicas de la producción de sal que se siguen aplicando hasta nuestros días.

Copyright of Art-E is the property of Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Fine Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Partiendo de los estudios en imaginario bajo el prisma de la “mitodología”, introducida por Gilbert Durand en Figures mythiques et visages de l’œuvre (1979), este artículo atiende la transmutación femenina del medio como una alegoría alquímica, donde la sal y el agua han sido asociadas a lo largo de la historia al cuerpo femenino. La presente investigación propone elucidar cómo el paisaje y la mujer son comparables a partir de la unión de elementos espaciales, mitológicos y socio-culturales que, desde una perspectiva simbólica, hoy contribuyen a la definición del arquetipo mujer-agua en una dimensión hermética del paisaje salino.

La inauguración del emblemático edificio del Alfolí de la Sal de la Escala el 31 de agosto de 2017, tras un largo proceso de reivindicaciones, ha puesto de relieve la importancia de la sal, cuando era un producto indispensable para la supervivencia y su control objeto de rígidas reglamentaciones o de monopolio por parte de los gobernantes. Las gabelas primero y los alfolins, a partir del Decreto de Nueva Planta, controlaron la producción y la distribución de sal en Cataluña. El Alfolí de la Escala es uno de los pocos que se conservan en Cataluña y, junto con el de Gerri de la Sal, los dos únicos declarados Bienes Culturales de Interés Nacional. El presente trabajo se publicó, en parte, en el libro El Alfolí de la Sal de la Escala, presentado el día de la inauguración y es un adelanto de una investigación más amplia en curso.

Clinical studies have indicated an association between acute hyperglycemia and poor outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), although optimal blood glucose levels needed to maximize outcomes for these patients' remain under investigation. Previous results from experimental animal models suggest that post-TBI hyperglycemia may be harmful, neutral, or beneficial. The current studies determined the effects of single or multiple episodes of acute hyperglycemia on cerebral glucose metabolism and neuronal injury in a rodent model of unilateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. In Experiment 1, a single episode of hyperglycemia (50% glucose at 2 g/kg, i.p.) initiated immediately after CCI was found to significantly attenuate a TBI-induced depression of glucose metabolism in cerebral cortex (4 of 6 regions) and subcortical regions (2 of 7) as well as to significantly reduce the number of dead/dying neurons in cortex and hippocampus at 24 h post-CCI. Experiment 2 examined effects of more prolonged and intermittent hyperglycemia induced by glucose administrations (2 g/kg, i.p.) at 0, 1, 3 and 6h post-CCI. The latter study also found significantly improved cerebral metabolism (in 3 of 6 cortical and 3 of 7 subcortical regions) and significant neuroprotection in cortex and hippocampus 1 day after CCI and glucose administration. These results indicate that acute episodes of post-TBI hyperglycemia can be beneficial and are consistent with other recent studies showing benefits of providing exogenous energy substrates during periods of increased cerebral metabolic demand.

Economic opportunities presented by large rivers, streams and lakes in vast steppes of Central Asia required rafts for shipment. The manufacturing of raft used by the Turkic peoples, who inhabited this region, consisted of the following: firstly sacks are prepared from animal skin, on which joists were laid on both right and left sides; over them thin pieces of wood were placed in gridiron form, and they are tightly fastened on the animal skin. This technique of construction of rafts has been transmitted among Turks for generations as a cultural object and these rafts became the most frequently used transportation vehicle on lakes and rivers. Therefore, raft became a commonly used vehicle by Turks in this territory. Although researchers argue that first water transportation vehicles were invented by Northern Sea tribes and Egyptians, Turks are also among the first boat makers. In this context, the merchants and envoys visiting Turkic geographies wrote about various types of boats and their usage. Raft has been developed by Turks as an art of handicraft to be used in bigger rivers for economic and political purposes and different types like boats without deck, wooden boats and small crafts were invented under different names, such as "bat" and "barka". The cultural value of the art of raft was not only found in written texts, but it is also described in tales, proverbs, poems, folk songs and epic poems, especially in the Old Turkic inscriptions. Turks applied a unique method in building two-winged ships known as "uchan", "târ", big "kemi" or "gemi". Consequently, Turks crossed over the rivers and lakes of Central Asia making them hegemonic nation of great steppes. The information about the construction of raft can be found in memoirs of travelers, in oral sources of folk literature and also among the Kyrgyz living along the Kyzyl-Suu River in Chon-Alai district in Kyrgyzstan and in Jerge-Tal district in Tajikistan as a handcraft transmitted, used and safeguarded. The knowledge and ability of building raft has been transmitted from generation to generation in this region and it kept its pure and authentic form. Thus, the transmission of traditional art of raft from generation to generation, which still can be found among the Kyrgyz and other Turkic peoples in the region, is a cultural heritage not to be ignored. Additionally, these information and artifacts should be evaluated and safeguarded as part of the intangible cultural heritage, because due to globalization, this element of cultural heritage is gradually losing its unique characteristics. Consequently, while the data about the art of raft, boat and ship building of Turks is presented in this study, it is concluded that the value of this heritage is related to its traces from previous forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shorea robusta (Sal) Gaertn. F. a commercially and ecologically important forestry species of south Asia, is facing serious regeneration problem since last century. The continuously diminishing natural regeneration is associated with numerous abiotic and biotic factors, like edaphic, micro-climatic, physiological, genetic, anthropogenic, pathogens, insect-pests, etc. Following a good seed year and timely commencement of monsoon, Sal seeds germinate readily, and thousands of seedlings cover the forest floor. Subsequently, these get afflicted with die-back syndrome impeding shoot growth. Regular fire incidences during hot and dry season further aggravates the problem. Among biotic factors, Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, Cylindrocladium floridanum and Inonotus shoreae causes severe heartwood decay, blight and dieback leading to mortality. Moreover, over-exploitation, illegal felling, grazing, etc., have severely depleted the Sal forest. This review systematically explores the factors contributing to regeneration problem in S. robusta and opines appropriate silvicultural operations and management strategies for the conservation of Sal forests through SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. We emphasized on the ecological aspects, soil characteristics, micro-climatic factors and importance of associated species to develop sustainable management regimes. Highlighting all facets of Sal regeneration problem and SWOT assessment, we suggest comprehensive weaknesses and threat perceptions to formulate strategies to seal the gaps.

La patrimonialización de las salinas tradicionales en desuso puede ser una forma no sólo de recuperar su patrimonio, sino también una herramienta para el desarrollo local sostenible que va más allá de estos valores. Un estudio realizado en doce salinas europeas (nueve en España y tres en Dinamarca, Eslovenia y Francia, respectivamente) que se encuentran en diferentes etapas de patrimonialización muestra diferentes estrategias de recuperación del patrimonio; los obstáculos que se han encontrado en el camino y cómo (algunos de ellos) se han resuelto. Mediante un estudio comparativo de estas salinas, podemos identificar buenas prácticas y sacar conclusiones sobre lo que funciona o no a la hora de valorar el patrimonio natural, cultural y humano de estos espacios. En los doce casos se pueden observar diferentes grados de patrimonialización, algunos incipientes, otros en curso y otros ya consolidados; y se explican las diferencias entre ellos. Los procesos consolidados son los que muestran cómo el carácter multifuncional de los paisajes salados puede utilizarse para ofrecer una amplia gama de productos y servicios que van más allá de la producción de sal. Todos los casos, antes de su abandono, eran paisajes productivos dedicados al monocultivo de la sal, sin interés en preservar sus valores naturales y culturales más allá de lo estrictamente necesario para garantizar una mínima productividad. Las enseñanzas extraídas de los casos estudiados pueden servir de modelo para otros tipos de patrimonio productivo modesto en las zonas rurales. Asimismo, se discuten los retos de futuro en la patrimonialización de las salinas.

A pesquisa, realizada em duas Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN), pretendeu avaliar o consumo de sódio extrínseco dos comensais preconizado pelo Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador (PAT). Analisou-se a quantidade de sal utilizada na ficha técnica, nas preparações das refeições e a quantidade de sal consumida nos saleiros. Comparou-se os valores de sódio entre as duas UANs, analisando a diferença entre o sódio estimado na ficha técnica em relação às preparações e ao sódio utilizado nos saleiros e comparados com valores de recomendações estabelecidos pelo PAT. Verificou-se diferença entre as duas UANs: sódio consumido no saleiro, sódio utilizado nas preparações, sódio estimado na ficha técnica e sódio das preparações somados com o sódio do saleiro. Na UAN 1, observou-se valores de sódio superiores nas preparações quando comparadas à ficha técnica, 1928,4 mg vs 1217,6 mg, respectivamente. Em ambas unidades, os valores da ficha técnica foram superiores à referência, 1217,6 mg para UAN 1 e 3112,4 mg para UAN 2, enquanto que os valores do saleiro foram inferiores à referência, 217,6 mg para UAN 1 e 283,2 mg para UAN 2. As unidades apresentaram consumo de sódio elevado, o que pode promover o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Visto que as duas unidades apresentaram resultados significativamente altos em relação à quantidade de sódio oferecida nas refeições, faz-se necessário reduzir o sal das preparações a fim de ofertar uma alimentação mais saudável.

A prevalência de hipertensão arterial, agravo de saúde com distribuição internacional, também é alta em Porto Alegre. Seus fatores de risco – obesidade, predisposição familiar, consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas – foram encontrados em estudos epidemiológicos conduzidos pela unidade de Hipertensão Arterial, ao lado do risco independente propiciado por baixo nível socioeconômico, um aspecto que merece investigações específicas. A interação entre história familiar de hipertensão arterial e consumo aumentado de cloreto de sódio é um mecanismo fisiopatogênico da doença identificado em modelo experimental e em indivíduos jovens vivendo na comunidade. O consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas pode aumentar a pressão arterial nas fases de depuração do etanol, como se demonstrou, sob condições experimentais, em jovens voluntários normotensos e em indivíduos vivendo em comunidades. Exposições ambientais ao excesso de sal, calorias e álcool explicam grande parte dos casos de hipertensão arterial. Unitermos: Hipertensão arterial, prevalência, mecanismos fisiopatogênicos, álcool, sal, predisposição familiar

RESUMEN: El presente cuaderno es uno de los dos volúmenes que resumen las jornadas del Seminario Internacional que se desarrolló en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid, en noviembre de 2019, bajo la coordinación y dirección de la profesora Emilia Román López. El Seminario se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación “Cartografía del Paisaje Cultural de la Sal Artesanal en Chile. Instrumento para la planificación y gestión del patrimonio”, fruto del Concurso de Investigación Interdisciplinaria convocado por la Vicerrectoría de Investigación de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (2018), con la participación de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid como entidad extranjera. Durante lasdos jornadas participaron un gran número de profesionales y académicos de varias disciplinas (geógrafos, musicólogos, arquitectos, filólogos, arqueólogos, biólogos, ambientólogos, etc.), interesados en el paisaje cultural desde diferentes aproximaciones y experiencias. Así mismo, se contó con el apoyo y participación de varios grupos de investigación de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (GIAU+S, ABIO, Paisaje Cultural y LOCUS). La asistencia de un numeroso y variado público, de distinta nacionalidad, constató el interés y la necesidad de difundir el extraordinario valor de estos olvidados paisajes, así como de promover iniciativas de puesta en valor mediante proyectos y colaboraciones interdisciplinarias. ABSTRACT: This notebook is one of the two volumes that summarize the International Seminar that took place at the “Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid”, in November 2019, under the coordination and direction of Professor Emilia Román López. The Seminar is part of the research project "Cartography of the Cultural Landscape of Artisanal Salt in Chile. Instrument for heritage planning and management”, the result of the Interdisciplinary Research Competition convened by the Vice-Rectory for Research of the “Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile” (2018), with the participation of the “Universidad Politécnica de Madrid” as a foreign entity. During the seminar, a large number of professionals and academics from various disciplines (geographers, musicologists, architects, philologists, archaeologists, biologists, ambientologists, etc.) participated, interested in the cultural landscape from different approaches and experiences. Likewise, it had the support and participation of various research groups from the “Universidad Politécnica de Madrid” (GIAU + S, ABIO, Cultural Landscape and LOCUS). The attendance of a large and varied public, of different nationalities, confirmed the interest and the need to spread the extraordinary value of these forgotten landscapes, as well as to promote value-adding initiatives through projects and interdisciplinary collaborations.

Alimentos que são ingeridos pela população em geral têm uma grande quantidade de sódio, especialmente na forma de sal de cozinha. Apesar de sua importância para o metabolismo humano, o excesso de sódio consumido na dieta é reconhecido como um dos principais fatores de risco para a hipertensão arterial e síndrome metabólica, tendo relação com o aumento na morbimortalidade cardiovascular e renal. No entanto, a falta de orientação da comunidade ou a presença de informações equivocadas contidas nos rótulos dos produtos, representa uma dificuldade na busca de uma dieta saudável. Este artigo objetiva avaliar o teor de sódio contido em alimentos comercializados no Estado da Paraíba e consumidos pela população paraibana. Trata-se de um estudo experimental, com abordagem quantitativa. A determinação dos teores de sódio e cloreto foi realizada de acordo com a metodologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Observou-se alto valor de sódio em amostras de carne de charque (13.6619 mg/100gMS) e carne de sol (4.312,69 mg/100gMS). Já entre os gêneros alimentícios que apresentam menor teor de sódio, o destaque foi para o empadão de camarão com 305,53 mg/100gMS. Atualmente, são preconizados os lanches rápidos e práticos em detrimento das refeições balanceadas. Esse tipo de alimento possui elevadas concentrações de sódio. Com isso, se novos hábitos alimentares não forem implantados, cada vez mais surgirão consequências prejudiciais à saúde das pessoas e os resultados deste estudo indicam a necessidade de alertar a população sobre os riscos do consumo excessivo de alimentos com elevada quantidade de sal.

A través de este texto se pretende dar a conocer cómo las rutas de circulación de sal en la Provincia de Tunja contribuyeron a configurar un gran espacio económico, que integró a las provincias de Santa Fe, Pamplona y Tunja en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, durante el siglo XVI. Se partió de una reflexión historiográfica relacionada con la circulación y el comercio de la sal, los medios de transporte y las rutas usadas por los indígenas y los españoles; a partir de las cuales se consolidó un espacio económico mediado por la producción y distribución de la sal, que convirtió a la provincia de Tunja en un eje articulador de relaciones entre los sitios productores de sal en la provincia de Santa Fe y los consumidores de las provincias de Tunja y Pamplona. Esta articulación regional facilitó tanto la circulación de productos de distintos pisos térmicos, como la integración de un amplio territorio colonial. Esto debido a que la localización de Tunja como lugar de paso y conexión entre las Provincias de Santafé, Pamplona y los Llanos de San Juan, hizo de esta ciudad y sus términos un atractivo para el asentamiento hispano, a la vez que generó, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, la posibilidad para que se organizaran en toda la Provincia de Tunja, sitios de aposento, venta y reventa de productos importados de España y productos de la tierra, para el sustento y abastecimiento de las necesidades básicas, y de esta forma sacar provecho de las producciones locales como la sal, el hayo, el algodón, las mantas y otros productos.