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Copyright of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal is the property of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The monastic author of the Saxon Imperial abbey of Gandersheim, Hrotsvit of Gandersheim was a notable woman playwright during the reign of Otto I, who had been crowned Roman emperor by the Pope in 962. Hrotsvit subverts notoriously misogynistic medieval literature and the negative literary depiction of women in her plays composed in the middle of the 10th century. She substitutes the masculine tradition and pagan writers’ themes of shameless indecency of lascivious women with saintly women who verbally and intellectually defeat the male oppressors. Transfiguring the earlier depictions, she is devoted to evangelizing of the world and committed to reorienting the dramatic representation of women. Furthermore, she identifies herself with an educator and moralist and discloses an assertion of intention to constructs a didactic persona. This study analyzes Hrotsvit’s plays Dulcitius and Sapientia by discussing the ways in which Hrotsvit defies the literary conventions in male-authored narratives through her female characters, who simultaneously defy and subvert the male authority through rhetorical skills, moral and intellectual ability, and Christian wisdom. The aim of this study is to show that Hrotsvit elevates the depiction of women and to serve God and spiritual ends by writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the relationship between the principle of subsidiarity and the sovereignty of the State, questioning whether intermediate organizations can challenge the authority of higher political powers. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the exclusionary capacity of higher political authority in certain areas, with roots in ancient Greek and Jewish traditions. The political consequences of Jewish beliefs in divine authority are mentioned, including conflicts that led to the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and the expulsion of Jews from the city. The Church promoted the idea of subsidiarity to strengthen its autonomy against worldly powers, with examples from the political and religious evolution of Constantine as Roman emperor. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Nisu is the property of Law Faculty in Nis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

School–museum partnerships have gained considerable attention in the academic literature in recent decades. However, their role in enhancing science education is still an under-researched topic. This work reports on the outcomes of the recovery, study, cataloging, and valorization of the 18th century geo-mineralogical collection belonging to the Collegio Nazareno, now housed at the Istituto San Giuseppe Calasanzio in Rome. The project, which was participated in by the students enrolled in the fourth- and fifth-grade high school classes, revealed rare specimens such as the mineralogical collection donated by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741–1740) in 1785. Furthermore, the laboratory activities organized from the stored samples highlighted educational approaches that helped students to cope with the complexities of authentic scientific work and cultural related issues. This work thus offers significant insights into the importance of natural history school museums as useful (and oft-forgotten) learning tools in science education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is dedicated to the cult of St. Denis, the first Bishop of Paris and the French “national” patron saint in medieval Bohemia and Moravia. The cult of St. Denis had played a rather important role already in the Duchy of Bohemia, having probably propagated there via Bavaria during the initial Christianization efforts. This is documented by the pilgrimage of St. Adalbert of Prague to SaintDenis monastery and the general presence of St. Denis in Bohemian liturgy from, at the latest, the 12th century. Although isolated monuments and altar dedications of Saint Denis had existed since the 13th century, it was not until the 14th century that the cult of Saint Denis grew stronger, driven by French influences. Its ebb and flow seem to have faithfully reflected the intensity of friendly contacts between the Kingdoms of Bohemia and France. Charles IV, the famous King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, privately venerated St. Denis, probably due to having spent his childhood in Paris. This is evidenced not only by his acquisition of two St. Denis relics and commissioning of the image of St. Denis for the Chapel of the Holy Cross at Karlštejn but also by his personal visit to the SaintDenis monastery in January 1378, when he expressed his devotion at the saint’s tomb and kissed the saint’s head. Although the cult of St. Denis declined in the period leading up to and, especially, following the Hussite Wars, it remained present in late medieval Czech society thanks to the saint’s inclusion in the group of Fourteen Holy Helpers and the celebration of his feast day in the liturgy of all Catholic churches. Although St. Denis never became a popular saint in the Czech lands during the Middle Ages, he was widely known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The node centered by the volume deals with the political-cultural ties between the late medieval german emperors and the plural world of the Italian humanists. Particularly, conveying a double and corresponding line of exchanges between North and South of the Alps, the point was re-focused over emperor's presence and their retinues in the peninsula as the fulcrum of this long-term exchange. Thus, new perspectives open up regarding spaces and men involved in this political experience. Regional spaces more in contact than others with the imperial presence and the collection of sources, on the basis of macro-areas in the wake of Peter Moraw's scheme, are very useful tools to adapt our knowledge of the multiple links between emperors and Reichsitalien, not only in the 14th century and in the previous two centuries (12th-13th) but also for the crucial subsequent period (15th-16th) - considering the entire autumn of the Medieval Empire and, at the same time, the Renaissance - still relatively little focused on by the new research fields. In order to include these centuries as well, Moraw's thesis should be proficiently reconsidered, however, in light of the political-cultural ties with the emperor. Thus, it would broaden the field of research from mere jurisdiction - even this principle remains unaltered still for centuries - to political culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Seljuk University Journal of Seljuk Studies is the property of Selcuk University Journal of Seljuk Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Literatura Medieval is the property of Instituto Universitario de Investigacion en Estudios Medievales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletim de Estudos Classicos is the property of Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are abundant examples of negative assessments of cultic honors to Roman emperors by nineteenth- and twentieth-century researchers. In the minds of historians raised in modern societies, in which monotheistic Abrahamic religions usually reign supreme, this is a completely understandable a priori approach; nevertheless, it hinders a correct understanding of Roman society in antiquity. This paper examines the need to provide a complex answer to the question of whether the inhabitants of the Roman world really believed in the divinity of their rulers. A complex answer to the question can only emerge from a historical contextualization of the phenomenon under analysis, an examination of the imperial cult within the wider changes that were taking place in Roman religion at the time, and application of the necessary empathetic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactantius referred in his work On the Deaths of the Persecutors (De mortibus persecutorum) to a great victory which Caesar Galerius won over the Persians. From then on, he demanded for himself the title of Augustus and, we are made to believe, insisted upon being called a son of Mars as second Romulus. Did he thus deviate from the truth? Or, on the contrary, did Galerius render Mars his divine patron and does Lactantius' account remain in agreement with other sources and reflect the true course of events. The aim in this article is to resolve this issue. It thus seems that as a result of the triumph over the Persians, which he was believed to owe to Mars, Galerius gained a new position already under the first tetrarchy, which Lactantius testifies to in his work On the Deaths of the Persecutors. It is thus clear that Lactantius's testimony according to which Galerius recognized Mars as his divine patron is credible and remains in agreement both with a number of other sources and with the true course of events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica Brunensia is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Representing historical figures on visual media has always been a crucial aspect of political communication in the ancient world, as it is in modern society. A great example comes from ancient Rome, when the emperor's portraits were serially replicated on visual media to disseminate his image across the countries ruled by the Romans and to assert the power and authority that he embodied by making him universally recognizable. In particular, one of the most common media through which ancient Romans spread the imperial image was coinage, which showed a bi-dimensional projection of his portrait on the very low relief produced by the impression of the coin-die. In this work, we propose a new method that uses a multi-modal 2D and 3D approach to reconstruct the full portrait in the round of Roman emperors from their images adopted on ancient coins. A well-defined pipeline is introduced from the digitization of coins using 3D scanning techniques to the estimation of the 3D model of the portrait represented by a polygonal mesh. A morphable model trained on real 3D faces is exploited to infer the morphological (i.e., geometric) characteristics of the Roman emperor from the contours extracted from a coin portrait using a model fitting procedure. We present examples of face reconstruction of different emperors from coins produced in Rome as well as in the imperial provinces, which sometimes showed local variations of the official portraits centrally designed. • A new 3D face reconstruction method is proposed from real ancient coins. • A new variational model has been proposed to model the prior and observed information. • An exhaustive experimental section is shown on several coins. • The work is interesting from cultural heritage perspective to study the morphological properties of important people from the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'Roman emperor' Sponsian is known only from an assemblage of coins allegedly found in Transylvania (Romania) in 1713. They are very unlike regular Roman coins in style and manufacture, with various enigmatic features including bungled legends and historically mixed motifs, and have long been dismissed as poorly made forgeries. Here we present non-destructive imaging and spectroscopic results that show features indicative of authenticity. Deep micro-abrasion patterns suggest extensive circulation-wear. Superficial patches of soil minerals bound by authigenic cement and overlain by oxidation products indicate a history of prolonged burial then exhumation. These observations force a re-evaluation of Sponsian as a historical personage. Combining evidence from the coins with the historical record, we suggest he was most likely an army commander in the isolated Roman Province of Dacia during the military crisis of the 260s CE, and that his crudely manufactured coins supported a functioning monetary economy that persisted locally for an appreciable period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Antonine Wall was commissioned by the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius around 142 CE and stretches for c. 60 km across the central belt of Scotland, marking the Empire's most north-western frontier. This vanguard research reports on the materials referred to by Antiquarian sources as having been applied during the sixteenth century for the redecoration of an iconic Distance Sculpture that was once embedded into the mural barrier. Portable non-invasive technologies, including pXRF and in-situ microphotography were deployed. These techniques were further supplemented by micro-sampling for SEM/EDS, FTIR–ATR and microscopy of embedded cross-sections. The validity of applying these complementary techniques has been confirmed. They provide a comprehensive account of the polychromy present, including pigments that could have been applied during the Roman period and others that were only available from the fifteenth or sixteenth Centuries. The work has confirmed stratigraphic sequencing of the pigments which will, in due course, permit the digital reconstruction of how this Classical relief sculpture would have been adorned during the Renaissance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nero's Temple at El-Ashmonein archaeological site, in Minia (middle of Egypt), is considered one of the most important of all temples of Nero. This temple dates back to 1520 BC–1075 BC in the New Kingdom and was reused in the era of Nero (the Fifth Emperor of Rome). The temple construction materials are severely decayed from surrounding environmental impacts, especially contaminated water sources. The main objective of this paper is to identify the construction materials of Nero's Temple and their decay by-products. To achieve them, X-ray diffraction, micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and portable Raman spectroscopy were utilized to identify the compositions and alteration by-products/degradation compounds (mainly saline efflorescence and crusts) from the construction materials, such as limestone walls, and structural mortars of the temple. In addition, a polarizing microscope was used to identify the minerals inside the construction materials and reveal the alteration of the minerals because of decay. Digital microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with EDS were used to detect decayed materials' morphological features. Finally, results showed that the main decay factor is salt attack (chlorides, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, and bicarbonates) for all architectural and structural elements of the temple, which have been carried to the construction materials from various sources of contaminated water (canal, sewage, and agricultural water). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical re-reading of the letters that make up the epistolary corpus of Bishop Cyprian of Carthage, the first episcopate to be martyred and killed in North Africa, during the persecutions carried out during the government of the Roman Emperor Valerian, indicates the occurrence of several conflicts within the communities early Christians. In this article, we aim to analyze some of these disputes, in order to demonstrate how they were established, how they were fought, how they were sometimes resolved. The organization of the commanding authority of Bishops and the choice of priests, deacons and readers expressed all the human feelings that surrounded the establishment of hierarchies within the original communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daniel 11 is the core of the last prophecy that starts in chapter 10 and finishes in chapter 12. It is an oral didactic prophecy given directly by the angel Gabriel to the prophet Daniel and constitutes the most detailed prophecy in the book of Daniel. Scholars recognize that Daniel 11 is one of the most challenging passages of biblical apocalyptical literature. There is considerable diversity in the interpretation of the last three chapters of Daniel, especially chapter 11. One of the aspects involves the delimitation of the literary unities that composes chapter 11, which is essential for interpreting the prophecy details. In this context, there is a highlight on the reference to the “vile person” in verse 21, identified by different lines of interpretation as Antiochus iv Epiphanes and other historicists as the roman emperor Tiberius. This article has the objective to offer an alternate option, even though it is not original, based on the literary structure of chapter 11, in the expressions used by the prophet to characterize the actions of the “evil” one, and in the structural and linguistic connections between the chapter 8 and 11. The analysis allows the conclusion that the “evil” one is the equivalent of the “little horn” mentioned in chapter 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study deals with the medieval cult of the early medieval hermit and the Benedictine abbot St. Giles in the Bohemian lands from its earliest beginnings to the end of the Middle Ages. Saint Giles, living in the 7th and 8th centuries in the region of Septimania located in the south of modern-day France, became one of the most popular Christian saints in the medieval Western and Central Europe due to his patronage. The study therefore seeks to create a comprehensive interpretation of the form of the St. Giles's cult in the Bohemian lands in the Middle Ages. The historical research of the cult of St. Giles is carried out through a detailed analysis of the medieval narrative and material sources, iconography, legends and sources of Church-administrative origin. The text presents, in detail and with the help of the analysis of relics, calendars and Church dedications, not only the spread of the St. Giles's cult in the Bohemian lands in the 12th century, but also the close relationship of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV to the mentioned saint. The study also discusses the fine arts monuments and the cult of St. Giles as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers at the end of the Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Forum built in Rome by Trajan is a match of his political and military virtues: the defeated populations materialize with statues and high-reliefs in precious marble and are therefore an integral part of the marble triumph of the emperor and the Roman army. The statues of the Dacians are distributed on the most visible architectural parts of the complex, and they have different size, as well as different back surface treatment, depending on their location. In order to reconstruct the architectural composition together with the sculptural apparatus, a complete metrological analysis of the sculptures has been undertaken, alongside the examination of the material features of Daci statues (clothing, surface treatment) and of data yielded by archives and excavations that took place in the past centuries and recently in the 21st century. The work has been based on a method measuring bi-dimensional photographic shaped-set of all the Daci dispersed in several art collections, starting from the idea of working with a low-cost method without specific expensive software. The workflow combines bi-dimensional images, scaled to 1:1 reference, imported in AutoCAD in order to produce a single .dwg file, with good resolution but easy-to-manage during the data processing. Some interesting, albeit preliminary, goals have been achieved. In the first place, a measured catalogue of all the Dacian statues dispersed in the world has been quickly built. It was therefore possible to start the reconstruction, at least virtual, of the sculptural context of Trajan's forum. Regarding the size and archaeological aspect of the sculptures, three dimensional series of Dacians have been grouped, which contributed, on the one hand, to confirm the results of previous studies, and on the other to advance the knowledge with new data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of History Studies (13094688) is the property of History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sassanid reliefs are somehow reflecting events that include part of the beliefs, wars and victory over enemies, family relationships and courtesy, hunting and getting diadem. In the meantime, the reliefs of victory, which created a very positive psychological aspect among the society and the people, have received more attention from the kings. There has been a lot of research on Sassanid reliefs so far and many researchers have studied various dimensions of these reliefs. In the meantime, the reliefs of Shapur I, whose victories over the three Roman empires, namely Gordian III, Philip and Valerian, have been depicted, will be analyzed and examined. Sassanid Shapur I defeated Gordianus at the Battle of Mesica in 244 B.C. The narrations have informed that this emperor was killed on the battlefield. After this event, Philip paid a heavy annual tribute to the court of the Sassanid king and asked to support him to sit on the throne until the end of the war. About 15 years later, another Roman emperor named Valerian campaigned Iran that he was also captured by Iranians in Mesica with 70,000 Roman soldiers. Shapur ordered to sculpt these victories in Darabgird, Bishabour and the Naqsh-e Rustam, symbolically on the heart of the rocks. Scholars, however, have almost no doubt about the attribution of the present people in Shapur's reliefs to the three Roman empires, but it seems that the third Shapur’s relief in Tang-e-Chogan reminds another kind of narrative. The body of Gordianus in two reliefs in Bishabour and the relief of Darabgard, is slightly different from the relief number 3 in Bishabour, which is severely eroded and damaged. Regarding the location of this relief in an unsuitable place and its lower quality with other Shapur reliefs, it seems that it was carved in a hurry. The reason may be the events that took place between 260 and 267. After the capture of Valerian, the Roman court made many efforts to free him but never succeeded. In the same years, Odaenathus, the Arab Amir of Palmyr, had been involved with the Iranian army several times and had succeeded in defeating, supported by the Romans. Odaenathus was titled August by the Roman court for his great victories and was publicly called emperor. The growing power of this Palmyrian’s Amir caused concerns within the Sassanid court. The vastness of his territory itself indicates the power of the Palmyrians during these years. But the sudden and mysterious death of Odaenathus by the hands of his son and wife Zenobia reinforces the conspiracy theory of the Iranian court with Odaenathus's wife and son to eliminate this Arab Amir. According to the body covering and makeup of the person’s face depicted under the foot of Shapur’s horse in the relief of number 1 of Bishabour and its difference with the reliefs in which Gordianus is depicted, it can be hypothesized that this role is a reflection of the events between 260 and 267. Shapur portrays this relief as a general victory over the Roman emperor and court for their conspiracy and evils and the overthrow and elimination of Odaenathus, who was supported by the Romans. In the present article, we have attempted to analyze and study the reliefs of the victory of Shapur III over the Roman emperors with a descriptive and an analytical method and comparing the reliefs along with the use of numismatics. This analysis along with historical narratives can give the viewer a better view to look at these reliefs.

Archaeological materials show the existence of the god Sarapis throughout the Mediterranean, where a considerable number of epigraphic, artistic and numismatic objects remain. The presence of Sarapis in the Mare Nostrum is the result of the spread of Egyptian cults. This paper looks at Sarapis and his relationship with different Roman emperors, by way of the coins these latter had minted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Limits: Studies on borders in the Greco-Roman world" is a compilation of works carried out by different researchers on borders in the Greco-Roman world. The topics covered include borders in the sources of Alexander the Great, the Black Sea as a border in Classical Greece, the evolution of territoriality in the province of Britannia, titles in cults of worship towards Roman emperors, and the teaching of the classical world in Brazil and Chile. Each work addresses different aspects of borders in the ancient world and offers methodological examples for the study of antiquity. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Talia Dixit is the property of Talia Dixit and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Portraits of the Roman emperors have been a focal point in the study of the ancient world. However, questions on how this medium developed over time and/or how perceptions of the emperor changed over more than four centuries of imperial rule, are constrained by the availability and accessibility of the material. This article introduces the Roman Imperial Portraits Dataset (RIPD) to allow researchers to study the portraiture of Roman emperors through a more quantitative approach (Heijnen & Hekster, 2021). The dataset has systematically brought together more than 2,100 extant (i.e. published) portraits of the Roman emperors into a single dataset that can be used for further study. The article also introduces a web application with the aim to allow researchers and interested parties to work with the data(set) in an user-friendly manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of En la España Medieval is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Especially in regard to the multitude of depictions on coins and medallions referring to the history of Rome in the early 140s, the omission of corresponding depictions in the year 147/148, when Rome's birthday was celebrated for the 900th time, is remarkable. Instead of referring to this important event, the coins and medallions of Antoninus Pius present themselves entirely under the sign of his decennalia. Apparently, the reference to the anniversary of the reign was considered more important than Rome's birthday. Reasons for this decision could have been problems of acceptance, which are only hinted at in the literary sources, which are consistently friendly to Antoninus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]