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Summary Leaf architecture impacts the ease of gases diffusion, biochemical process, and photosynthetic performance. For balsam poplar, a widespread North American species, the influence of water availability on leaf anatomy and subsequent photosynthetic performance remains unknown. To address this shortcoming, we characterized the anatomical changes across the leaf profile in three‐dimensional space for saplings subjected to soil drying and rewatering using X‐ray microcomputed tomography. Our hypothesis was that higher abundance of bundle sheet extensions (BSE) minimizes drought‐induced changes in intercellular airspace volume relative to mesophyll volume (i.e. mesophyll porosity, θIAS) and aids recovery by supporting leaf structural integrity. Leaves of ‘Carnduff‐9’ with less abundant BSEs exhibited greater θIAS, higher spongy mesophyll surface area, reduced palisade mesophyll surface area, and less veins compared with ‘Gillam‐5’. Under drought conditions, Carnduff‐9 showed significant changes in θIAS across leaf profile while that was little for ‘Gillam‐5’. Under rewatered conditions, drought‐induced changes in θIAS were fully reversible in ‘Gillam‐5’ but not in ‘Carnduff‐9’. Our data suggest that a ‘robust’ leaf structure with higher abundance of BSEs, reduced θIAS, and relatively large mesophyll surface area provides for improved photosynthetic capacity under drought and supports recovery in leaf architecture after rewatering in balsam poplar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variable-temperature convective drying (VTCD) is a promising technology for obtaining high-quality dried mushrooms, particularly when considering rehydration capacity. However, accurate numerical models for variable-temperature convective drying and rehydration of shiitake mushrooms are lacking. This study addresses this gap by employing a model with thermo–hydro and mechanical bidirectional coupling to investigate five dehydration characteristics (moisture ratio, drying rate, temperature, evaporation rate, and volume shrinkage ratio) and a drying load characteristic (enthalpy difference) during VTCD. Additionally, a mathematical model combining drying and rehydration is proposed to analyze the effect of VTCD processes on the rehydration performance of shiitake mushrooms. The results demonstrate that, compared to constant-temperature drying, VTCD-dried mushrooms exhibit moderate shrinkage rates and drying time (16.89 h), along with reduced temperature variation and evaporation rate gradient (Max. 1.50 mol/(m3·s)). VTCD also improves enthalpy stability, reducing the maximum drying load by 58.84% compared to 338.15 K constant-temperature drying. Furthermore, drying time at medium temperatures (318.15–328.15 K) greatly influences rehydration performance. This study quantitatively highlights the superiority of variable-temperature convective drying, offering valuable insights for optimizing the shiitake mushroom drying processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is the most significant abiotic stress that impedes agroforestry development. In nature, drought tolerance also depends on the ability to compensate after water restoration. Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are believed to enhance plant tolerance in drought environments. However, the compensatory mechanisms of DSEs for rehydration after drought stress have not been reported. To assess the drought tolerance and compensatory capacity of DSEs, the following DSEs were investigated in this study using solid–liquid screening and potting tests under different drought gradients, rehydration conditions, and field water-holding capacities: Stagonosporopsis lupini, Microsphaeropsis cytisi, Macrophomina pseudophaseolina, Paraphoma radicina, Alternaria alstroemeriae, Alternaria tellustris, and Papulaspora equi. The results showed that M. pseudophaseolina reached the maximum diameter for plate growth in only 4 d. In a liquid shaker, the biomass of S. lupini peaked after rehydration. The Mantel heatmap indicated that lipid metabolites were significantly expressed in M. pseudophaseolina and S. lupini under drought stress. Correlations between drought tolerance indexes and amino acid metabolites increased dramatically in both DSEs after rehydration. Moreover, in rehydration after drought, the treatments inoculated with M. pseudophaseolina and S. lupini showed significant increases in root weight of 20.36% and 23.82%, respectively, compared with the uninoculated treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subduction-zone fluid–rock interactions have a direct impact onto elemental and isotopic homogeneity of progressively buried and exhumed crustal lithologies by providing an interface for local mass-transfer and enhancing metamorphic reactions. In order to assess the scales of fluid mobility, chemical and isotopic inheritance, as well as resulting degrees of isotopic heterogeneity in the exhumed high-pressure lithologies, we performed the detailed mineralogical, in-situ trace-element and Rb–Sr isotope studies, combined with P–T–X thermodynamic modelling of representative eclogites from the Alag Khadny accretionary complex (SW Mongolia). The eclogites (garnet + omphacite + phengite + rutile + quartz + retrograde amphibole and clinozoisite) display records of subduction-related burial to 540–625 °C and 1.7–2.1 GPa, with the enclosed phengite supposed to be in equilibrium at prograde-to-peak conditions. Trace-element signatures, including Cs/Rb (0.03–0.08) and Ba/Rb (7.1–13.8) ratios of phengite, are consistent with moderately to strongly altered protoliths of eclogites, which is supported by elevated δ18O values and in-situ Rb–Sr constraints on the initial (87Sr/86Sr)I ratios of phengite within 0.70549–0.70957. Partial backward rehydration (~ 0.5–1.0 wt% of H2O added) during decompression from 1.6 to 1.2 GPa produced amphibole- and clinozoisite-bearing assemblages, did not significantly affect LILE systematics and variable 87Rb/86Sr ratios of phengite. Limited Rb and Ba loss from phengite during recrystallization is suspected in the evidently deformed eclogites based on the LILE mineral–fluid and phengite–amphibole partitioning data. No exclusive evidence is found in amphibole for LILE-rich metasedimentary fluid with high (87Sr/86Sr)I released into eclogites. Instead, unradiogenic 87Sr/86Sr (0.70279–0.70301) of clinozoisite highlights metasomatic addition from the underlying mafic crust or dehydrated peridotitic mantle. Variable deformation-enhanced fluid-rock interaction during early exhumation was recorded by in-situ phengite Rb-Sr geochronology at 568 ± 9 Ma, which is considered a direct fluid flow snapshot and place a new minimum age constraint for the peak subduction burial. We argue that, except cases of apparent metasomatic origin of phengite, its (87Sr/86Sr)I ratios may be a sensitive tracer for the eclogite precursor alteration due to limited Sr mobility. Sample-scale Rb-Sr isotopic heterogeneities may be preserved in the orogenic eclogites due to multi-stage retrograde hydration and should be taken into account while interpreting the bulk-rock Sr isotope data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To assess the regulatory mechanisms involved in the transcriptomic response of Ginkgo biloba to water shock and rehydration, ginkgo seedlings were subjected to dehydration for 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, followed by rehydration for 12 h (Re12 h). A total of 1388, 1802, 2267, 2667, and 3352 genes were upregulated, whereas 1604, 1839, 1934, 2435, and 3035 genes were downregulated, at 3, 6, 12, 24, and Re12 h, respectively, compared to 0 h. Two KEGG pathways—the plant pathogen interaction pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway—were enriched under water shock but not under rehydration. Moreover, plant hormone signal transduction was enriched under both water shock and rehydration. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the ABA signaling pathway (PYR/PYLs, PP2Cs, and SnRK2s) and major differentially expressed transcription factors (MYB, bHLH, AP2/ERF, NAC, WRKY, and bZIP TFs) were identified. qRT-PCR analysis further revealed GbWRKY3 as a negative regulator of the water shock response in G. biloba. The subcellular localization results revealed GbWRKY3 as a nuclear protein. These phenotype-related DEGs, pathways, and TFs provide valuable insight into the water shock and rehydration response in G. biloba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh shiitake mushroom is rich in various nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals, with antioxidant, anti-tumor, antibacterial and immunoenhancing effects. Due to its short storage life and susceptibility to deterioration, fresh shiitake mushroom is usually processed into dried products, which can effectively extend the storage period. The Maillard reaction during the drying process can provide a special flavor to shiitake mushroom, and the rehydration characteristics of dried shiitake mushroom are important factors determining its quality. This paper introduces the drying and rehydration processes of shiitake mushroom and the advantages and disadvantages of different rehydration methods, and reviews the characteristics of different rehydration methods, the factors affecting the rehydration process and the influence of rehydration on the quality of shiitake mushroom as well as recent progress on the modeling of rehydration kinetics. In addition, it deeply discusses the changes of texture, flavor, color and cell structure during the rehydration process of shiitake mushroom. The aim of this review is to provide new ideas and references for research on shiitake mushroom rehydration and processing.

BACKGROUND: The effect of dehydration of ex vivo cartilage samples and rehydration with native synovial fluid or normal saline on quantitative ultrashort echo time (UTE) biomarkers are unknown. We aimed to investigate the effect of cartilage dehydration-rehydration on UTE biomarkers and to compare the rehydration capabilities of native synovial fluid and normal saline. METHODS: A total of 37 cartilage samples were harvested from patients (n=5) who underwent total knee replacement. Fresh cartilage samples were exposed to air to dehydrate for 2 hours after baseline magnetic resonance (MR) scanning, then randomly divided into two groups: one soaking in native synovial fluid (n=17) and the other in normal saline (n=20) to rehydrate for 4 hours. UTE-based biomarkers [T1, adiabatic T1r (AdiabT1r), macromolecular fraction (MMF), magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), and T2*] and sample weights were evaluated for fresh, dehydrated, and rehydrated cartilage samples. Differences and agreements between groups were assessed using the values of fresh cartilage samples as reference standard. RESULTS: Dehydrating in air for 2 hours resulted in significant weight loss (P=0.000). T1, AdiabT1r, and T2* decreased significantly while MMF and MTR increased significantly (all P0.0167, with Bonferroni correction) while T2* (P=0.001) still had significant differences compared with fresh samples. However, no significant differences were detected for any of the evaluated UTE biomarkers after rehydrating in normal saline (all P>0.05). No differences were detected in the agreement of UTE biomarker measurements between fresh samples and samples rehydrated with synovial fluid and normal saline. CONCLUSIONS: Cartilage dehydration resulted in significant changes in UTE biomarkers. Rehydrating with synovial fluid or normal saline had non-significant effect on all the evaluated UTE biomarkers except T2* values, which still had significant differences compared with fresh samples after rehydrating with synovial fluid. No significant difference was observed in the rehydration capabilities of native synovial fluid and normal saline.

Hydration status refers to the balance between the intake and discharge of water in the body. When the ingested and discharged water are roughly equal and the body is in water balance, it is the normal hydration status, and when the water intake is too little or too much, it is the "dehydration" or "overhydration status". The hydration status of the body not only affects metabolism, but also affects the functions of the urinary system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, etc. In order to further clarify the relationship between body hydration status and decompression sickness (DCS), this paper reviewed relevant studies and analyzed the interaction between hydration and decompression safety during diving. The primary causes of dehydration in diving are "hyperbaric diuresis", "immersion diuresis", breathing dry gas, heat, and cold. Dehydration not only promotes the occurrence of DCS but also reduces the aerobic work efficiency and athletic performance of divers, as well as affects cognition and mood. A study found that appropriate rehydration before and during diving can reduce the risk of DCS, which possibly associates with the increase of blood volume, plasma surface tension, and vasoconstriction. Fluid therapy is also important for those who already have DCS. This paper analyzed the amount, nature, timing, and effect of rehydration involved in the above links, comprehensively sorted out the relationship between hydration and diving safety, summarized the existing problems, and provided reference for practical application and future research.

Abstract The growth, yield, and seed quality of rapeseed are negatively affected by drought stress. Therefore, it is of great value to understand the molecular mechanism behind this phenomenon. In a previous study, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were found to play a key role in the response of rapeseed seedlings to drought stress. However, many questions remained unanswered. This study was the first to investigate the expression profile of lncRNAs not only under control and drought treatment, but also under the rehydration treatment. A total of 381 differentially expressed lncRNA and 10,253 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified in the comparison between drought stress and control condition. In the transition from drought stress to rehydration, 477 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 12,543 differentially expressed mRNAs were detected. After identifying the differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, the comprehensive lncRNAs-engaged network with the co-expressed mRNAs in leaves under control, drought and rehydration was investigated. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of co-expressed mRNAs identified the most significant pathways related with plant hormones (expecially abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinins, and gibberellins) in the signal transduction. The genes, co-expressed with the most-enriched DE-lncRNAs, were considered as the most effective candidates in the water-loss and water-recovery processes, including protein phosphatase 2 C (PP2C), ABRE-binding factors (ABFs), and SMALL AUXIN UP-REGULATED RNAs (SAURs). In summary, these analyses clearly demonstrated that DE-lncRNAs can act as a regulatory hub in plant-water interaction by controlling phytohormone signaling pathways and provided an alternative way to explore the complex mechanisms of drought tolerance in rapeseed.

Background: Considering the high amount of water in watermelon, this study aimed to investigate the effect of watermelon juice compared to carbohydrate drinks and water on rehydration and anaerobic performance. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, twelve active adolescents experienced weight loss of about 2% in three separate sessions, one week apart, by running a treadmill exercise program including two sets of 30-minute aerobic activity separated by a 10-minute rest. Then, they consumed one of the three drinks of water, carbohydrate drink, or watermelon juice at 125% of their weight loss. Two hours after each session, they performed a 300-yard shuttle run test. Urine specific gravity (USG) and participants’ weight were measured three times: before and after the dehydration protocol and before the anaerobic performance. Results: Data analysis showed no significant difference in USG (P=0.41) and the 300-yard shuttle run test (P=0.87) after consuming the three drinks. There was a significant difference (P=0.001) in weight gain after consuming the three drinks, with greater mean weight gain for watermelon juice and carbohydrate drinks compared to water. Conclusion: The results indicated the same effect in carbohydrate drinks and watermelon juice on weight return, rehydration, and subsequent anaerobic performance. However, because watermelon juice contains vitamins and minerals compared with carbohydrate drinks, it is suggested that athletes use this drink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth, yield, and seed quality of rapeseed are negatively affected by drought stress. Therefore, it is of great value to understand the molecular mechanism behind this phenomenon. In a previous study, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were found to play a key role in the response of rapeseed seedlings to drought stress. However, many questions remained unanswered. This study was the first to investigate the expression profile of lncRNAs not only under control and drought treatment, but also under the rehydration treatment. A total of 381 differentially expressed lncRNA and 10,253 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified in the comparison between drought stress and control condition. In the transition from drought stress to rehydration, 477 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 12,543 differentially expressed mRNAs were detected. After identifying the differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, the comprehensive lncRNAs-engaged network with the co-expressed mRNAs in leaves under control, drought and rehydration was investigated. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of co-expressed mRNAs identified the most significant pathways related with plant hormones (expecially abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinins, and gibberellins) in the signal transduction. The genes, co-expressed with the most-enriched DE-lncRNAs, were considered as the most effective candidates in the water-loss and water-recovery processes, including protein phosphatase 2 C (PP2C), ABRE-binding factors (ABFs), and SMALL AUXIN UP-REGULATED RNAs (SAURs). In summary, these analyses clearly demonstrated that DE-lncRNAs can act as a regulatory hub in plant-water interaction by controlling phytohormone signaling pathways and provided an alternative way to explore the complex mechanisms of drought tolerance in rapeseed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rehydration of food products was carried out in various amounts of liquid. The effects of the solid-to-liquid ratio on rehydration characteristics of dried red beets were investigated. Six values of the solid-to-liquid ratio (1:20, 1:15, 1:10, 1:5, 1:3, and 1:1) were taken into consideration. Red beets cubes (10 mm) were dried in a forced convection (2 m/s; 60 °C) and then rehydrated in distilled water at a temperature of 20 °C. The kinetics of mass gain, dry matter loss, water gain, moisture content increase, and volume increase were modeled using the empirical Peleg model which parameters have physical meanings. Equations were formulated to make the Peleg model parameters dependent on the solid-to-liquid ratio. The obtained results indicated that the amount of rehydrating water influenced the values of the model parameters and the course of dried red beets rehydration and helped explain the rehydration kinetics. The Peleg model can be recommended for describing the kinetics of mass gain (R2 = 0.9662–0.9895), dry matter loss (R2 = 0.7042–0.9881), water gain (R2 = 0.9732–0.9913), moisture content increase (R2 = 0.9770–0.9929), and volume increase (R2 = 0.9374–0.9847) during the rehydration of dried red beet cubes at all considered values of the solid-to-liquid ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coconut consumption provides nutritional and health benefits to humans. Yet, poor postharvest and preservation methods result in the loss of coconut fruit bunches yearly. Investigations into achieving drying techniques that result in optimum drying rates coupled with consumer's desired end products that are both commercially and nutritionally viable remain paramount in the food industry. Consequently, osmotic dehydration is commendable for its low-cost pretreatment merit. Therefore, the study examined the drying-kinetics, energy consumption, effective moisture diffusivity (Deff), vitamin C retention, color, and rehydration behavior of coconut cultivars (Sri Lanka Green Dwarf × Vanuatu Tall (SGD × VTT), Catigan (CAT), and Tacunan Green Dwarf (TGD)) meat slices. Samples were osmotically pretreated with sucrose solution (30 %/30 min) and subjected to oven drying (80, 90, 100, and 110 °C (air velocity of 2 m/s) and lyophilization (−45 ± 2 °C) methods. A mathematical model was employed to predict the effect of osmotic pretreatment on drying dynamics and the assessment of utilized energy, vitamin C content, color, and rehydration of coconut meat slices at different drying conditions. The oven-dried sample's color changed (p

Abstract [Objective] Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao is an important primitive plant of astragali radix, and its main planting areas are arid and semi-arid areas in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Gansu, and other places. Irregular intermittent rainfalls cause drought and rehydration cycle in plants. Studying the characteristics of metabolites in A . membranaceus var. mongholicus during drought and rehydration is crucial to understand the drought tolerance mechanism in response to natural intermittent rainfalls. [Methods] The seedlings of annual A . membranaceus var. mongholicus were used as materials. After repeated drought and rehydration treatment, soil nutrients and root growth in potted plants were measured. The primary metabolites of A . membranaceus var. mongholicus were analyzed using NMR based technology. Differential metabolite screening and metabolic pathway were analyzed. Total flavonoids, total saponins, and polysaccharides in the roots of A . membranaceus var. mongholicus were determined. [Results] (1) A . membranaceus var. mongholicus showed a trend of decreasing in root diameter and increasing in root length and fibrous root density under drought stress. (2) Under drought and rehydration treatment, a total of 42 metabolites were detected, containing mainly amino acids and their derivatives, organic acids, amines, ammonia compounds, and sugars. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that amino acid metabolism pathways were mainly affected during repeated drought stress. Plant drought resistance was enhanced by increasing the content of aspartate, alanine, glutamate, proline, and arginine, as well as reducing the content of asparagine, tryptophan, and 4-aminobutyrate. Specifically, the increase in metabolites such as alanine, glutamate, and proline was 1-3 times, while metabolites such as tryptophan and 4-aminobutyric acid were decreased by 1-2 times. (3) Under the first round of drought stress, the accumulation of astragaloside was decreased; after the second round of drought stress, the production of three active substances, namely astragaloside, total flavonoids, and polysaccharides, showed a downward trend. [Conclusion] Amino acids and their derivatives are closely related in response to drought stress in A . membranaceus var. mongholicus. Plant regulates its secondary metabolites in response to environmental changes

To investigate the effects of different drying methods on the rehydration and quality characteristic of low salt pickled abalone, this study used vacuum freeze drying, cold air drying and hot air drying to dry them. The mass volume and rehydration rate of the rehydration process were studied. Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to study the water distribution during the rehydration process and investigated the changes in the samples of color, texture, tissue morphology and free amino acids after rehydration. The results showed that the rehydration rate of vacuum freeze-dried abalone was 278.73% at 72 hours, which was significantly higher than that of cold-air dried abalone and hot-air dried abalone (P

[Objective] Crops often suffer from interval drought and rehydration (rainfall or irrigation) during the whole growth period, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Under drought stress, the growth and development of crops are inhibited, and the yield is reduced; meanwhile, the plants drought tolerance will be induced. In order to compensate loss of yield or growth induced by drought stress, crop often shows compensatory after rehydration, which produces compensation or even over compensation effect on yield. The compensation effect of post drought is the result of crop’s positive response to drought stress and compensatory growth after rehydration. It can effectively improve crop yield and water use efficiency in crop production in arid areas. [Methods] Source sink relationship is widely used to explain the crop yield formation, and regulating the source sink relationship is one of key way to improve crop yield. The compensation effect of post drought is highly related to the source sink response of crops. Based on the current research progress, this paper tries to explain the compensation effect of post drought in source and sink way. [Results] Under the drought stress, in the source, the stomata were closed, photosynthesis was decreased and soluble carbohydrate accumulation was increased, while sink activity was often increased. After rehydration, the metabolism of soluble carbohydrate in the source (leaf) was enhanced, which enhanced the photosynthesis and the ability of carbohydrate synthesis; meanwhile, the sink activity (grain) was maintained at a high level, and the rate of assimilate unloading and accumulation was accelerated; the assimilate in the flow remained at a high level. During this process, the activities of sucrose invertase (INV), cell wall invertase (CW-INV) and fructan exohydrolases (1-FEH w3) play important roles in the source sink response to the compensation effect of post-drought. [Conclusion] This paper integrated the mechanism of compensation effect of post drought in the perspective of source sink relationship, which provides a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of compensation effect of post drought and improving crop water efficient in arid areas.

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the Mediterranean region, reforestation programs record failures following successive drought periods. The use of different plant-growth-promoting amendments and the understanding of drought-induced physiological and biochemical responses of carob will contribute to the reforestation program's success. In this study, the effects of arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi (AMF), vermicompost (VC), and rock phosphate (RP) on carob seedlings under drought stress (DS) and recovery (REC) conditions were evaluated. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with carob seedlings grown in the presence of AMF, VC, and RP, applied alone or in combination under well-watered (WW), DS (by stopping irrigation for 12 days), and recovery (REC) conditions. The obtained results indicated that the triple combination (AMF + VC + RP) presented the highest improvement in water potential, photosynthetic pigment content, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll fluorescence compared to the controls under DS and after REC. In addition, this combination resulted in improved tolerance of carob seedlings to DS and a high potential for rapid recovery after rehydration due to a high accumulation of sugars, proteins, and antioxidant enzymes. In summary, the results underline the importance of inoculating carob with AMF in combination with (in)-organic amendments in improving its tolerance to DS and its recovery performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sprouting enhances the nutritional and quality characteristics of mung beans (Vigna radiata L.). In this study, the impacts of infrared radiation and hot-air drying on microwave-pretreated mung bean sprouts were examined. The microwave process was performed for 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 s before hot-air and infrared dehydration of sprouted mung beans. Microwave pretreatment decreased drying time of sprouted mung beans. Increasing the microwave pretreatment time from 0 to 60 s caused drying time of samples inside the hot-air dryer to decrease from 205 min to 130 min (p<0.05). Drying time of sprouts in the infrared dryer was significantly less than the hot-air dryer (p<0.05). Effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (Deff) calculated by Fick's second law, varied in the range of 1.06×10-10 - 1.60×10-10 m2 s -1, and 0.98×10-9 - 1.15×10-9 m2 s -1, for hot-air and infrared dried samples, respectively. Experimental data for drying curves were fitted to various thin-layer equations, and the Midilli equation was best suited to explain drying kinetics of sprouted mung beans. Average rehydration ratio of dried sprouted mung beans in hot-air and infrared dryers were 262.55%, and 211.65%, respectively. Briefly, the microwave pretreatment (about 60 sec) and use of infrared dryer is appropriate drying technique for sprouted mung beans with faster mass transfer and shorter drying time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of mixed culture fermentation with yeast, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus on the quality of non-fried instant noodles were studied by rehydration test, texture analysis, electronic nose analysis and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation. The results showed that yeast largely affected the rehydration property and texture, while L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus were mainly responsible for improving the flavor of non-fried instant noodles. The primary fermentation process was conducive to maintaining the cooking tolerance of non-fried instant noodles, while the secondary fermentation process was beneficial to improve the rehydration property and flavor, reducing the rehydration time to 4.0 min; the R(2) and R(7) responses of the rehydrated sample were 2.8 and 2.9, respectively. The SEM results showed that the samples had a uniform pore distribution after the secondary fermentation. Taken collectively, the optimal starter culture for the primary and secondary fermentation was 1.5% yeast + 0.075% L. bulgaricus + 0.075% S. thermophilus.

Abstract Drought stress can significantly affect plant growth, development, and yield. Fewer comparative studies have been conducted between different species of pines, particularly involving Pinus yunnanensis var. pygmaea (P. pygmaea). In this study, the physiological indices, photosynthetic pigment and related antioxidant enzyme changes in needles from P. pygmaea, P. elliottii and P. massoniana under drought at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 d, as well as 7 days after rehydration, were measured. The PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and Illumina RNA sequencing were used to uncover the gene expression differences in P. pygmaea under drought and rehydration conditions. The results showed that the total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) of P. pygmaea was significantly higher than P. massoniana and P. elliottii. TAOC showed a continuous increase trend across all species. Soluble sugar (SS), starch content and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) of all three pines displayed a "W" pattern, declining initially, increasing, and then decreasing again. P. pygmaea exhibits stronger drought tolerance and greater recovery ability under prolonged drought conditions. Through the PacBio SMRT-seq, a total of 50,979 high-quality transcripts were generated, and 6,521 SSR and 5,561 long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) were identified. A total of 2310, 1849, 5271, 5947, 7710, and 6854 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified compared to the control (Pp0D) in six pair-wise comparisons of treatment versus control. bHLH, NAC, ERF, MYB_related, C3H transcription factors (TFs) play an important role in drought tolerance of P. pygmaea. KEGG enrichment analysis and Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis showed that P. pygmaea may respond to drought by enhancing metabolic processes such as ABA signaling pathway, alpha-linolenic acid. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed GST, CAT, LEC14B, SEC23 were associated with antioxidant enzyme activity and TAOC. This study provides a basis for further research on drought tolerance differences among coniferous species.

The acute and chronic effects of dehydration on athletes' health are well known, but it is less known about the relationship between dehydration and sports performance. There is an overall consensus in the literature that dehydration ≥ 2% body mass represents a threshold at which endurance, as aerobic performance, becomes impaired. Dehydration degrades aerobic performance by various mechanisms, such as a decrease in VO2 max, a decrease in circulatory volume and consequent decrease in cardiac stroke volume. At higher levels of dehydration, there is an increase in heart rate, body temperature, carbohydrate oxidation and muscle glycogenolysis. The effect of dehydration on anaerobic sports performance, such as muscle strength and power, is less known. The high osmotic stress that usually accompanies high levels of intracellular dehydration can modulate the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, alter the neuronal firing of osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus, and potentially affect the excitability of motor output pathways. Studies have shown that acute dehydration impairs muscle strength and endurance and increases the perception of fatigue but without changes in markers of central and peripheral neuromuscular function. In addition to the physical, dehydration also affects the mental performance of athletes. Symptoms of dehydration (dry mouth, thirst, headache, fatigue) affect the athletes' cognitive functions and their cognitive resilience. Therefore, personalized rehydration strategies play a key role in athletes' safety during sporting activities, as well as in optimizing sports performance. In this paper, the role of dehydration on physical and mental athletes' performance will be reviewed, as well as the latest recommendations for adequate rehydration.

Drought is the most significant abiotic stress that impedes agroforestry development. In nature, drought tolerance also depends on the ability to compensate after water restoration. Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are believed to enhance plant tolerance in drought environments. However, the compensatory mechanisms of DSEs for rehydration after drought stress have not been reported. To assess the drought tolerance and compensatory capacity of DSEs, the following DSEs were investigated in this study using solid–liquid screening and potting tests under different drought gradients, rehydration conditions, and field water-holding capacities: Stagonosporopsis lupini, Microsphaeropsis cytisi, Macrophomina pseudophaseolina, Paraphoma radicina, Alternaria alstroemeriae, Alternaria tellustris, and Papulaspora equi. The results showed that M. pseudophaseolina reached the maximum diameter for plate growth in only 4 d. In a liquid shaker, the biomass of S. lupini peaked after rehydration. The Mantel heatmap indicated that lipid metabolites were significantly expressed in M. pseudophaseolina and S. lupini under drought stress. Correlations between drought tolerance indexes and amino acid metabolites increased dramatically in both DSEs after rehydration. Moreover, in rehydration after drought, the treatments inoculated with M. pseudophaseolina and S. lupini showed significant increases in root weight of 20.36% and 23.82%, respectively, compared with the uninoculated treatment.

Variable-temperature convective drying (VTCD) is a promising technology for obtaining high-quality dried mushrooms, particularly when considering rehydration capacity. However, accurate numerical models for variable-temperature convective drying and rehydration of shiitake mushrooms are lacking. This study addresses this gap by employing a model with thermo–hydro and mechanical bidirectional coupling to investigate five dehydration characteristics (moisture ratio, drying rate, temperature, evaporation rate, and volume shrinkage ratio) and a drying load characteristic (enthalpy difference) during VTCD. Additionally, a mathematical model combining drying and rehydration is proposed to analyze the effect of VTCD processes on the rehydration performance of shiitake mushrooms. The results demonstrate that, compared to constant-temperature drying, VTCD-dried mushrooms exhibit moderate shrinkage rates and drying time (16.89 h), along with reduced temperature variation and evaporation rate gradient (Max. 1.50 mol/(m3·s)). VTCD also improves enthalpy stability, reducing the maximum drying load by 58.84% compared to 338.15 K constant-temperature drying. Furthermore, drying time at medium temperatures (318.15–328.15 K) greatly influences rehydration performance. This study quantitatively highlights the superiority of variable-temperature convective drying, offering valuable insights for optimizing the shiitake mushroom drying processes.

Simple Summary: The Platycladus orientalis is a coniferous gymnosperm tree species widely distributed in China and the fFar east of Russia. It has been widely introduced and cultivated in East and South Asia. Plant abscisic acid increases and affects stomatal behavior during soil drought, and prolonged drought-induced stomatal closure definitely affects the soluble sugar content of plants. We found significant correlations between gas exchange and abscisic acid content, as well as the soluble sugar content of Platycladus orientalis under different moisture conditions, as a result of increased drought stress in Platycladus orientalis due to ongoing global climate change. This helps us to reveal the mechanism of plant adaptation to drought–rehydration under different drought treatments. To uncover the internal mechanisms of various drought stress intensities affecting the soluble sugar content in organs and its regulation by endogenous abscisic acid (ABA), we selected the saplings of Platycladus orientalis, a typical tree species in the Beijing area, as our research subject. We investigated the correlation between tree soluble sugars and endogenous ABA in the organs (comprised of leaf, branch, stem, coarse root, and fine root) under two water treatments. One water treatment was defined as T1, which stopped watering until the potted soil volumetric water content (SWC) reached the wilting coefficient and then rewatered the sapling. The other water treatment, named T2, replenished 95% of the total water loss of one potted sapling every day and irrigated the above-mentioned sapling after its SWC reached the wilt coefficients. The results revealed that (1) the photosynthetic physiological parameters of P. orientalis were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) under fast and slow drought processes. The photosynthetic physiological parameters of P. orientalis in the fast drought–rehydration treatment group recovered faster relative to the slow drought–rehydration treatment group. (2) The fast and slow drought treatments significantly (p < 0.05) increased the ABA and soluble sugar contents in all organs. The roots of the P. orientalis exhibited higher sensitivity in ABA and soluble sugar content to changes in soil moisture dynamics compared to other organs. (3) ABA and soluble sugar content of P. orientalis showed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) under fast and slow drought conditions. During the rehydration stage, the two were significantly correlated in the T2 treatment (p < 0.05). In summary, soil drought rhythms significantly affected the photosynthetic parameters, organ ABA, and soluble sugar content of P. orientalis. This study elucidates the adaptive mechanisms of P. orientalis plants to drought and rehydration under the above-mentioned two water drought treatments, offering theoretical insights for selecting and cultivating drought-tolerant tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examined the convective drying of red cabbage at temperatures ranging from 50 to 90 °C. Mathematical modeling was used to describe isotherms, drying kinetics and rehydration process. The effects of drying conditions on energy consumption and microstructure were also evaluated. The Halsey model had the best fit to the isotherm data and the equilibrium moisture was determined to be 0.0672, 0.0490, 0 0.0379, 0.0324 and 0.0279 g water/g d.m. at 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 °C, respectively. Drying kinetics were described most accurately by the Midilli and Kuçuk model. Also, the diffusion coefficient values increased with drying temperature. Lower energy consumption was found for drying at 90 °C and the rehydration process was best described by the Weibull model. Samples dehydrated at 90 °C showed high water holding capacity and better maintenance of microstructure. These results could be used to foster a sustainable drying process for red cabbage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is a major abiotic factor affecting tomato production and fruit quality. However, the genes and metabolites associated with tomato responses to water deficiency and rehydration are poorly characterized. To identify the functional genes and key metabolic pathways underlying tomato responses to drought stress and recovery, drought-susceptible and drought-tolerant inbred lines underwent transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. A total of 332 drought-responsive and 491 rehydration-responsive core genes were robustly differentially expressed in both genotypes. The drought-responsive and rehydration-responsive genes were mainly related to photosynthesis–antenna proteins, nitrogen metabolism, plant–pathogen interactions, and the MAPK signaling pathway. Various transcription factors, including homeobox-leucine zipper protein ATHB-12, NAC transcription factor 29, and heat stress transcription factor A-6b-like, may be vital for tomato responses to water status. Moreover, 24,30-dihydroxy-12(13)-enolupinol, caffeoyl hawthorn acid, adenosine 5′-monophosphate, and guanosine were the key metabolites identified in both genotypes under drought and recovery conditions. The combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis highlighted the importance of 38 genes involved in metabolic pathways, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of amino acids, and ABC transporters for tomato responses to water stress. Our results provide valuable clues regarding the molecular basis of drought tolerance and rehydration. The data presented herein may be relevant for genetically improving tomatoes to enhance drought tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some dehydrated products must be rehydrated before consumption or further industry processing. Optimization of the rehydration process needs mathematical models of the process. Despite the widespread use of computers and their associated software, empirical equations are still widely used in view of their simplicity and ease of computation. The mathematical description of the kinetics of mass gain, volume increase, dry matter loss, and moisture content increase and changes of rehydration indices during the rehydration of dried red beets was investigated. The effects of drying air temperature (Td), drying air velocity (vd), characteristic dimension (L), and rehydration temperature (Tr) on model constants were also examined. Red beets cubes (10 mm) and slices (5 and 10 mm) were dried in natural convection (vd = 0.01 m/s), forced convection (vd = 2 m/s), and fluidization (vd = 6 m/s) at Td = 50, 60, and 70 °C. The rehydration was conducted in distilled water at Tr = 20, 45, and 70 °C. The kinetics of rehydrating dried red beets was modelled applying five empirical models: Peleg, Lewis (Newton), Henderson–Pabis, Page, and modified Page. Equations were developed to make the model constants dependent on Td, vd, L, and Tr. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) (feedforward multilayer perceptron) were adopted to condition the rehydration indices on Td, vd, L, and Tr. The following models can be recommended as the most acceptable: (1) the modified Page model for mass gain (RMSE = 0.0236–0.0897) and for volume increase (RMSE = 0.0213–0.0972), (2) the Peleg model for dry mass loss (RMSE = 0.0161–0.610), and (3) the Henderson–Pabis model for moisture content increase (RMSE = 0.0350–0.1062). The ANNs performed the rehydration indices in an acceptable way (RMSE = 0.0528–0.2285). Both the rehydration indices and model constants depended (but to a different degree) on the investigated drying and rehydration conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicium difengpi (Schisandraceae), an endangered medicinal plant endemic to karst areas, is highly tolerant to drought and thus can be used as an ideal material for investigating adaptive mechanism to drought stress. The understanding of the drought tolerance of I. difengpi, especially at the molecular level, is lacking. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying drought tolerance in endemic I. difengpi plant in karst regions. The response characteristics of transcripts and changes in metabolite abundance of I. difengpi subjected to drought and rehydration were analyzed, the genes and key metabolites responsive to drought and rehydration were screened, and some important biosynthetic and secondary metabolic pathways were identified. A total of 231,784 genes and 632 metabolites were obtained from transcriptome and metabolome analyses, and most of the physiological metabolism in drought- treated I. difengpi plants recovered after rehydration. There were more upregulated genes than downregulated genes under drought and rehydration treatments, and rehydration treatment induced stable expression of 65.25% of genes, indicating that rehydration alleviated drought stress to some extent. Drought and rehydration treatment generated flavonoids, phenolic acids, flavonols, amino acids and their derivatives, as well as metabolites such as saccharides and alcohols in the leaves of I. difengpi plants, which alleviated the injury caused by excessive reactive oxygen species. The integration of transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that, under drought stress, I. difengpi increased glutathione, flavonoids, polyamines, soluble sugars and amino acids, contributing to cell osmotic potential and antioxidant activity. The results show that the high drought tolerance and recovery after rehydration are the reasons for the normal growth of I. difengpi in karst mountain areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypohydration can impair aerobic performance and deteriorate cognitive function during exercise. To minimize hypohydration, athletes are recommended to commence exercise at least euhydrated, ingest fluids containing sodium during long-duration and/or high-intensity exercise to prevent body mass loss over 2% and maintain elevated plasma osmolality, and rapidly restore and retain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis before a second exercise session. To achieve these goals, the compositions of the fluids consumed are key; however, it remains unclear what can be considered an optimal formulation for a hydration beverage in different settings. While carbohydrate–electrolyte solutions such as sports drinks have been extensively explored as a source of carbohydrates to meet fuel demands during intense and long-duration exercise, these formulas might not be ideal in situations where fluid and electrolyte balance is impaired, such as practicing exercise in the heat. Alternately, hypotonic compositions consisting of moderate to high levels of electrolytes (i.e., ≥45 mmol/L), mainly sodium, combined with low amounts of carbohydrates (i.e., <6%) might be useful to accelerate intestinal water absorption, maintain plasma volume and osmolality during exercise, and improve fluid retention during recovery. Future studies should compare hypotonic formulas and sports drinks in different exercise settings, evaluating different levels of sodium and/or other electrolytes, blends of carbohydrates, and novel ingredients for addressing hydration and rehydration before, during, and after exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The application of single-cell RNA sequencing has greatly improved our understanding of various cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, obtaining living cells for this technique can be difficult under certain conditions. To solve this problem, the methanol fixation method appeared as a promising alternative for routine clinical use. Materials and Methods: In this study, we selected two AML samples that had been fixed in methanol for 12–18 months. Once the cells were rehydrated, these samples were subjected to single-cell RNA sequencing. We then compared the results obtained from these samples with those obtained from the same samples cryopreserved in DMSO. Results: We used a previously validated methanol fixation protocol to perform scRNA-seq on DMSO cryopreserved cells and cells fixed in methanol for more than one year. Preliminary results show that methanol fixation induces some genetic and transcriptional modification compared with DMSO cryopreservation but remains a valuable method for single-cell analysis of primary human leukemia cells. Conclusions: The initial findings from this study highlight certain resemblances in methanol fixation over a 12-month period and cryopreservation with DMSO, along with associated transcriptional level modifications. However, we observed genetic degradation in the fixation condition when extending beyond one year. Despite certain study limitations, it is evident that short-term methanol fixation can be effectively used for leukemia blast samples. Its ease of implementation holds the potential to simplify the integration of this technique into routine clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bay leaves (Sygygium polyanthum), kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix) and pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) are herb leaves with unique aroma that are often added to dishes to strengthen and enrich the taste. The high demand of the leaves has prompted efforts to make them easy to distribute and shelf stable. Drying can increase the shelf life of these leaves with acceptable quality. The objectives of the research were to determine drying models for these leaves using two types of driers and to determine the panelist's preference for the dried and rehydrated leaves. These herb leaves are fresh-picked from the tree, cleaned and dried using the two different driers, i.e. fluidized bed drier (temperature 40-42°C) and tray drier (temperature 58-61°C). The leaves were weighed every 15 minutes until they reached a constant weight. Fresh leaves and dry leaves were photographed. The drying kinetics of both types of driers were checked with the Lewis model and Page model. Panelist preference test was carried out on dry leaves and leaves that had been rehydrated using hot water. The results showed that drying with a tray drier was able to dry faster than that with a fluidized bed drier. The Page drying model is more suitable to describe the drying conditions than the Lewis drying model. Panelists preferred dry and rehydrated herb leaves obtained from fluidized bed drier.

The physiological regulation of Welsh onion seedlings was explored under short- and long-term drought stress. The Welsh onion cultivar 'Neicong 3' was grown in pots under drought stress (22.5-25% soil water content) or controlled watering conditions (65-67.5% soil water content). Different lengths of drought stress (7, 14, 21, and 28 days) were studied to determine the effects of the drought on the levels of the osmoregulatory substances, including proline (Pro), free amino acids (FAAs), soluble sugar (SS), and soluble protein (SP); the membrane-damage indicator malondialdehyde (MDA); the endogenous hormones indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA); and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). The soil water content was restored to the control level after the drought stress to analyse the physiological responses of the Welsh onion with regards to rehydration. The results showed that the Welsh onion responded to drought stress primarily by increasing the levels of the osmoregulatory substances and the activities of the protective enzymes. The drought stress resulted in the accumulation of Pro, FAA, SS, MDA, and ABA in the pseudostems, while the IAA and GA levels decreased. Short-term drought stress led to a decrease in the SOD activity and an increase in the CAT activity, whereas the long-term drought stress led to a decrease in the POD activity. The effects of the drought stress on the SP and JA contents were negligible. The rehydration demonstrated that the short-term drought stress (7 or 14 days) did not exceed the tolerance of the Welsh onion; the substances regulating the drought tolerance were restored to normal levels after the stress conditions were relieved. In contrast, after the severe drought stress (28 days), the substances regulating the drought tolerance in the seedlings could not return to normal levels. This study provides a theoretical basis for the cultivation of the Welsh onion under early drought conditions and for breeding of drought-resistant varieties.

Rehydration of food products was carried out in various amounts of liquid. The effects of the solid-to-liquid ratio on rehydration characteristics of dried red beets were investigated. Six values of the solid-to-liquid ratio (1:20, 1:15, 1:10, 1:5, 1:3, and 1:1) were taken into consideration. Red beets cubes (10 mm) were dried in a forced convection (2 m/s; 60 °C) and then rehydrated in distilled water at a temperature of 20 °C. The kinetics of mass gain, dry matter loss, water gain, moisture content increase, and volume increase were modeled using the empirical Peleg model which parameters have physical meanings. Equations were formulated to make the Peleg model parameters dependent on the solid-to-liquid ratio. The obtained results indicated that the amount of rehydrating water influenced the values of the model parameters and the course of dried red beets rehydration and helped explain the rehydration kinetics. The Peleg model can be recommended for describing the kinetics of mass gain (R2 = 0.9662–0.9895), dry matter loss (R2 = 0.7042–0.9881), water gain (R2 = 0.9732–0.9913), moisture content increase (R2 = 0.9770–0.9929), and volume increase (R2 = 0.9374–0.9847) during the rehydration of dried red beet cubes at all considered values of the solid-to-liquid ratio.

In order to improve the drying rate and rehydration of tilapia meat, the freeze-drying characteristics and quality changes of blanched or steamed fish meat were analyzed. The effect of heat pretreatment on the quality of freeze-dried fish meat was elucidated by considering the denaturation degree of myofibrillar protein, water distribution and microstructural changes in fish meat during the drying process. The results showed that heat pretreatment could effectively improve the drying rate of tilapia meat, shortening the drying time by nine hours compared with the control group; blanching was more effective than steaming. The rehydration temperature range for tilapia meat was expanded by heat pretreatment, and good rehydration was observed at 50–80 ℃. The rehydration temperature for the control samples was 80 ℃, and the rehydration rate of the 10 min heat treatment group was more than 60%, indicating that the dried product can be rapidly rehydrated. The hardness of the rehydrated fish meat was similar to that of cooked fresh fish meat, and it had good mouthfeel. Heat pretreatment caused significant denaturation of myofibrillar protein and consequently changes in water distribution and a conspicuous increase in the peak area of transverse relaxation time T23, indicating that the increase in free water content after heat treatment is an important reason for the increase in freeze-drying rate. The experimental results can provide technical support for the development of ready-to-eat dried fish products that are suitable for rehydration.

To effectively shorten the rehydration time of Apostichopus japonicus and reduce the nutrient loss during the rehydration process, an ultrasound-assisted rehydration method was adopted to rehydrate semi-dry salted A. japonicus in this study. The effects of different ultrasonic powers, temperatures, and times on the rehydration characteristics, textural characteristics, and sensory quality of the semi-dry salted A. japonicus were studied. Box–Behnken response surface analysis was used to study the influence of the interactions among the three factors on the rehydration ratio of the semi-dry salted A. japonicus, and a quadratic multinomic regression model was established to predict the optimal rehydration ratio. The results showed that ultrasound could change the structure of semi-dry salted A. japonicus and form a spatial network structure, thereby improving its water absorption capacity and reducing rehydration time. The optimal rehydration effect could be obtained when the ultrasonic power was 400 W, the ultrasonic temperature was 50 °C, and the ultrasonic time was 83 min. Ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time, and ultrasonic temperature influenced the rehydration ratio of the semi-dry salted A. japonicus. Under the optimal rehydration conditions in this study, the rehydration ratio of semi-dry salted A. japonicus obtained by the test was 2.103, which was consistent with the value predicted by the Box–Behnken response surface method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bay leaves (Sygygium polyanthum), kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix) and pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) are herb leaves with unique aroma that are often added to dishes to strengthen and enrich the taste. The high demand of the leaves has prompted efforts to make them easy to distribute and shelf stable. Drying can increase the shelf life of these leaves with acceptable quality. The objectives of the research were to determine drying models for these leaves using two types of driers and to determine the panelist's preference for the dried and rehydrated leaves. These herb leaves are fresh-picked from the tree, cleaned and dried using the two different driers, i.e. fluidized bed drier (temperature 40-42°C) and tray drier (temperature 58-61°C). The leaves were weighed every 15 minutes until they reached a constant weight. Fresh leaves and dry leaves were photographed. The drying kinetics of both types of driers were checked with the Lewis model and Page model. Panelist preference test was carried out on dry leaves and leaves that had been rehydrated using hot water. The results showed that drying with a tray drier was able to dry faster than that with a fluidized bed drier. The Page drying model is more suitable to describe the drying conditions than the Lewis drying model. Panelists preferred dry and rehydrated herb leaves obtained from fluidized bed drier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid treatment of sepiolite under different molarity of HCl at various times was studied to find the best acid treatment conditions for obtaining anhydrous sepiolite without structural folding and with fully open and empty channels. It was found that high molarity (e.g., 3 M) acid treatment causes severe acid attack and heterogeneous magnesium dissolution from sepiolite particles. In contrast, the low molarity (e.g., 0.5 M) acid treatment dissolves magnesium homogeneously through the particles. This, in turn, affects the behavior of sepiolite upon calcination at 450ºC in that homogeneous magnesium dissolution gives better structural stability and consequently higher amount of open channels with the least amount of magnesium removal (25%). This is verified by rehydration behavior and specific surface area measurements after the calcination, where over 90% of the surface area could be preserved after the calcination of the low molarity acid-treated samples. No change in the morphology of sepiolite fibers was observed after acid treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichens are poikilohydric organisms and an important part of the ecosystem. They show high desiccation tolerance, but the mechanism of dehydration resistance still needs to be studied. The photosynthesis recovery of the photobiont in rehydrated lichen Cladonia stellaris after 11-year desiccation was investigated by simultaneously monitoring both photosystem I and II (PSI and PSII) activities. The responses of the photochemical efficiency and relative electron transport rate (rETR) of PSI and PSII, and the quantum yield of the cyclic electron flow (CEF) were measured using a Dual-PAM-100 system. PSI recovered rapidly, but PSII hardly recovered in C. stellaris during rehydration. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) was generally very low and reached about just 0.4 during the rehydration. These results indicated that PSII had restored little and was largely inactivated during rehydration. The quantum yield of PSI recovered quickly to almost 0.9 within 4 h and remained constant at nearly 1 thereafter. The results showed that the activation of the CEF in the early stages of rehydration helped the rapid recovery of PSI. The quantum yield of the CEF made up a considerable fraction of the quantum yield of PSI during rehydration. A regulated excess energy dissipation mechanism and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) also recovered. However, the small extent of the recovery of the NPQ was not enough to dissipate the excess energy during rehydration, which may be responsible for the weak activity of PSII during rehydration. The results indicated that both CEF and NPQ were essential during the rehydration of the photobiont in C. stellaris. The methods used in the measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence and P700+ absorbance changes in this study provided a speedy and simple way to detect the physiological characteristics of the photobionts of lichen during rehydration. This work improves our understanding of the mechanism behind lichen's desiccation tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acute Renal Failure, is a clinical syndrome characterized by an abrupt decline in glomerular filtration rate sufficient to decrease the elimination of nitrogenous waste products (urea and creatinine) and other uremic toxins. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical syndrome with a broad range of etiological profile. It is associated with major morbidity and significant mortality due to the severity of the causative illness. This study is to determine the various causes of AKI, in our hospital and to find out the incidence of AKI by using renal failure indices and to analyze outcome of AKI pertaining to the aetiology. Materials and methods: The present work is a prospective study conducted in Department of Nephrology, Govt General Hospital, Guntur Medical College, Guntur, from March 2021 to February 2022. This study consists of 100 cases with symptoms and signs of acute renal failure admitted under Department of Nephrology. Acute renal failure is defined as a deterioration of renal function over a period of hours to days, which results in an increase in serum creatinine of > 0.5 mg per decilitre over the baseline value, an increase of more than 50 percent over the baseline value or a decrease in renal function that results in the need for dialysis. Oliguria (Urine output of less than 400 mL/day) is a frequent but not invariable clinical feature. ARF may or may not be symptomatic. Results: 100 patients diagnosed to have ARF as per the criteria described previously were studied and the following observations were noted. The age of the patients included in the present study ranged from 13 to 82 years. Out of the 100 cases studied, 70 were males and 30 were females with a male : female ratio of 7:3. Out of the 100 cases studied, 34 died in the hospital suggesting a mortality of 34 percent; 28 patients were referred for dialysis and were lost to follow up (28%); 36 patients (36%) had complete recovery from ARF. Out of 42 gastroenteritis cases, 26 had complete recovery in hospital; 10 were referred for dialysis and 6 died in the hospital. Out of 28 snake bite patients 10 patients had complete recovery, 8 patients died and 10 patients were referred for dialysis and lost for followup. Conclusion: The most common cause of ARF is gastroenteritis, so simple remedial measures like using clean sanitary, drinking water, improvement of general hygiene, good obstetric care, control of mosquitoes and use of oral rehydration solution for diarrhoea can go a long way in decreasing the incidence of ARF in the developing world. Physician should be aware of the complication, close attention to haemodynamic, volume status and avoidance of nephrotoxic medications is important to have better outcome in ARF patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein ingestion is known to enhance post-exercise hydration. Whether the type of protein (i.e., whey, casein) can alter this response is unknown. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the effects of the addition of milk-derived whey isolate or casein protein to carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) drinks on post-exercise rehydration and endurance capacity. Thirty male soldiers (age: 24 ± 2.1 y; VO2max: 49.3 ± 4.7 mL/kg/min) were recruited. Upon losing ~2.2% of body mass by running in warm and humid conditions (32.3 °C, 76% relative humidity [RH]), participants ingested either a CE solution (66 g/L carbohydrate [CHO]), or CE plus isolate whey protein (CEW, 44 g/L CHO, 22 g/L isolate whey), or CE plus isolate casein protein (CEC, 44 g/L CHO, 22 g/L isolate casein) beverage in a volume equal to 150% of body mass loss. At the end of the 3 h rehydration period, a positive fluid balance was higher with CEW (0.22 L) compared to CEC (0.19 L) and CE (0.12 L). Overall mean fluid retention was higher in CEW (80.35%) compared with the CE (76.67%) and CEC trials (78.65%). The time of the endurance capacity test [Cooper 2.4 km (1.5 miles) run test] was significantly higher in CEC (14.25 ± 1.58 min) and CE [(12.90 ± 1.01 min; (p = 0.035)] than in CEW [(11.40 ± 1.41 min); (p = 0.001)]. The findings of this study indicate that the inclusion of isolate whey protein in a CE solution yields superior outcomes in terms of rehydration and enhanced endurance capacity, as compared to consuming the CE solution alone or in conjunction with isolate casein protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desiccation tolerance (DT) is relatively frequent in non-vascular plants and green algae. However, it is poorly understood how successive dehydration/rehydration (D/R) cycles shape their transcriptomes and proteomes. Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of adjustments on both transcript and protein profiles in response to successive D/R cycles in Coccomyxa simplex (Csol), isolated from the lichen Solorina saccata. A total of 1833 transcripts and 2332 proteins were differentially abundant as a consequence of D/R; however, only 315 of these transcripts/proteins showed similar trends. Variations in both transcriptomes and proteomes along D/R cycles together with functional analyses revealed an extensive decrease in transcript and protein levels during dehydration, most of them involved in gene expression, metabolism, substance transport, signalling and folding catalysis, among other cellular functions. At the same time, a series of protective transcripts/proteins, such as those related to antioxidant defence, polyol metabolism and autophagy, was upregulated during dehydration. Overall, our results show a transient decrease in most cellular functions as a result of drying and a gradual reactivation of specific cell processes to accommodate the hydration status along successive D/R cycles. This study provides new insights into key mechanisms involved in the DT of Csol and probably other dehydration-tolerant microalgae. In addition, functionally characterising the high number of genes/proteins of unknown functions found in this study may lead to the discovery of new DT mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat tenderness is one of the key factors determining consumer satisfaction and food quality. Freeze drying is a critical aspect of food preservation. Foods produced this way can be stored for an exceedingly long time, but they are characterized by being very hard in texture and requiring rehydration before use. This study presents an investigation focusing on finding preparation parameters of freeze-dried meat that would enable rehydration when left in an environment below 50 °C for 10 min, qualities that are ideal for hikers or soldiers. The meat samples were cooked at both 100 °C and 120 °C, cooled, and freeze-dried. Optical analysis, conducted using a microscope, was conducted to assess tissue damage. A compact and uniform structure was observed in the samples cooked at 120 °C, whereas fractures and gaps were detected on the surfaces of those cooked at 100 °C. Various rehydration durations and temperatures were explored to attain the samples' original tenderness, as measured using the Warner–Bratzler method, and identify the optimal rehydration conditions. Based on this investigation, it was determined that with proper preparation, the original tenderness can be restored at temperatures below 50 °C within a 10 min rehydration period. It was determined that the recommended rehydration temperature is 40 °C for a 10 min duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Mediterranean region, reforestation programs record failures following successive drought periods. The use of different plant-growth-promoting amendments and the understanding of drought-induced physiological and biochemical responses of carob will contribute to the reforestation program’s success. In this study, the effects of arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungi (AMF), vermicompost (VC), and rock phosphate (RP) on carob seedlings under drought stress (DS) and recovery (REC) conditions were evaluated. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with carob seedlings grown in the presence of AMF, VC, and RP, applied alone or in combination under well-watered (WW), DS (by stopping irrigation for 12 days), and recovery (REC) conditions. The obtained results indicated that the triple combination (AMF + VC + RP) presented the highest improvement in water potential, photosynthetic pigment content, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll fluorescence compared to the controls under DS and after REC. In addition, this combination resulted in improved tolerance of carob seedlings to DS and a high potential for rapid recovery after rehydration due to a high accumulation of sugars, proteins, and antioxidant enzymes. In summary, the results underline the importance of inoculating carob with AMF in combination with (in)-organic amendments in improving its tolerance to DS and its recovery performances.

The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of microwave pretreatment (MWP) and ultrasonic pretreatment (USP) on drying time (DT), mass transfer kinetics, effective water diffusivity (Deff), rehydration rate, color index (L*, a*, b*), and the surface shrinkage of carrot slices when dried in a hot air dryer (70 °C). The microwave process was performed for 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 s before drying of carrot slices. In addition, the ultrasound process was performed in an ultrasonic bath (40 kHz and 150 W) for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min. The results confirmed that the MWP and USP decreased the DT (higher water loss) of carrot slices. Deff values for microwave-pretreated slices were considerably higher than those for nontreated carrot slices (p

Most conventional drying methods often result in significant degradation of food items' flavor, color, and bioactive compounds due to the drying process. One of the effective drying methods for improving food quality and reducing the drying process's duration is applying heat through infrared radiation. Infrared-dried apple slice quality was evaluated experimentally and statistically in terms of the drying period, rehydration ratio, colour, and shrinkage as a function of infrared intensity levels, slice thicknesses, and air velocity. Apple slices were dried at infrared intensities of 0.130, 0.225, and 0.341 W/cm2, air velocities of 1.0, 0.5, and 1.5 m/s, and slice thicknesses of 6, 4, and 2 mm. Throughout the procedure, the dried slices were reduced from an initial moisture content of 87.5 %–11 % (w.b.). According to the findings, the drying time needed to decrease the moisture level of sliced apples to roughly 0.12 g water/g dry matter ranged from 200 to 280 min, 170–240 min, and 130–190 min at infrared radiation intensities of 0.130, 0.225, and 0.341 W/cm2, respectively. Water activity values for dried apple slices ranged from 0.371 to 0.450. The rehydration ratio increased with increasing air velocity and reduced with increased infrared radiation intensity. In contrast, the shrinkage ratio increased with increased infrared radiation intensity and decreased with increased air velocity. Slices of fresh and dry apples had a more significant overall colour difference as radiation intensity and air velocity increased.

In this review, the rehydration kinetics model, the quality factors affecting of vegetables during rehydration process, the future challenges and development direction of rehydration process were comprehensively analyzed. Based on the fitting equation for the change in moisture content during rehydration, a suitable rehydration model can be selected to describe the rehydration process of vegetables. Optimal pre-treatment, drying and rehydration methods were selected by considering quality, energy consumption and environmental aspects, and new technologies were developed to improve the quality characteristics of rehydrated vegetables. It is necessary to classify vegetables according to their shape and type to establish the criteria of rehydration processing through mathematical modeling. Industrial production from pre-treatment to product packaging will be precisely adjusted through process parameters. Furthermore, improvements the quality of rehydrated vegetables can be considered in terms of the structural and compositional aspects of the cell wall and cell membrane.