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Yesuneh Tefera Mekasha,1 Sete Nigussie,2 Wegayehu Ashagre,3 Melaku Getahun Feleke,4 Abibo Wondie,5 Asnakew Mulaw,6 Bereket Dessalegn6 1Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, and Regulatory Affairs, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 4Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis, and Quality Assurance, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 5Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Drug Supply Chain Management, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 6Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Yesuneh Tefera Mekasha, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia, Email yesuneh.tefera@uog.edu.etBackground: The intentional and illegal misrepresentation of fake medications involves falsely indicating their source. These fraudulent medications can include products that contain either accurate or incorrect ingredients, lack proper labeling, have insufficient quantities of ingredients, and are packaged with counterfeit packaging. This unlawful activity has led to treatment failures, the development of antibiotic resistance, adverse effects, and even deaths. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, practice, and regulatory status of veterinary drug experts in the central Gondar zone of Ethiopia regarding counterfeit veterinary medications.Methods: From January 2023 to July 2023, a self-administered structured questionnaire was utilized to conduct a cross-sectional study in Central Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. The analysis of the data involved the application of descriptive and chi-square tests.Results: The study revealed that the majority of professionals possessed a work experience ranging from 5 to 9 years (23; 56.1%). Additionally, a total of 25 individuals (61.0%) who participated in the research had not undergone any kind of training. It was observed that a significant proportion of participants (82.9%) possessed knowledge about counterfeit veterinary drugs. Only about 63% and 36% of respondents had high knowledge and good practice concerning veterinary counterfeit drugs, respectively. Only 29.3% of participants have reported practices. Furthermore, a poor regulatory level of coordination was detected (85.4%). The study revealed a significant (χ 2 =7.6165; p = 0.022) disparity between the respondents’ practice levels and training. Respondents’ regulatory levels were also significantly associated (p < 0.05) with their sex (χ 2 = 13.34; p = 0.001) and work experience (χ 2 = 13.64; p = 0.033). The research findings also revealed a noteworthy correlation between practice and regulatory activity (χ 2 = 15.0463; p = 0.005).Conclusion: The study outlines the necessity of awareness initiatives, with a focus on the significance of veterinary experts’ knowledge, practice, and regulatory efforts in addressing the issue of counterfeit veterinary medications.Keywords: counterfeit veterinary drug, veterinary drug professionals, cross-sectional study, knowledge, practice, regulatory activity, central Gondar zone, Ethiopia

It is argued that the future model of legal regulation of economic relations using a complex of stimulating legal means is laid down precisely by the regulatory act. It is proven that the effectiveness of organizing and conducting regulatory activities determines the degree of effectiveness of the stimulating legal regime of economic activity. It has been established that despite the obvious purpose of both regulatory and legislative activities to achieve increased efficiency of legal regulation of certain groups of social relations, choosing a less economically costly method of legal influence is a particular feature of regulatory activities. Cases have been identified where the state, using various legal techniques, excludes from the scope of the Law of Ukraine "On the Principles of State Regulatory Policy in the Field of Economic Activity" groups of social relations regulated by a system of legal norms, which is an integral element of the stimulating legal regime of economic activity. It is asserted that the legal techniques chosen by the state do not always correspond to the legal certainty, the "quality of the law", which constitutes the essence of the rule of law principle, nullifying the purpose of legal regulation of social relations in a predictable manner. It has been established that the exclusion from the scope of the Law of Ukraine "On the Principles of State Regulatory Policy in the Field of Economic Activity" of a significant range of social relations has created conditions for the preparation of most regulatory legal acts, including those defining the principles of implementation of the stimulating legal regime of economic activity, circumventing the requirements imposed on regulatory activities. The provision on the expediency of bringing the legal techniques for determining the scope of application of the Law of Ukraine "On the Principles of State Regulatory Policy in the Field of Economic Activity" in line with the principles of normative drafting techniques embodied in the Law of Ukraine "On Legislative Activity" is substantiated. The provision regarding the inclusion in Article 3 of the Law of Ukraine "On the Principles of State Regulatory Policy in the Field of Economic Activity" of the norm that exceptions from the scope of this Law are made only by amending this Law is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to obtain a recombinant chimeric protein named trx-NsW2 via theheterologous expression of the multifunctional antimicrobial peptide nigellothionin from black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds in the Escherichia coli system. The protein was purified using a combination of Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. Based on the HPLC calibration, the total yield of the protein was calculated to be 650 mg/L of bacterial culture. The fungistatic activity of trx-NsW2 against the food-spoiling fungus Aspergillus niger was demonstrated as itinhibited the maturation of conidiawithout affecting conidial germination or fungal growth. In contrast to mature nigellothionin NsW2, the fusion protein showeda low level of cytotoxicity towards both normal and tumor cell lines at concentrationsof up to 100–200 µM. Interestingly, at lower concentrations, it even stimulated cytokinesis. These findings are of critical importance for applying chimeric antimicrobial proteins obtained via microbiological synthesis in applied science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review analyzes the content of the textbook Rule-making process in the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, prepared by a team of authors representing not only Crimean universities that provide training in the areas 40.04.01 Jurisprudence and 38.04.04 State and municipal government, but also directly involved in the legislative process. It is emphasized that this is the third book in a series of publications based on the annual reports of the State Council of the Republic of Crimea and reports of the Legislative Assembly of the city of Sevastopol on the state of regional legislation. The authors point to a well-grounded combination of theoretical and practical foundations of rule-making activity in the constiuents of the Russian Federation under study. It is noted that the cycle of publications based on legal monitoring of the legislative activities of the State Council of the Republic of Crimea and the Legislative Assembly of the city of Sevastopol is successfully combined with a theoretical review of issues related to the preparation of draft laws. These facts make the manual a useful source not only for undergraduate students, but also for all specialists working in the field of regulatory activity.

This study aimed to obtain a recombinant chimeric protein named trx-NsW2 via theheterologous expression of the multifunctional antimicrobial peptide nigellothionin from black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds in the Escherichia coli system. The protein was purified using a combination of Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. Based on the HPLC calibration, the total yield of the protein was calculated to be 650 mg/L of bacterial culture. The fungistatic activity of trx-NsW2 against the food-spoiling fungus Aspergillus niger was demonstrated as itinhibited the maturation of conidiawithout affecting conidial germination or fungal growth. In contrast to mature nigellothionin NsW2, the fusion protein showeda low level of cytotoxicity towards both normal and tumor cell lines at concentrationsof up to 100–200 µM. Interestingly, at lower concentrations, it even stimulated cytokinesis. These findings are of critical importance for applying chimeric antimicrobial proteins obtained via microbiological synthesis in applied science.

Metabolic pathways have been studied for a while in eukaryotic cells. During glycolysis, glucose enters into the cells through the Glut1 transporter to be phosphorylated and metabolized generating ATP molecules. Immune cells can use additional pathways to adapt their energetic needs. The pentose phosphate pathway, the glutaminolysis, the fatty acid oxidation and the oxidative phosphorylation generate additional metabolites to respond to the physiological requirements. Specifically, in B lymphocytes, these pathways are activated to meet energetic demands in relation to their maturation status and their functional orientation (tolerance, effector or regulatory activities). These metabolic programs are differentially involved depending on the receptors and the co-activation molecules stimulated. Their induction may also vary according to the influence of the microenvironment, i.e. the presence of T cells, cytokines ... promoting the expression of particular transcription factors that direct the energetic program and modulate the number of ATP molecule produced. The current review provides recent advances showing the underestimated influence of the metabolic pathways in the control of the B cell physiology, with a particular focus on the regulatory B cells, but also in the oncogenic and autoimmune evolution of the B cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic pathways have been studied for a while in eukaryotic cells. During glycolysis, glucose enters into the cells through the Glut1 transporter to be phosphorylated and metabolized generating ATP molecules. Immune cells can use additional pathways to adapt their energetic needs. The pentose phosphate pathway, the glutaminolysis, the fatty acid oxidation and the oxidative phosphorylation generate additional metabolites to respond to the physiological requirements. Specifically, in B lymphocytes, these pathways are activated to meet energetic demands in relation to their maturation status and their functional orientation (tolerance, effector or regulatory activities). These metabolic programs are differentially involved depending on the receptors and the co-activation molecules stimulated. Their induction may also vary according to the influence of the microenvironment, i.e. the presence of T cells, cytokines … promoting the expression of particular transcription factors that direct the energetic program and modulate the number of ATP molecule produced. The current review provides recent advances showing the underestimated influence of the metabolic pathways in the control of the B cell physiology, with a particular focus on the regulatory B cells, but also in the oncogenic and autoimmune evolution of the B cells.

The reports of the heating sector are one of the most important sources of heating data, accurate and reasonable pricing and is an essential objective of public interest. The verification of the reports on regulated activities is particularly important to regulate interpretation of the principles of companies’ operating cost and accounting separation systems. The purpose of the article is to identify the main elements of the regulatory activities report whereas have to be improved and needs more attention of auditors and regulators. There were examined 52 reports of Lithuanian heating sector companies using document (content) analysis approach. Misstatements were analysed using specific evaluation criteria to identify areas for improvement. The development of an appropriate methodology and the efficient functioning of the process should help to avoid errors or inaccuracies in determining, fair recognition, disclosure and valuation of fixed assets as an essential factor of heating prices.

Abstract Background Government regulation has played a crucial role in ensuring the quality, safety and equity of health care. However, few empirical studies have investigated Chinese governmental oversight of health care facilities in terms of regulatory arrangements and approaches. This study aims to explore the regulatory regime and main activities within the health sector in Shanghai, a city featuring abundant health care resources and a complex medical system, to provide policy implications for better regulation and offer valuable reference for elsewhere in China and other developing countries. Methods We explored the structure and main activities of government regulation over health care facilities in Shanghai, compared it with the regulatory system in Hong Kong and Taipei through a literature review and analyzed the data on regulatory activities conducted by the local Health Supervision Agencies using descriptive statistical analysis. The data were collected from the Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2014–2018 and the centralized data bank of the Shanghai Health Supervision Authority. Results Shanghai has established a unique governmental regulatory system compared to Hong Kong and Taipei. We found health care facilities in Shanghai underwent less frequent inspections between 2013 and 2017, as average annual inspections at individual facilities decreased from 3.8 to 2.7. The number of annual administrative penalties and notifications issued for accumulating points on local health care facilities’ violations decreased by 24.8 and 40.7%, respectively, and complaints against health care facilities decreased by 29.1% during the study period. Conclusions The local governmental regulatory system played a vital role in overseeing the health care facilities and ensuring their legal compliance by exerting the various regulatory activities. Both annual administrative penalties and notifications of accumulating points on local health care facilities’ violations decreased considerably, with complaints against health care facilities reducing. As our study identified significant challenges, including regulatory fragmentation and no risk-based approach used, we offer recommendations to develop new policies and establish new mechanisms for better regulation.

The aim of the article is a detailed analysis of the regulatory activity of executive authorities. By systematizing and summarizing the available information on the implementation of the state regulatory policy in the context of analysis of the regulatory activity of executive authorities, the following issues are considered: the draft regulatory acts are reviewed for compliance with the principles and requirements of the state regulatory policy; the level of integration of Ukraine’s regulatory policy with that of the EU is determined by analyzing the fulfillment of Ukraine’s obligations on the implementation of EU norms regarding legislation; the ineffectiveness of ensuring and implementing the state regulatory policy is identified through determining the compliance of the priorities in ensuring and implementing the state regulatory policy with the available results. It is determined that at the present time there is a tendency to decline in the regulatory activity of executive authorities due to the formal and unsystematic nature of planning their regulatory activities and the failure to comply with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine “On the Principles of Regulatory Policy in Economic Activity”. Prospects for further research in this direction are to determine the impact of regulatory policy on the national economy by building an appropriate simulation model with the reflection of the relevant cause-effect relations.

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In the current Ukrainian regulatory process in the sphere of sea use management, the existing requirements for disclosure of information are being implemented formally, which is the pretext for creating corrupt interactions in the adoption of regulatory acts. The article is aimed at defining tools of the mechanism of information relations of the regulators in the sphere of sea use management and providing proposals as to establishment of a State information base for the maritime regions in Ukraine. The components of such a mechanism have been researched. The need to establish and develop a State information system that can develop the electronic information interaction among regulators in the sphere of sea use management has been proved. The integrated components of establishing the State information system «Unified environment for electronic regulation of the maritime regions» and the principles for its establishment have been defined, which will inform consumers and investors about the regulatory activities in Ukraine in the sphere of sea use management.

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Copyright of Problems of Economy is the property of Research Centre for Industrial Developmen Problems of Nas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)