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An integrated approach that utilises hyperspectral and chlorophyll a fluorescence sensors to predict biochemical and biophysical parameters represents a new generation of remote-sensing research. The main objective of this study was to obtain a detailed spectral profile that correlates with plant physiology, thereby enhancing our understanding and management of plant health, pigment profiles, and compound fingerprints. Leveraging datasets using non-imaging or passive hyperspectral and chlorophyll fluorescence sensors to collect data in Tradescantia species demonstrated significant differences in leaf characteristics with pigment concentrations and structural components. The main goal was to use principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLS) methods to analyse the variations in their spectra. Our findings demonstrate a strong correlation between hyperspectral data and chlorophyll fluorescence, which is further supported by the development of hyperspectral vegetation indices (HVIs) that can accurately evaluate fingerprints and predict many compounds in variegated leaves. The higher the integrated analytical approach and its potential application in HVIs and fingerprints, the better the selection of wavelengths and sensor positions for rapid and accurate analysis of many different compounds in leaves. Nonetheless, limitations arose from the specificity of the data for the Tradescantia species, warranting further research across diverse plant types and compounds in the leaves. Overall, this study paves the way for more sustainable and informed agricultural practices through breakthroughs in the application of sensors to remote-sensing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemorrhoids is a disease characterized by swollen blood vessels in the rectum or anus. This disease is caused by low consumption of fiber, spicy foods and alcoholic drinks. Symptoms that can be experienced by hemorrhoid sufferers are the appearance of lumps and bleeding when defecating. One treatment for this disease is through the use of herbal medicine, namely purple leaves. The aim of this research is to prove whether people now also use purple leaves as a treatment for hemorrhoids. This type of research is non-experimental using survey methods. The instrument used was a questionnaire. The research results show that the majority of hemorrhoid sufferers (80%) use purple leaves to reduce hemorrhoid symptoms. The price of purple leaf medicine is very competitive with conventional hemorrhoid medicine, so that 52% of hemorrhoid sufferers consume purple leaf regularly (although not when experiencing hemorrhoid symptoms).

An integrated approach that utilises hyperspectral and chlorophyll a fluorescence sensors to predict biochemical and biophysical parameters represents a new generation of remote-sensing research. The main objective of this study was to obtain a detailed spectral profile that correlates with plant physiology, thereby enhancing our understanding and management of plant health, pigment profiles, and compound fingerprints. Leveraging datasets using non-imaging or passive hyperspectral and chlorophyll fluorescence sensors to collect data in Tradescantia species demonstrated significant differences in leaf characteristics with pigment concentrations and structural components. The main goal was to use principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLS) methods to analyse the variations in their spectra. Our findings demonstrate a strong correlation between hyperspectral data and chlorophyll fluorescence, which is further supported by the development of hyperspectral vegetation indices (HVIs) that can accurately evaluate fingerprints and predict many compounds in variegated leaves. The higher the integrated analytical approach and its potential application in HVIs and fingerprints, the better the selection of wavelengths and sensor positions for rapid and accurate analysis of many different compounds in leaves. Nonetheless, limitations arose from the specificity of the data for the Tradescantia species, warranting further research across diverse plant types and compounds in the leaves. Overall, this study paves the way for more sustainable and informed agricultural practices through breakthroughs in the application of sensors to remote-sensing technologies.

In order to screen Perilla resources suitable for both medicine and food, basic nutritional quality, main active components and mineral content were determined in 14 purple Perilla frutescens lines (No.C01~C14), which were collected from Guizhou, Hunan, Shanxi and Heilongjiang provinces. The nutritional quality of Perilla leaves was evaluated by factor analysis and systematic cluster analysis. In addition, the essential oil types of the Perilla lines were also analyzed. The results showed that the content of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, soluble protein, total free amino acids and soluble sugar were 12.87~19.52, 2.07~4.19, 6.59~9.84 g/100 g, 0.99~2.49, 0.17~1.57 and 28.90~61.54 g/kg, respectively. The contents of flavonoids, total phenols and vitamin C were 13.28~24.35 g/kg, 59.26~99.18 mg/kg and 1.16~8.17 mg/100 g. The content of Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu was 13.96~27.86, 5.60~8.94, 4.63~19.74 and 0.52~2.61 mg/kg, respectively. Factor analysis showed that the four common factors of ''sugar and mineral elements'', ''active substances'', ''protein'' and ''fat'' could be extracted from the multitudinous nutrient factors of Perilla leaves. The best comprehensive quality performance was C05, followed by C12, C11, C06 and C10. Cluster analysis indicated that 14 Perilla lines could be divided into three groups, they were ''high-sugar and high-mineral group'', ''high-fat and high-protein and high-active ingredient group'' and ''high-fiber and low-nutrition group'', including 8, 3 and 3 lines correspondingly. The essential oil detection and composition analysis showed that the content of essential oil ranged from 0.25% to 1.09% in 14 Perilla lines. The chemotype of essential oil of 14 Perilla lines could be divided into four types: PA type (rich in L-perillaldehyde), pp-m type (rich in 1,3-benzodioxole, 4-methoxy-6-(2-propenyl)-), atypical EK+type (mainly containing elsholtzia ketone) and MP type (rich in 1-(furan-2-yl)-4-methylpentan-1-one), including 7, 1, 2 and 4 Perilla lines respectively. After comprehensive evaluation, it was concluded that C05 was the best line in quality and was also rich in PA-type essential oil, which could be developed into both medicine and food.

There is increasing interest in the production and consumption of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) processed from purple–leaved cultivar due to their high anthocyanin content and health benefits. However, how and why seasonal changes affect anthocyanin accumulation in young tea leaves still remains obscured. In this study, anthocyanin and abscisic acid (ABA) contents in young leaves of Zifuxing 1 (ZFX1), a cultivar with new shoots turning to purple in Wuyi Mountain, a key tea production region in China, were monitored over four seasons. Young leaves produced in September were highly purplish, which was accompanied with higher anthocyanin and ABA contents. Among the environmental factors, the light intensity in particular was closely correlated with anthocyanin and ABA contents. A shade experiment also indicated that anthocyanin content significantly decreased after 168 h growth under 75% shade, but ABA treatment under the shade conditions sustained anthocyanin content. To confirm the involvement of ABA in the modulation of anthocyanin accumulation, anthocyanin, carotenoids, chlorophyll, ABA, jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) in the young leaves of four cultivars, including ZFX1, Zijuan (ZJ), wherein leaves are completely purple, Rougui (RG) and Fudingdabaicha (FDDB) wherein leaves are green, were analyzed, and antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts were tested. Results showed that ABA, not other tested hormones, was significantly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in the purple–leaved cultivars. Cultivars with higher anthocyanin contents exhibited higher antioxidant activities. Subsequently, ZFX1 plants were grown under full sun and treated with ABA and fluridone (Flu), an ABA inhibitor. ABA treatment elevated anthocyanin level but decreased chlorophyll contents. The reverse was true to those treated with Flu. To pursue a better understanding of ABA involvement in anthocyanin accumulation, RNA–Seq was used to analyze transcript differences among ABA– or Flu–treated and untreated ZFX1 plants. Results indicated that the differentially expressed genes in ABA or Flu treatment were mainly ABA signal sensing and metabolism–related genes, anthocyanin accumulation-related genes, light–responsive genes, and key regulatory MYB transcription factors. Taking all the results into account, a model for anthocyanin accumulation in ZFX1 cultivar was proposed: high light intensity caused reactive oxygen stress, which triggered the biosynthesis of ABA; ABA interactions with transcription factors, such as MYB-enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis limited chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation; and transport of anthocyanin to vacuoles resulting in the young leaves of ZFX1 with purplish coloration. Further research is warranted to test this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) is a native plant from Indonesia (Polynesia) which is empirically common used to treat hemorrhoids, diabetes, and many other diseases. Despite its massive development globally, there are few studies have written about the toxicity of this herbal medicine. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the acute toxicity of this herbal medicine, as the basic ground of the further safe development of this medicine. Method: Each purple leaf dry powder (2 kg) was extracted with 15 L of 70% ethanol and 15 L of hexane by maceration method for 3 days at room temperature and then filtered to obtain macerate liquid. The study was conducted on 36 male 6-8 weeks, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The result was presented as the mean value ± standard deviation (SD). Data were evaluated for homogeneity using Saphiro Wilk. The comparisons between pre dan post treatment body weight were measured by paired student t test and hematological measurements were analyzed by ANOVA. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Acute toxicity of ethanol and hexane extract were assessed following a single dose administered by gavage at a dose of 50, 2000 and 3000 g/kg bw. The mean body weight of rats increased from 150 ± 2.22 g to 161 ± 6.68 g during the 14 days. The difference of body weight between before and at 14 days amongs groups were significantly different with P value <0.01. Conclusion: The present study showed that hexane extract contains more valuable components for medical treatment purposes. The acute toxicity on 50, 2000,3000 kg/BW oral ethanol and hexane extract of Graptophyllum pictum showed no significant influence on hematological blood parameters of rats. It is safe to administered orally ethanol or hexane extract of G. pictum below 3000mg/kgBW rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassica napus as both oilseed and vegetable, is widely cultivated in China. The purple leaf of B. napus is rich in anthocyanins and can provide valuable nutrients. Although several high-anthocyanin cultivars have been reported, the molecular mechanism underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in B. napus remains lesser-known. Therefore, in this study, we conducted integrative metabolome and transcriptome analyses in three B. napus cultivars with different leaf colors. Overall, 39 flavonoids were identified (including 35 anthocyanins), and 22 anthocyanins were differentially accumulated in the leaves, contributing to the different leaf colors. Cyanidin-3,5,3'-O-triglucoside was confirmed as the main contributor of the purple leaf phenotype. Meanwhile, other anthocyanins may play important roles in deepening the color of B. napus leaves. A total of 5,069 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 32 overlapping DEGs were identified by RNA-sequencing; hence, the correlation between anthocyanin content and DEG expression levels was explored. Two structural genes (DFR and ANS), three GSTs (homologous to TT19), and 68 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs), especially MYB-related TFs and WRKY44, were identified in three B. napus varieties characterized by different leaf color, thereby indicating that these genes may contribute to anthocyanin biosynthesis, transport, or accumulation in B. napus leaves. The findings of study provide important insights that may contribute to gaining a better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin metabolism in B. napus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontal disease are common dental and oral health problems in the community. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is one of the main causes of the periodontal disease. The alveolar bone resorption could be as severity indicator of the disease, so that need a material that can help a process of bone remineralization. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that are responsible for the mineralization of the bone matrix. Purple leaf is one of the thirteen commodities developed by DitjenPOM as a superior medicinal plant. Purpose: To determine the effect of 2,5%, 5% and 10% purple leaf extract (EDU) of osteoblasts cells in wistar rats induced by Pg. Method: Thirty male wistar rats divided into 5 groups, namely N (without treatment), K (Pg), P (Pg+EDU 2,5%), P2 (Pg+ EDU 5%), P3 (Pg+EDU 10%). EDU administration once a day for 7 days. The mice were decaputated on the 7 th day and the left mandible was taken to make preparations followed by HE staining, observation and calculation of the number of osteoblast cells in 3 different fields. The results of the observations (data) were added up, averaged and analyzed by One Way ANOVA. Result: The group induced by Pg and EDU had a higher average number of osteoblasts than the K and N group. Conclusion: Purple leaf extract (EDU) can increase osteoblasts cells in the alveolar bone of male wistar rats induced by Pg with the highest number of osteoblasts in the 10% concentration.

There is increasing interest in the production and consumption of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) processed from purple–leaved cultivar due to their high anthocyanin content and health benefits. However, how and why seasonal changes affect anthocyanin accumulation in young tea leaves still remains obscured. In this study, anthocyanin and abscisic acid (ABA) contents in young leaves of Zifuxing 1 (ZFX1), a cultivar with new shoots turning to purple in Wuyi Mountain, a key tea production region in China, were monitored over four seasons. Young leaves produced in September were highly purplish, which was accompanied with higher anthocyanin and ABA contents. Among the environmental factors, the light intensity in particular was closely correlated with anthocyanin and ABA contents. A shade experiment also indicated that anthocyanin content significantly decreased after 168 h growth under 75% shade, but ABA treatment under the shade conditions sustained anthocyanin content. To confirm the involvement of ABA in the modulation of anthocyanin accumulation, anthocyanin, carotenoids, chlorophyll, ABA, jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) in the young leaves of four cultivars, including ZFX1, Zijuan (ZJ), wherein leaves are completely purple, Rougui (RG) and Fudingdabaicha (FDDB) wherein leaves are green, were analyzed, and antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts were tested. Results showed that ABA, not other tested hormones, was significantly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in the purple–leaved cultivars. Cultivars with higher anthocyanin contents exhibited higher antioxidant activities. Subsequently, ZFX1 plants were grown under full sun and treated with ABA and fluridone (Flu), an ABA inhibitor. ABA treatment elevated anthocyanin level but decreased chlorophyll contents. The reverse was true to those treated with Flu. To pursue a better understanding of ABA involvement in anthocyanin accumulation, RNA–Seq was used to analyze transcript differences among ABA– or Flu–treated and untreated ZFX1 plants. Results indicated that the differentially expressed genes in ABA or Flu treatment were mainly ABA signal sensing and metabolism–related genes, anthocyanin accumulation-related genes, light–responsive genes, and key regulatory MYB transcription factors. Taking all the results into account, a model for anthocyanin accumulation in ZFX1 cultivar was proposed: high light intensity caused reactive oxygen stress, which triggered the biosynthesis of ABA; ABA interactions with transcription factors, such as MYB-enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis limited chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation; and transport of anthocyanin to vacuoles resulting in the young leaves of ZFX1 with purplish coloration. Further research is warranted to test this model.

Brassica juncea is an important dietary vegetable cultivated and consumed in China for its edible stalks and leaves. The purple leaf mustard, which is rich in anthocyanins, is eye-catching and delivers valuable nutrition. However, the molecular mechanism involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis has not been well studied in B. juncea. Here, histological and transcriptome analyses were used to characterize the purple leaf color and gene expression profiles. Free-hand section analysis showed that the anthocyanin was mainly accumulated in the adaxial epidermal leaf cells. The anthocyanin content in the purple leaves was significantly higher than that in the green leaves. To investigate the critical genes and pathways involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation, the transcriptome analysis was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the purple and green leaves from the backcrossed BC3 segregation population in B. juncea. A total of 2,286 different expressed genes were identified between the purple and green leaves. Among them, 1,593 DEGs were up-regulated and 693 DEGs were down-regulated. There were 213 differently expressed transcription factors among them. The MYB and bHLH transcription factors, which may regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis, were up-regulated in the purple leaves. Interestingly, most of the genes involved in plant–pathogen interaction pathway were also up-regulated in the purple leaves. The late biosynthetic genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were highly up-regulated in the purple leaves of B. juncea. The up regulation of BjTT8 and BjMYC2 and anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (BjC4H, BjDFR, and BjANS) may activate the purple leaf formation in B. juncea. This study may help to understand the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in B. juncea.

Brassica juncea is an important dietary vegetable cultivated and consumed in China for its edible stalks and leaves. The purple leaf mustard, which is rich in anthocyanins, is eye-catching and delivers valuable nutrition. However, the molecular mechanism involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis has not been well studied in B. juncea. Here, histological and transcriptome analyses were used to characterize the purple leaf color and gene expression profiles. Free-hand section analysis showed that the anthocyanin was mainly accumulated in the adaxial epidermal leaf cells. The anthocyanin content in the purple leaves was significantly higher than that in the green leaves. To investigate the critical genes and pathways involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation, the transcriptome analysis was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the purple and green leaves from the backcrossed BC3 segregation population in B. juncea. A total of 2,286 different expressed genes were identified between the purple and green leaves. Among them, 1,593 DEGs were up-regulated and 693 DEGs were down-regulated. There were 213 differently expressed transcription factors among them. The MYB and bHLH transcription factors, which may regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis, were up-regulated in the purple leaves. Interestingly, most of the genes involved in plant–pathogen interaction pathway were also up-regulated in the purple leaves. The late biosynthetic genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were highly up-regulated in the purple leaves of B. juncea. The up regulation of BjTT8 and BjMYC2 and anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (BjC4H , BjDFR , and BjANS) may activate the purple leaf formation in B. juncea. This study may help to understand the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in B. juncea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purple coloration of pepper leaves arises from the accumulation of anthocyanin. Three regulatory and 12 structural genes have been characterized for their involvement in the anthocyanin biosynthesis. Examination of the abundance of these genes in leaves showed that the majority of them differed between anthocyanin pigmented line Z1 and non-pigmented line A3. Silencing of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor CaMYB in pepper leaves of Z1 resulted in the loss of anthocyanin accumulation. Moreover, the expression of multiple genes was altered in the silenced leaves. The expression of MYC was significantly lower in CaMYB-silenced leaves, whereas WD40 showed the opposite pattern. Most structural genes including CHS, CHI, F3H, F3’5’H, DFR, ANS, UFGT, ANP and GST were repressed in CaMYB-silenced foliage with the exception of PAL, C4H and 4CL. These results indicated that MYB plays an important role in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic related genes. Besides CaMYB silenced leaves rendered more sporulation of Phytophthora capsici Leonian indicating that CaMYB might be involved in the defense response to pathogens.

Brassica napus as both oilseed and vegetable, is widely cultivated in China. The purple leaf of B. napus is rich in anthocyanins and can provide valuable nutrients. Although several high-anthocyanin cultivars have been reported, the molecular mechanism underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in B. napus remains lesser-known. Therefore, in this study, we conducted integrative metabolome and transcriptome analyses in three B. napus cultivars with different leaf colors. Overall, 39 flavonoids were identified (including 35 anthocyanins), and 22 anthocyanins were differentially accumulated in the leaves, contributing to the different leaf colors. Cyanidin-3,5,3'-O-triglucoside was confirmed as the main contributor of the purple leaf phenotype. Meanwhile, other anthocyanins may play important roles in deepening the color of B. napus leaves. A total of 5,069 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 32 overlapping DEGs were identified by RNA-sequencing; hence, the correlation between anthocyanin content and DEG expression levels was explored. Two structural genes ( DFR and ANS ), three GSTs (homologous to TT19 ), and 68 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs), especially MYB-related TFs and WRKY44, were identified in three B. napus varieties characterized by different leaf color, thereby indicating that these genes may contribute to anthocyanin biosynthesis, transport, or accumulation in B. napus leaves. The findings of study provide important insights that may contribute to gaining a better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin metabolism in B. napus ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Li, Du, Zhang, Feng, Liu, Yang and Zhu.)

The purple coloration of pepper leaves arises from the accumulation of anthocyanin. Three regulatory and 12 structural genes have been characterized for their involvement in the anthocyanin biosynthesis. Examination of the abundance of these genes in leaves showed that the majority of them differed between anthocyanin pigmented line Z1 and non-pigmented line A3. Silencing of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor CaMYB in pepper leaves of Z1 resulted in the loss of anthocyanin accumulation. Moreover, the expression of multiple genes was altered in the silenced leaves. The expression of MYC was significantly lower in CaMYB-silenced leaves, whereas WD40 showed the opposite pattern. Most structural genes including CHS, CHI, F3H, F3'5'H, DFR, ANS, UFGT, ANP, and GST were repressed in CaMYB-silenced foliage with the exception of PAL, C4H, and 4CL. These results indicated that MYB plays an important role in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic related genes. Besides CaMYB silenced leaves rendered more sporulation of Phytophthora capsici Leonian indicating that CaMYB might be involved in the defense response to pathogens.