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Araucaria angustifolia is an endangered species with more than 97% of its natural populations extinct. Logging of the species in the few remaining natural populations is highly restricted, though not readily accepted by farmers and logging companies. Consequently, political pressures have emerged for a return to logging of the species. Assessing the sustainability of such logging requires studies of a range of impacts on the remaining populations, including their genetic viability. We investigated the effect of selective logging on genetic diversity, intrapopulation spatial genetic structure (SGS), effective population size (Ne), and pollen and seed dispersal in three A. angustifolia permanent sample blocks established in a remnant of Araucaria Forest in Brazil. In these sample blocks, three logging intensities were applied (LI: 18.4, 31.4, and 32.3% of trees). Microsatellite analysis was performed for all adult and juvenile trees pre- and post-logging saplings. After selective logging, the greatest loss of alleles and the greatest decrease in Ne were observed from the highest LI. Logging increased SGS, while the distance and patterns of pollen and seed dispersal were different for both pre- and post-logging scenarios, with pollen dispersed over greater distances than seed. Pollen dispersal distance post-logging and seed dispersal distance pre- and post-logging decreased with the increased distance between parents. After logging, Ne reduced from 27.7 (LI = 31.4%) to 28.8 (LI = 18.4%) and 39.5% (LI = 32.3%), and some alleles were lost. Despite this, the loss of these alleles may be compensated for in subsequent generations, considering that logging resulted in changes such as an increase in the rate and distance of pollen immigration. Under the conditions evaluated in this study, selective logging of A. angustifolia is not adequate. To achieve truly sustainable forest logging, new rules that combine higher minimum DBH, lower logging intensity, and longer cutting cycles must be adopted. Furthermore, extensive genetic studies must be performed before logging any individual from a natural population.

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is a global biodiversity hotspot and has been extensively mapped using satellite remote sensing. However, past mapping focused on overall forest cover without consideration of keystone plant resources such as Araucaria angustifolia.A. angustifolia is a critically endangered coniferous tree that is essential for supporting overall biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest. A. angustifolia’s distribution has declined dramatically because of overexploitation and land-use changes. Accurate detection and rapid assessments of the distribution and abundance of this species are urgently needed. We compared two approaches for mapping Araucaria angustifolia across two scales (stand vs. individual tree) at three study sites in Brazil. The first approach used Worldview-2 images and Random Forest in Google Earth Engine to detect A. angustifolia at the stand level, with an accuracy of >90% across all three study sites. The second approach relied on object identification using UAV-LiDAR and successfully mapped individual trees (producer’s/user’s accuracy = 94%/64%) at one study site. Both approaches can be employed in tandem to map remaining stands and to determine the exact location of A. angustifolia trees. Each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses, and we discuss their adoptability by managers to inform conservation of A. angustifolia. Published version

The objective of this work was to evaluate the grafting of Araucaria angustifolia in two container volumes and at three heights. Rootstocks with 30±5.0 cm were grafted with 4.0±1.0-cm buds in 110 and 280-cm3 plastic tubes (containers) at three heights (5.0±1.0, 10±1.0, and 15±1.0 cm). There was a reduction in graft survival as the height of the grafting point increased, and the lower volume limited the development of the root system. Therefore, grafting at 5.0±1.0 cm in 280-cm3 containers brings new perspectives to improve the clonal forestry of the species, with a significant reduction in plants production time (of up to 12 months), as well as in production costs, used materials, and physical area. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a enxertia de Araucaria angustifolia em dois volumes de recipientes e três alturas. Porta-enxertos com 30±5,0 cm foram enxertados com borbulhas com 4,0±1,0 cm em tubos de plástico (recipientes) de 110 e 280 cm3, em três alturas (5,0±1,0, 10±1,0 e 15±1,0 cm). Houve redução na sobrevivência dos enxertos com o aumento da altura de enxertia, e o menor volume limitou o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular. Portanto, a enxertia a 5,0±1,0 cm em recipientes de 280 cm3 traz novas perspectivas para o aprimoramento da silvicultura clonal da espécie, com redução significativa no tempo de produção de mudas (de até 12 meses), bem como nos custos de produção, nos materiais utilizados e na área física.

Grafting is an alternative method for the early production of Araucaria angustifolia seeds, and welding quality is essential for the success of the technique. The objective of this study was to create a classification of welding quality to estimate the percentage of scion survival. The patch and flute grafting techniques were used in a greenhouse and in the field. Survival was evaluated 270 days after grafting (DAG). At 60 DAG, observations of the graft connection region were made with the naked eye, classifying the connections into four welding classes. After 160 DAG, transverse cuts were performed on each class and visually and anatomically evaluated. Flute grafting presented higher initial survival (79%), but at 180 DAG, the survival rate of both techniques was similar (48% for flute and 41% for patch). There was greater scion survival for the class that had only two regions in contact with discontinuity in the bark. Stabilization of survival occurred after 180 DAG, regardless of the welding class. Visually, there were differences in welding quality; however, anatomically, all classes presented vascular connections. The visual welding quality assessment underestimated the percentage of scion survival. However, the vascular connection and development of parenchymatous tissue are promising for diagnosing grafting success. Grafting is an alternative method for the early production of Araucaria angustifolia seeds, and welding quality is essential for the success of the technique. The objective of this study was to create a classification of welding quality to estimate the percentage of scion survival. The patch and flute grafting techniques were used in a greenhouse and in the field. Survival was evaluated 270 days after grafting (DAG). At 60 DAG, observations of the graft connection region were made with the naked eye, classifying the connections into four welding classes. After 160 DAG, transverse cuts were performed on each class and visually and anatomically evaluated. Flute grafting presented higher initial survival (79%), but at 180 DAG, the survival rate of both techniques was similar (48% for flute and 41% for patch). There was greater scion survival for the class that had only two regions in contact with discontinuity in the bark. Stabilization of survival occurred after 180 DAG, regardless of the welding class. Visually, there were differences in welding quality; however, anatomically, all classes presented vascular connections. The visual welding quality assessment underestimated the percentage of scion survival. However, the vascular connection and development of parenchymatous tissue are promising for diagnosing grafting success.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES The general objective of this thesis was to determine the growth and production of the species Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze in areas of reforestation conducted in southern Brazil. The areas chosen include regions of natural growth of the species, with soil differentiation. The settlements in the state of Rio Grande do Sul are located in the municipalities of: Canela (FLONA de Canela. Mato Castelhano (FLONA of Passo Fundo), São Francisco de Paula (FLONA of São Francisco de Paula) and in the state of Santa Catarina: Caçador (FLONA of Caçador) and Guatambú and Chapecó (FLONA of Chapecó). These National Forests had their Management Plans prepared by the Department of Forest Sciences of the Federal University of Santa Maria, generating a large database of trunk analysis, cubing, temporary and permanent plots, which were used in this work. Chapter I presents the theoretical reference of the studied conservation units, as well as the creation history of each one of them; Chapter II presents a proposal of a mixed model for the prognosis of height according to diameter at breast height (dap) in the Passo Fundo National Forest, in order to obtain the reduction of the number of trees to be measured. The calibration with the five thickest trees of each sample unit was the strategy that presented the smallest standard error of the estimate, equal to 0.79 m. In chapter III the growth in diameter, height and volume of araucaria in the five conservation units was studied. The modeling was composed by linear and non-linear models and that for the first case were adjusted with dummy and mixed variables for the second case. For the three dependent variables studied, the Chapman-Richards model with random effects on parameters A and k was the one that presented the best estimates, with low error and high determination coefficient. In chapter IV an alternative is presented for the management of araucaria planted forests in southern Brazil, through Density Management Diagrams (DMD's). Data from plots were used to forecast the growth of stands in the National Forests of Rio Grande do Sul and correlate them with the number of trees per hectare and the dominant height. The management diagrams elaborated include the Relative Spacing Index, to verify the degree of competition of the stand and the Slenderness Index, to verify the degree of stability. It is possible to simulate different management strategies with good precision and low estimation error, which makes it possible to implement them for future Management Plans of the areas planted with araucaria. O objetivo geral da presente tese foi determinar o crescimento e a produção da espécie Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze em áreas de reflorestamentos conduzidos na região sul do Brasil. As áreas escolhidas compreendem regiões de crescimento natural da espécie, com diferenciação de solos. Os povoamentos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul estão localizados nos municípios de: Canela (FLONA de Canela. Mato Castelhano (FLONA de Passo Fundo), São Francisco de Paula (FLONA de São Francisco de Paula) e no estado de Santa Catarina: Caçador (FLONA de Caçador) e Guatambú e Chapecó (FLONA de Chapecó). Estas Florestas Nacionais tiveram seus Planos de Manejo elaborados pelo Departamento de Ciências Florestais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, gerando uma larga base de dados de análise de tronco, cubagens, parcelas temporárias e permanentes, os quais foram utilizados no presente trabalho. No capítulo I é apresentado o referencial teórico das unidades de conservação estudadas, bem como o histórico de criação de cada uma delas; no capítulo II é apresentada uma proposta de modelo misto para a prognose da altura em função do diâmetro à altura do peito (dap) na Floresta Nacional de Passo Fundo, com o intuito de obter a redução do número de árvores a serem mensuradas. A calibração com as cinco árvores mais grossas de cada unidade amostral foi a estratégia que apresentou o menor erro padrão da estimativa, igual a 0,79 m. No capítulo III foi estudado o crescimento em diâmetro, altura e volume da araucária nas cinco unidades de conservação. A modelagem foi composta por modelos lineares e não-lineares e que, para o primeiro caso foram ajustados com variáveis dummy e mistos para o segundo caso. Para as três variáveis dependentes estudadas, o modelo de Chapman-Richards com efeitos aleatórios sobre os parâmetros A e k foi o que apresentou as melhores estimativas, com baixo erro e alto coeficiente de determinação. No capítulo IV é apresentada uma alternativa para condução de florestas plantadas de araucária no sul do Brasil, através de Diagramas de Manejo da Densidade (DMD’s). Foram utilizados dados de parcelas para prognosticar o crescimento dos povoamentos das Florestas Nacionais do Rio Grande do Sul e correlaciona-los com o número de árvores por hectare e a altura dominante. Os diagramas de manejo elaborados incluem o Índice de Espaçamento Relativo, para verificação do grau de competição do povoamento e o Índice Slenderness, para verificação do grau de estabilidade. É possível simular diferentes estratégias de manejo com boa precisão e baixo erro de estimativa, o que torna possível a sua implementação para futuros Planos de Manejo das áreas plantadas com a araucária.

As edificacoes historicas de araucaria - Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze 1898 (Araucariaceae) - presentes na Colonia Murici, municipio de Sao Jose dos Pinhais, Parana, Brasil, retratam o desenvolvimento da tecnica construtiva e o processamento da especie nativa. Tal conhecimento, trazido pelos imigrantes europeus no final do seculo XIX, propiciou a formacao de um rico acervo da arquitetura de madeira no Estado. No entanto, este patrimonio deteriora-se pela acao dos agentes biologicos, em especial, dos insetos xilofagos. Em vista disto, foi proposta uma analise entomologica, por meio de coletas realizadas em tres edificacoes. Foram identificados exemplares de Coleoptera (Curculionidae e Ptinidae), Isoptera e Lepidoptera (Tineidae). A partir do levantamento realizado e dos danos observados, concluiu-se que os Coleoptera (Ptinidae) e os Isoptera representam o maior risco as madeiras instaladas. Destaca-se a importância da avaliacao entomologica como um metodo de diagnostico nao destrutivo que contribui na verificacao da sanidade e da seguranca das estruturas.

Seeds of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze are of high ecological and economic importance, especially in southern Brazil, where they occur naturally with relative abundance. Several studies have focused on the germination and storage of this species seeds. Although it is known that A. angustifolia seeds are recalcitrant and that water content is important for their germination, studies on water availability in the environment are non-existent. In that sense, we evaluated the effect of water potential on the germination of A. angustifolia seeds. Twelve treatments with different water potentials (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1.0 MPa) were tested. A total 50 seeds (25 whole and 25 scarified) were allocated for each treatment and the germination rate was evaluated. Our results showed that water potential influenced inversely the germination rate, even with the moisture content inside seeds showing no significant variation. Although water availability in the environment does not interfere with water absorption, it does seem to hinder seed germination, probably reducing seed physiological viability., As sementes de Araucaria angustifolia (Berth.) O. Kuntze apresentam elevada importância ecológica e econômica, principalmente na região sul do Brasil, onde ocorrem naturalmente em relativa alta abundância. Vários estudos desenvolvidos versam sobre aspectos referentes ao armazenamento e germinação das sementes desta espécie. Embora saiba-se que as mesmas sejam recalcitrantes e que o teor de água seja importante, estudos referentes à disponibilidade hídrica no ambiente são inexistentes. Neste sentido, o presente estudo avaliou o efeito do potencial hídrico sobre o processo de germinação de sementes de A. angustifolia. Foram testados seis tratamentos com diferentes potenciais hídricos (0, -0,2, -0,4, -0,6, -0,8, -1,0 Mpa). Em cada um foi disposto 50 sementes (25 inteiras e 25 escarificadas) e avaliado a taxa de germinação. Os resultados mostraram que o potencial hídrico influenciou inversamente na taxa de germinação, mesmo que a porcentagem de água dentro das sementes não tenha apresentado variação significativa. Embora a disponibilidade hídrica no ambiente não interfira no processo de absorção de água, parece dificultar a germinação das sementes, provavelmente diminuindo a viabilidade fisiológica das mesmas.

SUMMARY: Araucaria angustifolia is an ecologically and commercially important species of the Atlantic Forest. However, its ability to regenerate continuously under the shade of the canopy in the rainforest is uncertain. The aims were: to evaluate the morpho-physiological responses of araucaria to different intensities of canopy coverage to know its shade acclimation capacity; and to evaluate survival and growth under different shade intensities in gaps. First, seedlings were grown in pots at full sun or under canopy shade and morpho-physiological traits were measured after 6 and 12 months. Survival was 100 % under full sun and 40 % under shade. One year after planting, the ability to use high-intensity light was similar in plants under both conditions, although shade plants did not grow and showed little capacity to acclimate to shade. Plants under full sun duplicated their size in six months and had higher capacity to deliver water to the leaves. However, shade plants had higher specific hydraulic conductance. After that, in a field experiment, seedlings were planted in six forest-gaps to record survival and growth for 30 months. Survival was high in all positions within the gaps. In the center of the gaps, where incident radiation was higher, growth was higher. We conclude that araucaria has low ability to acclimate to low radiation, nevertheless, it can survive at least 30 months under the canopy. Consequently, araucaria should not be planted below dense canopy shade. The microenvironment in the center of 195-293 m2 gaps is proper for araucaria growth. RESUMEN: Araucaria angustifolia (araucaria) es una especie del Bosque Atlántico de importancia ecológica y comercial, pero su capacidad para regenerar continuamente bajo dosel es incierta. Los objetivos fueron: evaluar la respuesta morfo-fisiológica de araucaria a diferentes intensidades de cobertura de dosel para conocer su capacidad de aclimatación; y evaluar supervivencia y crecimiento bajo diferentes niveles de cobertura durante su establecimiento en claros del Bosque Atlántico. En experimentos en maceta, plantas jóvenes fueron expuestas a sol pleno y bajo sombra del dosel y se hicieron mediciones morfo-fisiológicas seis y 12 meses después de plantadas. La supervivencia fue 100 % a sol pleno y 40 % bajo sombra. Un año luego de plantar, las plantas tuvieron similar capacidad para usar luz de alta intensidad, pero bajo sombra no crecieron y demostraron baja capacidad de aclimatación a la sombra. Las plantas a sol pleno duplicaron su tamaño en seis meses y presentaron mayor capacidad para conducir agua hacia las hojas. Las plantas bajo sombra presentaron mayor conductividad hidráulica específica. En experimento a campo se plantó araucaria en seis claros del bosque y se registró supervivencia y crecimiento durante 30 meses. La supervivencia fue alta y no se asoció a la posición de las plantas dentro del claro. Los mayores crecimientos se registraron en el centro de los claros. Araucaria tuvo poca capacidad para aclimatarse a bajas radiaciones, pero pudo sobrevivir al menos durante 30 meses. Consecuentemente, no se recomienda su plantación bajo dosel denso. El microambiente en el centro de claros de 195 a 293 m2 fue adecuado para el crecimiento de araucaria.

Araucaria angustifolia is an ecologically and commercially important species of the Atlantic Forest. However, its ability to regenerate continuously under the shade of the canopy in the rainforest is uncertain. The aims were: to evaluate the morpho-physiological responses of araucaria to different intensities of canopy coverage to know its shade acclimation capacity; and to evaluate survival and growth under different shade intensities in gaps. First, seedlings were grown in pots at full sun or under canopy shade and morpho-physiological traits were measured after 6 and 12 months. Survival was 100 % under full sun and 40 % under shade. One year after planting, the ability to use high-intensity light was similar in plants under both conditions, although shade plants did not grow and showed little capacity to acclimate to shade. Plants under full sun duplicated their size in six months and had higher capacity to deliver water to the leaves. However, shade plants had higher specific hydraulic conductance. After that, in a field experiment, seedlings were planted in six forest-gaps to record survival and growth for 30 months. Survival was high in all positions within the gaps. In the center of the gaps, where incident radiation was higher, growth was higher. We conclude that araucaria has low ability to acclimate to low radiation, nevertheless, it can survive at least 30 months under the canopy. Consequently, araucaria should not be planted below dense canopy shade. The microenvironment in the center of 195-293 m2 gaps is proper for araucaria growth., Araucaria angustifolia (araucaria) es una especie del Bosque Atlántico de importancia ecológica y comercial, pero su capacidad para regenerar continuamente bajo dosel es incierta. Los objetivos fueron: evaluar la respuesta morfo-fisiológica de araucaria a diferentes intensidades de cobertura de dosel para conocer su capacidad de aclimatación; y evaluar supervivencia y crecimiento bajo diferentes niveles de cobertura durante su establecimiento en claros del Bosque Atlántico. En experimentos en maceta, plantas jóvenes fueron expuestas a sol pleno y bajo sombra del dosel y se hicieron mediciones morfo-fisiológicas seis y 12 meses después de plantadas. La supervivencia fue 100 % a sol pleno y 40 % bajo sombra. Un año luego de plantar, las plantas tuvieron similar capacidad para usar luz de alta intensidad, pero bajo sombra no crecieron y demostraron baja capacidad de aclimatación a la sombra. Las plantas a sol pleno duplicaron su tamaño en seis meses y presentaron mayor capacidad para conducir agua hacia las hojas. Las plantas bajo sombra presentaron mayor conductividad hidráulica específica. En experimento a campo se plantó araucaria en seis claros del bosque y se registró supervivencia y crecimiento durante 30 meses. La supervivencia fue alta y no se asoció a la posición de las plantas dentro del claro. Los mayores crecimientos se registraron en el centro de los claros. Araucaria tuvo poca capacidad para aclimatarse a bajas radiaciones, pero pudo sobrevivir al menos durante 30 meses. Consecuentemente, no se recomienda su plantación bajo dosel denso. El microambiente en el centro de claros de 195 a 293 m2 fue adecuado para el crecimiento de araucaria., Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da idade no ajuste de funções de afilamento e na evolução do sortimento em árvores masculinas e femininas em plantios de Araucaria angustifolia. Foram amostradas 60 árvores da espécie em um plantio localizado no município de Laranjeiras do Sul, Paraná. Ajustou-se o polinômio de quinto grau para o total de dados, estratificando-os em classes de idade. Foi analisada a evolução do afilamento e do sortimento das árvores com a idade. Os resultados mostraram uma leve vantagem no uso de equações ajustadas por classes de idade e uma melhoria significativa na forma do tronco com o aumento da idade. As árvores femininas (0,9975 m3) apresentaram crescimento mais elevado que as masculinas (0,9384 m3) aos 30 anos. Volumes para os sortimentos mais nobres são produzidos somente a partir da classe de idade 11 a 15 anos. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of age on adjust taper functions and evolution of the assortment of male and female trees of Araucaria angustifolia stands. Sixty trees were sampled in a plantation located in the municipality of Laranjeiras do Sul, Paraná state, Brazil. The fifth degree polynomials were adjusted to the whole data set, and they were stratified into age classes. The evolution of the tapering and assortment of trees was analyzed with age. The results showed a slight advantage in the use of equations adjusted for age classes and a significant improvement in the stem form with increasing age. The female trees presented higher growth (0.9975 m3) than the male trees (0.9384 m3) at 30 years of age. Volumes for the noblest assortments are produced only when the stand reaches the age class of 11 to 15 years.

The growth of individual trees can be simulated by multiplying a function that describes the potential by another modifier, the “modifying-potential”. Modeling of the potential function for trees growing without competition determines the limit of optimum growth to species, while a modifying function sets the decrease component taking in consideration the influence of environmental factors. Thus, the aim of the study was to adjust the modifier function to describe the periodic increment in the basal area of Araucaria angustifolia trees in sites with Araucaria Forest in southern Brazil. For this, we sampled 397 individual trees. Dendrometric and morphometric variables, competition indices and increment in diameter with the chronology of widths of the growth ring were measured. Periodic increment in basal area was described by a logarithmic function that explained 57 % of variance and correlated with the diameter at the beginning of the period, height, variable of crown size and competition indices. Results indicate that the modifier function can be used accurately to explain changes in growth and spatial and temporal structure of the species in the Araucaria Forest., El crecimiento de los árboles individuales se puede simular multiplicando una función que describe su potencial por otra modificadora “potencial-modificadora”. El modelado de la función potencial para árboles creciendo sin competencia determina el límite de crecimiento óptimo para una especie, mientras que la función modificadora establece el componente de descenso teniendo en cuenta la influencia de factores ambientales. Así, el objetivo del estudio fue ajustar la función modificadora para describir el incremento periódico en el área basal de árboles de Araucaria angustifolia en sitios de bosques con araucaria en el sur de Brasil. Para eso, se tomaron muestras de 397 árboles individuales y se midieron sus variables dendrométricas, morfométricas, sus índices de competencia y su incremento en diámetro con la cronología de los anchos de anillos de crecimiento. El incremento periódico en el área basal fue descripto por una función logarítmica que explicó el 57 % de la varianza y se correlaciona con el diámetro al inicio del periodo, altura, variable de dimensión de la copa y el índice de la competencia. Los resultados indican que se puede utilizar la función modificadora con precisión para explicar los cambios en el crecimiento, en la estructura espacial y temporal de la especie en el bosque de araucaria.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da madeira para laminação e a divergência genética entre 25 matrizes de Araucaria angustifolia provenientes de um plantio seminal de 39 anos de idade, localizado no município de Palma Sola, SC. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: silviculturais: altura, diâmetro à altura do peito e volume de madeira com casca e sem casca; morfométricas: conicidade e achatamento e as propriedades físicas: densidade básica no sentido radial e longitudinal, retração linear e volumétrica e o colapso. Foram realizadas análises utilizando a técnica de agrupamento através do método de otimização de Tocher, com uso da dissimilaridade baseada na distância euclidiana, adotando-se, como parâmetro, a dispersão gráfica por meio dos componentes principais e realizando o agrupamento através do Método de Agrupamento de Ligação Médio Entre Grupos (UPGMA). Com base nos resultados observados, os baixos valores de conicidade, achatamento e variação dimensional apresentaram como características favoráveis à produção de lâminas homogêneas, o que qualifica a madeira de A. angustifolia para a produção de painéis laminados. A variação da densidade básica na direção radial e longitudinal apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre as posições. O estudo da dissimilaridade permitiu a formação de quatro grupos de matrizes. Genótipos destinados à madeira para laminação devem possuir maiores DAP e altura com menores valores de achatamento e de retração tangencial. As matrizes que mais se destacaram com potencial para um programa de melhoramentos foram M1e M21. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of wood for lamination and a genetic divergence among 25 matrices of Araucária angustifólia coming from a seminal planting of 39 years old, located in the municipality of Palma Sola, SC. Were been evaluated the following characteristics: silvicultural: height, diameter at breast height and volume of wood with bark and without bark; Morphometric: conicity and flatness and physical properties: basic density in the radial and longitudinal direction, linear retraction and volumetric and the collapse. Analysis were performed using the grouping technique through Tocher optimization method, use of dissimilarity based on Euclidean distance adopting, as parameter, the graphic dispersion by the main components and performing the grouping Through the Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic averages (UPGMA). Based on the observed results, the low values of conicity, flattening and dimensional variation presented favorable characteristics for the production of homogeneous sheets that qualifies A. angustifolia wood for the production of laminated panels. The variation of the basic density in the radial and longitudinal direction presented statistical differences between the positions. The study of dissimilarity allowed the formation of four groups of matrices. Genotypes intended for wood for lamination must have higher DBH and height with lower values of flattening and tangential retraction. The most prominent matrices with potential for an improvement program were M1e M21.

RESUMO Funções de afilamento permitem determinar classes de dimensão e volumes das árvores com aplicação direta no planejamento das atividades técnicas e econômicas da floresta. Com esse propósito, os objetivos do presente estudo foram descrever o afilamento do fuste de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze na porção compreendida entre o nível do solo e a inserção da copa de árvores de remanescente florestal nativo, bem como ajustar modelo de regressão para a relação altura/DAP, para o diâmetro na inserção da copa sobre o DAP e demonstrar a aplicação das funções com a confecção de uma tabela de sortimentos de madeira. Oitenta e cinco árvores tiveram medidas seus diâmetros e alturas relativas pelo método de cubagem rigorosa de Hohenadl, assim como o diâmetro na inserção da copa com o Criterion RD 1000. Os modelos de afilamento ajustados por regressão foram o polinômio do 5º grau, Kozak (1988), Lee et al. (2003) e Sharma e Zhang (2004). O coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²aj), o erro padrão da estimativa em porcentagem (Syx%) e a análise gráfica entre valores estimados e observados foram as estatísticas usadas para avaliar o ajuste e a precisão dos modelos. O modelo da relação altura/DAP e do diâmetro no ponto de inserção da copa alcançaram boas estatísticas de ajuste e precisão, permitindo sua aplicação em inventários florestais e no planejamento da produção florestal. A flexibilidade e a eficiência do modelo de Kozak (1988) em predizer diâmetros e volumes até o ponto de inserção da copa favorecem o uso e obtenção de sortimentos de madeira de araucária. ABSTRACT Taper functions allow determining size classes and volumes of trees with direct application in the planning of technical and economic forest activities. For this purpose, the aim of this study was to describe the taper of the trunk of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze in the portion between the ground level and the insertion of the crown of individuals in remnant of native forest. Also tried to fit the regression model to represent relations height/DBH, diameter at the insertion of the crown in function DBH and the development of assortment timber table. Eighty-five trees were measured their diameters and heights relatives using Hohenadl cubed method and the diameter of the insertion crown with Criterion RD 1000 instrument. The taper models were adjusted by regression analysis using polynomial of the 5th degree, Kozak (1988), Lee et al. (2003) and Sharma and Zhang (2004). The adjusted coefficient of determination (R²aj), the standard error of estimate in percentage (Syx%) and graphical analysis between estimated values in function of observed were used statistics to evaluate the quality of fit and models precision. The model height/DBH and diameter at the insertion point of the crown evidence good fit statistical and precision, allowing its application in activities intended at planning and forest inventories. The flexibility and efficiency of Kozak (1988) model in predicting diameters and volumes until the crown insertion point favors the use and obtain timber assortments of araucaria.

The aim of this study was to assess and model the evolution of the hypsometric relationship in Araucaria angustifolia plantations grown in the 1940's and 1960's in the Irati National Forest, in the mid-south region of Paraná state, Brazil. Using the complete stem analysis method, it was possible to reconstitute the past annual growth of the diameter at 1.3 m (d) and of the total height (h) of a sample of 30 trees, selected so as to cover diametric and age variability. Eleven discs were removed from each tree at 0.1 and 1.3 m and at 15, 25, 35,..., 95% of the total height. Eleven models traditionally used in hypsometric relationships were tested, two of which were considered generic because they involved the age variable. The models were selected based on the Adjusted Coefficient of Determination (R²Adj), Standard Estimate Error (Syx), absolute (m) and relative (%), and on the graphic distribution of residues in percentage. In the models tested by age, no tendencies were observed and erros (Syx) remained below 14.6%, except for ages 5 and 11. However, the coefficients of determination were low, ranging from 0.29 to 0.55. The Curtis generic model (1970), selected to represent the h/d curve for all ages, also presented a satisfactory performance (R²Adj = 0.87 and Syx = 16%), with results similar to those obtained for the models in each age. As age increases, the h/d curve shifts to the right and changes level, remaining steep at the younger ages and more stable and flat as the population nears the end of its cycle. Nesta pesquisa, objetivou-se avaliar e modelar a evolução da relação hipsométrica em plantios de Araucaria angustifolia, estabelecidos nas décadas de 40 a 60 na Floresta Nacional de Irati, região Centro-Sul do Paraná. Com o método de análise de tronco completa foi feita a reconstituição do crescimento anual passado do diâmetro a 1,3m do solo (d) e da altura total (h) de uma amostra com 30 árvores, selecionadas de forma a cobrir a variabilidade diamétrica e de idade. De cada árvore, foram retirados 11 discos nas alturas 0,1 e 1,3 m e nas alturas de 15, 25, 35,..., 95% da altura total. Foram testados 11 modelos tradicionalmente usados para relações hipsométricas, sendo dois deles denominados de genéricos, porque envolvem a variável idade. Os modelos foram selecionados com base no Coeficiente de Determinação Ajustado (R²Adj), Erro Padrão de Estimativa (Syx) absoluto (m) e relativo (%) e na distribuição gráfica dos resíduos em percentagem. Os modelos testados por idade se mostraram sem tendências, com erros (Syx ) inferiores a 14,6%, exceto para as idades 5 e 11 anos, no entanto, os coeficientes de determinação foram baixos, variando de 0,29 a 0,55. O modelo genérico de Curtis (1970), selecionado para representar a curva h/d em todas as idades, também apresentou um bom desempenho (R²Adj = 0,87 e Syx = 16%) e com resultados similares àqueles obtidos com os modelos em cada idade. Com o avanço da idade, a curva h/d se desloca para a direita e muda de patamar, sendo íngreme nas idades mais jovens, tornando-se mais estável e aplainada quando o povoamento tende para o final de seu ciclo.

The aim of this study was to assess and model the evolution of the hypsometric relationship in Araucaria angustifoliaplantations grown in the 1940’s and 1960’s in the Irati National Forest, in the mid-south region of Paraná state, Brazil. Using thecomplete stem analysis method, it was possible to reconstitute the past annual growth of the diameter at 1.3 m (d) and of the totalheight (h) of a sample of 30 trees, selected so as to cover diametric and age variability. Eleven discs were removed from each tree at0.1 and 1.3 m and at 15, 25, 35,..., 95% of the total height. Eleven models traditionally used in hypsometric relationships were tested,two of which were considered generic because they involved the age variable. The models were selected based on the AdjustedCoefficient of Determination (R²Adj), Standard Estimate Error (Syx), absolute (m) and relative (%), and on the graphic distribution ofresidues in percentage. In the models tested by age, no tendencies were observed and erros (Syx) remained below 14.6%, except for ages5 and 11. However, the coefficients of determination were low, ranging from 0.29 to 0.55. The Curtis generic model (1970), selectedto represent the h/d curve for all ages, also presented a satisfactory performance (R²Adj = 0.87 and Syx = 16%), with results similar tothose obtained for the models in each age. As age increases, the h/d curve shifts to the right and changes level, remaining steep at theyounger ages and more stable and flat as the population nears the end of its cycle.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of dioecy on the growth in diameter at breast height (DBH), individual basal area, total height and individual volume of planted Araucaria angustifolia trees. The data came from 60 trees (30 male trees and 30 female trees) sampled from a 30-year-old plantation in Paraná State. Complete stem analysis was used to recover historical tree growth. The Chapman-Richards model was fitted in order to represent the growth and yield of the dendrometric variables for female and male Araucaria trees. Weighted non-linear least squared method was used in the fitting process and the inverse variance was used as weight to solve the problem of heteroscedasticity. The test to verify the equality of parameters and the identity of non-linear regression models proposed by Regazzi (2003) was used to test the influence of dioecy on growth. Dioecy significantly influenced the growth of Araucaria, and female trees have higher growth in diameter, individual basal area and individual volume, while male trees showed better height development. The asymptotic coefficient of the Chapman-Richards model showed that male trees have a higher asymptotic height than female trees. RESUMO O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a influência da dioicia no crescimento do diâmetro a 1,3 (DAP), área transversal (g), altura total (h) e volume individual (v) de Araucaria angustifolia plantada. Os dados utilizados são provenientes de 60 árvores de Araucaria angustifolia (30 árvores masculinas e 30 femininas) amostradas em um plantio com idade de 30 anos em Laranjeiras do Sul, Estado do Paraná. A análise de tronco completa foi utilizada para recuperar o crescimento passado das árvores. O modelo de Chapman-Richards foi ajustado para estimar o crescimento e a produção das variáveis dendrométricas para as araucárias femininas e masculinas. O ajuste foi realizado pelo método dos mínimos quadrados não lineares ponderados e o inverso da variância foi utilizado como peso para resolver o problema da heterocedasticidade. O teste de igualdade de parâmetros e identidade de modelos de regressão não lineares proposto por Regazzi (2003) foi aplicado para testar a influência da dioicia no crescimento. A dioicia influenciou significativamente o crescimento de Araucaria angustifolia, sendo que as araucárias femininas têm um crescimento maior em diâmetro, área transversal e volume individual, enquanto as araucárias masculinas apresentam maior desenvolvimento em altura. O coeficiente assintótico do modelo de Chapman-Richards indicou que árvores masculinas possuem uma maior altura assintótica que as femininas.

RESUMO O intenso processo de ocupação territorial, uso desordenado dos recursos naturais e destruição de áreas verdes iniciadas no século XIX, são os principais motivos da intensa devastação das Florestas com Araucárias. Como meio de efetivação da proteção e desenvolvimento florestal, o Brasil adotou em sua política ambiental a criação do Sistema de Unidades de Conservação nas categorias, de proteção integral e uso sustentável. Uma alternativa viável é a regulação dos estoques de madeira no Estado por meio de Unidade de Conservação de Uso Sustentável. O que se pretende a partir deste ponto é analisar a possibilidade da criação de regulamentação do aproveitamento dos recursos naturais em espaços naturais protegidos. Para tanto, foram selecionadas e trabalhadas duas modalidades de Unidades de Conservação (UC), já existentes, e proposta a criação de uma nova modalidade, então denominada "Reservas Particulares de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RPDS)". As Unidades de Proteção Integral têm desempenhado papel expressivo na preservação do Bioma Florestal com Araucária. Em contrapartida, as Unidades de Conservação de Uso Sustentável são inexpressivas no Bioma e necessitam de uma efetiva regulamentação para que desempenhem sua função ecológica e social. Medidas de incentivo à conservação das florestas particulares e ao uso sustentável dos recursos madeireiros e não madeireiros, somadas ao instrumental atualmente utilizado, podem contribuir com maior efetividade na conservação e recuperação do Bioma Florestal com Araucária. ABSTRACT The intense process of territorial occupation, the unsustainable use of natural resources and the destruction of green areas throughout the nineteenth century are the main reasons for the intense devastation of Mixed Ombrophylous Forest. In an effort to forestry protection and its development, Brazil has adopted as one of its environmental policy, the creation of the Conservation Units System. However, an alternative still rarely used for the regulation of stockpiles timber in the state is by means of the Conservation Unit of Sustainable Use. At this point, it is intended to propose a regulated use for natural resources in protected natural areas. Therefore, two forms of existing Conservation Units were selected to this end it has been proposed the creation of a new modality, called "Private Reserves for Sustainable Development (RPDS)." The Integral Protection Units have played significant role in preserving the biome of Mixed Ombrophylous Forest. In contrast, the Sustainable Use Conservation Units are inexpressive in the biome and need an effective regulation to perform their ecological and social function. Measures to encourage private forests conservation and the sustainable use of timber and non-timber resources, in addition to the instrumental currently used, may contribute being greatly effective in the conservation and recovery of the biome.

RESUMO O estudo realizado na Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, teve como objetivos quantificar o número de indivíduos femininos e masculinos, de Araucaria angustifolia, bem como estudar a distribuição diamétrica, em floresta de 25,11 ha, com 60 anos de idade. A classificação por sexo foi realizada nos períodos de maturação dos componentes florais e o levantamento dendrométrico efetuado para obtenção do diâmetro e frequência, sobre toda a área amostral. A proporção relativa de indivíduos do sexo feminino foi de 43,65% e de 56,35% para o masculino; 65,3% das árvores estavam concentradas entre as classes de diâmetro de 35-45 cm. Não houve diferença significativa em diâmetro médio, sendo encontrado para o sexo feminino 42 cm e para o masculino 38,5 cm. A distribuição diamétrica obedeceu à distribuição normal, sendo que houve presença de maior número de indivíduos do sexo feminino nas maiores classes diamétricas e maiores quantidades de indivíduos masculinos nas menores classes. ABSTRACT The study, conducted at São Francisco National Forest, in Rio Grande do Sul, had as objectives to quantify the number of female and male Araucaria angustifolia individuals, as well as to study the diametric distribution in a 25.11 ha of a 60 years old forest. The sex classification was done in the periods of floral components maturation, and the dendrometric survey was done in order to obtain the diameter and the frequency upon the total sampling area. There was no significative difference in average diameter, being 42 cm for female individuals and 38.5 cm for male individuals. The relative proportion of female individuals was of 43.65 % and 56.35 % for male individuals; 65.3 % of the trees were concentrated between the diametric classes of 35-45 cm. The diametric distribution followed the normal distribution, having a higher presence of female individuals in higher diametric classes and higher amounts of male individuals in lower classes.

RESUMO Madeiras provenientes de florestas plantadas de Araucaria angustifolia, Pinus elliottii e Pinus taeda submetidas a, pelo menos, um desbaste, foram testadas com o objetivo de comparar suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas. Cinco árvores de cada espécie, obtidas de talhões, previamente, selecionados, foram coletadas, transformadas em toretes e pranchões para posterior confecção, condicionamento e ensaio dos corpos de prova segundo as recomendações da norma ASTM. Embora a resistência média da Araucaria tenha sido ligeiramente superior às duas espécies de Pinus, diferenças significativas foram encontradas apenas nos testes de flexão estática (módulo de elasticidade e tensão no limite proporcional), compressão axial (tensão no limite proporcional, módulo de ruptura e de elasticidade) e dureza axial. Entre as espécies de Pinus, não foram dectadas diferenças nas propriedades, exceto em tração normal às fibras em que a resistência da madeira de P. taeda foi maior que as demais. Com relação à massa específica básica e coeficiente de contração, nenhuma diferença significante foi observada entre as espécies estudadas. ABSTRACT Woods from plantation stands of parana, slash and loblolly pines, thinned at least once, were tested with the objective of comparing physical and mechanical properties. Five threes from each specie were harvested from selected stands. The stems were bucked into logs and then transported to the sawmill cooperating in this study. The logs were processed into planks, which were air seasoned, and then cut into pieces according to ASTM standards. Although the average strength of parana pine was slightly larger than the two other pines, significant differences were found only in the tests of static bending (modulus of elasticity and tension at the proportional limit), compression parallel to the grain (maximum crushing strength, modulus of elasticity and tension at the proportional limit) and hardness (cross-section). The properties were not different for slash and loblolly pines, except in tension perpendicular to the grain, where the strength of loblolly pine was higher than the others. No differences were found for specific gravity and shrinkage among the species.

Fil: González, Raúl Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Suiresz, Teresa María. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Dentro del Programa de Investigación de las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de las maderas provenientes de bosques implantados en la Provincia de Misiones, Argentina, la Araucaria o Pino Paraná ocupa un lugar de importancia, por la magnitud de las áreas reforestadas, por el hecho de ser una especie autóctona y la primera que se empleó en gran escala en las reforestaciones de esta provincia. Sus requerimientos de suelos rojos y profundos, la progresiva escasez de semilla, mayormente proveniente de Brasil y los mayores costos de implantación en relación a los más rústicos Pinos elliottii y taeda, hizo que la participación de esta especie en la superficie reforestada fuese disminuyendo progresivamente desde la década del 70. Para este estudio se seleccionaron 6 ejemplares de 13 y 14 años, provenientes de plantaciones comerciales del norte de Misiones, Departamento de Iguazú, las que normalmente proveen rollizos para la industria del aserradero, a partir de las cortas de aclareos (raleos). Para las determinaciones físicas y mecánicas se emplearon normas técnicas ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), DIN (Deutsche Industrie Norm) e IRAM (Instituto Argentino de Racionalización de Materiales) utilizándose una máquina Universal de Ensayos de 10 toneladas de capacidad, marca CIFIC, volumenómetro de Breuil, balanza eléctrica Metler, calibre, estufas y accesorios de laboratorio, obteniéndose los siguientes resultados: l. Densidades (g/cm3) Aparente: 0,51 Anhidra: 0,48 Básica: 0,43 2. Retracción total (%) Tangencial: 7,O Radial: 3,8 Volumétrica: 11,2 3. Flexión estática (kg/cm2) Módulo de rotura: 872 Módulo de elasticidad: 113.103 4. Tracción perpendicular a las fibras Ckg/cm 2) Tangencial: 17,3 Radial: 27,6 5. Clivaje o Hendidura (kg/crn) Tangencial: 30,7 Radial: 36,1 6. Dureza Janka (kg cm2) Transversal: 490 Tangencial: 325 Radial: 337 7. Corte o cizallamiento paralelo a las fibras (kg cm2) Tangencial: 106,3 Radial: 98,6. Physics and Mechanical properties of the wood of Paraná Pine (Araucaria angustifolia ) of cultívated forest from the subtropical Province of Misiones, Argentine, have been studied. Specimens for this research belong to 6 trees selected in 13 and 14 years old stands of this specie, native of this province and Brazil and widely employed in reforestation in Misiones just to the '70 decade, when Resinous pines (mostly Pinus elliottii and P. taeda), displaced the Paraná Pine in the preferences for the new forest plantations. Methods of testing, technical norms, size and shape of specimens, laboratory facilities, etc., have been widely described in the study of the physical and mechanical properties of the wood of Elliottii Pine (González R. A. et al., YVYRARETA Nº 3, 1992). The following results have been obtained: l. Density (g/cm3): At 12% moisture content: 0.51 Oven Dry condition: 0.48 Basic: 0.43 2. Total shrinkage (%): Tangential: 7.0 Radial: 3.8 Volumetric: 11.2 3. Static Bend in.g (kg/cm2): Moduli of rupture: 872 Moduli of elasticity: 113,103 4. Tension perpendicular to grain (kg/cm2 ): Tangential: 17.3 Radial 27.6 5. Cleavage (kg/cm2): Tangential: 30.7 Radial: 36.1 6. Janka hardness (kg/cm2): Transversal: 490 Tangential: 325 Radial: 337 7. Shear parallel to grain (kg/cm2): Tangential: 106.3 Radial: 98.6.

O pinheiro brasileiro possui um diásporo de grandes dimensões, o pinhão, rico em reservas amiláceas. A mobilização dessas reservas pelo embrião foi quantificada em secções transversais do megagametófito, em cinco estágios de desenvolvimento da plântula, sob dois tratamentos, na luz e no escuro. Na luz, o consumo das reservas do megagametófito pela plântula é mais rápido do que no escuro e, existe uma tendência ao consumo do amido realizar-se primeiro na região do megagametófito próxima ao embrião. The parana pine has a very large dispore, the "pinhão", rich in starchy reserves. The mobilization of these reserves by the embryo was quantified in transversal sections of the megagametophyte, in five stages of seedling development, sampled in the light and in the darkness. The consuption of starch grains was in plantlets grown in light than those grown in darkness. There was a tendency to quicker use up of the the megagametophyte starch near to embryo.