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This research aimed to measure the fist speed and strength of Elite Kick Boxers from TRNC and the Republic of Turkey, which are the basic techniques of hand smacking. Since measuring with scientific precision technological devices is not suitable due to the dress code in the competitions, punch counts, speeds and strengths were measured by re-creating a similar environment simulation to the competition conditions and wrapping the bandages on the hands through high-precision Corner Boxing Technology sensors under the hand bandages. The number and speed of direct punches hit by the athletes in the competitions increased compared to other punch types, and then the number and speed of crochet punches also increased. This research has not been done in the TRNC and Turkey before, and it is an authentic study. The results of this research will contribute to both the TRNC and the Turkish national teams in terms of the re-establishment of the training and competition strategies.

A central topic in Bioelectricity is the generation of the extracellular potential that results from the propagation of a transmembrane action potential along the muscle fiber. However, the way in which the extracellular potential is determined by the propagating action potential is difficult to describe, conceptualize, and visualize. Moreover, traditional quantitative approaches aimed at modeling extracellular potentials involve complex mathematical formulations, which do not allow students to visualize how the extracellular potential is generated around the active fiber. The present study is aimed at presenting a novel pedagogical approach to teaching the generation of extracellular potentials produced by muscle fibers based on the convolution operation. The effectiveness of this convolutional model was tested using a written exam and a satisfaction survey. Most students reported that a great advantage of this model was that it simplifies the problem by dividing it into three distinct components: 1) the input signal (associated with the action potential), 2) the impulse response (linked to the system formed by the fiber and the recording electrode), and 3) the output signal (the extracellular potential). Another key aspect of the present approach was that the input signal was represented by a sequence of electric dipoles, which allowed students to visualize the individual contribution of each dipole to the resulting extracellular potential. The results of the survey indicate that the combination of basic principles of electrical fields and intuitive graphical representations largely improves students' understanding of Bioelectricity concepts and enhances their motivation to complete their studies of biomedical engineering.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of core exercises on swimmers Functional Movement Screen (FMS) test scores and swimming performance. A total of 32 volunteer children aged 12-15 participated in this study. Participants were separated into 3 main groups: the control group (CG; N = 10) that did not perform any exercises, the swimming group that only performed swimming training (SG; N = 11), and the core exercise training group (TG; N = 11) that performed core exercises in addition to swimming training. The functional movement patterns of the children were determined by the FMS test, and their swimming performances of 50 meters and 100 meters were measured by means of a stopwatch. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was utilized to determine the ingroup difference between the pre-tests and post-tests of the children's FMS scores and swimming performances. According to the statistical analysis results, it was observed that swimming training increased FMS total score and active straight leg raising test score. Besides, core exercises significantly increased all FMS sub-tests and total score values in the post-test. At the end of the study, although there was no significant difference between pre and posttests in SG both 50m and 100m swimming performances, statistical results also proved that the 100m swimming performances of the TG increased significantly in the post-test (p < 0.05). As a result, it can be stated that the swimmers', who performs core exercises, swimming performance increased, and improved FMS test scores, which is a significant element regarding the decrease in sports injury.

The objective of this study was to examine muscular fitness using measurements of the right hand grip (RHG) and left hand grip (LHG), as well as the counter movement jump (CMJ) performance of both athlete and non-athlete school children. Additionally, the study aimed to compare these variables between genders. A total of 221 school children aged 11-13 participated in this study. The participants were categorized into four groups based on their characteristics: female athletes (n = 57), female non-athletes (n = 60), male athletes (n = 59), and male non-athletes (n = 45). The primary exclusion criteria included any musculoskeletal limitations that could potentially affect test performance. The strength of the RHG and LHG (kg) was assessed using the Takei-TKK-5101 device. CMJ heights (cm) were measured using the Smart-Speed device. For all variables, a mixed-design two-way univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to identify differences between and within groups. The findings of the present study indicated that the RHG, LHG, and CMJ values of athletes were significantly greater than those of non-athletes for both genders (p < 0.001). Moreover, the analyzed performance values exhibited significant differences between male athletes and male as well as female non-athletes, and also between female athletes and female as well as male non-athletes (p < 0.001). Engaging in sports is highly important for school children aged 11-13 to enhance their muscular fitness. It can be stated that the development of muscular fitness for both genders would be higher in children who participate in sports compared to those who do not engage in sports.

The physical fitness course is a mandatory subject for undergraduate students at Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia. However, there is limited physical activity possibly performed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, conventional physical fitness tests and measurements could not be conducted in a conventional way. This study aimed to test the possibility of the Personal Physical Fitness Test (PPT) being implemented by college students who were enrolled in a physical fitness course. There were 1.639 college students aged 18 ± 0.81 years old who participated in this study. The independent physical fitness test was designed to represent several physical components i.e., standing board jump (lower body strength). Plank (core strength), push-ups (upper body strength), and one-minute skipping (cardiorespiratory). The data were in the normal distribution. Male students performed better than females in every test (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the data were categorized on each test based on gender. The categories are excellent, good, fair, poor, and very poor. In a further study, the personal physical fitness test could be implemented in a larger sample size.

Musicians who play instruments may suffer from some musculoskeletal disorders due to intense and long working processes, wrong posture-holding, insufficient bodily awareness. Preparatory physical exercises can be used to prevent or alleviate these disorders. These are aimed at warming up, opening-stretching, strengthening the joints and muscles and maintaining the correct posture in order to prepare the body for playing. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the pre-service music teacher candidates' physical exercises for instrument practice. A qualitative method was used in the research; a semi-structured interview form was applied to the study group. In the analysis of the data, the thematic analysis technique was used. As a result of the analysis, 4 main themes including "exercise experience", "breath awareness", "physical pains" and "effects of exercise" and 9 sub themes and 49 codes depending on these themes were revealed. As a result of the research, it was concluded that music teacher candidates did not do regular exercise work for instrument study, they experienced physical pain due to instrument study, their breath awareness was not at a sufficient level, and exercise had physical and psychological effects on instrument performance. In addition to medical treatments for musician injuries related to instrument playing, physical awareness and exercise training that prevent these disorders play an extremely important role. In instrument education, besides technical and musical concepts, it is necessary to research and apply ways to bring physical awareness to students. [Paper presented at the International Conference on New Horizons in Education (INTE) (July 28-29, 2022).]

The human body seems symmetrical but functional asymmetry can be observed for many tasks. One of the tasks observed the functional asymmetry is grip force and rate of grip force development (RGFD). To efficiently accomplish many tasks, it is important to measure those parameters in different ages and special groups. Thus, the purpose of the study was to test asymmetry of max grip force and max RGFD among adolescents with and without intellectual disability. 41 adolescents with (IQ between 50 and 70) and 41 adolescents without intellectual disability voluntarily participated to the study. Max grip force and max RGFD was measured using a force transducer with custom-made software. The statistical analysis displayed that adolescents without intellectual disability had higher max grip force and max RGFD with their both hands compared to adolescent with intellectual disability. Interestingly, whereas adolescent without intellectual disability displayed an asymmetry between the hands both for max grip force and max RGFD, adolescents with intellectual disability had asymmetry only for max grip force but not for max RGFD. Thus, adolescents with intellectual disability may have symmetrical neurological pathways. Individuals with intellectual disability should be provided with more physical activity and/or exercise opportunities including the bimanual movements with fast and ballistic actions.

Introduction: This article reports the physical abilities and physical wellness of three groups of children with different neurodevelopmental disabilities--Autism, Down Syndrome and Intellectual Disability. Methods: The causal-comparative research method was implemented in this study. The participants comprised 32 students with moderate intellectual disabilities, 18 with autism spectrum disorder, and 22 with Down Syndrome. The body mass index (BMI), flexibility, standing long jump, sitting height, stroke length, and medicine ball throwing levels were measured for physical fitness, and the groups were compared afterward. The Kruskal Wallis-H Test and Mann-Whitney U Test were applied to determine the differences between the groups' physical fitness averages for the statistical analysis. Results: Statistically significant differences were obtained in BMI, standing long jump, stroke length, and medicine ball throwing variables (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was discovered for the flexibility and sitting height variables (p > 0.05). The BMI, sitting height, and stroke length levels for the group with autism spectrum disorder were higher than the other groups, as the flexibility levels of the group with Down Syndrome were higher than the other groups. Students with intellectual disabilities were demonstrated to have better values than other groups regarding standing long jump and medicine ball throwing performances. Conclusions: Objective information about the physical fitness of individuals with children with different neurodevelopmental disabilities was obtained. In addition, the data obtained with these children will contribute to future plans for movement training as well as the content and frequency of the interventions, and will guide the development of new strategies to develop physical abilities and physical wellness.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of a Pilates program in the context of the physical education course at school, on aerobic capacity, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility of high school students. The voluntary participants were 42 high school students, aged 15 to 17 years, randomly divided into a Pilates group (PG; n = 24) that were taught and practiced Pilates exercises and a control group (CG; n = 18) that participated in the regular physical education school program, during physical education course at school, twice a week, for 45 minutes, for 10 weeks. After the 10-week period, PG significantly improved in all physical fitness parameters, while CG only in muscular endurance. The results demonstrated the very positive effects of the Pilates program as an alternative form of physical activity during the physical education course at school, on physical fitness parameters of high school students.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of 8-weeks complex and contrast training applied to soccer players on selected physical Characteristics. A total of 23 university students playing soccer in the university team participated in the study voluntarily. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups; complex (CPX) and contrast (CNT) training protocols. During 8-weeks, CPX and CNT training groups performed strength training in addition to soccer training 2 days a week, over 7 hours (4-5 units). On the first day, one repetition maximum (1RM) strength tests (back squat, calf, and leg extension) of all subjects were measured respectively. On the second day, all athletes' height, body weight, body fat ratio, (20m) sprint, vertical jump and agility performance tests were measured at the beginning and end of the 8-weeks study. As a result of the analysis of the data, a statistically significant difference was found in the values of the first and last measurements (1RM test) (back squat, calf and leg extension) between the groups of the CPX strength training group subjects and CNT strength training group (p< 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in speed (20m), vertical jump, agility and smash dive performance tests (p > 0.05). Although these results are not thought to be conclusive yet, there may be important information for coaches, especially during the training prescription and physical performance control of football players.

Purpose: The fact that the sports branch that the athletes are interested in is included in the group of indoor and outdoor sports or team and individual sports can create differences in the motivation levels of the athletes. In this study, it was aimed to compare the motivation levels of team and individual athletes who do sports in Indoor and Outdoor. Method: The Sports-Specific Achievement Motivation Scale (SSAMS) developed by Willis (1982) was used to determine the motivation levels of the athletes in the study. The study consists of athletes who take part in Archery, Athletics, Judo, Tennis, Muaythai, Shooting (Weapon), Volleyball, Football, Basketball, Handball and Field hockey teams in Turkey. A total of 259 athletes, 170 men and 89 women, in these teams were included in the study. Findings: When we compared the motivation levels of individual and team athletes, a significant difference was found in the sub-dimensions of "motivation to show strength", "motivation to approach success" and "avoiding failure" (p < 0.05). While a significant difference in the sub-dimensions of "motivation to show strength" and "motivation to approach success" was in favor of team athletes, "motivation to avoid failure" was found in favor of individual athletes (p < 0.05). Motivation levels of indoor and outdoor athletes. A significant difference was found in the motivation sub-dimensions of "motivation of strength" and "motivation of avoiding failure" of indoor and outdoor athletes (p < 0.05). It is seen that the significant difference is in favor of indoor athletes. Result: As a result; It has been determined that the sports branch differences that the athletes are interested in, the aims of their orientation to sports, the level of communication between the athletes studying physical education and sports training and the people who are in direct and constant communication, and the spatial differences in which the interested sports branch is performed can play an active role in the motivation levels of the athletes. The scarcity of studies on athletes in different branches doing sports in indoor and outdoor areas in the literature has shown that more studies are needed in this area.

Sport is an important phenomenon that supports psycho-social and physical development in both individual and social contexts. Music has an important place among the factors affecting the sportive process. In this study, the effect of music on sportive activities was examined according to some demographic factors in the context of motivation, physical strength and performance, and psychological resilience. The research data were obtained from 36 athletes competing in the archery branch in the 2020-2021 season Senior Turkey Championship Final Competitions. Scanning model was used in the research. In this context, the Effect of Music on Sportive Practices scale developed by Karayol and Turhan (2020) was used. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics for demographic variables, the Mann-Whitney U Test, which is a nonparametric test, to test the difference between the mean of two independent groups, and the Kruskal Wallis Test, which is one of the nonparametric tests, were used to compare more than two independent groups. In addition, Spearman test was applied to determine the relationship between two or more variables. As a result of the research, there were no significant differences according to the variables of gender and personal income, but significant differences were found between the variables of education status, listening to music in training and training place and some sub-dimensions of the scale. According to this; Significant differences were found in favor of those with university education, those who listen to music in training and those whose training place is in the district. In addition, a negative significant relationship was found between listening to music in sports activities and daily training time. According to the findings, the effect of music in sportive activities decreases as the training time increases, and listening to music during training increases motivation and performance.

Aim: This research aimed to analyze the vocational adjustment of paramedic students in health sciences in terms of some anthropometric and motoric features. Material and Method: The research is a cross-sectional study, which is one of the quantitative research methods aimed at paramedic students. The study group consisted of 60 (n[subscript Male]=34, n[subscript Female]=110) first-year students (n[subscript Male]=16, n[subscript Female]=44; male: 19.63±1.36 years, female: 19.57±1.15 years) receiving education at Kirsehir Ahi Evran University (KAEU) Health Services Vocational School in the First and Emergency Aid Program who agreed to participate in the research voluntarily. To determine the descriptive statistics of the study group, gender and age variables were collected through the direct data collection method. After this process, required measurements, including somatotype measurements, were performed to determine the height, body weight (BW), hand grip strength (HGS), and arm mass values. After determining descriptive statistics, the Wilcoxon comparison test and Spearman correlation statistical test were performed, and the significance level was taken as p<0.05. In addition, relevant ethical permissions were obtained for the research. Findings: In addition to some differences with reference to the gender variable (Table 2), several significant correlations between hand grip strength and upper extremity (Tables 3-5) were identified. Moreover, a highly significant positive correlation was found between relative arm force (RAF) and hand grip strength (r[subscript RAF-HGS] = 0.707; p<0.001). When their somatotype structures were analyzed, male students were determined to have balanced ectomorph (1.77-1.96- 3.05), while female students had meso ectomorph (0.08-1.09-2.24) and overall (males & females) had meso ectomorph component (0.53-1.32-2.46). Conclusion and Suggestions: It was observed that the height values of the students were below some minimum value criteria for occupations such as police work, while their body mass index (BMI) values were within the normal range. Although the results were close to sedentary health professionals in terms of HGS, they were at a lower level than those of athletes. It is obvious that the students had different somatotype components regarding athletes. Based on this research, the conduct of further qualitative research on field workers is recommended as well as introducing some certain physical competence criteria in the recruitment of paramedic students.

The aim of the research was to determine the effect of an 8-week circuit training program on explosive strength and strength endurance in physical education classes intended for high school students. The research included 60 students of two second-grade high school classes. Both classes attended regular physical education classes, where, within the main part of the class, one class had a special program for developing strength through circuit training (circuit group), while the other one had no modifications to the regular physical education program (control group). The classes were randomly marked as circuit group (n = 28) and control group (n = 32). Five strength tests were used in the study: squat jump, countermovement jump, squats, push-ups, and sit-ups. The results showed that the 8-week strength development program organized as circuit training contributed to a significant improvement in strength. The results of all tests showed a significant effect of training on students' strength. It has been determined that short-term circuit training in physical education classes is an effective way to develop students' physical performance.

In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of static and dynamic core exercises applied to football players aged 10-12 years on some physical fitness characteristics. The mean age of 12,4±0,4 years, average body weight of 43,2±0.31 kg, average height of 153,5±0.32 cm and average age of 4.32 years in sports, 32 male football players who regularly trained participated voluntarily. The athletes participating in the study were randomly divided into two groups as control and experimental groups. Different training programs were applied to these groups; Experimental group (EG) was given routine volleyball training (3 days/week) for 8 weeks, static and dynamic core exercises for 30 minutes total training time. The control group (CG) only did routine volleyball training. Before the studies, pre-test measurements (agility, (20m) speed, balance, strength and vertical jump) of both groups were carried out. At the end of 8 weeks, the last test measurements of the groups were taken. A t-test was used to compare the preliminary and final values of the groups (dependent sample). When the first and last test measurements of the groups were compared between the groups; According to the analysis of the data, a statistically significant difference was observed in the balance test value (p<0.05). In the comparison between the groups, no significant difference was found in the agility test, (20m) sprint test, strength test and vertical jump measurement values (p > 0.05). In addition to regular football training, dynamic and static core programs applied within the scope of conditioning hand exercises contributed positively to some measured physical fitness characteristics of the athletes.

Competitions in combat sports are divided into certain weight classes in order to compete fairly among athletes of similar body weight. However, athletes lose weight compulsorily or tactically (to encounter weaker opponents, to be between two weights, to be faster and more agile, etc.). In many scientific studies, it is seen that the athletes lose their weight close to the competition scale, and generally they lose a lot of weight on the last day. In addition, it is stated that the rate of weight loss varies between 2-10% of the body weight of the athletes. Many methods are used to set weight before the competition scale. These; Reducing energy intake, reducing fluid consumption, not consuming anything especially the day before the competition scale, increasing the duration and intensity of exercise, loss of fluid with intense sweating, use of sauna, use of diuretic drugs. As the use of these harmful methods and the rate of weight loss increase, their negative effects on physical, physiological, psychological and performance increase at the same rate. In this study, studies in the literature on the effects of weight loss on strength, endurance, anaerobic performance, reaction and balance performance will be examined and the causes of possible effects will be determined.

The purpose of this study is to increase awareness among physical education teachers by analyzing the trends in reaching exercise programs on the Google platform during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The exercise trends sought on the Google Trends platform between March 2020 and March 2021, when the pandemic was most intense, were examined. During this phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was observed that the most searched type of exercise on Google was strength training and fitness exercise. The previous exercise habits of individuals, the decisions taken by countries during the pandemic, and the technological methods applied may have been effective in searching for physical activities via Google. This study might contributes to physical education teachers in institutions that provide education for children and youths, to create the content of online or face-to-face exercise programs.

The purpose of this paper is to determine the relevance of turning the camera on or off during distance learning as an argument for active or passive student participation. Seventy-five (75) students participated in the study and were divided into five groups (1-5) according to teaching method (i.e., synchronous instruction online with camera (1) and without camera (2), synchronous transmission of the recording online with camera (3) and without camera (4) and received the online instruction (5)) only. In the beginning and at the end, all students were tested with the same adapted test to determine general physical and motor status. All groups had the same training program twice a week for 45 minutes for 7 weeks. The first training of the week was dedicated to strength development, the second to endurance. In the end, all participants completed a questionnaire to determine their additional physical activity and how they felt about using a camera. The camera being turned on was identified as a factor that made participants uncomfortable but contributed significantly to the effectiveness of the course. However, 94.6 % of all participants cited non-camera methods as their favourite.

This paper focuses on the effects of plyometric trainings on upper extremity anaerobic power and shotspeed in 20 volunteer male handball players, who are in the men's handball team at Süleyman Demirel University. Players were randomly divided into two groups as handball training group (HTG) and plyometric training group (PTG). While HTG continued routine handball training, plyometric trainings were applied to PTG additionally for 8 weeks, 3 days a week, at least 30 minutes a day. The upper extremity anaerobic power and shotspeed tests were applied to the groups in 1st and 8th weeks of the period (Inbar et al., 1996). Data analysis was made by using comparison tests. The study reveals that plyometric trainings have positive effects on shotspeed in handball. Considering that plyometric training provides maximum contraction in the shortest time possible, it can be said that applying plyometric training in pre-season and in-season training programming may be more effective.

Many factors determine success in football. But the most important of these are the physical and physiological variables that determine the performance of football players. Meeting these physical and physiological needs is also based on training methods prepared following branch-specific neural, muscular, and metabolic parameters. In football, for some reason, sufficient time cannot be allocated to the biomotor properties that need to be developed. Different methods are put forward to eliminate the obstacles that occur. One of these methods, which was discussed in the educational system of this field, was the idea of combining different strength training. Although there are different designs on these training in the literature, the most commonly studied methods are complex and contrast training. Complex and contrast training is based on the theory of post-activation potentiation, although there are minor differences between them. These methods generally include plyometric exercise followed by a severe strength exercise. For this reason, contrast and complex training are considered by some researchers as similar training methods, while studies that claim otherwise are also found in the literature. Discussions continue in terms of training protocols and training terms which are used. These methods are investigated by experts with many different protocols when the literature is examined. Confusion in the literature also affects studies on football. Complex and contrast training protocols in football that are used to define the purpose of this study, to examine the effect on player performance, on methods to deal with developments and discussions with existing methods to evaluate the positive and negative aspects to provide a critical perspective on sensible recommendations.

This study was conducted to search the effect of respiratory muscle training on aerobic, anaerobic endurance, and respiratory parameters in primary school students. 32 volunteer students, between the ages of 13-14, participated in this study. The volunteers were divided into experimental (n = 15) and control groups (n = 17). The experimental group participated in the football training of the school team three days a week, with two hours of physical education lessons in a week. Also, respiratory muscle training was applied with the Powerbreathe device for 5 weeks, five days a week in the morning and evening. The control group only participated in the football training of the school team three days a week, with two hours of physical education lessons in a week. Physical measurements, pulse, systolic-diastolic blood pressure, oxygen saturation, lung volume and capacity, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, and inspiratory pressure were measured before and after the study. Physical measurements has been determined that there are differences in the values of FAT, BMR, anaerobic power and MaxVO[subscript 2], respiratory parameters, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). It was observed that Inspiratory pressure measurement values were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). As a result, it can be said that five-week respiratory muscle training positively affects aerobic and anaerobic endurance, respiratory functions, respiratory muscle strength of primary school students compared to students who do regular training.

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, specialists in the field of Physical culture and Sports are faced with the problem of increasing interest in practicing folk national sports, based on the creation of both theoretical paradigms and a more evidence-based comprehensive practical database of research in scientific and methodological orientation. The research is aimed at creating a bank of models of bio pedagogical data for coaches and young people engaged in national wrestling, on the influence of Kazakh wrestling classes on the physical fitness of the muscles of the musculoskeletal system of its quality and the cardiac activity of highly qualified wrestlers in the preparatory period of the training process. The research was experimental, and data was analyzed using spss' correlation coefficient. The results revealed the positive effects of the quality of development management on the level of general and special physical fitness of highly qualified athletes of the national team who constantly train in different teams of the republic.

This study, which included 50 young amateur male footballers aged between 16 and 18, aims to compare certain physical and performance parameters of young football players based on positions. Based on their positions, the footballers were divided into two groups as "central" and "wing" positioned players. The body composition, anaerobic power, speed and flexibility values have been determined using field tests. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22 statistics program. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality distribution of the data. The independent t-test was used because of the normal distribution of the data. Confidence interval for statistical processes was considered to be p < 0.05. The average values and comparison results obtained from the physical parameters of the central and wing players have showed that there is a statistically significant difference between central and wing players in terms of height (cm), body weight (kg), fat mass (kg) and lean mass (kg) parameters (p < 0.05), whereas there is no statistically significant difference in age (years) and fat rate (%) parameters (p > 0.05). The average values and comparison results obtained from the physical parameters of the central and wing players have showed that there is a statistically significant difference between central and wing players in terms of vertical jump (cm), 30-m sprint (s) and anaerobic power (kgm/sec) parameters (p < 0.05), whereas there is no statistically significant difference in 10-m sprint (s) and flexibility (cm) parameters (p > 0.05). The results of this study showed that, in terms of physical parameters, the height, body weight, fat mass and lean mass values of the central players were statistically higher than the wing players. In terms of performance parameters, the vertical jump and 30-m sprint performance of the wing players were found to be statistically better than the central players, while the anaerobic power values of the central players were found to be statistically higher than the wing players.

In this study was to determine the impact of physical education and sports lesson on the physical capacity of children with special egitime needs and on this basis to outline the main directions for of educational process in secondary schools. Totally, 67 students region Kars in the of Turkey from 22 secondary education school participated in this study. They divided into groups according to their gender and health status; children with normal physical and mental development (24 boys, 18 girls; control group) and children with special education needs (15 boys, 10 girls; experimental group). Children's height, weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) were used a standard methodology, a manual dynamometer to measure the strength of the upper limb and a test battery to determine their physical capacity. Regarding inclusive education, questionnaires were collected from physical education teachers. Results were compared with the total sample and between the two target groups. According to the findings of the research, when the change in physical capacity characteristics of boys and girls with and without special education needs is examined; Sprint 20 m, Hand Dynamometer -- appropriate upper limb, Dynamometry -- Inappropriate upper limb, Throwing a thick ball, Jumping to length, Crunches, 400 m running, Depth of inclination, after the experiment; although it has different effects on the physical capacities of children with cognitive, hearing and vision problems, it has not statistically significant compared to the groups In order to develop the physical capacity of children with special educational needs, physical education and sports lesson activities should be increased, and new models should be developed. Limitations, suggestions for future research and implications for practice are discussed.

This study aimed to research the effect of dry-land quickness training for 14-16 years old male swimmers on 50 m freestyle swimming performance. 30 volunteer male athletes and 10 volunteer males in the same age group who do not sport participated in this study. Athletes were grouped who took swimming training as experiment1 (E1), experiment2 (E2) who took swimming & quickness training and control (C) group who did not take an exercise. Zig-zag (ZZ), Square test (ST), Illinois test (IT), and T-test were applied for quickness skills; 50 m freestyle swimming degree was computed for the swimming performance before and after the training. Findings were discussed by applying paired sample T-test for in-group, independent samples T-test and One-Way ANOVA tests were applied for intergroup comparison. There are significant differences in all the measurement parameters based on pared sample T-test analysis results (p<0.05). Also, with reference to intergroup analysis that compared E1, E2, and C groups, there are significant differences in all the parameters (p<0.05) while there is no difference between E2 and C group in ZZ, ST, K, and IT measurement parameters (p>0.05). On the other hand, there is a significant difference at 50 m freestyle swimming degree. Exercise that were applied on dry-land as an addition to swimming training have an effect on quickness and swimming performance. It can be considered to be available method for swimmers to plan their training at the appropriate time.

Geographical, cultural, and socio-economic factors create a different lifestyle. Accordingly, the aim of this research was to identify the differences in anthropometric and fitness characteristics among adolescents living in Montenegro and Kosovo in order to optimize the physical fitness as a consequence of the proactive behavior. Anthropometric characteristics and fitness level measures were assessed by Eurofit testing battery among 600 Kosovar and 600 Montenegrin students, equally distributed by gender. Differences between countries, gender, and age group (13, 14 and 15 years) were assessed with multivariate and univariate analysis of variance. The results showed that Montenegrin students are taller, heavier, and achieve better results in the sit-ups and 20-m endurance shuttle-run tests. Kosovar students achieve better results in the standing broad jump and 10 × 5 m shuttle-run tests. Males achieve significantly better results in all tests, excluding the sit-and-reach test. Statistically significant differences among age groups were found for all variables, regardless gender and country (except for the flamingo and sit-and reach tests). This study is of importance to physical education teachers and curriculum authors to optimize students' proactive behavior based on the identified anthropometric and physical fitness differences between the two countries, age groups, and genders.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences between physical and some motoric characteristics of university students who participate in regular sports training and those who do not. A total of 20 volunteer students, 10 students with an average age of 20.80 ± 1.69 and 10 students with an average age of 19.90 ± 1.45 without any exercise habits were included in the study. Body circumference measurements, vertical-horizontal jump and strength, flexibility, body mass index, body fat ratio, body circumference measurements, vertical-horizontal jump and claw-back-leg strengths, flexibility, peak and average power values of the participant groups were determined and compared. SPSS 20.0 package program was used to analyze the data. Athlete Students' body density, shoulder circumference, chest circumference, biceps (extension-flexion) circumference, average-peak strength, long-vertical jump, hand claw-back-leg strength were determined to be higher than non-athlete students (p<0.05). Besides, students doing sports; body weight, body mass index, body fat ratio and waist circumference measurement averages were found to be lower than non-athletes (p<0.05). As a result; it has been observed that the participation of young students in regular sports educations can be effective in preventing the risk of obesity and increases their motoric characteristics.

The aim of this study is to determine the most usable of the three most commonly used tests for male and female athletes, which are applied to determine the agility levels of athletes according to sports branches in terms of their basic motor characteristics. The research group consists of a total of 72 volunteer students, 26 females and 46 males, who were studying at the Coaching Department at Bayburt University School of Physical Education and Sports. In the study, the Sit and Reach test, Takkei brand back and leg dynamometer, 20-meter speed test, T-test which is one of the agility tests, the 505 test and Illinois tests were used. In the analysis of the data obtained in the study, descriptive statistics and normality analysis were performed by SPSS 25.0 program. In order to determine the relationship between motoric properties and agility test values Bivariate-Pearson Correlation test was applied. 0.05 was determined as the level of significance. In the study, a negative correlation was found between women's leg strength and T-test, and flexibility values and the 505 test, while a positive correlation was found between the speed values and the Illinois test. And statistically significant and positive correlations were found between men's leg strength and Illinois test, and speed values and T-test. In addition, a negative relationship was found between Illinois test and flexibility values although it is not significant. The study showed that while agility test is preferred; T-test should be preferred for branches requiring strength, Illinois test should be preferred for branches requiring speed and 505 test for branches requiring flexibility in women. For men, T-test should be preferred in branches that require speed, and Illinois test should be preferred in branches that require flexibility. In addition, it shows that the Illinois test should not be preferred in the branches requiring force.

Posture deformation occurs under the influence of factors that violate the vertical position of the spine. When the load on the spine is redistributed, the position of the body is adjusted by selective training of the muscles of the trunk and changing the position of the pelvis in the frontal plane. Exercises for impaired posture should be aimed primarily at preventing progression and correcting curvature and twisting of the vertebrae. It is important not only the correction of curvature, but also the stabilization of the spine in a corrected position. Saving the achieved results contributes to the formation of a new static-dynamic stereotype of the spine. This is possible by deliberately influencing the upper and lower in relation to the main curvature of the links of the musculoskeletal system and muscle tone-regulating groups involved in posture formation.

This research was conducted to determine whether there are differences between the norm values used in the evaluation of children who train in different sports and physical education lessons according to the chronological age and biological age of the children. The research group consists of a total of 239 male students of 13 (n=116) and 14 (n=123) chronological years, who study in grades 7 and 8. In addition, the biological ages of the students who make up the research group are calculated and divided into 13(N=140) and 14 (n=86) biological age groups. Within the scope of the research, heights, body weights, body mass indexes and body fat percentages of students were determined as anthropometric variables. Hand grip, leg strength, flexibility, horizontal and vertical jump, medicine ball throwing, ball throwing and sprint running skills were measured as motoric performance variables. The differences of variables according to chronological age and biological age were calculated by the Independent-Samples t-test. According to age groups, the arithmetic mean (x) is shown as 10%. While establishing the norm, the ratings accepted as Canadian criteria were used. In our study, significant differences were found between body weights in 13 and 14 age groups according to both chronological age and biological age. While there is a similarity in 13 age group in terms of heights, difference in favor of biological age was calculated in 14 age group. Even if there is no difference in the comparisons made for the bio motor abilities that are the subject of our study, percentage differences were found in comparing norm values in 10% slices according to chronological age and biological age. Thanks to norm values generated according to both chronological and biological age, the physical condition of the children, strengths and weaknesses related to the level of students in physical education classes, according to the separation of the application groups of children directed to the appropriate sport or the athletes and the students about training programs that will be applied to the course content it is envisaged that the results of this research will provide guidance. In this way, it is thought that by dividing the chronological age and biological age in children, a possible loss of motivation will be prevented in both physical education and training and competitions.

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between speed and isokinetic knee strength applied at different angular velocities in female volleyball players. 11 female volleyball players from the senior category volunteered in the study (meanage: 20.2±3.9 years, meanheight: 176.8±7.1 cm, meanweight: 66.6±5.7 kg). Isomed 2000 isokinetic dynamometer was used in order to measure the isokinetic strength of participants while 20 m sprint test was conducted in order to measure the speed. In measuring isokinetic strength, knee flexion and extension (H/Q) were measured separately on concentric/concentric dominant and non-dominant legs at 60°/sec angular velocity for 5 repetitions, at 180°/sec for 10 repetitions, and at 300°/sec for 15 repetitions. In data analysis, Spearman's correlation test was used for the relationship between isokinetic knee strength applied at different angular velocities and speed (p < 0.05). The highest peak torque value in participants was measured on both sides at 60°/sec angular velocity. This was followed by 180°/sec and 300°/sec angular velocities respectively. There was no significant relationship between isokinetic knee strength applied at different angular velocities and speed. In conclusion, there is not any significant relationship between speed and isokinetic knee strength in female volleyball players.

Researches have revealed that most of the university age male individuals are not satisfied with their body image and prefer a more muscular body. This has revealed the accepted phenomena in mental illness classifications such as exercise dependence and eating disorder. In line with this information, the main purpose of the research is to examine the mediating effect of the use of sports supplements on the relationship between exercise addiction and eating disorder. 372 male university students participated in the research. Validity and reliability analyze were applied to the obtained data within the scope of the measurement model. The steps expressed by Baron and Kenny (1986) were followed in order to determine the mediation effect. As a result of the analysis, it has been empirically proved that the use of sports supplements mediates the relationship between exercise addiction and eating disorder. The results of the research have contributed significantly to the ongoing discussions as one of the leading researches in the literature. In addition, it provided clues to the researchers and practitioners who obtained the results in the detection and treatment of such important mental disorders.

This study combines the results of studies on the effect of plyometric training on back and leg muscle strength in different places and times to reveal the overall effect sizes of these results. For this purpose, between 2000-2020 years of plyometric training method in Turkey, back and legs taken the subject of the effect on muscle strength parameters of the Council of Higher Education of the National Thesis Archive, Google and academic journals park websites postgraduate published in theses and research papers by the inclusion of studies appropriate studies are discussed. Studies that do not meet the specified criteria are excluded from this study. For the studies whose heterogeneity value is above normal, moderator analysis of training duration, sports branch and broadcast type variables were done. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) program was used for experimental meta-analysis. According to the results of the meta-analysis data of this study, the effect of plyometric training on the back muscle strength was 0.404 in the fixed effects model; in the random effects model, it was found to be moderate with an effect size of 0.408. In the fixed effects model for leg muscle strength, 0.478; in the random effects model, it was determined that it has a moderate effect size with a moderate effect size with an effect size of 0.525. Considering the results of this study; for the development of back and leg muscle strength, plyometric training can be said to be moderately effective.

The aim of this study was to develop a tool in order to measure the impact of music on the sportive activities. The study group 170 professional athletes, who are actively playing in the municipal sport club in Istanbul in basketball, physically disabled (swimming), wrestling, judo, karate, taekwondo, volleyball, swimming, and fitness branches. Thus, it was assumed that the sample represented the population. The construct validity of the scale was tested through the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the scale was measured through the Cronbach Alpha and test-retest method. The distinctiveness of the scale was tested over the difference between the min 27% and max 27%. Correlation analysis was conducted among the scale factors. In order to calculate the reliability of the 18 items in the Impact of Music on Sportive Activities Scale, the "Cronbach Alpha", which is the internal consistency coefficient, was calculated. The general reliability of the scale was determined to be very high, alpha=0.885. It was determined that the analysis results, confirmatory factor analysis, and compliance statistics demonstrated a good fit, and as a conclusion of the correlation analysis, positive correlations were detected between the Scale sub-dimensions and overall scores (p < 0.05).

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between core stability and some performance parameters in 14-16 age group male long distance runners and football players. 15 male long distance runners and 15 male football players with an average whose height measured ranged from 172.400 ± 7.3513 cm participated in the study. Core stability was determined by plank test and performance values were measured by using tests such as; 30 m speed running, pro-agility, long jump and 60 s shuttle pull. Descriptive and paired-sample t tests were used to compare core stability and performance values. When it is analysed according to football and athletics branches, it is seen that there is no significant difference between the branches in terms of height, body weight, BMI (Body Mass Index), plank and shuttle numbers they can pull in 60 seconds (p < 0.05). However, it was found that 30 m speed running time, standing long jump distance and pro-agility test values showed a significant difference in favour of athletics (p < 0.01).

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of lower and upper extremity strength on shot styles in tennis. 54 males and 19 females training regularly as experimental group and 24 male and 9 female volunteers as control group participated in the study. 24 training sessions were applied to the experimental group participants. Every week in a unit training, accurate and effective shot, practically forehand and backhand, was applied to the subject suitable for the technique and style by shooting 50 balls from the ball machine. The service was performed for each subject from the service point on the baseline line of the court in 20 units in one unit training. Maximum number of heart 30 to 50% of the beats were allocated for 10 min of general warming, and 70 to 80% of the maximum number of heart beats were allocated for quick strength; moreover, practices towards upper and lower extremity were applied beforehand and finger strength trainings. Voluntary participants in the control group were not subjected to any training program. Paired t-test was used for intra-group comparisons in the analysis. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare pre-test and post-test changes in groups with gender effect. Mean and standard deviation were used as descriptive statistics. Significance was determined as p [less than or equal to] 0.05. In conclusions, effective service training should be supported with a good ball thrower and effective material. Therefore, this study is important in terms of evaluating the effect of the tennis ball thrower on the performance of the athletes to correct the shoot techniques and improve their performance.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of four warm-up protocols on agility, strength, static and dynamic flexibility in primary school students. The participants were forty-four students of a primary school (19 boys and 25 girls) and the mean age of the children was 11.7±0.47. All of them executed, in four different days, one of the following protocols: (a) 3 minutes of jogging followed by 5 minutes of static stretching, (b) 3 minutes of jogging followed by 5 minutes of dynamic stretching, (c) 3 minutes of jogging followed by a 5-minute break (no stretching protocol), and (d) 8 minutes of Greek traditional dances. On the completion of the protocols, the participants did the following tests: the agility shuttle run test (4x10m), the standing long jump test, the sit & reach test, and the active straight leg raise test (dynamic flexibility). According to the results of the repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), the protocol of static stretching showed significantly better scores on static flexibility compared to the protocols of dance and no stretching. As for the long jump, dynamic stretching produced significantly better results compared to static stretching and no stretching. Concerning dynamic flexibility, there were no significant differences between the four warm-up protocols. As for agility, the dance protocol presented significantly better results compared to static stretching. Moreover, girls performed better on the sit & reach test compared to boys. In conclusion, the static-stretch protocol is suggested for lessons that require a maximal range of motion (flexibility). On the other hand, it seems that dynamic stretching is more suitable than the other protocols when the lesson requires lower extremity strength. Moreover, it seems that the dance protocol is suitable for lessons requiring agility. Therefore, teachers should implement different stretching protocols according to the content of the lesson.

The fact that children have acquired the habit of physical activity therefore becoming physically and mentally healthy individuals has an important role in the formation of a healthy society. Physical activities during childhood and adolescence ensure that sports performance is at the highest level and also contributes to overall health values (Saygin, Karacabey, & Saygin, 2011). The aim of this study is to compare the physical fitness parameters of the male students who take the physical education course with an average age of 7,15 ± 36 years and who are trained in different sports branches. The first-grade students of the Private Yükselen College, who were in Pursaklar District of Ankara Province, participated in the study. For this purpose, physical fitness tests of 65 male students who took courses of physical education and received training in different sports branches were conducted. Significance values were taken as p <0.01 and p <0.05. As the results of the study showed that the speed, agility and muscular force parameters of the males showed faster development, it was observed that the values of the students who took education in different branches were better and a significant difference was observed between them.

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of wrestling education on some physical and motoric parameters in high school students. 42 volunteer men aged 15-17, who received regular wrestling training, participated in the study. In the study, after all, subjects were divided into 3 groups according to age groups, body weight, height, BMI, claw, back, leg strength, 10 and 30 m sprint, flexibility, anaerobic power, fat percentage, and body circumference measurements were taken. SPSS 20.0 program was used in the statistical analysis of the data obtained, the normality distribution of the data was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Descriptive statistics, One Way ANOVA was used for normally distributed data and the level of significance was taken as p<0.05. When the findings were examined, there was a significant difference between the age variable and BMI, 30m sprint, anaerobic power, shoulder and chest circumference (p<0.05), while there were no significant differences in height, weight, claw, back, leg strength, 10m sprint, flexibility, fat percentage, waist, hip and femur values (p>0.05). In conclusion, besides the effect of growth in the adolescent period in different age groups, it can be said that wrestling education has positive effects on BMI, 30m sprint, anaerobic power, and some environmental measurements.

90-95% of vitamin D which has the supreme function of regulating many metabolisms in tissues and organs, is taken from the sunlight through skin. Since wrestling is performed in sun-protected sports halls, we think that a vitamin D replacement will improve the performance of wrestlers, especially as the limited exposure to sunlight is compared to outdoor sports branches. The aim of our study is to increase the strength and endurance of male wrestlers by applying 25-Hydroxy vitamin D replacement together with general and wrestling-specific trainings for 8 weeks. 36 wrestlers participated in the study and were divided into two groups as subject and control groups. Group A (n: 18) was the exercise-subject group with a 25-hydroxy vitamin D replacement and group B (n: 18) was the exercise-control group without the vitamin D replacement applied. In the subject group, Devit-3 oral ampoule 1 ml (300,000 I.U.) replacement was applied to the wrestlers whose 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were below 20 ng/mL. Wrestlers were pre-tested one week before the replacement. After 8 weeks, they were post-tested and their vitamin D levels were measured again. Wrestlers in the control group were tested at the beginning and end of the 8-week training program without the vitamin D supplementation. In the analysis of the data, a Wilcoxon test and Mann Whitney test (one of the nonparametric tests) was used in accordance with the distribution width when the averages of the groups were evaluated in terms of significance with each other. The values that were p < 0.05 as the significance level of the data were accepted as statistically significant and the evaluations were made accordingly. When the results of the analysis were examined, it was seen that 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels of the wrestlers increased from 13.85 ng/ml to 26.28 ng/ml after the replacement applied to the wrestlers in the subject group. It was observed that while vitamin D levels of the group increased, their aerobic endurance decreased to 132.22 ± 9.69 from 150.33 ± 20.98 (p < 0.05). Thus, their aerobic endurance improved statistically significant. No statistically significant value was obtained in the test analysis of the wrestlers in the control group. The analysis results obtained from the study showed that the 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in athletes increased and their aerobic capacity also increased after vitamin D induction. It is possible to say that vitamin supplementation together with 8 weeks training program is more effective for athletes to improve their strength and endurance.

The aim of this paper was to examine the selected physical and motoric characteristics of students with mild intellectual disabilities. The total number of the participants was 119 (54 females and 65 males) and the mean age was 10.78 ± 1.88 years. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and body fat mass scores were collected to determine the physical characteristics. Handgrip strength, vertical jump, standing long jump, flexibility, and 20 m speed running tests were performed to determine the motoric characteristics. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 22 package program. Descriptive statistical methods were used in the evaluation of the data. The male students performed better than the female students in all motor performance tests except the flexibility test. The older students performed better, as in the previous studies. Most of the students in the study were found to have a low or normal body mass index. However, according to the literature, children with special needs tend to be overweight and obese due to sedentary lifestyle. One reason for this difference might be a small sample size. Other reasons could be different socio-economic backgrounds and different extracurricular physical activity habits.

Soccer game or a soccer match includes functional movements that require complex muscular balance including stopping, walking, jogging, sprint with dribbling, shooting and passing (Eniseler, 1994; Boyle, 2004). Functional training contribute to the different systems of the body through functional exercises performed in different parts of the body (covering the whole body, improving universal motor skills, applied in multiple motion planes) through intensive, short and constantly changing sessions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of functional training on some physiological and Biomotor Abilities in elite soccer players. Athletes were randomly divided into two groups as Traditional Training Group (TTG) and Functional Training Group (FTG). For eight weeks, TTG athletes were trained five days per week for classical soccer training while FTG athletes were trained with functional training two days a week in addition to this training. Table 4 shows that the effect of pre-test from post-test and present an adjusted post-test mean and determine the difference of the adjusted post-test mean of two groups. According to the ANCOVA results, differences were not found statistically significant (p>0.05). As a result, in this study, which aimed to investigate the effects of functional training on some physiological and bio-motor properties in elite soccer players, it was determined that functional training method had a positive effect on some physiological and bio-motor properties of pre- and post-test values in soccer players, however to determine the difference of the adjusted post-test mean of two groups, ANCOVA results show that differences were not found statistically significant.

This study aims to analyze the effects of 6-week core training on certain biomotor abilities for footballers in the pubertal period. Accordingly, 30 male footballers who attend football courses regularly participated in the study. Footballers were divided into two groups; 15 of them were assigned to the Core Training Group (CTG) (age: 9.73 years; height: 139 cm; and body weight: 33.66 kg.) while 15 of them were assigned to the Conventional Training Group (CONTG) (age: 10.06 years; height: 139 cm; and body weight: 35.32 kg). While CONTG was applying the traditional training protocol, CTG additionally applied core strength exercises (two days a week for 10-15 min.). The selected biomotor tests were applied to both groups before and after the 6-week application. Between pre- and post-test values in the CTG, a statistically significant difference was found in flamingo balance, core stabilization balance, hand grip strength, 30 sec. abdominal crunch and 30 m sprint tests (p<0.05). In the CONTG, a statistically significant difference was found in 30-second push-up test values between pre- and post-tests (p<0.05). Comparing the pre-tests between groups, a statistically significant difference was found in flamingo balance and vertical jump tests (p<0.05). Also, comparing the post-tests, a statistically significant difference was found in core stabilization balance and vertical jump tests (p<0.05).

In the present study, the purpose was to examine the effects of some physical characteristics on the stroke speed in forehand and backhand techniques in tennis. The Study Group consisted of 10-12-year-old tennis players of Isparta Süleyman Demirel University Tennis Courts (mean age 10.15±0.37 (years), mean height 1.46±0.06 (m) mean body weight 38.77±6.67 (kg), mean sports age 4.76±1.16 (years)). Forehand and backhand strokes were performed in a closed tennis court to control the effect of the weather in measuring ball speed. The athletes warmed up until they reached maximal forehand and backhand speed levels. Three minutes after the athletes warmed up, the tests were started. They were asked to perform forehand and backhand strokes at 8 maximal speed. Sports Radar, Power Madd was used to measure the ball speed. The measurements of the radar used to measure the speed of the ball were taken at the time of the strokes and immediately after the strokes. The strokes were made in line with the rules of tennis, towards the court, and when the ball stroke the net or when it went outside the baseline (out), these strokes were not recorded. The feedbacks of the strokes were reported to the athletes to spend maximal effort. All strokes were directed towards the parallel point of the court. The coach behind the file sent the balls to the athletes for strokes, and all strokes were evaluated by two tennis coaches. The "Descriptive Statistics" and "Correlation Analysis" in the statistical package program to analyze the data. Significance level was taken as "p < 0.05". As a result, sports scientists and coaches must pay attention to technical development levels of athletes as well as their physical characteristics in the preparation of a training program for 10-12 year old male tennis players. It can be considered that strength development can be achieved with an accurate technique; and depending on this, the speed of the ball will increase. Since physical development is mostly at directly proportional to age, it is considered that ball speed will be affected as the age increases.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a post activation potential application response in sprinting and change of direction performance. Fifteen physically active, healthy men (age 23.5±2.0 years, height 175.0±7.6 cm, body weight 72.2±8.5 kg, body fat 15.7±2.9 %) voluntarily participated in this study. Cross sectional research design with a single group (n=15) and repeated tests was used and applicants participated in sprint and pro-agility tests 8 minutes after the pre-conditioning (PC) with weight wests that corresponded 5% and 10% of their body weights in different days without pre-conditioning. For PC, 8 minutes before for each 30m sprint and pro-agility tests, they did a resisted running with a weight vest corresponding 5% and 10% of their body weights. Analysis shows that, sprint after PC activity as resistance running with %5 and %10 of body weight (p<0.05) and agility (p<0.05) data showed statistically significant difference. According to the results of Bonferroni post-hoc correction, 30m sprint test times, which were performed 8 minutes after the PC which includes a 30m sprint with weight vests corresponding to 5% of their body weight, showed an increase from control test times, 4.34±0.23 seconds to 4.40±0.24 seconds respectively. This 0.07 second increase is statistically significant (p<0.05). In our study, PAP effect being observed as negative, might be related with the lower body weight percentages of resisted running exercise which was selected for PAP.

The aim of this study was to examine the changes in the body composition and motor characteristics of the students attending the wrestling lesson in one academic year (8 months). The study included 19 male wrestler students with an average age of 21.20±1.61 years. Body weights, body circumference measurements, regional muscle strengths, anaerobic strength skinfold thicknesses and body fat percentages were measured twice before the start of the wrestling training at the beginning of the academic year. SPSS 20.0 package program was used to analyze the data obtained at the beginning and end of the season. In the evaluation of pretest and posttest measurements, wrestler students' body weights, BMI, shoulder circumference, chest circumference, bicep circumference (ext), bicep circumference (flx), hip circumference, upper leg circumference, vertical jump distance, long jump distances, Anaerobic power capacities There was a statistically significant difference between the back force, leg strength, biceps, triceps and abdominal skin folds (p<0.05). As a result, it was determined that wrestling training taken by university students in a training process had a positive effect on muscle strength and anaerobic power levels and a positive effect on the development of body circumference measurements.

The aim of this study was to define anaerobic powers of sub-elite level racket and futsal players playing at university teams and to make comparison whether there was a difference between two groups or not. 12 racket (age: 19.83±1.02 yr) and 10 futsal players (age: 20.80±0.91 yr), 22 male players in total, voluntarily took part in this study. Body composition, Wingate anaerobic power test (WAnT), vertical jump, Illinois agility, handgrip strength and isokinetic leg strength measurements of the participants were carried out. SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis and "Independent Samples T test" was used for comparing the data. Relative peak power (RPP) was as 12.04 W/kg, 11.41 W/kg in racket and futsal players respectively, at WAnT. And for the strength test, isokinetic extensor strength was measured as 220.61 Nm, and 217.40 Nm, isokinetic flexor strength as 134.82 Nm and 126.28 Nm. Dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) handgrip strength measurements of the participants were detected as 51.51 kg/f and 49.58 kg/f in racket sports players, as 43.42 kg/f and 41.37 kg/f in futsal players respectively. The difference between these variables was found statistically significant only at D (p = 0.009) and ND (p = 0.004), handgrip strength parameters, the difference in other variables was not found significant. As a consequence, although WAnT, handgrip and isokinetic leg strength of racket sports players were found higher than futsal players, only the difference between handgrip strengths was statistically significant. This result showed us that there was no statistical difference between anaerobic strength parameters of racket and futsal players except for handgrip strengths.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the physical parameters of the futsal players before and after the season. In the study, the experimental group consisted of n = 10 male futsal players with an average age of 20.5±1.5 years, height 1.78±.03 cm, body weight 71.7±2.2 kg. The control group consisted of n = 10 male futsal players with an average age of 22.1±2.4 years, height 1.78±.03 cm, body weight 74.3±4.4 kg. Paired-T test was applied to pretest and posttest data for statistical analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in the weight, 30 m speed, 10 m speed, vertical jump, horizontal jump, anaerobic strength and shot velocity values of the experimental group. There was no statistically significant difference in the control group's weight, 30 m speed, 10 m speed, vertical jump, horizontal jump, anaerobic force, shot velocity values.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the strength values of professional footballers according to their positions before the football season. The study group consisted of 27 professional footballers of Sanliurfaspor Football Club in the 2nd League of Turkey. The mean height of the Study Group was 180.92±6.18 (cm), mean body weight was 80.18±1.5 (kg), and the mean age was 26.40±4.4 (years). The inclusion criteria for the study was being volunteers, and the necessary permissions were obtained from the players, club managers and coaches. The Precor-brand device was used to measure the differences of strengths according to the positions of the footballers. "1 RM" measurements were made from shoulder press, latt pully, leg curl, leg extension, and leg press machines in the footballers. The SPSS 24.00 Program was used in the statistical analysis of the study data. The descriptive statistics were given as mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values. The normality test of the data was analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk Test. One-Way Anova Test was used to identify the differences between the players and the positions. The significance level was determined as 0.05. According to the results obtained in the study, no significant differences were detected in strength values between goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and striker positions (p > 0.05). As a result, among the biomotoric properties, strength is important, and quite necessary for a footballer to perform at a high level. These values obtained from 2nd League football players are important for being taken as reference values, and it can be argued that these values obtained in the pre-season prepared the basis for the lack of qualitative differences. In future studies, data that will be obtained from different league levels and training stages will lead to research being considered differently.

In order to monitor training effects and physical developments in elite sports, it may be beneficial to perform anthropometric measurements and physical fitness tests regularly. In this study, the relationship between the anthropometric properties and physical fitness values of elite figure skating athletes were investigated. 21 elite athletes in the 11-16 age group, female (n=12) and male (n=9), participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements were taken in accordance with The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) protocol. [sigma]6 and [sigma]8 skinfold thickness, body fat ratio (BF%), body mass index (BMI), Manouvrier Index (MI), waist/hip ratio and somatotype components in girls Group II, III and in boys Group II were calculated. Also, balance, flexibility, handgrip strength, vertical jump, agility, medicine ball overhead back throw, speed, and endurance tests were applied to all groups. Descriptive statistical analyzes were made using the IBM SPSS 25.0 statistics program. The relationship between variables was calculated by the Pearson Correlation coefficient. The significance level was taken as p<0.01 and p<0.05. In boys, body weight, body height and arm span, sitting height, BMI, humerus breadth and foot length were observed to be associated with all physical fitness parameters (p<0.01, p<0.05), except balance and agility; Girth measurements were related to handgrip strength, vertical jump, overhead medicine ball backward throw, speed and endurance (p<0.01, p<0.05). Negative relationships of the endomorphic feature with flexibility and endurance were determined (p<0.05). In girls, it was found that body weight, body height, and arm span, sitting height and BMI were related to flexibility, handgrip strength, medicine ball overhead back throw (p<0.01, p<0.05); girth measurements were found to be related to flexibility, handgrip strength, vertical jump, overhead medicine ball back throw (p<0.01, p<0.05); also, significant correlations (p<0.01, p<0.05) were found between the handgrip strength and breadth measurements. Assessment of the relationship between morphological features and motor skills with specific field tests and standardized tests performed at regular intervals in athletes can contribute to the athletes' selection and training planning of the relevant federations and orientating towards their goals.