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The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. In countries with pasture-based dairy systems and relatively cold winters, such as New Zealand, it is common to manage pregnant, nonlactating cows on forage crop paddocks rather than pasture, due to slow pasture growth rates. Wintering dairy cattle on grazed crops can compromise welfare if wet and muddy underfoot conditions occur, which can reduce lying. This study investigated behavioral and physiological indicators of welfare of cows under 2 wintering practices: cows managed on and grazed kale crop (Brassica oleracea), and cows managed on pasture with baled hay. Following dry-off (d 0), 80 cows were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 wintering practices (40 cows/practice) and monitored between d 4 and 32 (phase 1). During this period, lying and stepping behavior was continuously recorded using leg-based accelerometers. Blood samples were obtained at d 0 and 32 for measurements of thyroxine (T4), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), white blood cells (WBC), and red blood cells. All data for phase 1 were presented descriptively due to the lack of treatment replication. Daily mean air temperature during this period was 5.2°C (range: 0.0–10.7°C), and rainfall was 1.1 mm/d (range: 0–5.6mm/d). Between d 4 and 32, cows in both groups spent similar amounts of time lying (pasture with hay cows: 8.9 h/24 h ± 2.57, kale crop cows: 8.7 h/24 h ± 3.06, mean ± SEM). Both groups reduced their lying on wet and cold days, and there was evidence of rebound lying once unfavorable weather conditions stopped. Cows on kale crop had numerically higher NEFA and lower WBC compared with cows managed on pasture, although most physiological values were within normal ranges. In a second phase of the study (d 34 and 35), cows were managed under controlled, replicated conditions in the 2 wintering practices using typical on-farm stocking rates (2 or 4 cows per group in the pasture with hay and kale crop treatments, respectively; n = 10 groups/treatment). During this period, cow behavior, skin and surface temperatures, hygiene scores, feed intakes, and ground conditions were measured. Weather conditions during the 48-h exposure were mostly cold and dry (mean air temperature: 7.8°C, range: −2.2 to 20.5°C). Cows managed on pasture with hay spent more time lying down on the first day of exposure; however, this was likely due to less space being available to kale cows on this day. Cows managed on pasture with hay ruminated more than cows on kale crop on both days of observations (d 1: 37.9% vs. 30.9% of observations, d 2: 36.8% vs. 28.7% of observations for pasture with hay and kale crop groups, respectively) and were lying more often in postures indicative of greater thermal comfort. Cows managed on pasture with hay had higher skin and surface temperatures compared with cows on kale crop, whereas cows on kale crop had dirtier coats. Results suggest that opportunities for thermal comfort were greater for cows managed on pasture with hay bales, which may be due to increased rumination activities and more insulated lying areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residue generated during the production process of alumina, known as red mud, is a type of solid waste. The engineering properties of red mud can be significantly enhanced through the modification and solidification using inorganic materials. This study primarily utilized red mud as the raw material, supplemented with fly ash, lime, and clay, to conduct a solidification experiment of red mud. Orthogonal tests with three factors of two ash ratio (ratio of lime to fly ash), two ash content (total lime and fly ash), and red mud types were designed to study the changes of different ratios and maintenance conditions, etc., on the engineering properties of red mud. In addition, the micro-mechanisms of modified red mud were investigated by means of XRF, XRD, SEM and EDX. The results show that for optimum moisture content, red mud types are the most important influencing factor and for maximum dry density, two ash content is the most important influencing factor. For strength characteristics, the optimum two ash ratio was 1.5:1, the optimum two ash content was 50%, and the optimum red mud types were 70% CRM (red mud made of Chalco Shandong Co., Ltd) mixed with 30% clay. The addition of lime, fly ash, and clay improves the temperature shrinkage coefficient of the red mud. Through the analysis of microscopic composition and structure, it can be seen that goethite (α-FeO(OH)) and magnetite (γ-Fe2O3) in the red mud reacted with the modified materials to generate crystalline aluminosilicate and amorphous hydrated silicate gel, and these products together with the original calcium carbonate (CaCO3), tricalcium aluminate (Ca3Al2O6) and garnet (Ca3TiFeSi3O12) in the red mud which have certain strengths enhance the structural strength of the modified red mud. The optimum ratio obtained from the combined test results was lime: fly ash: CRM = 30:20:50. Therefore, using lime, fly ash and clay as modified materials can greatly enhance the engineering properties of red mud and realise the resourceful use of red mud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expendable Bathythermographs (XBTs) are oceanographic instruments that fall through the ocean's water column and measure ocean temperature with depth. In many instances, however, XBTs continue to record temperature after they impact the seabed. Here we show evidence that XBTs produce unique temperature responses when they impact the seabed that depend directly on seabed physical properties. Specifically, standard‐use XBTs (e.g., T‐4s and T‐5s), when deployed above a mud‐rich seabed, require significant time (tens of minutes) to equilibrate to steady‐state seafloor temperatures after seabed impact. In contrast, XBTs deployed above sand‐rich sediments equilibrate to seabed temperatures rapidly (<5 min) after seafloor impact. One explanation for this difference in temperature response is that XBTs deployed above mud‐rich sediment penetrate into low permeability marine muds that jacket the XBT, where diffusive heat flow dominates. Both observations and numerical modeling results support the hypothesis that XBTs impacting muddy seafloors exhibit slow, diffusion‐dominated heat flow, while XBTs impacting harder, sand‐rich seabed sites exhibit rapid seafloor temperature equilibration, consistent with advection‐driven heat flow and little if any XBT seabed penetration. Given that >644k XBT measurements exist publicly (via the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration website), and >74,000 XBTs record temperatures post seabed impact, we suggest that XBT data represents a large, low‐cost, and currently untapped data set for characterizing seabed physical properties globally. Plain Language Summary: Expendable Bathythermographs (XBTs) are hand‐deployable torpedo‐shaped single‐use thermistors that measure ocean temperature with depth by being dropped from a ship and transmitting temperature values along a thin copper wire that unspools from the XBT as it falls. When the XBT impacts the seabed, it often continues recording temperature, however, researchers focused on ocean temperature‐depth measurements typically ignore these data. Here, we take a first‐look at XBT temperature response after seabed impact for two different seabed settings: (a) a soft muddy seabed where XBTs may penetrate the seafloor, and (b) a hard, sandy seabed where the XBT likely fails to penetrate. We find that XBTs that impact a soft, muddy seabed show significantly slower rates of change in temperature after impact compared to XBTs that impact hard sandy sediment, consistent with numerical modeling temperature predictions for XBTs impacting and penetrating mud but failing to penetrate sand. XBT temperature response after seabed impact may therefore provide a crude but efficient tool for rapidly assessing seabed physical properties (such as seabed hardness). With more than 74,000 publicly available XBT seabed temperature measurements available in every ocean, XBTs may provide a useful tool for roughly characterizing seabed properties globally. Key Points: XBT temperature response after seabed impact varies depending on seabed physical propertiesXBT rates of temperature change after seabed impact are nearly an order of magnitude lower in mud versus sand due to XBT burial in mudXBTs may provide a crude but useful, rapid tool for assessing seabed physical properties globally [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Fe-Al double hydroxides adsorbent (DHs-FeAl) was synthesized utilizing red mud (RM), and then the arsenic(As)V adsorption characteristics of DHs-FeAl were evaluated. The iron-containing acid leaching residue (Fe = 63.55%) generated during the production of DHs-FeAl can be used directly as a raw material for iron metallurgy. Optimized conditions for As(V) adsorption were observed to be pH = 4.0–9.0, 1.0 g/L adsorbent dosage, 50 mg/L initial As(V) concentration, 720 min, and ambient temperature. The adsorption capacity of DH-FeAl for As(V) was up to 117.73 mg/g, as determined by fitting adsorption equilibrium data using the Langmuir–Freundlich isothermal model (R2 > 99%). According to the adsorption thermodynamic and kinetic results, the As(V) adsorption process, controlled by coupled external and internal diffusion, was dominated by physisorption and supplemented by inner-sphere complexation and hydroxide ion exchange. When the DHs-FeAl was regenerated with an NaOH-NaCl binary solution after adsorbing As(V), the adsorbent still had a good adsorption capacity for the first three cycles. Based on the results, it was possible and efficient to adsorb As(V) using DHs-FeAl. The research complied with the notions of reusing resources and treating waste with waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of replacing the fly ash in synchronous grouting material by reusing the shield mud produced in the clay stratum during the shield construction of Wuhan Rail Transit Line 11. The test utilizes the shield mud from the clay stratum to replace the fly ash material in synchronous grouting at percentages of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, and research and analyses are conducted on the fluidity, stability, strength, and resistance to water dispersion of the slurry after the replacement; at the same time, improvements in the undesirable phenomenon produced by the synchronous grouting slurry are also examined after the replacement. The results show that, when the fly ash is replaced by shield mud at 80%, the mortar still has good stability and strength performance, but, at the same time, the initial value of consistency and the phenomenon of flow time loss is too large. Through the adjustment of the water–binder ratio and the addition of an appropriate amount of a polycarboxylate superplasticizer agent, the adverse phenomenon of the slurry is effectively improved, and the compressive strength and ease of the slurry are also improved. At the same time, when adding an appropriate amount of hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC), the slurry has good water dispersion resistance, but, with the gradual increase in HEMC, the fluidity of the slurry deteriorates and the compressive strength decreases. The test proves that the shield mud in the clay stratum can be used to replace most of the fly ash in an appropriate proportion, which not only solves the problem of the shield mud being difficult to work with, but also provides more valuable insights for tunneling projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-combustion characteristics and synergy of distillery effluent sludge (DES) and sugar mill waste (SMW) were studied by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. TG data were used to evaluate the combustion indices, synergy, kinetic parameters, and heterogeneous reaction mechanisms. The blend D1S3 (25% DES and 75% SMW) exhibited optimal combustion parameters (Ci = 2.69 × 10−4% min−3, Cb = 1.34 × 10−6% min−4, and CCI = 13.02 × 10−7%2 °C−3 min−2). Mixing DES with SMW resulted in a positive synergy that facilitated effective combustion owing to the presence of Fe, Ca, and Mg in DES, which served as catalysts during combustion. For D1S3, the apparent activation energy (*Ea) calculated using FWO, KAS, and ST iso-conversional methods were 173.3, 172.4, and 172.7 kJ mol−1, respectively. The master plots revealed that the combustion process was governed by the D1, D3, F2, and F3 solid-state kinetic models in different conversion (α) ranges for the wastes and their blends. Finally, the presence of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements (Na, K, Mg, and Ca) was confirmed through ash characterization. Thus, the ash can be considered a possible supplementary cementing material for end-use applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended-reach drilling represents an advanced way of drilling and accessing reservoirs that were previously economically not feasible to drain, impossible to reach or in an environmentally sensitive area. One of the main issues that appears while drilling such wells is caused by the high values of friction factor which cause high values of torque and drag. One of the suggested solutions is to use a protective sliding ring made from materials such as POM, Teflon and PA6 in combination with lubricants added to a polymer mud system. First, measurements were conducted on a lubricity tester to choose the best material and, after finishing, a mechanical wear test was conducted on a specially designed device to measure mechanical wear. Results showed that Teflon showed lower values of friction factor in comparison to steel and the mechanical wear was minimal. The lowest value of friction force was recorded for blocks made from Teflon in tested mud systems. It is also noticeable that, in polymer mud with weighting additives and lubricant, the value of the friction force is higher than in polymer mud with lubricant only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pb-contaminated soil poses serious hazards to humans and ecosystems and is in urgent need of remediation. However, the extensive use of traditional curing materials such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) has negatively impacted global ecology and the climate, so there is a need to explore low-carbon and efficient green cementitious materials for the immobilization of Pb-contaminated soils. A red mud/steel slag-based (RM/SS) geopolymer was designed and the potential use of solidifying/stabilizing heavy metal Pb pollution was studied. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) model was used to design the response surface, and the optimal preparation conditions of RM/SS geopolymer (RSGP) were predicted by software of Design-Expert 8.0.6.1. The microstructure and phase composition of RSGP were studied by X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the immobilization mechanism of RSGP to Pb was revealed. The results showed that when the liquid–solid ratio is 0.76, the mass fraction of RM is 79.82% and the modulus of alkali activator is 1.21, the maximum unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the solidified soil sample is 3.42 MPa and the immobilization efficiency of Pb is 71.95%. The main hydration products of RSGP are calcium aluminum silicate hydrate, calcium silicate hydrate and nekoite, which can fill the cracks in the soil, form dense structures and enhance the UCS of the solidified soil. Pb is mainly removed by lattice immobilization, that is, Pb participates in geopolymerization by replacing Na and Ca to form Si-O-Pb or Al-O-Pb. The remaining part of Pb is physically wrapped in geopolymer and forms Pb(OH)2 precipitate in a high-alkali environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally, seaweed Gracilaria lives on various aquatic substrates including sandy, mud, coral and coral fragments, but scientific information that reveals the extent to which substrates influence the growth of this type of seaweed in cultivation has not been widely studied. The aim of this research is to determine the type of substrate that influences the growth of seaweed G. verrucosa, and to determine the best substrate for seaweed G. verrucosa. Collecting samples of seaweed G. verrucosa in the waters of Kalumata Ternate for 5 days. The cultivation process in a controlled container was carried out at the Unkhair Integrated Laboratory UPT, Sasa Village for 45 days. The overall research implementation time is 50 days from May-July 2022. The results of the research showed that the composition of the substrate type had a very significant effect on the absolute weight growth and relative growth of the seaweed G. verrucosa. The type of coral fragment substrate had the best influence on absolute weight growth with an average value of 57.33 grams, followed by sandy substrate at 37 grams, and the lowest was muddy substrate at 30.66 grams. The coral fragment substrate also had the best influence on relative growth at around 8.991%, and the lowest was found on the muddy substrate at around 7.593%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to conduct a thorough scientific investigation into the similarities and differences in the quality of the cellars of different Luzhou‐flavor liquor wineries in Yibin production area and the reasons for them. This study analyzed cellar mud samples from five wineries in Yibin production area. The analysis of volatile flavor compounds was carried out using headspace solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The bacterial and archaeal community structures and their correlations were analyzed by high‐throughput sequencing. The study indicates that the Distillery A had the highest levels of ammonium nitrogen and effective phosphorus, Distillery F had the highest humus levels, and Distillery I had the highest pH levels. The community structure of the principal bacterial and archaeal communities in the five subterranean clays exhibited similarity, and all samples were dominated by Firmicutes as the primary bacterial group. However, there was variation in bacterial abundance. The cellar mud also has obvious regional differences, and there are three genera of differentially dominant archaea in the archaea. In summary, significant differences were observed in the physicochemical indexes of bacterial and archaeal abundance across all five samples. These differences led to variations in both the content and composition of volatile constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Zoologica Lilloana is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is a hot topic to recover iron from red mud in the research field of solid waste comprehensive utilization, but high-quality iron concentrate is always difficult to be obtained unless by high-temperature reduction roasting–magnetic separation. In this study, low-temperature magnetization roasting–magnetic separation has been conducted to recover iron from red mud, with carbon monoxide as the reducing agent, and the effect of Na2SO4 as an additive and corresponding activation mechanism has been investigated, confirming that Na2SO4 can significantly improve the quality of the iron concentrate. Under the optimum conditions, an iron concentrate with a total iron grade of 60.65% and a recovery of 94.01% could be obtained, increased by 3.46% and 2.76%, respectively, compared with that in the absence of Na2SO4. This verified that weak-magnetic hematite was transformed into strong-magnetic magnetite by reductive roasting. The iron content in the magnetite was raised from 0.93% in red mud to 80% and 82%, respectively, for the roasted briquettes in the absence and presence of Na2SO4. As Na2SO4 contributed to not only the reduction and enrichment of iron minerals but also to the decomposition of iron-containing complex oxides, the separation of the iron and the magnetic property intensity of iron concentrate was enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability and deformation during trenching of ultra-deep diaphragm walls have a greater impact on the construction of diaphragm walls. The conventional limit equilibrium method, known as the vertical slices method, assumes homogeneity within the rock and soil mass, making it challenging to account for their stratification. Based on the limit equilibrium method, the horizontal strip method takes into account the stratification of the foundation soil. Based on the actual project, considering the different mud unit weights and heights, the horizontal strip method was used to analyze the stability of the groove trench and analyze the deformation law of the groove trench by the finite element method. The results indicate the following: The horizontal strip method can effectively assess the influence law of mud weight and height on the safety coefficient of groove trench stabilization. The higher the unit weight and level of slurry, the greater the wall safety coefficient. Moreover, the mud unit weight obtained by the horizontal strip method is about 12.70~12.64 kN/m3, which is close to the actual maximum mud weight of 12.5 kN/m3. The estimated mud unit weight aligns more closely with actual conditions. Additionally, through finite element analysis, the deformation law of the groove trench of ultra-deep diaphragm walls has been analyzed and summarized. The soil around the groove trench does not move inward, which shows three different deformation modes with different depths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of red mud in road projects is an effective way to consume large amounts of red mud on a large scale. In order to meet the requirements for road performance, a modified material, Heinchem, has been developed on the basis of extensive experiments, and the long-term environmental risks of red mud modified by this material have been investigated. By collecting and modifying original red mud samples, a series of continuous leaching tank experiments are carried out based on the exposure scenario analysis. According to the leaching content of pollution in the original and modified red mud, the characteristic pollutants are identified. The release mechanism of these characteristic pollutants in the modified red mud is revealed, and the long-term release amount is predicted. Furthermore, in light of the actual road use scenario of the modified red mud, a risk assessment model is established and used to simulate the release, migration, and transformation of characteristic pollutants during the use of modified red mud as roadbed material. The groundwater environmental risk is then assessed. Finally, an acute toxicity test of earthworms and a seed germination test are conducted to investigate the impact of the modified red mud on the farmlands. The results showed that the proposed red mud modified materials have obvious curing effects on V, As, Se, Mo, and F. When the leaching contents of V, Cr6+, Cr3+, As3+, Se4+, Se6+, Mo, and F in the modified red mud were lower than 0.15 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, 0.012 mg/L, 0.012 mg/L, 0.012 mg/L, 0.075 mg/L, and 1.2 mg/L, respectively, the environmental risk of modified red mud during long-term road use is acceptable. This study provides a new way for the resource utilization of red mud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a pioneering machine learning approach to continuously model fracture intensity in hydrocarbon reservoirs using solely conventional well logs and mud loss data. While machine learning has previously been applied to predict discrete fracture properties, this is among the first attempts to leverage well logs for continuous fracture intensity modeling leveraging advanced ensemble techniques. A multi-level stacked ensemble methodology systematically combines the strengths of diverse algorithms like gradient boosting, random forest and XGBoost through a tiered approach, enhancing predictive performance beyond individual models. Nine base machine learning algorithms generate initial fracture intensity predictions which are combined through linear regression meta-models and further stacked using ridge regression into an integrated super-learner model. This approach achieves significant improvements over individual base models, with the super-learner attaining a mean absolute error of 0.083 and R^2 of 0.980 on test data. By quantifying the crucial fracture intensity parameter continuously as a function of depth, this data-driven methodology enables more accurate reservoir characterization compared to traditional methods. The ability to forecast fracture intensity solely from conventional well logs opens new opportunities for rapid, low-cost quantification of this parameter along new wells without requiring advanced logging tools. When incorporated into reservoir simulators, these machine learning fracture intensity models can help optimize production strategies and recovery management. This systematic stacked ensemble framework advances continuous fracture intensity modeling exclusively from well logs, overcoming limitations of prior techniques. Novel insights gained via rigorous model evaluation deepen the understanding of naturally fractured reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT: In countries with pasture-based dairy systems and relatively cold winters, such as New Zealand, it is common to manage pregnant, nonlactating cows on forage crop paddocks rather than pasture, due to slow pasture growth rates. Wintering dairy cattle on grazed crops can compromise welfare if wet and muddy underfoot conditions occur, which can reduce lying. This study investigated behavioral and physiological indicators of welfare of cows under 2 wintering practices: cows managed on and grazed kale crop (Brassica oleracea), and cows managed on pasture with baled hay. Following dry-off (d 0), 80 cows were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 wintering practices (40 cows/practice) and monitored between d 4 and 32 (phase 1). During this period, lying and stepping behavior was continuously recorded using leg-based accelerometers. Blood samples were obtained at d 0 and 32 for measurements of thyroxine (T4), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), white blood cells (WBC), and red blood cells. All data for phase 1 were presented descriptively due to the lack of treatment replication. Daily mean air temperature during this period was 5.2°C (range: 0.0–10.7°C), and rainfall was 1.1 mm/d (range: 0–5.6mm/d). Between d 4 and 32, cows in both groups spent similar amounts of time lying (pasture with hay cows: 8.9 h/24 h ± 2.57, kale crop cows: 8.7 h/24 h ± 3.06, mean ± SEM). Both groups reduced their lying on wet and cold days, and there was evidence of rebound lying once unfavorable weather conditions stopped. Cows on kale crop had numerically higher NEFA and lower WBC compared with cows managed on pasture, although most physiological values were within normal ranges. In a second phase of the study (d 34 and 35), cows were managed under controlled, replicated conditions in the 2 wintering practices using typical on-farm stocking rates (2 or 4 cows per group in the pasture with hay and kale crop treatments, respectively; n = 10 groups/treatment). During this period, cow behavior, skin and surface temperatures, hygiene scores, feed intakes, and ground conditions were measured. Weather conditions during the 48-h exposure were mostly cold and dry (mean air temperature: 7.8°C, range: −2.2 to 20.5°C). Cows managed on pasture with hay spent more time lying down on the first day of exposure; however, this was likely due to less space being available to kale cows on this day. Cows managed on pasture with hay ruminated more than cows on kale crop on both days of observations (d 1: 37.9% vs. 30.9% of observations, d 2: 36.8% vs. 28.7% of observations for pasture with hay and kale crop groups, respectively) and were lying more often in postures indicative of greater thermal comfort. Cows managed on pasture with hay had higher skin and surface temperatures compared with cows on kale crop, whereas cows on kale crop had dirtier coats. Results suggest that opportunities for thermal comfort were greater for cows managed on pasture with hay bales, which may be due to increased rumination activities and more insulated lying areas.

Mangroves are threatened with extinction worldwide. Many mangrove reforestation projects have been developed, but very few have achieved their restoration objectives. With the ambitions to contribute for rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of substrate composition and level of insertion on the growth and development of Rhizophora seedlings in nurseries. The experiment was conducted in a semi-lighted nursery set up in situ. Rhizophora propagules were reared on three types of mangrove substrates (type 1:75% of mud and 25% of sand; type 2: 50% of mud and 50% of sand, and type 3: 25% of mud and 75% of sand) with different levels of insertion (at ¼; ½ and ¾). Seedling heights and diameters were recorded, as well as the time of appearance of the first leaves and the variation of number of leaves. The greatest average height (40.2 ± 7.48 cm) and the highest mean diameter (1.2 ± 0.01 cm) were obtained for the substrate composed of 75% mud and 25% sand. The best growth and development of seedlings were recorded on the substrate type 1 with an insertion at ¼. Seedling production at ¼ insertion of substrate type 1 appeared the most effective combination. The production of Rhizophora seedlings on the substrate combining 25% Sand and 75% Mud with an insertion level at 1/4 seems to be the best method for the complete restoration and rehabilitation of the mangrove ecosystem of the Wouri estuary.

This study investigates the influence of air exposure time on the erodibility of intertidal mud flats, emphasizing the role of evaporation in altering sediment strength and cohesion. Through a comprehensive approach combining laboratory experiments, fieldwork, and numerical modelling, it explores the dynamic interactions between sediment properties and environmental conditions. The research reveals that drying significantly reduces sediment erodibility, with pronounced effects observed during the initial hours of air exposure. Laboratory tests demonstrate a direct correlation between drying time and increased yield stress for both artificial and field-derived mud samples. Field observations further support these results, showing spatial and temporal variations in water content and shear strength across various locations on a tidal flat. The study emphasizes the critical impact of mud content on water retention and the subsequent effect on sediment stability. The incorporation of drying time into erosion formulations within a numerical model highlights the importance of considering evaporation processes in predicting the morphological evolution of tidal flats. This research contributes to a better understanding of sediment transport dynamics in intertidal zones, offering insights into the mechanisms driving the growth and stability of mud flats. It underscores the necessity of integrating evaporation effects into cohesive sediment transport models to enhance the accuracy of predictions concerning the erosion and accretion of intertidal environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, RM (red mud) was acidified with sulfuric acid, and the acidified ARM (acidified red mud) was utilized as an innovative adsorption material for treating antibiotic-containing wastewater. The adsorption conditions, kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and mechanism of ARM for CIP (ciprofloxacin) were investigated. The characterization of the ARM involved techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and NH3-TPD analysis. Adsorption studies employed a response surface methodology (RSM) for the experimental design. The results showed that ARM can absorb CIP effectively. The RSM optimal experiment indicated that the most significant model terms influencing adsorption capacity were solution pH, CIP initial concentration, and ARM dosage, under which the predicted maximum adsorption capacity achieved 7.30 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics adhered to a pseudo-second-order model, while equilibrium data fitted the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm, yielding maximum capacity values of 7.35 mg/g. The adsorption process occurred spontaneously and absorbed heat, evidenced by ΔGθ values between −83.05 and −91.50 kJ/mol, ΔSθ at 281.6 J/mol/K, and ΔHθ at 0.86 kJ/mol. Analysis using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) indicated a complex reaction between the Al–O in the ARM and the ester group –COO in CIP. The C=O bond in CIP was likely to undergo a slight electrostatic interaction or be bound to the internal spherical surface of the ARM. The findings indicate that ARM is a promising and efficient adsorbent for CIP removal from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sintering red mud (SRM) is an industrial alkaline waste residue generated from the sintering process in alumina production, which is often directly discarded and causes environmental issues. In this study, an innovative magnesium-modified wet carbonation method was proposed to convert sintering red mud to valuable calcium carbonate whiskers using CO 2 -containing flue gas. The effects of carbonation conditions including temperature, MgCl 2 concentration, and duration on the composition, microstructure, and morphology of carbonated products were systematically investigated. It was found that a high whisker content of 60% with an aspect ratio of ∼6 could be obtained under the optimal conditions of 80 °C, 0.4 M MgCl 2 , and 2 h reaction time. Besides the formation of whiskers, amorphous aluminosilicate gel was also generated during SRM carbonation. The effects of the as-prepared whisker-rich materials as partial cement replacement on the mechanical properties of cement paste were evaluated with 5 wt% replacement, the 28 d compressive strength was significantly improved by 20.5% compared to the control specimen. The effective reinforcement was ascribed to the fibrous whiskers and enhanced interfacial bonding. This method enables high-value utilization of SRM waste and CO 2 fixation, providing a green and low-cost approach to producing high-performance cementitious materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the mechanism of sudden water inrush and mudflow in mountain tunnels is crucial for implementing preventive measures. Tunnel excavation through a fault or fractured zone can easily trigger sudden water inrush or mudflow. In this paper, the coupled lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and discrete element method (DEM) were employed to reproduce the process of water and mud inrush in mountain tunnels. The failure of tunnel mud burst and water inrush involves a fluid–solid coupling process. A two-dimensional Boltzmann method for fluids and DEM for particles were utilized, with the coupled LBM-DEM boundary adopting the immersed moving boundary method. For simulating the water inrush process, a numerical model was established to replicate the flow of water particles within karst pipelines, featuring dimensions of 7 cm length, 4 cm width, and consisting of 100 particles. Particles are transported through water flow to the outlet of karst pipelines under hydraulic gradient loading. When the hydraulic gradient exceeds 6, the Darcy velocity gradually tends to be constant. As for simulating the mud inrush process, a numerical model was developed with dimensions of 5 cm length and 4 cm height, incorporating 720 randomly generated particles. The results demonstrated the successful reproduction of the evolution process encompassing three consecutive stages of tunnel mud-burst failure: initiation, acceleration, and stabilization. The occurrence of mud inrush disasters is attributed to combined action involving disaster-causing geotechnical materials, groundwater pressure, and tunnel excavation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the principles of porous media seepage mechanics and solute transport theories, a seepage–erosion theory model was developed to uncover the dynamics of mud and water inrush in fault rupture zones during the construction of tunnels. This model consists of a mass conservation equation, a flow transformation equation, a porosity evolution equation, and a permeability evolution equation. These components illustrate the interaction between seepage–erosion particle loss and the transformation of seepage flow patterns throughout the mud and water inrush evolution in the fault fracture zone. This model proves to be effective in illustrating the catastrophic process of mud and water inrushes within tunnels located in fault rupture zones. To address the spatial and temporal variations, the implicit difference and Galerkin finite element schemes were utilized, and the Newton–Raphson iteration method was applied to handle the nonlinear attributes of the equations. The theoretical model underwent further development and numerical simulations were performed using COMSOL multi-field coupling software. A comparison with existing indoor water inrush mud model test results validated the effectiveness of our model. The theoretical model was then applied to the Yong Lian tunnel scenario within the fault rupture zone. This computational analysis exposed the sequence of flow pattern transformations and the instability in seepage–erosion evolution within the fault rupture zone, ultimately leading to the emergence of mud and water inrush disasters. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for addressing tunnel engineering challenges related to underwater inrush disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acids play a crucial role in enhancing the flavor of strong-aroma Baijiu, and among them, caproic acid holds significant importance in determining the flavor of the final product. However, the metabolic synthesis of caproic acid during the production process of Baijiu has received limited attention, resulting in fluctuations in caproic acid content among fermentation batches and generating production instability. Acid-producing bacteria found in the cellar mud are the primary microorganisms responsible for caproic acid synthesis, but there is a lack of research on the related microbial resources and their metabolic properties. Therefore, it is essential to identify and investigate these acid-producing microorganisms from cellar mud to ensure stable caproic acid synthesis. In this study, a unique strain was isolated from the cellar mud, exhibiting a 98.12 % similarity in its 16 S rRNA sequence and an average nucleotide identity of 79.57 % with the reference specie, together with the DNA-DNA hybridization of 23.20 % similarity, confirming the distinct species boundaries. The strain was able to produce 1.22 ± 0.55 g/L caproic acid from glucose. Through genome sequencing, annotation, and bioinformatics analysis, the complete pathway of caproic acid synthesis from glucose was elucidated, and the catalytic mechanism of the key thiolase for caproic acid synthesis was investigated. These findings provide useful fundamental data for revealing the metabolic properties of caproic acid-producing bacteria found in cellar mud. • A potential new species is isolated from cellar mud of Baijiu. • The species could produce caproic acid from glucose. • The possible key thiolase for caproic acid production is identified. • The work offers a valuable strain for producing caproic acid in Baijiu fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the impact of different levels of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) incorporation on the availability and transformation of zinc in purple tidal mud soil under rice cultivation. A two-year pot experiment was conducted, comprising seven treatments: a control group without fertilizer, a control group with Chinese milk vetch application, a control group with chemical fertilizer application, and four treatment groups with varying levels of Chinese milk vetch application following chemical fertilizer application. Results showed that Chinese milk vetch application increased the content of available zinc (DTPA-Zn) in purple tidal mud soil. Sole application of Chinese milk vetch ultimately enhanced the transfer factor of zinc in purple tidal mud soil and reduced the distribution index. However, applying Chinese milk vetch after chemical fertilizer application ultimately decreased the transfer factor of zinc and increased the distribution index. Furthermore, sole application of Chinese milk vetch facilitated the conversion of zinc in purple tidal mud soil into available forms, while applying it after chemical fertilizer application promoted the transformation of zinc into ineffective forms, with a greater conversion observed at higher levels of Chinese milk vetch application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the influence of adding rinsed ilmenite mud waste (R-MUD) on the microstructure of Portland cement composites, compared to similar composites containing fly ash (FA). The aim of the study is the assessment of the pozzolanic activity of ilmenite mud waste by its impact on the microstructure of the cement matrix in comparison to the undoubted pozzolanic activity of fly ash. The presented test results include pore size distribution, phase composition, pozzolanic activity using thermal analysis, R3 bound water test, and microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tests were performed on mortars cured for up to 360 days. The results presented in this paper have shown that R-MUD has a pozzolanic activity level similar to FA or better, which influences pore size distribution in the composite and its microstructure. During the curing process, the microstructure of composites containing R-MUD became more compact and sealed than those with FA, which might also increase their durability. The results of the R3 tests have proven the pozzolanic activity of R-MUD but its level was lower than FA. R-MUD might be a useful substitute for fly ash, especially given the lack of good-quality fly ash on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red mud has been used as a supplement substitute material in the fabrication of concrete. However, the influence mechanism of red mud on the film-forming performance of cement paste is still unclear. In this study, red mud with different substitution rates (by cement mass) was added to cement paste to investigate the influence of red mud on the film-forming performance. The addition of red mud increased the cohesiveness and reduced the fluidity of cement paste. It showed that low fluidity reduced the film thickness of cement paste, and the film thickness decreased gradually with the increase of red mud substitution. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy results demonstrated that red mud promotes the hydration process of cement by providing hydration nucleation sites, making the interfacial transition zone denser, which is important for improving the mechanical properties of cement paste. It is expected that this study improves the application of red mud in concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balneotherapy includes practices and methods using medically and legally recognized mineral-medicinal waters, muds and natural gases from natural springs for therapeutic purposes. One of the most widely used method in balneotherapy is bathing with thermal mineral water. In the course of the years, scientific community has produced an increasing number of evidences that this practice is an effective method for treating signs and symptoms of several pathologies such as rheumatic, cardiovascular and dermatological diseases. This systematic review is aimed at evaluating the effect of balneotherapy with thermal water baths as a treatment to manage signs and symptoms of patients affected by all types of dermatological diseases. The systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA Statement, and its protocol was registered on PROSPERO platform (CRD42022295913). The research was performed on the databases Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane. We included clinical trials evaluating the effects of balneotherapy using thermal mineral water baths for managing dermatological diseases in humans, published in English and Italian language. Eight studies were included, seven of them enrolled adults affected by psoriasis and one studied atopic dermatitis patients. The common result of all the articles included was a clear improvement of signs and symptoms of psoriasis and eczematous diseases after use of thermal mineral water baths. These effects seem to be strictly related to physical and chemical properties of thermal water used for balneotherapy. However, studies in this field are still limited to support robust evidence of the effectiveness of balneotherapy using thermal mineral water baths and often their quality is low. Thus, new clinical studies need to be carried out, using more correct methods for conducting the studies and for processing statistical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum is produced from its primary bauxite ore through the Bayer process. Although Al is important nowadays in the development of humanity, its production leads to the generation of a huge amount of waste, called red mud. Globally, the estimation of the stock of red mud is about 4 billion tons, with about 10 million tons located in Turkey. The presence of rare-earth elements (REEs) in crucial materials such as red mud makes it a major source of these elements. A number of methods have been developed for treating red mud, which are employed globally to recover valuable products. The application of a suitable method for REE extraction from red mud is a way to overcome the supply risk, contributing to reducing the environmental issues linked to red mud pollution. The current review summarizes the research on red mud processing and examines the viability of recovering REEs from red mud sustainably, utilizing hydrometallurgy and biohydrometallurgy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cellulite represents a common multi‐factorial condition that affects nearly all women and is now recognized as a clinical condition associated with systemic factors and negative psychological effects. Several noninvasive and minimally invasive treatments were developed during the last few years, but limited evidence supports many of them due to lack of evidence, insufficient participants, and potential adverse effects. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a seaweed mud application in improving both the structure and function of tissues affected by cellulite. Sixty women with cellulite underwent 4‐week applications of seaweed mud on the buttocks and thighs. The following assessments were performed at baseline and after the last treatment: photographic, clinical, and anthropometric evaluation; tests for elasticity and hydration; ultrasonography of cellulite nodules; and cellulite biopsies in the trochanteric region. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a 5‐point Likert‐scale questionnaire. Results: The treatment resulted in a significant improvement in the severity of cellulite severity between the initial assessment and the 4‐week follow‐up, with enhanced structure, elasticity, and hydration of the affected tissues. Microscopic analysis of the cellulite biopsies revealed a significant restoration of dermal organization with induced collagen synthesis and reduced inflammation, edema, and lipid deposition following the 4‐week seaweed mud applications. Additionally, the treatment led to a remarkable improvement in comfort and satisfaction as well as a reduction in body circumferences. Conclusions: The cosmetic application of seaweed mud has proven to be a safe, non‐invasive treatment for improving the tissue alterations characteristic of cellulite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevating the flavor profile of strong flavors Baijiu has always been a focal point in the industry, and pit mud (PM) serves as a crucial flavor contributor in the fermentation process of the fermented grains (FG). This study investigated the influence of wheat flour and bran (MC and FC) as PM culture enrichment media on the microbiota and metabolites of FG, aiming to inform strategies for improving strong-flavor Baijiu flavor. Results showed that adding PM cultures to FG significantly altered its properties: FC enhanced starch degradation to 51.46% and elevated reducing sugar content to 1.60%, while MC increased acidity to 2.11 mmol/10 g. PM cultures also elevated FG's ester content, with increases of 0.36 times for MC-FG60d and 1.48 times for FC-FG60d compared to controls, and ethyl hexanoate rising by 0.91 times and 1.39 times, respectively. Microbial analysis revealed that Lactobacillus constituted over 95% of the Abundant bacteria community, with Kroppenstedtia or Bacillus being predominant among Rare bacteria. Abundant fungi included Rasamsonia, Pichia, and Thermomyces, while Rare fungi consisted of Rhizopus and Malassezia. Metagenomic analysis revealed bacterial dominance, primarily consisting of Lactobacillus and Acetilactobacillus (98.80–99.40%), with metabolic function predictions highlighting genes related to metabolism, especially in MC-FG60d. Predictions from PICRUSt2 suggested control over starch, cellulose degradation, and the TCA cycle by fungal subgroups, while Abundant fungi and bacteria regulated ethanol and lactic acid production. This study highlights the importance of PM cultures in the fermentation process of FG, which is significant for brewing high-quality, strong-flavor Baijiu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pixo: Revista de Arquitetura Cidade e Contemporaneidade is the property of Pixo Revista de Arquitetura Cidade e Contemporaneidade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of allelopathic bacteria to combat weed infestation in crops is regarded as an effective technology for sustainable agriculture and environment. In this regard, six bacterial strains from the genus Pseudomonas were selected for their ability to inhibit the germination and growth of Leptochloa chinensis (L.) and Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) while promoting the growth of rice. These strains were applied to the target weeds and rice using different application methods viz. seed priming, liquid application, and foliar application. The results showed that all strains possessed herbicidal activity and significantly reduced growth of L. chinensis. Shoot length, root length, and fresh biomass of D. aegyptium were also significantly reduced in all strains by 60, 55, and 76%, respectively, with the exception of R15-4. Additionally, the growth suppression of both weed species was more prominent in the liquid application. The selected allelopathic strains also demonstrated plant growth-promoting traits and improved the growth and physiological parameters of rice in all three application methods, with the best results achieved with liquid and foliar applications. The survival efficiency of the bacterial strains was also tested using four different carrier materials, where the press mud was found the best carrier for controlling L. chinensis and D. aegyptium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, the effects of varying dosages of combined red mud on the microstructure and hydration process of low-carbon composite cementitious material. The findings indicated a gradual decrease in the reactivity of RM, following a linear trend. The non-evaporable water content of the composite binder exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease, with the optimal content identified at 10%, for RM content ranging from 10% to 90%, non-evaporable water decreases linearly. Optimal bending strength and compressive strength were achieved in the mortar when incorporating 10% of RM, reaching 8.56 MPa and 51.2 MPa at 28 days, respectively. The porosity was at its lowest when the RM content was added at 10%, but further increasing RM dosage was reversed. The pore size distribution aligned with the experimental findings on porosity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the involvement of RM in the secondary hydration reaction, thereby enhancing the mechanical properties of low-carbon composite cementitious material. The optimal content of RM is suggested to be 10%, with a maximum recommended limit of 30%. The analysis has shown that red mud particles serve a dual purpose in low-carbon composite cementitious material. They enhance compactness by acting as fillers and promote cement hydration through surface activity, thereby enhancing mechanical properties, durability, and pore size distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seepage damage is a significant factor leading to red mud tailings dam failures. Laboratory tests on seepage damage were conducted to investigate the damage characteristics and distribution laws of red mud tailings dams, including soil pressure, infiltration line, pore water pressure, dam displacement, and crack evolution. The findings revealed the seepage damage mechanisms of red mud slopes, offering insights for the safe operation and seepage damage prevention of red mud tailings dams. The results showed that the higher the water level is in the red mud tailings dam, the higher position the infiltration line is when it reaches the slope face. At the highest infiltration line point of the slope surface, the increase of pore water pressure is the highest and the change of horizontal soil pressure is the highest. Consequently, increased pore water pressure leads to decreased effective stress and shear strength, increasing the susceptibility to damage. Cracks resulting from seepage damage predominantly form below the infiltration line; the higher the infiltration lines is on the slope surface, the higher the position of the main crack formations is. The displacement of the dam body primarily occurs due to the continuous expansion of major cracks; the higher the infiltration lines are on the slope surface, the larger the displacement of the dam body is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling inclined fine‐scale mud drapes inside point bars, deposited on accretion surfaces during stages of low energy or slack water, is critical to modeling fluid flow in complex sedimentary environments (e.g., fluvial and turbidity flows). These features have been modeled using deterministic or geostatistical modeling tools (e.g., object‐, event‐, and pixel‐based). However, this is a non‐trivial task due to the need to preserve geological realism (e.g., connectivity within sedimentary features and facies hierarchy), while being able to condition the generated models to point data (e.g., well data). Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) have been successfully applied to reproduce several large‐scale scenarios (e.g., braided rivers and carbonate reservoirs), yet their potential for capturing small‐scale and hierarchical features remains largely unexplored. Here, we propose a geo‐modeling workflow for fast modeling of small‐scale conditional mud drapes based on ALLUVSIM and GANSim. Initially, improved ALLUVSIM produces realistic unconditional models of mud drapes along accretionary surfaces, serving as GAN training data. GANSim is then employed to achieve conditioning to well data and probability maps derived from geophysical modeling. Finally, temporal pressure data observed in wells are further conditioned via a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling method. The proposed geo‐modeling workflow is validated in a two‐dimensional synthetic example as the pre‐trained generator extracts mud‐drapes‐features and generates multiple facies realizations conditioned to diverse information. A field application example in a modern meandering river verifies the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed workflow in real case application examples. The application examples illustrate the potential of the proposed method to predict mud drapes inside point bar reservoirs. Key Points: The proposed method achieves fast conditional mud drapes stochastic modelingThe effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method have been verified in modern channel depositThe proposed method provides technical support for future predictions of mud drapes inside underground point bar reservoirs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regular release of sediment from reservoir has been increasingly adopted as a strategy for sustainable management. Here, we use a process‐based morphodynamic model to simulate the estuarine sediment dynamics impacted by turbidity current venting implemented by the Shihmen Reservoir during three typhoon events in 2008. Upon validation with the post‐event bathymetries, the model hindcasts reveal that mud releasing can be effective in mitigating reservoir siltation, yet may be a suboptimal strategy for alleviating coastal sediment deficit. A vast majority of the released muds were delivered through the estuary and exported to offshore by flood advection, wave dispersion, and tidal flushing. The flood‐driven sands, sourced mainly from downstream tributaries, were instead the major contributor to coastal sediment budget. However, mud mantling (covering and immobilizing sand deposits by the reservoir‐released muds) reduced sand availability and thus sand delivery to the coast. For the present case, 25% of the released muds were deposited along the way, presence of these mud covers reduced sand delivery by 15%, compared to a hypothetical scenario of clear‐water flood releases. The relative sand transport deficit is found to increase linearly with the degree of bed mud saturation, 1–D/R, with D/R the ratio of single‐event mud deposit to release. Given broad relevance to global reservoirs encountering the problems of siltation and coastal sediment deficit, our findings highlight that sustainable management needs to look beyond just a bulk amount of sediment, but it is critical to consider how different sediment fractions are interacting and impacted by human activities. Key Points: Increasingly adopted mud release strategy is effective to mitigate reservoir siltation yet suboptimal to alleviate coastal sediment deficitFlood‐driven tributary‐sourced sands dominate supply to coastal sediment budget yet sand delivery is reduced by mantling of released mudsSand delivery deficit (relative to sand delivery of clear‐water flood release scenario) increases linearly with degree of bed mud saturation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of large stockpiles of red mud needs to be solved, and the use of red mud to prepare inorganic fibers is a new way of applying red mud on a large scale. The role of CaO/Al2O3 in the melting point and melt structure of red mud was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations and thermodynamic calculations. Liquid phase line temperatures for different CaO/Al2O3 systems were calculated using the Factsage program. The radial distribution function and the type of oxygen bonding were used to characterize the effect of different CaO/Al2O3 on the structure of the red mud melt. The melting point of MgAl2O4 is lower than that of CaTiO3 due to the fact that the type of oxygen bonding in MgAl2O4 is predominantly bridging oxygen bonds. When the red mud system has a low SiO2 content and CaO/Al2O3 is between 0.3 and 3.9, the melting point temperature increases significantly, which is not conducive to the fibrillation of the red mud melt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 14 July 2021, the western states of Germany, Rheinland Palatinate and North-Rhein-Westphalia experienced major flash floods and about two hundred people died. This article explores how those affected and journalists they spoke to created meaning from the mayhem of an unprecedented disaster and how social representations of flooding emerged in which language, politics and values were intimately intertwined. Combining thematic analysis with elements of social representations theory, and analysing a sample of articles from a national news magazine, we show how social representations of the floods were shaped by the objectification of the floods through metonymy (mud and debris) and the anchoring of the floods through personification and metaphors (natural and mechanical forces), thus adding a new dimension to the existing body of work on flood and metaphors. We claim that the immediate focus on the extreme force of the 2021 floods, on the one hand, and the weakness of political response, on the other, may entrench feelings of helplessness and divert attention away from more systematic and long-term engagement with flood dangers in the context of climate change, including extreme weather events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study published in the Blood Cancer Journal compared the use of different donor sources for hematopoietic stem cell transplants in adult patients with adverse-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and KMT2A rearrangement. The study found that haploidentical donor transplants had a lower relapse incidence compared to matched sibling or unrelated donor transplants, suggesting potential benefits for AML patients with adverse-risk KMT2A rearrangement. The study also explored the impact of different fusion partners on prognosis. The article provides data on relapse incidence, non-relapse mortality, overall survival, leukemia-free survival, and graft-versus-host disease rates in AML patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. The study highlights the need for further research to improve transplant outcomes and reduce non-relapse mortality. [Extracted from the article]

The mud pump water sealing system (MPWSS) is important in the efficient operation and prolonged service life of the cutter suction dredger's (CSD) mud pump. Considering that the underwater pump operates underwater and the shaft seal water pressure sensor is prone to failure, a hybrid deep learning model MCNN transformer is proposed to predict the underwater pump shaft seal water pressure in the event of sensor failure. This paper uses big data from the dredging project to deeply excavate the relationship between the shaft end sealing water pressure and other construction data by combining experience and artificial intelligence, and then uses multi-scale convolutional neural network (MCNN) to reconstruct the data, highlighting the time series characteristics of the multi-scale data were then input into the transformer model for prediction, and compared with a single MCNN, transformer model and four other neural networks. Finally, the cutter suction dredger "Hua An Long" was selected as an application research case; experimental comparisons were conducted on seven different models to verify the accuracy and applicability of the MCNN-transformer model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 mineralization plays a critical role in the storage and utilization of CO2. Coal fly ash (CFA) and red mud (RM) are widely utilized as CO2 mineralizers. However, the inert calcium species in CFA limit its carbonation capacity, meanwhile the substantial Ca2+ releasing of RM is hindered by a covering layer of calcium carbonate. In this study, CO2 mineralization in a composite system of CFA and RM was investigated to enhance the carbonation capacity. Multiple analyzers were employed to characterize the raw materials and resulting mineralization products. The results demonstrated that a synergistic effect existed in the composite system of CFA and RM, resulting in improving CO2 mineralization rate and efficiency. The produced calcium carbonate was ectopically attached the surface of CFA in the composite system, thus slowing down its coverage on the surface of RM. This phenomenon facilitated further releasing Ca2+ from the internal RM, thereby enhancing CO2 mineralization efficiency. Meanwhile, the inclusion of RM significantly improved the alkalinity of the composite system, which not only promoted the dissolution of Ca2+ of the inert CaSO4(H2O)2 in CFA, but also accelerated CO2 mineralization rate. The investigation would be beneficial to CO2 mineralization using industrial solid wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewage sludge and red mud, as common industrial waste, have become a research hotspot in the field of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, reducing carbon emissions, and solving environmental problems. However, their treatment and disposal have always been a difficult problem in the environmental field. Utilizing these two materials for thermal energy storage can not only improve energy utilization efficiency but also further reduce carbon emissions during their treatment process, providing a new approach for sustainable development in the industrial sector. This article summarizes the research progress for the resource recovery of sewage sludge and red mud for direct thermal energy recovery and composite phase change energy storage. After proper treatment, sludge and red mud can be directly used as energy storage materials. In addition, sludge and red mud can be combined with phase change materials to prepare composite materials with an excellent energy storage performance. This composite has broad application prospects in fields such as solar energy utilization and building energy efficiency. However, there are still some challenges and issues in this resource recovery and utilization, such as potential environmental pollution during the treatment process, the long-term stability of energy storage materials, and cost-effectiveness, which require further research and resolution. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential of sewage sludge and red mud as energy storage materials, to explore their feasibility and advantages in practical applications, and to reveal the research progress, technical challenges, and future development directions of these two materials in the field of thermal energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantification and mapping of surficial seabed sediment organic carbon have wide-scale relevance for marine ecology, geology and environmental resource management, with carbon densities and accumulation rates being a major indicator of geological history, ecological function and ecosystem service provisioning, including the potential to contribute to nature-based climate change mitigation. While global analyses can appear to provide a definitive understanding of the spatial distribution of sediment carbon, regional maps may be constructed at finer resolutions and can utilise targeted data syntheses and refined spatial data products and therefore have the potential to improve these estimates. Here, we report a national systematic review of data on organic carbon content in seabed sediments across Canada and combine this with a synthesis and unification of the best available data on sediment composition, seafloor morphology, hydrology, chemistry and geographic settings within a machine learning mapping framework. Predictive quantitative maps of mud content, dry bulk density, organic carbon content and organic carbon density were produced along with cell-specific estimates of their uncertainty at 200 m resolution across 4 489 235 km 2 of the Canadian continental margin (92.6 % of the seafloor area above 2500 m) (10.5683/SP3/ICHVVA, Epstein et al., 2024). Fine-scale variation in carbon stocks was identified across the Canadian continental margin, particularly in the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean regions. Overall, we estimate the standing stock of organic carbon in the top 30 cm of surficial seabed sediments across the Canadian shelf and slope to be 10.9 Gt (7.0–16.0 Gt). Increased empirical sediment data collection and higher precision in spatial environmental data layers could significantly reduce uncertainty and increase accuracy in these products over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have sequenced, assembled, and analyzed the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and transcriptomes of Potamopyrgus estuarinus and Potamopyrgus kaitunuparaoa , two prosobranch snail species native to New Zealand that together span the continuum from estuary to freshwater. These two species are the closest known relatives of the freshwater species Potamopyrgus antipodarum— a model for studying the evolution of sex, host–parasite coevolution, and biological invasiveness—and thus provide key evolutionary context for understanding its unusual biology. The P. estuarinus and P. kaitunuparaoa genomes are very similar in size and overall gene content. Comparative analyses of genome content indicate that these two species harbor a near-identical set of genes involved in meiosis and sperm functions, including seven genes with meiosis-specific functions. These results are consistent with obligate sexual reproduction in these two species and provide a framework for future analyses of P. antipodarum— a species comprising both obligately sexual and obligately asexual lineages, each separately derived from a sexual ancestor. Genome-wide multigene phylogenetic analyses indicate that P. kaitunuparaoa is likely the closest relative to P. antipodarum. We nevertheless show that there has been considerable introgression between P. estuarinus and P. kaitunuparaoa. That introgression does not extend to the mitochondrial genome, which appears to serve as a barrier to hybridization between P. estuarinus and P. kaitunuparaoa. Nuclear-encoded genes whose products function in joint mitochondrial-nuclear enzyme complexes exhibit similar patterns of nonintrogression, indicating that incompatibilities between the mitochondrial and the nuclear genome may have prevented more extensive gene flow between these two species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Euganean Thermal District, situated in North-East Italy, is one of Europe's largest and oldest thermal centres. The topical application of its therapeutic thermal muds is recognised by the Italian Health System as a beneficial treatment for patients suffering from arthro-rheumatic diseases. Polysaccharides produced by the mud microbiota have been recently identified as anti-inflammatory bioactive molecules. In this paper we analysed the efficacy of Microbial-Polysaccharides (M-PS) derived from mature muds obtained at different maturation temperatures, both within and outside the codified traditional mud maturation range. M-PSs were extracted from six mature muds produced by five spas of the Euganean Thermal District and investigated for their chemical properties, monosaccharide composition and in vivo anti-inflammatory potential, using the zebrafish model organism. Additionally, mature muds were characterized for their microbiota composition using Next-Generation Sequencing. The results showed that all M-PSs exhibit similar anti-inflammatory potential, referable to their comparable chemical composition. This consistency was observed despite changes in cyanobacteria populations, suggesting a possible role of the entire microbial community in shaping the properties of these biomolecules. These findings highlight the importance of scientific research in untangling the origins of the therapeutic efficacy of Euganean Thermal muds in the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique cellar fermentation process of Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu is the reason for its characteristic cellar aroma flavor. The types, abundance, community structure and metabolic activity of microorganisms in the pit mud directly affect the microbial balance in the white spirit production environment, promoting the formation of typical aromas and influencing the quality of CFSB. During the production process, the production of off-flavor in the cellar may occur. The aim of this study is to elucidate the differences in microbiota and flavor between normal pit mud and abnormal pit mud (pit mud with off-flavor). A total of 46 major volatile compounds were identified, and 24 bacterial genera and 21 fungal genera were screened. The esters, acids, and alcohols in the abnormal pit mud were lower than those in the normal pit mud, while the aldehydes were higher. 3-Methyl indole, which has been proven to be responsible for the muddy and musty flavors, was detected in both types of pit mud, and for the first time, high levels of 4-methylanisole was detected in the pit mud. The microbial composition of the two types of pit mud showed significant differences in the bacterial genera of Sporosarcina , Lactobacillus , Garciella , Anaerosalibacter , Lentimicrobium , HN–HF0106, Petrimonas , Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12 and Bacillus , and the fungal genera of Millerozyma , Penicillium , Mortierella , Monascus , Saccharomyces , Issatchenkia , Pithoascus , Pseudallescheria , and Wickerhamomyces. Additionally, we speculate that Sporosarcina is the predominant bacterial genus responsible for the imbalance of microbiota in pit mud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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