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This music score was submitted for Resonate 2024: An Open Access Call for Scores by the UCLA Music Library with Bent Frequency and Jan Berry Baker.

In a modular multilevel converter (MMC) system, the sub‐module capacitors account for a large proportion of the cost, volume, and weight. This paper proposed a method to reduce the total capacitance of MMC based on the combination of boosting the modulation index (m) and second‐harmonic circulating current injection (SCCI). A small amount of full‐bridge sub‐modules was added to conventional half‐bridge sub‐modules (HBSM) based MMC to form the hybrid MMC. The third‐harmonic voltage injection technology was used to increase the m of hybrid MMC without the common‐mode voltage injected on the ac‐side. An optimized SCCI method determined by m was introduced, which limited the root mean square (RMS) of arm current. An improved modulation approach is used to eliminate the coupling effect of third‐harmonic voltage injection and SCCI in boosting m, ensuring that the m increases to 1.15 with the optimized SCCI. Compared with conventional HBSM‐MMC, the proposed method reduced the total capacitance by approximately half when m = 1.15. A comprehensive comparison of different capacitance reduction methods was presented to demonstrate the cost and effect. Simulation and experiment verified the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a new symbol modulation scheme known as polarized amplitude and phase shift keying, (Pol$Pol$‐APSK) modulation with four rings in its basic form. The new scheme maps power‐polarized symbol pairs on its constellation in order to increase the number of data symbols. Pol$Pol$‐APSK exploits a symbol mapper based on a conjugate power splitting algorithm. Product modulation is applied, where a voltage signal of a specified amplitude and phase is multiplied by another current signal of a specified amplitude and phase, thus forming polymorphic signals in the product constellation. At the receiver, an isolated detection is performed, where the voltage signal is detected independently of the received current signal. A selection combining scheme is then used. The results depict unity peak‐to‐average power ratio and low average symbol energy, which is desirable for Green communications in 5G networks. It presents lower bit error rates when compared with the state‐of‐the art M$M$‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation, with a signal‐to‐noise ratio gap of at least 10[dB]$10\; [\text{dB}]$. The proposed analytical framework closely matches the simulations for bit error rates under M=16,32,64Pol-APSK$M=16,32,64 \ Pol\text{-APSK}$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators need to be released in a balanced way to maintain a healthy state as we age. One important regulatory element in the equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators is NF-κB. The purpose of this study was to examine how S. platensis affected the control of inflammatory mediators in young, healthy, emerging adults and adults in rats. In this investigation, 200 mg/kg BW of S. platensis extract was administered to six groups of male Wistar rats, ages 12, 18, and 24 weeks, along with a control group. In both the treatment and control groups, NF-κB p65 protein expression was lower at 24 weeks than it was at 12 and 18 weeks. TNF-α and COX-2 proteins were lower in the treatment group than in the control group. All age groups in the treatment group had higher levels of IL-10 protein than the control group. The quantity of NF-κB p65 was positively correlated with COX-2 and TNF-α. By raising the concentration of NF-κB p65, the ethanolic extract of S. platensis altered a mediator of cellular immunity. A decrease followed this in TNF-α and COX-2 and a rise in IL-10 in the rat spleen at different ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multifunctionality feature of graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) is exploited here to design circuit building blocks of high-data-rate modulators by using a physics-based compact model. Educated device performance projections are obtained with the experimentally calibrated model and used to choose an appropriate improved feasible GFET for these applications. Phase-shift and frequency-shift keying (PSK and FSK) modulation schemes are obtained with 0.6   G Hz GFET-based multifunctional circuits used alternatively in different operation modes: inverting and in-phase amplification and frequency multiplication. An adequate baseband signal applied to the transistors' input also serves to enhance the device and circuit performance reproducibility since the impact of traps is diminished. Quadrature PSK is also achieved by combining two GFET-based multifunctional circuits. This device circuit co-design proposal intends to boost the heterogeneous implementation of graphene devices with incumbent technologies into a single chip: the baseband pulses can be generated with CMOS technology as a front end of line and the multifunctional GFET-based circuits as a back end of line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication systems are greatly hampered by many disruptive noises in powerline communication systems (PLC), which come with strong interference, resulting in the malfunction of PLC systems. Hence, there is a need to model noise and its effect on communication systems. This paper presents noise modelling and mitigation techniques for indoor broadband powerline communication systems. To model the PLC noise, frequency domain measurements employing the GSP‐930 spectrum analyser were carried out to determine the noise frequency response in the frequency range of 1–30 MHz. The results obtained were plotted. While the analytical model for the noise model is presented, furthermore, noise mitigation techniques for multiple input multiple output PLC (MIMO‐PLC) systems in the form of spatial modulation PLC systems have been proposed. The SM‐PLC system employs the indices of the individual transmit lines to increase the data rate, as opposed to the traditional MIMO‐PLC systems, where the symbol to be transmitted is transmitted by duplicating the symbol across all lines. The proposed system uses the maximum likelihood (ML) detector at the receiver to obtain estimates of the transmitted symbols. The simulation results of the SM‐PLC system are compared with the already existing MIMO‐PLC system and show a significant improvement of ≈6 dB and 5.2 dB in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) at a bit error rate of 10(−5) for spectral efficiencies of 4 bits per channel use (bpcu) and 6 bpcu, respectively. On comparison of the SM‐PLC system having a combination of additive white Gaussian noise and impulse noise at the receiver, the SM‐PLC system outperformed the traditional MIMO‐PLC by 3.5 and 3.8 dB in SNR for 4 and 6 bpcu, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Itch is a unique sensory experience that is responded to by scratching. How pruritogens, which are mechanical and chemical stimuli with the potential to cause itch, engage specific pathways in the peripheral and central nervous system has been a topic of intense investigation over the last few years. Studies employing recently developed molecular, physiological, and behavioral techniques have delineated the dedicated mechanisms that transmit itch information to the brain. This review outlines the genetically defined and evolutionary conserved circuits for itch ranging from the skin-innervating peripheral neurons to the cortical neurons that drive scratching. Moreover, scratch suppression of itch is attributed to the concurrent activation of pain and itch pathways. Hence, we discuss the similarities between circuits driving pain and itch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In a modular multilevel converter (MMC) system, the sub‐module capacitors account for a large proportion of the cost, volume, and weight. This paper proposed a method to reduce the total capacitance of MMC based on the combination of boosting the modulation index (m) and second‐harmonic circulating current injection (SCCI). A small amount of full‐bridge sub‐modules was added to conventional half‐bridge sub‐modules (HBSM) based MMC to form the hybrid MMC. The third‐harmonic voltage injection technology was used to increase the m of hybrid MMC without the common‐mode voltage injected on the ac‐side. An optimized SCCI method determined by m was introduced, which limited the root mean square (RMS) of arm current. An improved modulation approach is used to eliminate the coupling effect of third‐harmonic voltage injection and SCCI in boosting m, ensuring that the m increases to 1.15 with the optimized SCCI. Compared with conventional HBSM‐MMC, the proposed method reduced the total capacitance by approximately half when m = 1.15. A comprehensive comparison of different capacitance reduction methods was presented to demonstrate the cost and effect. Simulation and experiment verified the proposed method.

The isolation and crystalline structure of N,N′-dibenzylethylenediammonium dichloride, C16H22N22+·2Cl−, is reported. This was obtained as an unintended product of an attempted Curtius rearrangement that involved benzylamine as one of the reagents and 1,2-dichloroethane as the solvent. Part of a series of reactions of a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE), this was not the intended reaction outcome. The goal of the course was to engage students as active participants in a laboratory experience which applies the foundational techniques of a synthetic organic laboratory, using the Curtius rearrangement as a tool for the assembly of medicinally significant scaffolds. The isolation of the title compound, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediammonium dichloride, the result of the 1,2-dichloroethane solvent outcompeting the Curtius isocyanate intermediate in the reaction with the nucleophilic amine, confirms the importance of conducting research at the undergraduate level where the outcome is not predetermined. The solid-state structure of N,N′-dibenzylethylenediammonium dichloride was found to feature an all-trans methylene-ammonium backbone. Strong N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds and C—H...Cl interactions lead to a layered structure with pseudo-translational symmetry emulating a C-centered setting. Different phenyl torsion angles at each end of the molecule enable a more stable packing by allowing stronger hydrogen-bonding interactions, leading to a more ordered but lower symmetry and modulated structure in P21/n.

Abstract This paper discusses a new symbol modulation scheme known as polarized amplitude and phase shift keying, (Pol‐APSK) modulation with four rings in its basic form. The new scheme maps power‐polarized symbol pairs on its constellation in order to increase the number of data symbols. Pol‐APSK exploits a symbol mapper based on a conjugate power splitting algorithm. Product modulation is applied, where a voltage signal of a specified amplitude and phase is multiplied by another current signal of a specified amplitude and phase, thus forming polymorphic signals in the product constellation. At the receiver, an isolated detection is performed, where the voltage signal is detected independently of the received current signal. A selection combining scheme is then used. The results depict unity peak‐to‐average power ratio and low average symbol energy, which is desirable for Green communications in 5G networks. It presents lower bit error rates when compared with the state‐of‐the art M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation, with a signal‐to‐noise ratio gap of at least 10[dB]. The proposed analytical framework closely matches the simulations for bit error rates under M=16,32,64Pol-APSK.

Abstract Many studies over the recent decades have attempted the modulation of motor learning using brain stimulation. Alternating currents allow for researchers not only to electrically stimulate the brain, but to further investigate the effects of specific frequencies, in and beyond the context of their endogenous associations. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has therefore been used during motor learning to modulate aspects of acquisition, consolidation and performance of a learned motor skill. Despite numerous reviews on the effects of tACS, and its role in motor learning, there are few studies which synthesize the numerous frequencies and their respective theoretical mechanisms as they relate to motor and perceptual processes. Here we provide a short overview of the main stimulation frequencies used in motor learning modulation (e.g., alpha, beta, and gamma), and discuss the effect and proposed mechanisms of these studies. We summarize with the current state of the field, the effectiveness and variability in motor learning modulation, and novel mechanistic proposals from other fields.

Abstract Communication systems are greatly hampered by many disruptive noises in powerline communication systems (PLC), which come with strong interference, resulting in the malfunction of PLC systems. Hence, there is a need to model noise and its effect on communication systems. This paper presents noise modelling and mitigation techniques for indoor broadband powerline communication systems. To model the PLC noise, frequency domain measurements employing the GSP‐930 spectrum analyser were carried out to determine the noise frequency response in the frequency range of 1–30 MHz. The results obtained were plotted. While the analytical model for the noise model is presented, furthermore, noise mitigation techniques for multiple input multiple output PLC (MIMO‐PLC) systems in the form of spatial modulation PLC systems have been proposed. The SM‐PLC system employs the indices of the individual transmit lines to increase the data rate, as opposed to the traditional MIMO‐PLC systems, where the symbol to be transmitted is transmitted by duplicating the symbol across all lines. The proposed system uses the maximum likelihood (ML) detector at the receiver to obtain estimates of the transmitted symbols. The simulation results of the SM‐PLC system are compared with the already existing MIMO‐PLC system and show a significant improvement of ≈6 dB and 5.2 dB in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) at a bit error rate of 10(−5) for spectral efficiencies of 4 bits per channel use (bpcu) and 6 bpcu, respectively. On comparison of the SM‐PLC system having a combination of additive white Gaussian noise and impulse noise at the receiver, the SM‐PLC system outperformed the traditional MIMO‐PLC by 3.5 and 3.8 dB in SNR for 4 and 6 bpcu, respectively.

Abstract The presented work discusses issues related to the use of modern multiphase topologies of Dual Active Bridge (DAB)‐type converters. Converters of this type are widely used in most DC microgrid applications. The introduction emphasizes a comparative analysis between single‐phase and multi‐phase DAB topologies within high‐power DC microgrids, delving into their respective advantages, drawbacks, design procedures, and considerations based on the latest knowledge. The publication explores the comparison and selection of viable topologies for deployment in high‐power and high‐efficiency DC microgrids. The unified method of controlling 1‐phase and multi‐phase DAB converters was proposed in this design, simplifying the issues of DC microgrid control. All topologies were tested on the same controller concept. The study performs laboratory investigation of DAB 1‐phase and 3‐phase: Star–Star, and Star–Delta topologies. Attention was paid to maintaining uniform operating conditions of the system, contrary to studies known from the literature, all tests were carried out on the same laboratory stand and the same magnetic components in different configurations. Analytical and laboratory analyses of the Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) region were performed, accounting for non‐linear phenomena. Based on these findings, an assessment of the system's performance in soft switching was carried out. The presented results were implemented in a simulation model and subsequently validated through tests on a constructed laboratory setup to ensure the proper operation of the system. This work meticulously presents and discusses variations in efficiency, dynamic response, phase current harmonic distribution, phase shift distribution, ZVS switching region, and more among the examined topologies. To ensure a fair comparison, the converter configuration for both simulation and laboratory models utilized identical components across all configurations.

Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) is the process of determining the modulation type of a signal received by a communication system. Deep learning, a machine learning technique, has recently garnered significant attention due to its outstanding ability to classify intricate data structures. This study delves into the critical role of automatic modulation classification processes in both civil and military applications, utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) as a deep learning approach. In this study, unlike other studies, the effect of changing the depth level of the network on the accuracy level was investigated.

As part of a cross-linguistic investigation of request for confirmation (RfC) sequences, this article provides an overview of distributional tendencies associated with Korean RfC sequences based on an examination of 200 tokens of RfC excerpted from audio- and video-recorded face-to-face ordinary conversations. Various grammatical and contextual features associated with RfCs are analyzed, e.g., as interactional resources for grounding RfCs in inferencing, rendering them modulated in action, or connecting them to prior talk/action. They include negative polarity markers, connective particles (e.g., -nuntey ‘circumstantial’), modal markers (e.g., -keyss ‘I suppose’), and sentence-ending suffixes (SESs) such as -na (‘dubitative), -ney (‘noticing’), and ‘pseudo-tags’ -ci/cianha, which are composed of -ci (‘committal’). Features of responses to RfCs are examined in terms of response type (e.g., confirmation, disconfirmation, or neither) with special reference to the form and distribution of response tokens, which include not only unmarked interjections such as ung/yey (‘yes’) and ani(-yo) (‘no’), but also kule-marked indexical forms (e.g., ku(leh)ci ‘certainly it is’). The findings shed light on the role of SESs, modal markers, and discourse particles as stance-marking resources that crucially shape the function of RfCs, and the compositional features of response turns that constitute or frame a responsive action to RfCs.

Background and Objectives: Magnetic fluids are unique nanodispersed systems that have the properties of a magnetic material and a liquid. Although their magnetic properties are inferior to steels and ferrites, they are supermagnetic compared to most liquid media. When a magnetic field is applied to a magnetic fluid, agglomerates of ferromagnetic nanoparticles are formed in it, which were visually observed in this work. Materials and Methods: The dependence of the modulation depth of laser radiation with wavelengths of 450 nm, 550 nm and 650 nm on the concentration of nanotubes and the magnitude of the magnetic field induction is studied. The transmittance of polarized radiation in the optical range is measured depending on the relative position of agglomerates of ferromagnetic nanoparticles and the vector of the electric field strength of laser radiation. The angle between the electrical component of the laser radiation and the magnetic field induction vector changes by rotating the laser diode and polarizer with a servomotor relative to the vertical axis. Results: The maximum value of the modulation depth for magnetic fluid without carbon nanotubes is 15% and is observed for laser radiation with a wavelength of 650 nm. Adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes to the magnetic fluid makes it possible to increase the modulation depth by approximately one and a halftimes. Conclusion: It has been revealed that with increasing wavelength of laser radiation, the modulation depth increases. As the magnetic field induction value increases, the modulation depth of polarized laser radiation increases for all wavelengths. The addition of carbon nanotubes to the magnetic fluid leads to their alignment along the agglomerates.

Process design critically depends on the characterization of fuels and their kinetics under process conditions. This study steps beyond the fundamental methods of thermogravimetry to modulated (MTGA) and Hi-Res™ (high resolution) techniques to (1) add characterization detail and (2) increase the utility of thermal analysis data. Modulated TGA methods overlay sinusoidal functions on the heating rates to determine activation energy as a function of temperature with time. Under devolatilization conditions, Hi-Res™ TGA maintains a constant mass loss with time and temperature. These two methods, run independently or overlaid, offer additional analysis in which multiple samples at different heating rates are run to different final temperatures. Advanced methods allow researchers to use fewer samples by conducting fewer runs, targeting practical experimental designs, and quantifying errors easier. The parameters of the studies included here vary the heating rate at 10, 30, and 50 °C/min; vary gas-phase oxygen for pyrolysis or combustion conditions; and particle size ranges of 100–125 µm, 400–425 µm, and 600–630 µm. The two biomass fuels used in the studies are pinewood from Northern Sweden and wheat straw. The influence of torrefaction is also included at temperatures of 220, 250, and 280 °C. Apparent activation energy results align with the previous MTGA data in that combustion conditions yield higher values than pyrolysis conditions—200–250 kJ/mol and 175–225 kJ/mol for pine and wheat combustion, respectively, depending on pre-treatment. Results show the dependence of these parameters upon one another from a traditional thermal analysis approach, e.g., the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method, as well as MTGA and Hi-Res™ thermogravimetric investigations to show future directions for thermal analysis techniques.

During the modulation process of the VSI motor drive system, the nonlinear errors caused by the dead-time and conduction voltage drop will increase the phase current harmonic distortion and the torque ripple. To solve this problem, a novel dead-time free modulation scheme is proposed in this paper. In the non-zero crossing region of the phase current, the switching tube, whose body diode can provide a continuation path, is set as off-state, the driving signal is only implemented on another switching tube with the same bridge arm, and the errors caused by the conduction voltage drop and switching delay are compensated to the pulse duration. At the same time, to suppress the zero current clamp effect that exists near the zero crossing point of the phase current, another modulation scheme for the phase current crossing zero in advance is proposed, which avoids the complicated determination and calculation of the current polarity near the zero crossing point of the current. Both of the above modulation schemes eliminate the dead-time, and the switching principle is presented. In addition, to suppress the impact of the current ripple and high-frequency noise on the accuracy of the phase current detection, a second-order resonance digital filter without phase shift is introduced. Finally, compared to two deadtime compensation methods, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed dead-time free modulation scheme are verified by the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented work discusses issues related to the use of modern multiphase topologies of Dual Active Bridge (DAB)‐type converters. Converters of this type are widely used in most DC microgrid applications. The introduction emphasizes a comparative analysis between single‐phase and multi‐phase DAB topologies within high‐power DC microgrids, delving into their respective advantages, drawbacks, design procedures, and considerations based on the latest knowledge. The publication explores the comparison and selection of viable topologies for deployment in high‐power and high‐efficiency DC microgrids. The unified method of controlling 1‐phase and multi‐phase DAB converters was proposed in this design, simplifying the issues of DC microgrid control. All topologies were tested on the same controller concept. The study performs laboratory investigation of DAB 1‐phase and 3‐phase: Star–Star, and Star–Delta topologies. Attention was paid to maintaining uniform operating conditions of the system, contrary to studies known from the literature, all tests were carried out on the same laboratory stand and the same magnetic components in different configurations. Analytical and laboratory analyses of the Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) region were performed, accounting for non‐linear phenomena. Based on these findings, an assessment of the system's performance in soft switching was carried out. The presented results were implemented in a simulation model and subsequently validated through tests on a constructed laboratory setup to ensure the proper operation of the system. This work meticulously presents and discusses variations in efficiency, dynamic response, phase current harmonic distribution, phase shift distribution, ZVS switching region, and more among the examined topologies. To ensure a fair comparison, the converter configuration for both simulation and laboratory models utilized identical components across all configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of the intestinal microbiota can influence the metabolism and overall functioning of avian organisms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different probiotics and an antibiotic on the microbiomes of 1.400 male Cobb® broiler raised for 42 days. The experiment was conducted with the following treatments: positive control diet (basal diet + antibiotic); negative control diet (basal diet without antibiotic and without probiotic); basal diet + Normal Avian Gut Flora (NAGF); basal diet + multiple colonizing strain probiotics (MCSPs); and basal diet + non-colonizing single strain probiotics (NCSSPs). The antibiotic (enramycin—antibiotic growth promoter) and probiotics were administered orally during all experiment (1 to 42 days), mixed with broiler feed. To determine the composition of the microbiota, five samples of ileal digesta were collected from 42-day-old chickens of each experimental group. The alpha and beta diversity of the ileal microbiota showed differences between the groups. MCSPs presented greater richness and uniformity compared to the positive control, negative control, and NCSSPs treatments, while the negative control exhibited greater homogeneity among samples than NCSSPs. MCSPs also showed a higher abundance of the genus Enterococcus. There were differences between the groups for low-abundance taxa (<0.5%), with NAGF showing higher levels of Delftia, Brevibacterium, and Bulleidia. In contrast, NCSSPs had a higher abundance of Ochrobactrum, Rhodoplanes, and Nitrospira. It was concluded that the treatments analyzed in this study induced modulations in the ileal microbiota of the chickens examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing utilization of terahertz (THz) bandwidth in both industrial and private sectors highlights the significance of efficient terahertz shielding and absorption devices. These devices play a crucial role in safeguarding electronic components from disruptive effects and rendering objects less detectable by radar systems. However, the limited availability of materials and devices hinders progress in this field. In this study, a strain engineering route is presented for the active control of terahertz shielding and absorption properties in 3D graphene through the application of mechanical strain. A straintronic modulator based on 3D graphene is demonstrated, capable of modulating absorption and reflection of THz radiation in real‐time over a wide range of 0.1–3 THz. The modulator can be tuned to exhibit either shielding capability with a specific shielding effectiveness of 0.3 × 105 dB cm2 g−1 or stealth characteristics with an average reflection loss of 25 dB and 99.4% absorption. These findings open new avenues for leveraging 2D materials in their 3D porous form, where strain‐induced changes in interlayer interactions enable control over the properties of these materials. This discovery unveils vast unexplored physical phenomena with immense potential for advanced THz imaging, radar, and electromagnetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three‐phase ac choppers feature output voltage amplitude controllability and enable more compact system realizations compared to autotransformers. For the practical realization advantageously standard power transistor with unipolar voltage blocking capability such as MOSFETs can be employed as a naturally resulting offset voltage between the grid and the input‐stage starpoint ensures purely positive power transistor voltages. This offset voltage is, however, not strictly defined and may drift to higher voltage values, resulting in high power transistor voltage stresses and finally a potential overvoltage breakdown. Traditionally, the offset voltage drift is prevented by introducing discharge resistors across the input‐stage capacitors which, however, results in substantial ohmic losses. This paper analyzes the offset voltage formation in ac choppers and proposes a novel clamping modulation scheme which ensures a strictly defined and minimum time‐varying offset voltage without need for discharge resistors. Theoretical analyses and circuit simulations are finally experimentally verified with a 400 V (rms, line‐to‐line) 50 Hz grid connected three‐phase buck‐boost ac chopper with 3 kW rated power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase unwrapping is a key data processing step in phase measurement profilometry. In this study, a quality-guided branch-cut phase unwrapping algorithm is proposed based on the traditional Goldstein branch-cut method, aiming to obtain more accurate phase unwrapping results. The proposed algorithm uses the second-order differential of the wrapped phase as a supplement parameter for residual detection principle, and regards the mutation points in the second-order differential of the wrapped phase as non-polar residual points, and uses modulation as the criterion for residual point effectiveness judgment, regarding the residual points with low modulation as having higher effectiveness for local optimization to reduce the density of residual points. The optimized equivalent residual points are connected into branch-cut to block error propagation. The proposed algorithm calculates the quality of pixels using modulation to guide the order of phase unwrapping, with the unwrapping path circumventing the branch-cut and prioritizing high-quality pixels. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has higher accuracy and competitiveness in phase unwrapping results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) is the process of determining the modulation type of a signal received by a communication system. Deep learning, a machine learning technique, has recently garnered significant attention due to its outstanding ability to classify intricate data structures. This study delves into the critical role of automatic modulation classification processes in both civil and military applications, utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) as a deep learning approach. In this study, unlike other studies, the effect of changing the depth level of the network on the accuracy level was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a prevalent neurotransmitter throughout the nervous system. In the brain, ACh is widely regarded as a potent neuromodulator. In neurons, ACh signals are conferred through a variety of receptors that influence a broad range of neurophysiological phenomena such as transmitter release or membrane excitability. In sensory circuitry, ACh modifies neural responses to stimuli and coordinates the activity of neurons across multiple levels of processing. These factors enable individual neurons or entire circuits to rapidly adapt to the dynamics of complex sensory stimuli, underscoring an essential role for ACh in sensory processing. In the auditory system, histological evidence shows that acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are expressed at virtually every level of the ascending auditory pathway. Despite its apparent ubiquity in auditory circuitry, investigation of the roles of this cholinergic network has been mainly focused on the inner ear or forebrain structures, while less attention has been directed at regions between the cochlear nuclei and midbrain. In this review, we highlight what is known about cholinergic function throughout the auditory system from the ear to the cortex, but with a particular emphasis on brainstem and midbrain auditory centers. We will focus on receptor expression, mechanisms of modulation, and the functional implications of ACh for sound processing, with the broad goal of providing an overview of a newly emerging view of impactful cholinergic modulation throughout the auditory pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To keep pace with the demands of modern photonic integration technology, the electro-optic modulator should feature multi-parameter tunable components and a compact size. Here, we propose a hybrid structure that can modulate the multi-parameters of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) simultaneously with a compact size by controlling the electron concentration of indium tin oxide (ITO) in the near-infrared spectrum. The length, width and height of the device are only 15 μm, 5 μm and 9 μm, respectively. The numerical results show that when the electron concentration in ITO changes from 7.5 × 1026 m−3 to 9.5 × 1026 m−3, the variation in amplitude, wavelength and phase are 49%, 300 nm and 347°, respectively. The demonstrated structure paves a new way for multi-parameter modulation and the realization of ultracompact modulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a core and spectrum allocation algorithm for elastic optical networks based on multi-core fibers. In this context, the fragmentation and crosstalk mitigation algorithm (FraCA) is proposed. FraCA implements mechanisms to reduce spectral fragmentation and inter-core crosstalk in the network, proving efficient when compared with six other algorithms reported in the literature. The numerical results show that when compared with the most competitive of the six algorithms, FraCA achieves a gain of request blocking probability of at least 16.87%, a gain of bandwidth blocking probability of at least 43.95%, and a mean increase in spectral utilization of at least 4.36%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotenoids, prominent lipid-soluble phytochemicals in the human diet, are responsible for vibrant colours in nature and play crucial roles in human health. While they are extensively studied for their antioxidant properties and contributions to vitamin A synthesis, their interactions with the intestinal microbiota (IM) remain poorly understood. In this study, beta (β)-carotene, lutein, lycopene, a mixture of these three pigments, and the alga Osmundea pinnatifida were submitted to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (GID) and evaluated on human faecal samples. The results showed varying effects on IM metabolic dynamics, organic acid production, and microbial composition. Carotenoid exposure influenced glucose metabolism and induced the production of organic acids, notably succinic and acetic acids, compared with the control. Microbial composition analysis revealed shifts in phyla abundance, particularly increased Pseudomonadota. The α-diversity indices demonstrated higher diversity in β-carotene and the pigments' mixture samples, while the β-diversity analysis indicated significant dissimilarity between the control and the carotenoid sample groups. UPLC-qTOF MS analysis suggested dynamic changes in carotenoid compounds during simulated fermentation, with lutein exhibiting distinct mass ion fragmentation patterns. This comprehensive research enhances our understanding of carotenoid-IM interactions, shedding light on potential health implications and the need for tailored interventions for optimal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have an increased risk for cardiac events. This is partly attributed to a disbalance of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) indicated by a reduced vagal tone and a (relative) sympathetic hyperactivity. However, in most studies, heart rate variability (HRV) was only examined while resting. So far, it remains unclear whether the dysbalance of the ANS in patients with MDD is restricted to resting or whether it is also evident during sympathetic and parasympathetic activation. The aim of this study was to compare the responses of the ANS to challenges that stimulated the sympathetic and, respectively, the parasympathetic nervous systems in patients with MDD. Forty-six patients with MDD (female 27 (58.7%), mean age 44 ± 17 years) and 46 healthy controls (female 26 (56.5%), mean age 44 ± 20 years) underwent measurement of time- and frequency-dependent domains of HRV at rest, while standing (sympathetic challenge), and during slow-paced breathing (SPB, vagal, i.e., parasympathetic challenge). Patients with MDD showed a higher heart rate, a reduced HRV, and a diminished vagal tone during resting, standing, and SPB compared to controls. Patients with MDD and controls responded similarly to sympathetic and vagal activation. However, the extent of modulation of the ANS was impaired in patients with MDD, who showed a reduced decrease in the vagal tone but also a reduced increase in sympathetic activity when switching from resting to standing. Assessing changes in the ANS during sympathetic and vagal activation via respective challenges might serve as a future biomarker and help to allocate patients with MDD to therapies like HRV biofeedback and psychotherapy that were recently found to modulate the vagal tone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both carbon-based single atom catalysts (SACs) and dual atom catalysts (DACs) have garnered significant attention in the field of electrochemical reactions because of the impressive attributes, including exceptional catalytic activity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness. The ability to modulate the electronic structure and geometric construction of active sites within SACs/DACs is paramount for unleashing their complete potential, which in turn can ultimately dictate catalytic behavior with unprecedented precision. In this review, the recent major developments of the regulation strategies for modulating electronic structure and geometric construction of carbon-based SACs/DACs are summarized. For the SACs, the recently reported modulation methods are categorized into four strategies, including adjusting the density of single atoms, defect engineering, confinement effect and strain engineering. And for the DACs, the five methods contain bonded dual-atom adjustment, non-bonded and bridged dual-atom adjustment, metal and nonmetal dual-atom adjustment, bilayer dual-atom adjustment and homogeneous dual-atom adjustment. The recently developed synthetic strategies are comprehensively summarized, especially their electronic structure and geometric configuration are discussed in detail, the different catalytic applications of electrochemical reactions, and their unique catalytic mechanism are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and prospects of SACs/DACs for tailoring their electronic structures and geometric arrangements are further discussed.

ABSTRACTArboviruses are a significant threat to global public health, with outbreaks occurring worldwide. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the innate immune response against these viruses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiating an inflammatory response. Significantly, TLRs commonly implicated in the immune response against viral infections include TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8; limiting or allowing them to replicate and spread within the host. Modulating TLRs has emerged as a promising approach to combat arbovirus infections. This review summarizes recent advances in TLR modulation as a therapeutic target in arbovirus infections. Studies have shown that the activation of TLRs can enhance the immune response against arbovirus infections, leading to increased viral clearance and protection against disease. Conversely, inhibition of TLRs can reduce the excessive inflammation and tissue damage associated with arbovirus infection. Modulating TLRs represents a potential therapeutic strategy to combat arbovirus infections.

Neurons in the mouse auditory cortex are strongly influenced by behavior, including both suppression and enhancement of soundevoked responses during movement. The mouse auditory cortex comprises multiple fields with different roles in sound processing and distinct connectivity to movement-related centers of the brain. Here, we asked whether movement-related modulation in male mice might differ across auditory cortical fields, thereby contributing to the heterogeneity of movement-related modulation at the single-cell level. We used wide-field calcium imaging to identify distinct cortical fields and cellular-resolution two-photon calcium imaging to visualize the activity of layer 2/3 excitatory neurons within each field. We measured each neuron's responses to three sound categories (pure tones, chirps, and amplitude-modulated white noise) as mice rested and ran on a non-motorized treadmill. We found that individual neurons in each cortical field typically respond to just one sound category. Some neurons are only active during rest and others during locomotion, and those that are responsive across conditions retain their sound-category tuning. The effects of locomotion on sound-evoked responses vary at the single-cell level, with both suppression and enhancement of neural responses, and the net modulatory effect of locomotion is largely conserved across cortical fields. Movement-related modulation in auditory cortex also reflects more complex behavioral patterns, including instantaneous running speed and nonlocomotor movements such as grooming and postural adjustments, with similar patterns seen across all auditory cortical fields. Our findings underscore the complexity of movement-related modulation throughout the mouse auditory cortex and indicate that movement-related modulation is a widespread phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The success of cancer immunotherapy is largely associated with immunologically hot tumors. Oncolytic viruses can transform cold tumors into hot tumors. In this study, we found that an oncolytic vaccinia virus (oVV) expressing interleukin-9 (IL-9) can transform cold tumors into hot tumors and that it elicited effective antitumor effects. The antitumor effects can be enhanced in combination with an immune checkpoint blockade, indicating a potential translation of the IL-9-expressing oncolytic virus into a clinical trial to enhance the antitumor effects elicited by immune checkpoint blockades for cancer immunotherapy. The success of cancer immunotherapy is largely associated with immunologically hot tumors. Approaches that promote the infiltration of immune cells into tumor beds are urgently needed to transform cold tumors into hot tumors. Oncolytic viruses can transform the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in immunologically hot tumors. Cytokines are good candidates for arming oncolytic viruses to enhance their function in this transformation. Here, we used the oncolytic vaccinia virus (oVV) to deliver interleukin-9 (IL-9) into the tumor bed and explored its antitumor effects in colon and lung tumor models. Our data show that IL-9 prolongs viral persistence, which is probably mediated by the up-regulation of IL-10. The vvDD-IL-9 treatment elevated the expression of Th1 chemokines and antitumor factors such as IFN-γ, granzyme B, and perforin. IL-9 expression increased the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the TME and decreased the percentage of oVV-induced immune suppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), leading to potent antitumor effects compared with parental virus treatment. The vvDD-IL-9 treatment also increased the percentage of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the TME and elevated the expression of immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, but not GITR. The combination therapy of vvDD-IL-9 and the anti-CTLA-4 antibody, but not the anti-GITR antibody, induced systemic tumor-specific antitumor immunity and significantly extended the overall survival of mice, indicating a potential translation of the IL-9-expressing oncolytic virus into a clinical trial to enhance the antitumor effects elicited by an immune checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simulation of the steady state and the non-linear stability of a load modulated power amplifier (LMPA) driven by a random modulated generator, fully performed in the frequency domain by harmonic balance (HB) techniques, is presented. The non-linear microwave circuit and the driving pseudo-random modulated (PRM) generator are integrally defined in the frequency domain. The simulation is implemented and performed using commercially available circuit simulation software. The demodulation of the output signal of the LMPA is implemented with optimally matched filters as software-defined demodulation. The simulated dynamic results of a Quasi-MMIC GaN Doherty power amplifier (DPA) are shown and compared to the measured results with a 16-QAM driving signal at 10 MS/s. The time-domain measurement allows the validation of the new simulation technique through the comparison of both the measured and the simulated error vector magnitude (EVM), the left and right adjacent channel power ratios (ACPRs) versus the average output power. This new simulation is then called pseudo-random modulated harmonic balance (PRM-HB) simulation. The full PRM-HB simulation of an LMPA driven by a random modulated signal, performed in the frequency domain at the design circuit level, results in an advanced simulation tool in the frame of the design of RF circuits and subsystems for telecommunication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vinay and Darbelnet's model is one of the prominent models in the criticism and evaluation of translation. These linguists by examples from French and English, introduced techniques for translation that later could be generalized to different texts. Various techniques that fall under direct and indirect methods of translation. Modulation is one of indirect techniques of translation which a translator tries to recreate the source text in the destination language by changing the point of view. most common examples of this technique are in transformation of positive into negative, transformation of passive into active, clarification of irony, clarification of metaphor, and synecdoche. translators of the Quran, relying on their rhetorical knowledge, use different types of these examples. The present research explores how Salehi Najafabadi and Koosha employed this technique in translation of the last five parts of the Holy Quran aiming at identifying the concepts hidden in the translation of some words, while explaining this technique from Vinay and Darbelnet's perspective by descriptive-analytical method and with a confrontational approach and comparing the quality of two translations and their acceptability among the Persian-speaking audience, is concluded that the two translators have properly used this technique in most cases taking into consideration the rhetorical aspects of the words so as to accurately convey the message of the source text and have a favorable effect on the reader. Among the types of modulation, clarification of irony and transformation of positive to negative have the highest and lowest frequencies in the two translations, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The increasing utilization of terahertz (THz) bandwidth in both industrial and private sectors highlights the significance of efficient terahertz shielding and absorption devices. These devices play a crucial role in safeguarding electronic components from disruptive effects and rendering objects less detectable by radar systems. However, the limited availability of materials and devices hinders progress in this field. In this study, a strain engineering route is presented for the active control of terahertz shielding and absorption properties in 3D graphene through the application of mechanical strain. A straintronic modulator based on 3D graphene is demonstrated, capable of modulating absorption and reflection of THz radiation in real‐time over a wide range of 0.1–3 THz. The modulator can be tuned to exhibit either shielding capability with a specific shielding effectiveness of 0.3 × 105 dB cm2 g−1 or stealth characteristics with an average reflection loss of 25 dB and 99.4% absorption. These findings open new avenues for leveraging 2D materials in their 3D porous form, where strain‐induced changes in interlayer interactions enable control over the properties of these materials. This discovery unveils vast unexplored physical phenomena with immense potential for advanced THz imaging, radar, and electromagnetic applications.

Abstract Three‐phase ac choppers feature output voltage amplitude controllability and enable more compact system realizations compared to autotransformers. For the practical realization advantageously standard power transistor with unipolar voltage blocking capability such as MOSFETs can be employed as a naturally resulting offset voltage between the grid and the input‐stage starpoint ensures purely positive power transistor voltages. This offset voltage is, however, not strictly defined and may drift to higher voltage values, resulting in high power transistor voltage stresses and finally a potential overvoltage breakdown. Traditionally, the offset voltage drift is prevented by introducing discharge resistors across the input‐stage capacitors which, however, results in substantial ohmic losses. This paper analyzes the offset voltage formation in ac choppers and proposes a novel clamping modulation scheme which ensures a strictly defined and minimum time‐varying offset voltage without need for discharge resistors. Theoretical analyses and circuit simulations are finally experimentally verified with a 400 V (rms, line‐to‐line) 50 Hz grid connected three‐phase buck‐boost ac chopper with 3 kW rated power.

The generation of space radiation on Earth is essential to study and predict the effects of radiation on space travelers, electronics, or materials during future long-term space missions. Next to the heavy ions of the galactic cosmic rays, solar particle events play a major role concerning the radiation risk in space, which consist of intermediate-energy protons with broad spectra and energies up to a few hundred MeV. This work describes an approach for the ground-based generation of solar particle events. As a proof of principle, a passive beam modulator with a specific funnel-shaped periodic structure was designed and is used to convert a monoenergetic proton beam into a spectral proton energy distribution, mimicking a solar particle event from August 1972, which is known as one of the strongest recorded SPE events. The required proton beam of 220 MeV can be generated at many existing particle accelerators at research or particle therapy facilities. The planning, manufacturing and testing of the modulator is described step by step. Its correct manufacturing and the characteristics of the solar particle event simulator are tested experimentally and by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Future modulators will follow the same concept with minor adjustments such as a larger lateral extension. As of now, the presented beam modulator is available to the research community to conduct experiments at GSI for exposure under solar particle event conditions. In addition, researchers can use and apply the described concept to design and print their individualized modulator to reproduce any desired solar particle event spectrum or request the presented modulator geometry from the authors.

Abstract This paper discusses a new mapping scheme known as face coded modulation (FCM) system. In FCM, peak energy symbols are mapped onto an innermost ring according to the eight sockets in the human face, that is, brain, mouth, nostrils, eyes and ears. For example, FCM is formed when the constellation diagram from M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) system is modified to reduce peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) by relocating the four corner symbols of the MQAM, with peak energy, to the innermost ring in a way that forms the figure of a cross. Unlike APSK, FCM mapping introduces non‐uniform sequence of symbols on the ring, face width factor and multiple modulator circuits that can be used to lower power requirements for high power amplifiers (HPA) as used in MQAM transmission systems. Symbol error rate (SER) for FCM is calculated and the results compared with MQAM and MPSK. It is shown that at equal energy efficiency, FCM scheme has a better response to errors than both MPSK and MQAM and a better energy efficiency due to lowered PAPR than MQAM. Moreover, the simulation results exhibit a tight match for the proposed analytical framework when assessed under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel.

This article discusses the various operating modes of a series resonant balancing converter for bipolar dc grids. It is shown that the converter can be operated in both the capacitive and inductive regions with respect to the resonant frequency of the LC tank. Furthermore, concerning the pulse width modulation signals to the switches, the converter can either be operated by controlling the phase shift between the converter half bridge legs or the duty cycle of the half bridges. A qualitative comparison of the different modes proves that a) the phase shift modes have better soft switching capabilities, b) the capacitive phase shift mode can show zero voltage switching at switch turn-on in the whole operating range, c) the losses in case of capacitive phase shift mode shows best performance at low load power, d) the inductive region power modes show lower rms current for the same power flow compared with capacitive region modes which lead to lower losses at higher output power. The simulation and experimental results depict the operation of all the modes. Finally, a prototype is designed to validate all operating modes, demonstrating $>$99% system efficiency at 1.75 kW.

Terahertz (THz) communication is a rapidly advancing field with applications spanning space exploration, wireless communication, and security checks. Achieving effective intensity modulation of THz radiation is a crucial requirement for THz technology. In this study, we propose an approach to achieve real-time and precise control over THz radiation using a gold split-ring metasurface integrated with MoS2 layers. We demonstrate the emergence of an electromagnetically induced transparency-like resonance through optical pumping, resulting in high-quality THz signal transmission with impressive modulation depth of 81% at 612 GHz. These findings hold great promise for a wide range of THz applications, including sensing, switching, and filtering.

Optical camera communication (OCC) has emerged as a promising alternative technology for radio frequency (RF)-based communication systems. However, existing OCC approaches only consider transmitting data through broadcasting, without any ability for point-to-point communication. In this paper, a new modulation scheme termed distance color-coded on-off keying (DCC-OOK) is proposed that uses distance information retrieved from relative localization. The proposed method allows OCC to perform point-to-point communication and facilitates bidirectional communication. An OCC system that uses multi-sensor fusion of a camera and LiDAR is considered, in which calibration of the sensors and LED array segmentation for performing relative localization between the OCC transmitter and the OCC receiver are explained. The results indicate that both point-to-point and bidirectional communication were achieved with the proposed OCC system. During implementation, the distance between transmitter and receiver was varied between 1.0 and 4.0 m, and the system demonstrated a maximum data rate of 38.4 kbps with a lowest BER of 0.03.

Abstract This paper proposes a whale optimization algorithm (WOA)‐based partial transmit sequence (PTS) scheme called WOA‐PTS to reduce the high peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) for universal filtered multi‐carrier (UFMC) systems. High PAPR is a prevalent challenge encountered in multi‐carrier systems. In the conventional PTS technique, the optimization of phase rotation factors is achieved through multiplication with the sub‐blocks. In this undertaking, WOA optimization is integrated as a phase optimizer in the PTS‐based PAPR reduction scheme. The experimental results show that, when compared with PTS‐based UFMC signal, the UFMC signal with WOA‐PTS can achieve 4.15 dB PAPR reduction at the complementary cumulative distribution function value of 10−3, additionally power spectral density performance and bit error rate also improved.

Abstract As a type of magnetic device being able to realize contact‐free power transmission together with sufficient volumetric torque density, the field‐modulated magnetic gear (FMMG) has become a promising alternative to the mechanical gear having rigid construction yet suffering lots of issues generated by the continuous teeth friction. The conventional magnetic gears (MGs) that behave as simple copies of their mechanical counterparts and can be roughly defined as origination of the FMMG are briefly introduced at first. Subsequently, the topology and material advancements proposed to improve operational performance of the FMMG are comprehensively summarised so as to clarify its current development status. Finally, potential applications of the FMMG due to its inherent advantages are compared against the existent challenges. The review aims to provide referable guidelines for researchers working at the field of high‐performance MGs.

Abstract This paper proposes a multilevel cyclic shift index modulation aided differential chaotic shift keying (MCSI‐DCSK) system to improve data rate and energy efficiency. In the MCSI‐DCSK system, the bit stream is divided into blocks with N(M+1) bits which are further divided into N groups equally. In each group, the first M bits are mapped into an index of cyclic shift in the chaotic reference sequence, while the last bit is used to modulate the shifted chaotic reference sequence. Finally, the all modulated shifted chaotic reference sequences are superimposed to form the information‐bearing signal. So the proposed system improves the data rate. The analytical bit‐error‐rate (BER) expressions of the MCSI‐DCSK system are derived over additive white Gaussian noise and multipath Rayleigh fading channels and validated via simulations. In addition, the BER performance of the proposed system is compared with other non‐coherent, chaotic communication systems. Simulation results indicate that the MCSI‐DCSK system has better performance in data rate and BER.

Political, economic and cultural relations between the Turkic States, which gained their independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the Republic of Turkey have accelerated since the 1990s. Literature and language studies were also affected by these developments. Writers, poets and academics have started to translate various works between Turkic dialects. The beginning and increase of translations from Turkey Turkish to other Turkic dialects and from these dialects to Turkey Turkish has necessitated scientific research on this subject. Because various problems and difficulties arose in trasnlation between dialects. For this reason, linguistic studies in this field aim to identify these problems and produce solutions. In this study, it was tried to determine the inter-dialect/intra-linguistic translation problems in Mehmet Emin Yurdakul's poems, which were translated from Turkey Turkish to Uzbek Turkic by Tahir Kahhar, and an analysis was made using the descriptive statistics method. In this intralingual diachronic transfer, the statistical consistency between the source text and the target text constitutes the basis of the study. In order to detect these consistencies, translation strategies were used to determine the reduction, expansion and modulation operations at the word level in the examined translation and their statistics were tried to be obtained.

This paper discusses a new mapping scheme known as face coded modulation (FCM) system. In FCM, peak energy symbols are mapped onto an innermost ring according to the eight sockets in the human face, that is, brain, mouth, nostrils, eyes and ears. For example, FCM is formed when the constellation diagram from M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) system is modified to reduce peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) by relocating the four corner symbols of the MQAM, with peak energy, to the innermost ring in a way that forms the figure of a cross. Unlike APSK, FCM mapping introduces non‐uniform sequence of symbols on the ring, face width factor and multiple modulator circuits that can be used to lower power requirements for high power amplifiers (HPA) as used in MQAM transmission systems. Symbol error rate (SER) for FCM is calculated and the results compared with MQAM and MPSK. It is shown that at equal energy efficiency, FCM scheme has a better response to errors than both MPSK and MQAM and a better energy efficiency due to lowered PAPR than MQAM. Moreover, the simulation results exhibit a tight match for the proposed analytical framework when assessed under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]