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Natural processes are substantially impacted by human activity, and assessing human activity has significant ramifications for regional ecological conservation. The study developed an extended human footprint (HF) assessment model based on the theory of ecological effects and human pressures to evaluate human disturbances in the urban agglomerations of the Yellow River Basin using data from 2005 to 2020, revealing the spatiotemporal pattern in the region. The conclusions show that the HF value of urban agglomeration in the Yellow River Basin has steadily increased from 2005 to 2020, primarily driven by mining intensity and road construction. High HF areas are primarily concentrated in urban areas in the south-central of the region, with a tendency to spread outward. Medium HF areas are mainly distributed in the eastern part of the study area, and the spatial distribution increases year by year, extending outward from the center area. The moderately low and HF areas are mostly found in the mountainous areas of the northwest. Among the urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin, the Central Plains UA and Shandong Peninsula UA are the areas most heavily affected by human disturbance. The conclusions are instructive for the high-quality development of urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining activities have emerged as major contributors to environmental damage. This paper offers an analyse of the actual situation of environmental damages caused by mining activities in Europe. Alarmingly, pollution from mining activities in the European Union is increasing. Surface and underground mining have detrimental effects on air and water quality, land degradation, waste disposal, noise pollution, deforestation and loss of biodiversity, endangered species, microbiota, economy, and health. Moreover, the risk of dam destruction because of climate change is increased. Globally this fact ranked Europe in second place in terms of dangerousness. The situation of protected species is critical and their status remains poor. The rehabilitation cost is exorbitant, and enforcement of regulations is lacking. It is evident that, due to economic demand for metals, mining will play a central role in EU's future despite the growing emphasis on green initiatives and transition. Unfortunately, public awareness regarding environmental impact of mining activities is insufficient, and their voices are often disregarded. In order to reduce the negative impact of mining on the environment, economy and public health, it is necessary to take urgent political and technical measures. This paper aims to present a comprehensive overview and offer suggestions for future actions.

The destruction of arable land caused by coal mining in coal grain compound areas is a major bottleneck restricting grain production increase. The spatiotemporal correlation between the decline in cultivated land quality and crop growth deterioration due to mining subsidence still needs to be clarified. This study employed the CDR AVHRR NDVI dataset and applied correlation and trend analysis methods to extract vegetation cover information from 1982 to 2022. It also explored the relationships between vegetation cover and temperature and precipitation. The study found the following: (1) Over the past 41 years, the NDVI in the study area showed a significant upward trend. Specifically, the average annual NDVI growth rate in the mining area was 51.85%, while the corresponding growth rates for the 10 km buffer area, 20 km buffer area, and check area (CK) were 65.91%, 65.86%, and 68.09%, respectively. The start of the growing season (SOS) for winter wheat in the mining area and control area advanced by 49 ± 1.5 days and 65 ± 1.5 days, respectively, while the length of the growing season (LOS) extended by 59 ± 1.5 days and 72 ± 1.5 days, respectively. For summer maize, the SOS advanced by 11 ± 1.5 days and 15 ± 1.5 days, respectively, and the LOS extended by 17 ± 1.5 days and 19 ± 1.5 days, respectively. The study area exhibited a significant positive correlation between the NDVI and temperature. Specifically, the correlation coefficient for the mining area was 0.6865 (p < 0.01); for the 10 km buffer zone, it was 0.5937 (p < 0.01), for the 20 km buffer zone, it was 0.6775 (p < 0.01), and for the control check area (CK), it was 0.6591 (p < 0.01). The results of this study can provide data support for the collaborative rehabilitation of and source reduction in coal grain compound areas, as well as for the restoration of damaged farmland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects are the largest and most diverse group of organisms which are typically the overwhelming dominant invertebrate faunal group extensively used in biomonitoring and bioassessment. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the heavy metals levels in insect species collected from Enyigba Community with mining activities in Southeast Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. In this study, three sites namely: Upper Inyia-(SA), Lower Inyia (SB) and the Control Site (SC) were selected and insect specimens were collected and evaluated from July 2022 to February, 2023. The insect groups used were Reticulitermes flavipes (termite), Zonocerus elegans (grasshopper), Acraea acrita (butterfly) and Cremtogaster sp. (Ant). The selected insects' samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed heavy metal accumulations on the selected insects particularly the toxic metals such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn) and Mercury (Hg). Insects examined were Reticulitermes flavipes, Zonocerus elegans, Acraea acrita, and Crematogaster sp. collected from Enyigba mines. High concentrations of Cd was recorded in Zonocerus elegans at SA (0.13±0.042) and SB (0.17±0.007) which is far above WHO/FAO permissible limit. The result further revealed that there was also high Cd concentration (0.21±0.011) in Reticulitermes flavipes, which is also far above WHO/FAO permissible limit. Grasshopper, termites and butterfly had the highest accumulation of heavy metals among the studied insect groups, highlighting the challenges of mining on agriculture and food security in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With significant coal resource potential, Jambi Province faces serious challenges in the mobilization of coal transportation, a crucial element in the energy industry supply chain. This research examines the complexity problems arising from coal mobilization activities in Jambi Province and their social and environmental impacts. The research employs a qualitative method, utilizing documentation from online news sources and official government documents, including regional regulations. Data analysis is conducted using Nvivo 12 Plus. The findings reveal mismatch between licensing and regulations, leading to severe traffic disruptions. The sustainability of mining activities is faces significant challenges that require holistic solutions. Strategic policy recommendations include thorough audits of industry regulations, strengthening law enforcement, and promoting economic diversification. Other solutions involve more efficient traffic management, such as constructing dedicated lanes to alleviate pressure on general traffic. This research also highlights the importance of open and inclusive dialogue among all relevant stakeholders, with the government playing a key mediating role. Achieving balanced economic, social, and environmental sustainability in Jambi Province requires cross-sector collaboration and the active participation from all stakeholders.

Coal mining in Shendong Mining area has an important impact on the local ecological environment, especially the growth of vegetation. In order to describe this effect quantitatively, this study uses a regional evapotranspiration model to calculate the Potential Net Primary Productivity (PNP,p) of the Shendong mining area. MODIS17A3 dataset (2001—2022) was used to characterize the Actual Net Primary Productivity (PNP,a), and combined with the monthly net primary productivity raster dataset of terrestrial ecosystems in China (PNP,al, 1988—2015), using GWR model construction correction method to correct PNP,al to obtain 1988—2000 PNP,a data, and using the difference between the two PNP,h to characterize the impact of coal mining. The effect of coal mining on vegetation PNP in Shendong mining area was evaluated. The results show that: ① the accuracy of PNP,al data corrected by GWR model is about 0.76, and the corrected PNP,al data has a strong spatial correlation with the MODIS17A3 dataset, which indicates the reliability of the accuracy of the corrected model; ② The overall PNP,a and PNP,h of Shendong mining area showed a trend of decreasing first and then recovering gradually, but the PNP of vegetation did not recover to the pre-mining level. The mean values of PNP,h before mining and PNP,h after mining are 21.50 g/m2 and −60.20 g/m2, respectively. PNP,h

The Changhe Basin is located in the earth–rock mountainous area in southeastern Shanxi, China, and represents a characteristic northern coal-bearing hilly area. The terrain is complex, and the area is rich in coal mines. It plays an indispensable role in maintaining ecological balance and sustainable development in North China. To investigate the changes in ecological quality in the Changhe Basin, as well as the impact of human mining activities and natural topography on ecological quality, this study constructs the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) based on Landsat remote sensing images from 2001, 2008, 2015, and 2022, undertaking an analysis of the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of the ecological quality and its changing trends over the past 20 years. Additionally, spatial autocorrelation distribution features are revealed using Moran's I. The exploration extends to examining the relationship between mining activities and the surrounding ecological quality. Subsequently, we study the relationship between Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) and RSEI. The results indicate the following: (1) On the temporal scale, the average proportion of RSEIs categorized as excellent and good from 2001 to 2022 is 46.78%. Types showcasing stable ecological conditions average 52.49%. The level of overall ecological quality of the basin has remained consistently high. On the spatial scale, the western part of the Changhe River, particularly in mountainous areas, exhibits higher ecological quality. Poorer areas concentrate in Chuandi Town in the southwestern part, and are significantly impacted by mining activities. The eastern region manifests areas undergoing either rapid or gradual degradation. (2) The four-phase Moran index results reveal a robust positive correlation in the spatial distribution of ecological quality within the basin. High–High and Low–Low clusters dominate, while High–Low and Low–High distributions are scattered. (3) Mining activities exert a discernible impact on the surrounding ecological quality. As the distance from the buffer zone outside the mining area increases, RSEI gradually decreases. The impact level exhibits an initial increase and subsequent decrease from 2001 to 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Insects are the largest and most diverse group of organisms which are typically the overwhelming dominant invertebrate faunal group extensively used in biomonitoring and bioassessment. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the heavy metals levels in insect species collected from Enyigba Community with mining activities in Southeast Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. In this study, three sites namely: Upper Inyia-(SA), Lower Inyia (SB) and the Control Site (SC) were selected and insect specimens were collected and evaluated from July 2022 to February, 2023. The insect groups used were Reticulitermes flavipes (termite), Zonocerus elegans (grasshopper), Acraea acrita (butterfly) and Cremtogaster sp. (Ant). The selected insects’ samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed heavy metal accumulations on the selected insects particularly the toxic metals such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn) and Mercury (Hg). Insects examined were Reticulitermes flavipes, Zonocerus elegans, Acraea acrita, and Crematogaster sp. collected from Enyigba mines. High concentrations of Cd was recorded in Zonocerus elegans at SA (0.13±0.042) and SB (0.17±0.007) which is far above WHO/FAO permissible limit. The result further revealed that there was also high Cd concentration (0.21±0.011) in Reticulitermes flavipes, which is also far above WHO/FAO permissible limit. Grasshopper, termites and butterfly had the highest accumulation of heavy metals among the studied insect groups, highlighting the challenges of mining on agriculture and food security in the region.

Abstract Background Africa is blessed with vast arable land and enriched with valuable natural resources encompassing both renewable (like water, forests, and fisheries) and non-renewable (such as minerals, coal, gas, and oil). Under the right conditions, a natural resource boom should serve as an important driver for growth, development, and the transition from cottage industry to factory output. However, despite its wealth, Africa is often associated with the notion of a resource curse. Negative outcomes are often linked with mineral wealth. This paper investigates the causes of adverse health outcomes in resource-rich regions. The study provides empirical support for the natural resource curse with particular emphasis on the environmental health risks in Africa. We explore the multifaceted connections among mineral deposits, environmental risks, conflict events and population dynamics, shedding light on the complexities of resource-rich areas. Results We amalgamate georeferenced data pertaining to 22 specific mineral deposits with information on the prevalence of reliance on compromised infrastructures at a spatial resolution of 0.5 $$^{\circ } \times 0.5^{\circ }$$ ∘ × 0 . 5 ∘ for all of Africa between 2000 and 2017. Through comprehensive econometric analysis of environmental health risk factors, including reliance on contaminated water sources, open defecation, unimproved sanitation, particulate matter concentration, and carbon concentration, we uncover the intricate pathways through which mineral deposits impact public health. Our findings revealed the significant role of in-migration in mediating environmental health risks. Moreover, we found that the activities of extractive companies amplify certain environmental risks including reliance on unimproved sanitation and practices and particulate matter concentration. Conflict events emerge as a key mediator across all environmental health risks, underlining the far-reaching consequences of instability and violence on both local communities and the environment. Conclusion The study contributes to the discourse on sustainable development by unraveling the nuanced associations between mineral wealth and health challenges. By drawing attention to the intricate web of factors at play, we provide a foundation for targeted interventions that address the unique environmental and health challenges faced by mineral-rich communities.

Natural processes are substantially impacted by human activity, and assessing human activity has significant ramifications for regional ecological conservation. The study developed an extended human footprint (HF) assessment model based on the theory of ecological effects and human pressures to evaluate human disturbances in the urban agglomerations of the Yellow River Basin using data from 2005 to 2020, revealing the spatiotemporal pattern in the region. The conclusions show that the HF value of urban agglomeration in the Yellow River Basin has steadily increased from 2005 to 2020, primarily driven by mining intensity and road construction. High HF areas are primarily concentrated in urban areas in the south-central of the region, with a tendency to spread outward. Medium HF areas are mainly distributed in the eastern part of the study area, and the spatial distribution increases year by year, extending outward from the center area. The moderately low and HF areas are mostly found in the mountainous areas of the northwest. Among the urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin, the Central Plains UA and Shandong Peninsula UA are the areas most heavily affected by human disturbance. The conclusions are instructive for the high-quality development of urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin.

Mining activities in the kaolin mining area have led to the disruption of the ecological health of the mining area and nearby soils, but the effects on the fungal communities in the rhizosphere soils of the plants are not clear. Three common plants (Conyza bonariensis, Artemisia annua, and Dodonaea viscosa) in kaolin mining areas were selected and analyzed their rhizosphere soil fungal communities using ITS sequencing. The alpha diversity indices (Chao1, Shannon, Simpson, observed-species, pielou-e) of the fungal communities decreased to different extents in different plants compared to the non-kauri mining area. The β-diversity (PCoA, NMDS) analysis showed that the rhizosphere soil fungal communities of the three plants in the kaolin mine area were significantly differentiated from those of the control plants grown in the non-kaolin mine area, and the extent of this differentiation varied among the plants. The analysis of fungal community composition showed that the dominant fungi in the rhizosphere fungi of C. bonariensis and A. annua changed, with an increase in the proportion of Mycosphaerella (genus) by about 20% in C. bonariensis and A. annua. An increase in the proportion of Didymella (genus) by 40% in D. viscosa was observed. At the same time, three plant rhizosphere soils were affected by kaolin mining activities with the appearance of new fungal genera Ochrocladosporium and Plenodomus. Predictive functional potential analysis of the samples revealed that a significant decrease in the potential of functions such as biosynthesis and glycolysis occurred in the rhizosphere fungal communities of kaolin-mined plants compared to non-kaolin-mined areas. The results show that heavy metals and plant species are the key factors influencing these changes, which suggests that selecting plants that can bring more abundant fungi can adapt to heavy metal contamination to restore soil ecology in the kaolin mining area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valuation of ecosystem services (ESs) is crucial for preserving ecosystems, assessing natural resources, and making decisions regarding compensation. In this study, we employed the InVEST model's habitat quality (HQ) module to calculate the HQ and degradation levels in the study area using land use/land cover (LULC) data from 2000 to 2020. Our analysis utilized quantitative methods, including spatial correlation, hotspot analysis, and geo-probing, to determine the value of ESs and identify trends. Furthermore, we examined the spatial and temporal variation in the significance of ESs and their driving factors. The results show the following. (1) The primary LULC types in the Zhundong coalfield from 2000 to 2020 are grassland and barren areas. (2) The average value of the HQ index in the study area exhibited a generally decreasing trend. Between 2000 and 2010, HQ significantly declined, particularly in the region's large barren industrial and mining zones. However, over time, the proportion of sites with minimal degradation improved steadily, resulting in better overall HQ in the study area by 2020. This pertains to the measures put in place by the local government to safeguard and rehabilitate the ecosystem. (3) The spatial distribution of the ecosystem service value (ESV) aligns with changes in HQ and LULC, with significant hotspots primarily observed in forest and grassland areas, nature reserves, and areas around water sources. (4) LULC, temperature, annual precipitation, and elevation are the main drivers of spatial variation in the ESV in the Zhundong area; the spatial variation in the ESV in the Zhundong coalfield is primarily influenced by the interaction between human factors and natural factors, in which LULC plays a dominant role. This study's findings can guide the development of rational ecological planning, integrating resource conservation mining with effective zoning management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Africa is blessed with vast arable land and enriched with valuable natural resources encompassing both renewable (like water, forests, and fisheries) and non-renewable (such as minerals, coal, gas, and oil). Under the right conditions, a natural resource boom should serve as an important driver for growth, development, and the transition from cottage industry to factory output. However, despite its wealth, Africa is often associated with the notion of a resource curse. Negative outcomes are often linked with mineral wealth. This paper investigates the causes of adverse health outcomes in resource-rich regions. The study provides empirical support for the natural resource curse with particular emphasis on the environmental health risks in Africa. We explore the multifaceted connections among mineral deposits, environmental risks, conflict events and population dynamics, shedding light on the complexities of resource-rich areas. Results We amalgamate georeferenced data pertaining to 22 specific mineral deposits with information on the prevalence of reliance on compromised infrastructures at a spatial resolution of 0.5 for all of Africa between 2000 and 2017. Through comprehensive econometric analysis of environmental health risk factors, including reliance on contaminated water sources, open defecation, unimproved sanitation, particulate matter concentration, and carbon concentration, we uncover the intricate pathways through which mineral deposits impact public health. Our findings revealed the significant role of in-migration in mediating environmental health risks. Moreover, we found that the activities of extractive companies amplify certain environmental risks including reliance on unimproved sanitation and practices and particulate matter concentration. Conflict events emerge as a key mediator across all environmental health risks, underlining the far-reaching consequences of instability and violence on both local communities and the environment. Conclusion The study contributes to the discourse on sustainable development by unraveling the nuanced associations between mineral wealth and health challenges. By drawing attention to the intricate web of factors at play, we provide a foundation for targeted interventions that address the unique environmental and health challenges faced by mineral-rich communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crucial role of the fluorescent components of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in controlling antimony (Sb) mobilization in groundwater has been confirmed. However, the molecular signatures contributing to Sb enrichment in DOM remain unknown. This study aims to investigate the origins and molecular compositions of DOM in different high-Sb aquifers (Sb-mining and no-Sb-mining aquifer), as well as compare different molecular signatures of DOM and mechanisms for Sb migration. The findings showed that Sb concentrations in Sb-mining aquifer exhibited a positive correlation with lignin- and tannin-like molecules characterized by high O/C and low H/C ratios, indicating an increased abundance of aromatic components with higher Humification Index and SUV-absorbance at 254 nm, compared to no-Sb-mining aquifer. Correspondingly, the complexation and competitive adsorption were considered as the predominate formation mechanisms on Sb enrichment in Sb-mining aquifer. In addition, high abundances of bioreactivity DOM may facilitated the migration of Sb via electron transfer and competitive adsorption in native no-Sb-mining aquifer. The outcomes of this investigation offer novel insights into the mechanism on Sb enrichment influenced by DOM at the molecule level.

The destruction of arable land caused by coal mining in coal grain compound areas is a major bottleneck restricting grain production increase. The spatiotemporal correlation between the decline in cultivated land quality and crop growth deterioration due to mining subsidence still needs to be clarified. This study employed the CDR AVHRR NDVI dataset and applied correlation and trend analysis methods to extract vegetation cover information from 1982 to 2022. It also explored the relationships between vegetation cover and temperature and precipitation. The study found the following: (1) Over the past 41 years, the NDVI in the study area showed a significant upward trend. Specifically, the average annual NDVI growth rate in the mining area was 51.85%, while the corresponding growth rates for the 10 km buffer area, 20 km buffer area, and check area (CK) were 65.91%, 65.86%, and 68.09%, respectively. The start of the growing season (SOS) for winter wheat in the mining area and control area advanced by 49 ± 1.5 days and 65 ± 1.5 days, respectively, while the length of the growing season (LOS) extended by 59 ± 1.5 days and 72 ± 1.5 days, respectively. For summer maize, the SOS advanced by 11 ± 1.5 days and 15 ± 1.5 days, respectively, and the LOS extended by 17 ± 1.5 days and 19 ± 1.5 days, respectively. The study area exhibited a significant positive correlation between the NDVI and temperature. Specifically, the correlation coefficient for the mining area was 0.6865 (p < 0.01); for the 10 km buffer zone, it was 0.5937 (p < 0.01), for the 20 km buffer zone, it was 0.6775 (p < 0.01), and for the control check area (CK), it was 0.6591 (p < 0.01). The results of this study can provide data support for the collaborative rehabilitation of and source reduction in coal grain compound areas, as well as for the restoration of damaged farmland.

This study aimed to compare how vulnerable informal and formal households are to disaster risks in Bekkersdal mining area in the Rand West City municipality, using a mixed method. A qualitative approach was used to construct a situational analysis of the community, while a questionnaire was used to collect descriptive data. Findings showed both household types (formal and informal) experienced disaster-related risks as their coping resources are limited. Disaster risks such as mining-related incidents (dust, earth tremors and windstorms) are more significant in the informal areas than in formal areas because of their geographical locations. The latter are located in high density areas, with limited access to basic services. Resulting in among others, construction of illegal informal areas and use of illegal electricity connections. These disaster incidents occur against the backdrop of an already vulnerable dolomitic environment that tends to form sinkholes. Thus, the negative impact of mining is the highest disaster risk factor in the area, yet households seem tolerant and distant as they perceive mining as a job opportunity. The study recommended the municipality to include disaster risks in their integrated development plans to ensure that sustainable mining practices are in place to minimise the negative effects in the area. The rehabilitation of mines, measures to prevent informal construction or illegal occupation, and educational awareness on mitigation and adaptation measures are necessary. Contribution: The study adds to the body of knowledge by revising some old techniques of addressing disaster risk measures, especially in surrounding mining communities.

Globally, the environmental contamination of stream sediments due to geogenic and anthropogenic sources is of growing concern. In this study, the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in 22 superficial sediments in Wadi Asal, Red Sea, Egypt, were explored to assess sediment sources, the mobility of chemical species, and the degree of contamination in sediments. Therefore, the total heavy metal values in the fine fraction (< 63 μm), a five-step sequential extraction on selective samples, risk assessment, and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied. The mobility of heavy metals in Wadi Asal sediments, according to non-residual fraction percent, declines in the following order: Cd (90.9%) > Pb (85.2%) > Co (84.4%) > Cu (80.8%) > Zn (75.9%) > Ni (48.4%) > Cr (39.6%); indicating the high mobility of Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Co. The mean metal contamination factor (CF) order is Cd (10.96) > Ni (3.91) > Cr (2.77) > Zn (2.18) > Pb (2.10) > Co (1.12) > Cu (0.70). The Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) is decreased in the following order: Cd (2.19) > Ni (0.78) > Cr (0.55) > Zn (0.44) > Pb (0.42) > Co (0.22) > Cu (0.14). The risk assessment code (RAC) revealed very high to high risk for Cd, Co, and Pb. The results pointed out that the metals Cr, Co, Cu, and Ni are from geogenic sources, while Zn, Cd, and Pb are from anthropogenic sources due to Pb–Zn mining activities. Based on the threshold effect level (TEL), Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb have adverse effects on living organisms. According to these findings, the area along Wadi Asal and the downstream regions on the beach are highly polluted and heavy metal monitoring in sediments and aquatic organisms is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the contents of eight heavy metal(loid)s (As, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Sb and Tl) in 50 sediment samples from a headwater of Beijiang River were studied to understand their pollution, ecological risk and potential sources. Evaluation indexes including sediment quality guidelines (SDGs), enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), risk assessment code (RAC) and bioavailable metal index (BMI) were used to evaluate the heavy metal(loid)s pollution and ecological risk in the sediments. Pearson's correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to identify the sources of heavy metal(loid)s. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metal(loid)s obviously exceeded the background values, except Cr. Metal(loid)s speciation analysis indicated that Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were dominated by non-residual fractions, which presented higher bioavailability. The S content in sediments could significantly influence the geochemical fractions of heavy metal(loid)s. As was expected, it had the most adverse biological effect to local aquatic organism, followed by Pb. The EF results demonstrated that As was the most enriched, while Cr showed no enrichment in the sediments. The assessment of Igeo suggested that Cd and As were the most serious threats to the river system, while Cr showed almost no contamination in the sediments. Heavy metal(loid)s in sediments in the mining- and smelting-affected area showed higher bioavailability. According to the results of the above research, the mining activities caused heavier heavy metal(loid)s pollution in the river sediment. Three potential sources of heavy metal(loid)s in sediment were distinguished based on the Pearson's correlation analysis and PCA, of which Cd, Pb, As, Zn, Sb and Cu were mainly derived from mining activities, Cr was mainly derived from natural sources, Tl was mainly derived from smelting activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare how vulnerable informal and formal households are to disaster risks in Bekkersdal mining area in the Rand West City municipality, using a mixed method. A qualitative approach was used to construct a situational analysis of the community, while a questionnaire was used to collect descriptive data. Findings showed both household types (formal and informal) experienced disaster-related risks as their coping resources are limited. Disaster risks such as mining-related incidents (dust, earth tremors and windstorms) are more significant in the informal areas than in formal areas because of their geographical locations. The latter are located in high density areas, with limited access to basic services. Resulting in among others, construction of illegal informal areas and use of illegal electricity connections. These disaster incidents occur against the backdrop of an already vulnerable dolomitic environment that tends to form sinkholes. Thus, the negative impact of mining is the highest disaster risk factor in the area, yet households seem tolerant and distant as they perceive mining as a job opportunity. The study recommended the municipality to include disaster risks in their integrated development plans to ensure that sustainable mining practices are in place to minimise the negative effects in the area. The rehabilitation of mines, measures to prevent informal construction or illegal occupation, and educational awareness on mitigation and adaptation measures are necessary. Contribution: The study adds to the body of knowledge by revising some old techniques of addressing disaster risk measures, especially in surrounding mining communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to address the drinking water crisis in the Mahan River catchment area resulting from the disruption of groundwater availability due to extensive coal mining. The study uses GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to map the groundwater potential of the area by analysing several factors that affect groundwater availability, including rainfall, water depth, geomorphology, geology, soil, land-cover/land-use, and topographic characteristics derived from DEM. The groundwater potential map created using the MCDA technique classified the area into low, moderate, and high groundwater potential zones. The map was validated and verified using water table depth and electrical conductivity values available in the region, indicating that it can be used to identify groundwater recharging sites. The study's results show that about 30% of the area has high groundwater potential, and more than 45% of the area has moderate groundwater potential. The information derived from the study can be used for sustainable management and proper planning of groundwater resources in the Mahan River catchment area. Overall, the study presents a useful approach to address the groundwater depletion problem resulting from coal mining activities in the Mahan River catchment area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Changhe Basin is located in the earth–rock mountainous area in southeastern Shanxi, China, and represents a characteristic northern coal-bearing hilly area. The terrain is complex, and the area is rich in coal mines. It plays an indispensable role in maintaining ecological balance and sustainable development in North China. To investigate the changes in ecological quality in the Changhe Basin, as well as the impact of human mining activities and natural topography on ecological quality, this study constructs the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) based on Landsat remote sensing images from 2001, 2008, 2015, and 2022, undertaking an analysis of the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of the ecological quality and its changing trends over the past 20 years. Additionally, spatial autocorrelation distribution features are revealed using Moran’s I. The exploration extends to examining the relationship between mining activities and the surrounding ecological quality. Subsequently, we study the relationship between Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) and RSEI. The results indicate the following: (1) On the temporal scale, the average proportion of RSEIs categorized as excellent and good from 2001 to 2022 is 46.78%. Types showcasing stable ecological conditions average 52.49%. The level of overall ecological quality of the basin has remained consistently high. On the spatial scale, the western part of the Changhe River, particularly in mountainous areas, exhibits higher ecological quality. Poorer areas concentrate in Chuandi Town in the southwestern part, and are significantly impacted by mining activities. The eastern region manifests areas undergoing either rapid or gradual degradation. (2) The four-phase Moran index results reveal a robust positive correlation in the spatial distribution of ecological quality within the basin. High–High and Low–Low clusters dominate, while High–Low and Low–High distributions are scattered. (3) Mining activities exert a discernible impact on the surrounding ecological quality. As the distance from the buffer zone outside the mining area increases, RSEI gradually decreases. The impact level exhibits an initial increase and subsequent decrease from 2001 to 2022.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) undergoes rapid changes due to human production activities, which have an impact on the land carbon cycle and ultimately global change. As one of the main human production activities, coal mining significantly impacts the soil carbon cycle. However, due to the lack of remote sensing modeling of soil carbon in mining areas, the spatio-temporal changes and driving mechanisms of SOC in mining areas remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated and determined SOC data from 300 sampling points (depth of 0–20 cm) located in an arid mining area of China. Remote sensing images were then used to established a soil organic carbon density (SOCD) prediction model within the Random Forest (RF) model to achieve digital mapping of soil organic carbon stocks (SOCS). The spatiotemporal changes of SOCS were analyzed using SOCS digital mapping, and the influencing mechanism of SOCS was revealed using path analysis. The results showed that the constructed SOCD predictive model meets the demand for SOCD prediction (R2 ≥ 0.74, p soil erosion > mining intensity > precipitation > elevation > land use > temperature. The negative impact of coal mining on SOCS was mainly indirect, through disturbance to elevation, vegetation, and soil erosion. The uneven ground subsidence and stretching caused by coal mining contribute to intensified soil erosion and vegetation degradation in the affected area, leading to a reduction in SOCS. However, SOCS did not decrease under high intensity mining, which was related to the increase in vegetation and the reduction in soil erosion in the mining area. In this study, a soil carbon prediction model was established based on remote sensing modeling to evaluate the temporal and spatial distribution of soil carbon in an arid mining area. The results can serve as valuable references for the scientific improvement of the ecological environment in mining areas, the rational planning of mining area construction, as well as low-carbon land reclamation and ecological compensation assessments.

This study investigated the magnitude of media coverage of environmental hazards in the mining communities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Motivated by the poor agricultural yields and increased prevalence of health challenges in the mining communities, it was established that the media is indispensable in the fight for a healthy environment in the State. However, the failure of the mass media in the State to embark on any form of environmental communication in order to monitor environmental issues made the fight almost impossible. Thus, the study set out to determine how committed and professional the media were in the fight. A sample size of 25 media practitioners, two radio stations and four newspapers all domiciled in the State were assessed using multi-staged random sampling technique. The study employed quantitative and qualitative research designs with questionnaire, interview and content analysis as instruments for data collection. Findings revealed that the mass media in the State were not involved in the fight for a healthy environment; none of them had environmental column/desk to monitor environmental hazards arising from mining activities in the State. The research concluded that the mass media should scrutinize the affairs of the State environmental actors in order for them to hold the mining companies accountable and protect the interests of the mining communities in the State.

Mining activities often generate important amounts of extractive waste, and, as a consequence, environmental impacts that affect all factors to a greater or lesser extent. Depending on a variety of variables, the impact can be permanent or temporary, reversible or irreversible, negative or positive. This study conducted research on the status of closure and remediation processes of mining areas in Romania, specifically in the counties of Maramureș, Suceava, Harghita, Alba, Hunedoara and Caraș-Severin. Furthermore, based on the type and level of pollution, the degree of application of remediation techniques for water and soil pollution in the investigated mining areas was studied. From the analysed information, it is evident that although the closure and remediation process started in Romania over 20 years ago, unfortunately, to this day, the technical projects, technical assistance, and execution of closure and remediation works have not yet completely solved the complex environmental issues in the mining sector. Most of the tailing ponds and waste piles of former mines continue to pose permanent specific risks to the environment and the population. This study concludes that the mining sector in Romania, although it has the necessary techniques and technologies for the ecological rehabilitation of degraded lands related to the Extractive Waste Facilities and the elimination of negative impacts on the environment and public health, has not yet been able to fully concretize its remediation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In equatorial and tropical regions, supergene mineral deposits created during water/rock interactions are found. Simply put, these supergene deposits are formed through the accumulation of low solubility ions or through the preservation of primary minerals. The supergene manganese (Mn) deposits are examples of the economic importance associated with the chemical weathering processes. In Brazil, the Southern Brasilia Orogen (SBO) was generated during the collision between the Paranapanema Craton and the passive margin of the São Francisco Craton. In the southern Minas Gerais (MG), several supergene Mn occurrences are hosted in the SBO, which were originated during the chemical weathering of gondites belonging to the Amparo Complex. Here, we studied the supergene Mn occurrences in the southern MG, more specifically in the municipalities of Ouro Fino and Careaçu. The MnO contents ranged from 25.50 to 28.40 wt% at Ouro Fino and from 16.80 to 21.20 wt% at Careaçu. These supergene Mn deposits have a diverse mineral assemblage, being composed of spessartine, quartz, Mn-oxides, goethite and kaolinite. The various Mn minerals formed due to spessartine incongruent dissolution were hollandites, cryptomelanes, romanechites, pyrolusites and lithiophorites. Both study areas are relevant for the possible opening of mines for the commercialization of Mn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to design an appropriate dewatering system in an open pit mine, it is necessary to know the hydrogeological conditions and factors affecting the condition of groundwater in the mining area. One of the important factors for investigating the hydrogeological conditions of a mining site is to know the status of the catchment area, temporal and spatial changes of the piezometric levels and the range of disturbances caused by mining activities, climate conditions and the tectonic state of the mining area. The hydrological and hydrogeological conditions of Sangan iron mine are also affected by climate factors such as precipitation and tectonic factors including the number of faults and their trends, their distances and their relationship with each other. Therefore, in this study, the influence of various factors including precipitation, distance from waterways, tectonic status and faults, and the pit development during the exploitation period on the fluctuation of groundwater were investigated. By examining the fluctuations of the piezometric levels caused by these factors in the period from March 2011 to March 2014 and statistical analysis of the results, it was found that among the affecting factors, the Cn-pit expansion has the greatest effect on the groundwater level fluctuation of the western anomalies of Sangan mine. By drawing the ccorrelation diagram between the distance from Cn-Pit and the groundwater level drop of observation piezometers of the nearby areas of the Cn-pit, and obtaining a coefficient of determination equal to 0.94 (R2 =0.94), it was found that the radius of the influence of the Cn-pit expansion on the changes in the groundwater level of the adjacent areas is about 700 meters. In addition, it was found that the amount of precipitation and the distance from the waterways do not have a significant effect on the groundwater level fluctuations in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The impacts of a metal mine on the surrounding grassland were studied, and the ecological environment was evaluated using remote sensing technology as a significant aid to ecological restoration and environmental protection of mining areas. [Methods] The study was conducted at a desert-steppe gold mine located in an ecologically fragile area. Spatial and temporal dynamics of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the mine area were analyzed based on long time series remote sensing data to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the ecological quality of the study area using the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI). [Results] The impacted area of desert-steppe gold mining was determined as the area with a radius of 5 km outward from the mine boundary. There was a fluctuating increase in NDVI values in the mine and impact areas that varied with the duration of mining in the steppe from 2009 to 2021. The annual average value of NVDI within the mine area during the underground mining operation period was 51.9% higher than during the open pit mining operation period. In addition, the impact of open pit mining on vegetation in the study area was higher compared with underground mining. The RSEI values in the mining area and the impacted area initially increased, then decreased, and then stabilized, resulting in an overall non-significant increase. The spatial distribution of RSEI indicated that the areas with poor ecological environmental quality in the mine and impact areas were mainly the waste dump and surrounding area. [Conclusion] Gold mining influenced the surrounding desert grassland within a radius of 5 km from the mine. The ecological environment of the mine and the impacted area gradually improved through management efforts during mining. Ecological restoration and environmental management of the waste dump and the surrounding area should be strengthened during the process of mine ecological construction.

This study is focused on the environmental geochemistry of potentially toxic metals (PTMs)-bearing products and wastes in a mining area in Djebel Onk (NE Algeria) and their potential ecological and health risk assessment. Representative samples from (i) commercial products and (ii) grain size classes of wastes were mineralogically characterized using X-ray diffraction. The major and PTMs elements in the samples were chemically analyzed via ICP-AES and ICP-MS, respectively. The results reveal that the samples were mostly composed of carbonate fluorapatite (P2O5 > 24 wt %) and yielded PTM concentrations within the average range of phosphorites in neighboring countries and worldwide deposits as well. The concentrations of V, Cd, As, Ni, and Pb in the products were found to be within the acceptable values according to various standards, such as the Canadian and German Fertilizer Ordinance policies. Geochemically, PTMs distribution is linked to the main sub-composition of phosphate rock (apatite, clay, and dolomite). The Enrichment Factors (EF) display very-high-to-extremely-high enrichment of PTMs (Cr, Zn, As, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, Th, and U), while V, Co, Cu, Ni, Zr, Ga, Nb, and Pb show minor and moderate-to-high enrichments. Among all the PTMs, Cd, Tl, and U display a very high ecological risk (PERI) and contribute most to the total risk index (RI). The human health risk assessment of PTMs represented by the Hazard Index (HI) indicates that the non-carcinogenic risks are below the threshold values (HI < 1), while the HI values are higher for children than they are for adults. However, the cancer index (life time cancer risk) for Cr, Ni, As, and Cd for children and Cd for adults is greater than the acceptable threshold. These results are useful for phosphate beneficiation via removing these PTMs from the commercial product for efficient waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspilia grazielae (J. U. Santos) is an endemic plant species in Morro do Urucum in the Pantanal wetland (Brazil). A. grazielae is used for the restoration of areas impacted by iron mining activities. This study evaluates the diversity (composition, value and abundance) of endophytic fungal communities, considering parts of the plant and soil condition. The leaves and roots of A. grazielae were collected from native vegetation areas (NVA) and recovery areas (RCA) in Morro do Urucum. Illumina sequencing technology was used to investigate variation in endophytic fungal biodiversity. The operational taxonomic units detected in NVA ranged from 183 to 263 (leaf) and 115 to 285 (root), while RCA samples ranged from 200 to 282 (leaf) and 156 to 348 (root). Ascomycota phylum was the most common species among all plant samples. The most significant classes identified were Lecanoromycetes and Dothideomycetes that differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) according to their plant hosts and soil stress. The relative abundance of Pestalotiopsis (Sordariomycetes class) and Stereocaulon (Lecanoromycetes class) genera was influenced by the iron mining activities according to the leaf samples analysed. However, the abundance and wealth of endophytic fungal communities in A. grazielae from RCA were evidence that could explain their high resilience to environmental disturbances and the source-sink dynamics of fungal propagules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries in the world, the conservation of habitats is at risk mainly due to anthropic pressures on the environment. A study was conducted to assess the extent to which sensitive and high nature-value habitats are damaged by high-impact human activities. Some evaluation methods that are applied may not be entirely appropriate to the characteristics of the investigated areas or may be very accurate but provide results that are delayed with respect to the occurrence of the events that created the loss of their characteristics. The main purpose of this study is to optimise some methodologies for monitoring the impacts of human activities making it possible to obtain better results in less time and with much lower costs. This methodology has been applied in two different areas present in the Puglia Region in south-eastern Italy, in the central Mediterranean area. The biotope fragmentation method was applied on coastal dunes, in the province of Brindisi, affected by an important tourist influx. The results of the inclusion, in the evaluation methodology, of the remote sensing of the paths indicate a more real situation on the state of fragmentation of the coastal dunes. The second methodology concerns the monitoring, through topographical profiles obtained from Sentinel-1 DEM images, of active and inactive mining sites, allowing to obtain of very detailed information on the progress of mining activities in a very short time. By implementing these methodologies, it is possible to improve the control of the territory allowing a more detailed analysis in order to safeguard the environment from impacting human activities and avoiding, as much as possible, the occurrence of illegal activities. Finally, compensation factors to ensure that human activities are conducted in a sustainable way are also evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valuation of ecosystem services (ESs) is crucial for preserving ecosystems, assessing natural resources, and making decisions regarding compensation. In this study, we employed the InVEST model’s habitat quality (HQ) module to calculate the HQ and degradation levels in the study area using land use/land cover (LULC) data from 2000 to 2020. Our analysis utilized quantitative methods, including spatial correlation, hotspot analysis, and geo-probing, to determine the value of ESs and identify trends. Furthermore, we examined the spatial and temporal variation in the significance of ESs and their driving factors. The results show the following. (1) The primary LULC types in the Zhundong coalfield from 2000 to 2020 are grassland and barren areas. (2) The average value of the HQ index in the study area exhibited a generally decreasing trend. Between 2000 and 2010, HQ significantly declined, particularly in the region’s large barren industrial and mining zones. However, over time, the proportion of sites with minimal degradation improved steadily, resulting in better overall HQ in the study area by 2020. This pertains to the measures put in place by the local government to safeguard and rehabilitate the ecosystem. (3) The spatial distribution of the ecosystem service value (ESV) aligns with changes in HQ and LULC, with significant hotspots primarily observed in forest and grassland areas, nature reserves, and areas around water sources. (4) LULC, temperature, annual precipitation, and elevation are the main drivers of spatial variation in the ESV in the Zhundong area; the spatial variation in the ESV in the Zhundong coalfield is primarily influenced by the interaction between human factors and natural factors, in which LULC plays a dominant role. This study’s findings can guide the development of rational ecological planning, integrating resource conservation mining with effective zoning management.

To explore the influence of different types of anthropogenic activity on the rivers, we investigate the major ion composition, sources and risk assessment of the karst stream (Youyu stream and Jinzhong stream), which are heavily influenced by mining activities and urban sewage, respectively. The chemical compositions of the Youyu stream water, which is heavily influenced by mining activities, are dominated by Ca2+ and SO42-. However, the chemical compositions of the Jinzhong stream water, which is heavily influenced by urban sewage, are dominated by Ca2+ and HCO3-. The Ca2+ Mg2+ and HCO3- in Jinzhong stream are mainly derived from rock weathering, while the Youyu stream is affected by acid mine drainage, and sulfuric acid is involved in the weathering process. Ion sources analysis indicates that the Na+, K+, NO3-, and Cl- in the Jinzhong stream mainly derive from urban sewage discharge; but NO3- and Cl- of the Youyu stream mainly derive from agricultural activities, and Na+, K+ are mainly from natural sources. The element ratios analysis indicates the ratio of SO42-/Mg2+ in Youyu stream (4.61) polluted by coal mine is much higher than that in Jinzhong stream (1.29), and the ratio of (Na++K++Cl-)/Mg2+ in Jinzhong stream (1.81) polluted by urban sewage is higher than Youyu stream (0.64). Moreover, the ratios of NO3-/Na+, NO3-/K+, and NO3-/Cl- in the agriculturally polluted Youyu stream were higher than those in the Jinzhong stream. We can identify the impact of human activities on streams by ion ratios (SO42-/Mg2+, (Na++K++Cl-)/Mg2+, NO3-/Na+, NO3-/K+, and NO3-/Cl-). The health risk assessment shows the HQT and HQN for children and adults are higher in Jinzhong stream than in Youyu stream and the total HQ value (HQT) of children was higher than one at J1 in the Jinzhong stream, which shows that children in Jinzhong stream basin are threatened by non-carcinogenic pollutants. Each HQ value of F- and NO3- for children was higher than 0.1 in the tributaries into Aha Lake, indicating that the children may also be potentially endangered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of this study is to evaluate the contamination of water resources in the Parac subbasin. The existing contamination by heavy metals due to the presence of mining companies is of great concern to the population that inhabits the area since health is being affected. A methodology has been used as an integrated approach based on pollution assessment indices. Five surface water samples and seven groundwater samples were collected in the Parac subbasin, in the vicinity of the Tamboraque tailings. Physicochemical parameters and heavy metals (Al, As, Br, Pb, Fe, Cd, Mn, Hg, B, Ni, Cu, and Se) were analyzed. The mean concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn were 0.3 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L, 0.8 mg/L, 0.04 mg/L, and 0.12 mg/L respectively. HPI, HEI, and Cd indices were averaged around 1378.5, 134.5, and 126.5 respectively, HPI and Cd values were above 100 as a critical contamination index value, which indicates that the water samples are critically contaminated with respect to the heavy metals studied. The total variance was 88.11% of the water quality with two components according to the ACP analysis. Al, As, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, and Mn showed a high positive charge on PC1 (69.68%) while Ba and Mo had a high positive charge on PC2 (18.12%). The intensity of distribution of metals As, Fe, Mn, and Pb in surface and groundwater is an environmental concern and a more complete monitoring network is needed for the sustainable management of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the contents of eight heavy metal(loid)s (As, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Sb and Tl) in 50 sediment samples from a headwater of Beijiang River were studied to understand their pollution, ecological risk and potential sources. Evaluation indexes including sediment quality guidelines (SDGs), enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), risk assessment code (RAC) and bioavailable metal index (BMI) were used to evaluate the heavy metal(loid)s pollution and ecological risk in the sediments. Pearson’s correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to identify the sources of heavy metal(loid)s. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metal(loid)s obviously exceeded the background values, except Cr. Metal(loid)s speciation analysis indicated that Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were dominated by non-residual fractions, which presented higher bioavailability. The S content in sediments could significantly influence the geochemical fractions of heavy metal(loid)s. As was expected, it had the most adverse biological effect to local aquatic organism, followed by Pb. The EF results demonstrated that As was the most enriched, while Cr showed no enrichment in the sediments. The assessment of Igeo suggested that Cd and As were the most serious threats to the river system, while Cr showed almost no contamination in the sediments. Heavy metal(loid)s in sediments in the mining- and smelting-affected area showed higher bioavailability. According to the results of the above research, the mining activities caused heavier heavy metal(loid)s pollution in the river sediment. Three potential sources of heavy metal(loid)s in sediment were distinguished based on the Pearson’s correlation analysis and PCA, of which Cd, Pb, As, Zn, Sb and Cu were mainly derived from mining activities, Cr was mainly derived from natural sources, Tl was mainly derived from smelting activities.

Mining activities are usually associated with negative outcomes. Therefore, it is crucial to identify and assess these outcomes by the mining company to achieve proper management. The present study has been defined to discover the outcomes of mining activities and their testing in one of the open pit mines of Iran. The present research has been defined into two sections, qualitative and quantitative. The corresponding data of the qualitative section were derived through analysis of the hidden contents of semi-structured interviews with experts and a review of the literature using the Maxqda 2022 software in the forms of open coding and axial coding. In the quantitative section of the study, data were collected via the standard questionnaire and analyzed using the SPSS26 and Mplus software. By coding the interviews and existing documents, 62 primary codes were extracted and classified into 5 main criteria (environmental, health, social, economic, and cultural) in the form of axial coding. The analysis results of the collected questionnaires showed that mining activities had the highest impact on the environment (86.32) and individual health (80.86), while the lower impact was on their economic situation (54.55). The findings of this study showed that there is a significant difference between men and women in terms of the environmental (p = 0.013) and economic (p = 0.01) indicators. While men believed that the mining activity had caused permanent environmental impacts on their living area, women recognized the mining activities as the cause of economic weakness in their families. Results from the present study could be effective in formulating the controlling strategies for potential negative outcomes of mining and achieving effective sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of low-carbon technologies are spread across countries and lifecycle stages in ways that can compromise the achievement of an inclusive and equitable energy transition. Based on an exploratory review, this paper identifies the main activities of the electric vehicles (EVs) life cycle, where they occur, and potentially associated injustices. Through a whole systems approach, energy justice tenets are extended to the EV technology, highlighting how it might fail to fully support a low-carbon and just energy transition. Results provide insights into how EVs can contribute to flexibility justice through smart grids and vehicle-to-grid developments, cosmopolitan justice as a consequence of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global resource depletion, and restorative justice through laws and standards that demand environmental restoration and social compensation over affected communities. However, reviewed documents indicate that efforts must be directed toward reducing distributional, procedural, and recognition injustices across the North-South divide, especially those related to mining activities in the resource extraction and processing stage. EVs upfront costs and charging infrastructure issues may also exclude poor and rural communities during its operational stage. Recommendations for future research include technical aspects such as battery composition and recycling, which will determine the overall impact of EVs on resource extraction and end of life stages, and social aspects of EV-technology such as social innovations that can promote its inclusiveness, the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, and the quantification of social impacts of low-carbon technologies.

A specific set of environmental conditions characterizes plant species patterns and distribution on Earth. Similarly, riparian vegetation can be impacted by anthropogenic activities like mining practices involving the removal of vegetation cover, which destroys the structure and diversity of the habitat, adversely affecting the ecosystem services. In this study, we explored the role of environmental variables and biotic intervention in deriving spatial patterns and distribution of riparian vegetation at mining and non-mining sites along the most depleted Panjkora River basin in NW Pakistan. Vegetation data and its determining factors at 28 mining and non-mining sites (14 each) were sampled using 10 m × 10 m (100 m2) systematic plots at 50 m intervals along transects in a downstream direction from the upper catchments to the bottom junction with the Swat River. We recorded 186 species in both mining and non-mining sites, belonging to 70 families comprising 174 angiosperms, 3 gymnosperms, and 9 Pteridophytes. Results show that annual or perennial therophytic life forms predominated in the Panjkora River system, indicating anthropogenic disturbances. At the same time, the aggressively invasive species, such as Xanthium strumarium and Cannabis sativa, further heightened plant community disturbances. Generally, the species diversity was higher in non-mining sites and may be attributed to habitat fragmentation. Likewise, the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA-ordination) revealed that geographic coordinate (i.e., latitude r = 0.80; longitude r = 0.75) and elevation (r = 0.95) were more meaningful predictors than soil texture (i.e., silt%, r = −0.30), nutrients (i.e., potassium, r = −0.35; phosphorus, r = 0.38) and soil pH (r = −0.50) in shaping the spatial pattern and vegetation structure. Our result implies that the present vegetation composition and spatial assemblages are due to heavy anthropogenic interventions, especially mining activities. Therefore, the heavily degraded fragile riparian system of the Panjkora River and its tributaries needed to be conserved and restored by predicting the composition of communities in response to changing climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Former mining sites cause serious environmental problems worldwide as they are contaminated with hazardous levels of metals. Mined lands are characterized by a deserted landscape due to the lack of organic matter in soil. Research analyses confirmed that the structure of soil in abandoned surface mines has affected the occurrence of ecological processes and natural colonization of vegetation cannot take place. Moreover, phytoextraction of metals is possible only in soils with specific parameters. Previously conducted studies proposed the in situ supplementation with biochar, compost or agri-food wastes as a solution to the lack of organic carbon and nitrogen in areas affected by mining. Therefore, the main aim of this review is to investigate what improvements different organic amendments can bring to mining-impacted soils to support plant growth without affecting the bioavailability of metals. We concluded that contaminants are specific to the mining activity, while organic treatments cause the increase of soil pH, which influences, to the greatest extent, the bioavailability of metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High geological background and human activities are the two major pollution sources for soil potentially toxic elements (PTEs) accumulation around the world. Mining is the prime human activity that poses a serious threat to the farmland's ecosystem safety. This study assesses the farmland safety in the typical high geological background area and the superimposed area of high background-mining activity in eastern Yunnan in China by systematic analysis of the accumulation and risk characteristics of seven PTEs such as arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr). Furthermore, we used Cd as the characteristic element to establish a relationship model between crop PTEs accumulation and the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. We find that in the farmland soil from the superimposed area, the accumulation point over-standard rate of seven PTEs is higher than in the typical high geological background area. The accumulation of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn is related to frequent man-made mining activities. The bioavailability relationship model, using Cd as the soil-crop characteristic element, reveals that only in the crops (cereals, vegetables) of the high geological background area; the Cd bio-concentration factor significantly correlate with the physical and chemical properties of the soil. This suggests that the PTEs contaminated farmland in high geological background areas can be concomitantly restored during usage by adjusting the soil's physical and chemical properties, while in the superimposed area, the farmland area needs prior restoration by removing man-made mining activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global change is shifting ecosystem type relative abundance in boreal forests, while the green energy transition results in increased mining activities around the globe. The interaction and consequent effects of these two trends on biodiversity have not been examined in depth. Bryophytes species can be used as indicators to measure these effects because they play key ecological roles in boreal forests. We identified and evaluated the interaction between ecosystem type (i.e., coniferous, deciduous, mixed forest and open canopy) and mining on microhabitat scale bryophyte diversity and composition in 1-km landscapes surrounding six mine sites at different stages of the mining lifecycle in the Canadian boreal forest. Irrespective of microhabitat type, the combined effects of ecosystem type and mining stage were interactive on bryophytes. Bryophyte richness and community composition were negatively affected by offsite effects of mines in only deciduous and mixed forests. The interacted effects on bryophyte richness mainly occurred on the ground r microhabitats. We also found that deciduous, mixed forests (coniferous forest as a reference) and mines had a negative impact on the abundance of feather mosses and sphagna. Furthermore, indicator species were identified for areas affected by mines (Pohlia nutans and Dicranum polysetum) and for control areas (Sphagnum angustifolium and Plagiomnium cuspidatum). Our results suggest the predicted ecosystem shifts with global changes, from coniferous to deciduous forests, could potentially increase the effects of mining on forest ecosystem resistance through the changes in bryophyte community structure. Adding microhabitats (i.e., adding coarse woody debris) near mine sites is a potential strategy to maintain species richness. Collectively, these findings advance our understanding of how mining affects biodiversity and highlight the importance of considering mine offsite landscapes in future environmental evaluations of development projects in the context of global changes.

Simple Summary: Wild animals perceive nonlethal human activities as a potential threat, and they respond to human disturbances in a variety of ways: changes in group size and time-investment on vigilance are common behaviors. In China, nature reserves are generally divided into three functional zones: the core zone, the buffer zone, and the experimental zone, which represent low, medium, and high human disturbance levels, respectively. However, mining developments in the three zones pose threats to goitered gazelle living in the Kalamaili Nature Reserve, China. In this study, we found that human disturbances have larger effects on smaller-sized, single-sex groups rather than larger-sized, mixed-sex groups. Goitered gazelle spend more time being vigilant in the experimental zone than in the other two zones. In the experimental zone, a greater linear decrease with respect to group size was observed. Our results indicate that intensive human disturbances in the core and buffer zones brought goitered gazelle and humans closer together, which induced changes in vigilance and grouping patterns of this social species. Ultimately, this may have negative effects on the fitness and survival of the species. Nonlethal human disturbances have been confirmed to have a negative effect on wildlife in a variety of ways, including on behaviors. In many studies, the impact of human disturbances on gregarious species of wildlife is assessed through changes in their social organization and vigilance. In our study in the Kalamaili Nature Reserve, China, we wanted to estimate the impacts of differing levels of human disturbances on two different group types (mixed-sex and all-male) of goitered gazelle, Gazella subgutturosa, living in three functional zones (experimental, buffer, and core zones), which represent high, medium, and low human disturbance levels, respectively. In addition, we studied the time spent vigilant as a function of group size with different levels of human disturbances in the three zones. In general, mixed-sex gazelle groups were of similar sizes in the three different zones, while all-male groups slightly differed in their sizes between the experimental and buffer zones. This may indicate that human disturbances have varying effects on the different group types, with smaller-sized, single-sex groups being more significantly affected by human disturbances than larger-sized, mixed-sex groups. Goitered gazelle showed higher vigilance levels in the experimental zone than in the two other zones. A trend of decreasing vigilance varying linearly with group size was also found in the three zones, and the rate of decrease was higher in the experimental zone. Increased habitat fragmentation and human activities brought goitered gazelle and humans closer together in the core zone. Therefore, stopping mining activities and returning the reserve to a continuous habitat with fewer environmental disturbances is the best way to establish and protect a stable population of this endangered species of gazelle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate soil physicochemical characteristics (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total N, and extractable P and K), and potentially toxic elements (As, Cu, Pb, and Zn), in non-active mines located in the Portuguese sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). A total of 70 sampling sites were surveyed at Aljustrel and Lousal, in areas already rehabilitated, and at São Domingos, where rehabilitation was only beginning. The soils at São Domingos were very heterogeneous, with extreme values for some properties (e.g., minimum soil pH 2.0 and maximum As concentration, 4382.8 mg kg−1 dry weight basis (DW)). Aljustrel was the site that presented soils with a higher total As, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentration (median values: 441.5, 545.9, 1396.8, and 316.5 mg kg−1 DW, respectively), above the soil quality guidelines values proposed by the Portuguese Environmental Agency (18, 230, 120, and 340 mg kg−1 DW, respectively). A principal component analysis identified the most relevant soil properties to explain the data variance, which were the soil pH and Pb total concentration, followed by Cu and Zn total concentrations, allowing a separation of Aljustrel from the other mines. Pearson correlation coefficients revealed very strong associations between Pb and As, markedly found at higher concentrations in São Domingos, whereas Aljustrel had an elevated concentration of As and Pb, but also of Cu and Zn. It is evident the risk that persists in the Aljustrel mine area, which was not alleviated by the "dig, dump, and cover" techniques that were implemented to rehabilitate the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Kozak Basin, which is the most important pine nut production and trade center in Turkey, there has been a significant decrease in production recently. In this study, the perspectives of the farmers in this area were investigated, specifically about reasons for the decrease in yields. For this purpose, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 378 pine nut farmers from the Kozak Basin. It was determined that the average age of the farmers is high, their educational achievement level is low, they generally also work in alternative sectors and almost all of them grow pine nuts in their own pine groves. The farmers' perception of cooperatives was found to be negative. In general, the local people continue to produce pine nuts in their own pine groves, but nearly half of the participants also worked in other sectors to maintain their standard of living. Farmers attribute the low yield in the Kozak Basin to both abiotic and biotic factors. Mining activities, which are increasing, are seen as a threat to the future of production in the area. Also, there is a growing perception of biotic harm, especially from Western Conifer Seed Bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis. Climate change and air pollution are other prominent factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is still facing various environmental problems due to increasingly massive and inappropriate mining activities. Therefore, land restoration is a basic practice in the rehabilitation of mining damage. This study aims to examine empirically the reality of the relationship between the community and PT RBT and strengthen social capital in carrying out post-mining land restoration activities. This study used the descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and a literature study. The results showed that social relations became the main indicator in supporting the formation of trust, cooperation, and networks. Elements of social capital are packaged in the form of community participation in various post-mining land restoration activities. This is done to minimize the level of environmental damage that has increased massively, marked by the ex-mining pit that occurred in Bangka Belitung. The relationships formed are certainly expected to provide feedback for villages that run post-mining land restoration programs. This study concludes that the existence of bonding and bridging social capital that works well will facilitate the continuity of the post-mining land restoration programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The karst groundwater in the catchment area of the Sangu Spring plays an important supporting role in the residents' living and coal base construction in southeastern Shanxi Province.With the large-scale coal mining and the intensification of human activities, the hydrochemistry of the regional karst groundwater has changed drastically. In this study, 125 karst groundwater, 14 surface water and 14 rain water samples were collected and tested. The descriptive statistical analysis, coefficient of variation analysis, hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes, Gibbs model, ion correlation, mineral saturation index and factor analysis are comprehensively used to determine the replenishment sources of the karst groundwater, the differences of hydrochemical characteristics and evolution mechanism among the subsystems. The results show that the δD and δ18O values of the karst groundwater range from −77‰ to −42‰ and from −10.6‰ to −4.5‰, respectively, and the data points fall near the local meteoric water line (LMWL), indicating that the karst groundwater are mainly recharged by infiltration from precipitation. The hydrochemical characteristics and hydrogeochemical evolution processes between subsystems Ⅰ and Ⅱ-Ⅲwere obviously different. The karst groundwater of subsystem Ⅰhas low salinity and is soft water, and 73% of the groundwater is of HCO3—Ca(Mg) type. However, the karst groundwater in subsystems Ⅱ and Ⅲ changes from low salinity and soft water to high salinity and hard water, and 36% to 40% of the water is of HCO3·SO4—Ca·Mg type and 24% to 45%, of SO4·HCO3—Ca type. Factor analyses show that the hydrochemical evolution processes of the regional karst groundwater are mainly controlled by water-rock interactions, human activities, leakage of surface water and local fissure water. Hydrochemical compositions of \begin{document}${\rm{HCO}}_3^- $\end{document}, \begin{document}${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $\end{document}, Ca2+ and Mg2+are mainly controlled by water-rock interactions. A higher concentration of \begin{document}${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $\end{document} is controlled by mining activities, \begin{document}${\rm{NO}}_3^- $\end{document} is controlled by agriculture activities and Cl−and Na+are controlled by sewage discharge and leakage of fissure water. The results will be instructive for improving the management and utilization of groundwater resources for the local government.