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Türkiye’de iktidar sahibi insanların daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi ile toplumun ekonomik, sosyal ve politik gelişmelerin değerlendirilmesi için siyasal elitlerin bilinmesi gerekmektedir. Siyasal elitler kadar ekonomik ve askeri elitler de önemlidir. Üçü de iktidar seçkinlerini meydana getirirler. Siyasal elitler, siyaset kurumunun içinde en üst veya ona en yakın konumda bulunanlar için kullanılmaktadır. Elitler, “seçilenler” ve “atananlar” olmak üzere ikiye ayrılırlar. Bunları belirleyici mahiyette en üst düzeyinde görev yapan partililer, milletvekilleri, başbakan ve cumhurbaşkanları buna örnektirler. Pareto’nun vurgusunu yaptığı gibi siyasal elitler dönemliktir ve tarih her zaman onların dolaşımının mezarlığına şahitlik eder. Fakat halktan çıkış hareketinin tekrar halka dönüşü de kolay olamamaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemi uygulanarak yapılan bu çalışma 12 Eylül 1980’de yapılan hükümet darbesinden sonra başlayan sürecin günümüze kadar Erzincan siyasetinde etkili olan “siyasal elitler”in toplumda meydana getirdiği dönüşümü irdelemektedir. Sosyal yaşantıyı belirleyen, topluma rota çizen ve geleceğin belirleniminde söz sahibi olan bu elitler incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla 1980 yılından beri Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde görev yapan milletvekillerinin profillerinin sosyolojik açıdan incelenmesi esas alınmıştır. Çünkü Erzincan özelinde olmakla beraber bütün siyasal elitler toplumu yönlendirme sürecinde en üst konuma sahiptirler. Karar verme süreci ve şekillendirme onların eliyle olmaktadır. Bunun yanında toplumu ilgilendiren büyük kararların pozitif veya negatif olarak alınmasında da onların her zaman etkisi vardır., It is necessary to know the political elites in order to better understand the people who have power in Turkey and to evaluate the economic, social and political developments of the society. The economic and military elites are as important as the political elites, and all three make up the power elite. Political elites are used for those who are at the top or closest position within the political establishment. In general, elites are divided into “elected” and “appointed”. Members of the parties, deputies, prime ministers and presidents, who serve at the highest level with a decisive nature, are examples of this. Political elites are periodic, as Pareto stressed, and history always bears witness to the graveyard of their circulation. However, it is not easy for the movement of exit from the people to return to the people again. This study, which was carried out by applying the qualitative research method, is about the transformation that the “political elites”, who have been influential in Erzincan politics until today, the process that started after the coup d’etat on September 12, 1980. These elites, who determine the social life, draw a route to the society and have a say in the determination of the future, have been examined. For this, the sociological analysis of the profiles of the deputies who have been serving in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey since 1980 has been taken as a basis. Because all the political elites, especially in Erzincan, have the highest position in directing the society. The decision-making process and shaping are done by them. In addition, they always have a trace in the positive or negative decisions of the society.

This review deals with the monograph of K. B. Nazarenko, a historian, dedicated to the naval officers of Russia in the era of World War I. The work under review is based on the use of historical and statistical methods of analysis, primarily, prosopography. Its application allows the author of the book to give a detailed description of various groups of the naval officer corps. Nazarenko’s study fits into the context of modern historiography, parallels are drawn with some works by other historians. It is noted that there are two groups of naval commanders left whose history requires a similar detailed study (medical ranks and officials). The review emphasises that the value of Nazarenko’s monograph goes beyond military history, it is of great interest for those studying the social history of the late Russian Empire and revolutionary Russia in 1917., В рецензии рассматривается монография историка К. Б. Назаренко, посвященная морскому офицерству России эпохи Первой мировой войны. Рецензируемая работа базируется на использовании историко-статистических методов анализа, в первую очередь, просопографии. Ее применение позволило автору книги дать развернутую характеристику различных групп морского офицерского корпуса. Исследование К. Б. Назаренко вписывается в контекст современной историографии, проводятся параллели с некоторыми работами других историков. Отмечается, что осталось две группы командного состава флота, история которых требует аналогичного подробного изучения (медицинские чины и чиновники). В рецензии подчеркивается, что значение монографии К. Б. Назаренко выходит за рамки военной истории, она представляет большой интерес для изучения социальной истории поздней Российской империи и революционной России 1917 г.

Поступила в редакцию 12.02.2019. Принята к печати 18.04.2019. Submitted on 22 February, 2019. Accepted on 18 April, 2019. Рецензия на книгу: Назаренко К. Б. Закат царского флота. Морские офицеры Первой мировой войны / К. Б. Назаренко. — М. : Яуза-каталог : Якорь, 2018. — 384 с. В рецензии рассматривается монография историка К. Б. Назаренко, посвященная морскому офицерству России эпохи Первой мировой войны. Рецензируемая работа базируется на использовании историко-статистических методов анализа, в первую очередь, просопографии. Ее применение позволило автору книги дать развернутую характеристику различных групп морского офицерского корпуса. Исследование К. Б. Назаренко вписывается в контекст современной историографии, проводятся параллели с некоторыми работами других историков. Отмечается, что осталось две группы командного состава флота, история которых требует аналогичного подробного изучения (медицинские чины и чиновники). В рецензии подчеркивается, что значение монографии К. Б. Назаренко выходит за рамки военной истории, она представляет большой интерес для изучения социальной истории поздней Российской империи и революционной России 1917 г. Review of: Nazarenko, K. B. (2018). Zakat tsarskogo flota. Morskie ofitsery Pervoi mirovoi voiny. Moscow: Yauza-katalog; Yakor’. 384 p. This review deals with the monograph of K. B. Nazarenko, a historian, dedicated to the naval officers of Russia in the era of World War I. The work under review is based on the use of historical and statistical methods of analysis, primarily, prosopography. Its application allows the author of the book to give a detailed description of various groups of the naval officer corps. Nazarenko’s study fits into the context of modern historiography, parallels are drawn with some works by other historians. It is noted that there are two groups of naval commanders left whose history requires a similar detailed study (medical ranks and officials). The review emphasises that the value of Nazarenko’s monograph goes beyond military history, it is of great interest for those studying the social history of the late Russian Empire and revolutionary Russia in 1917. Выполнено при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (проект 19-09-00081 «“Старое” русское морское офицерство после 1917 г.: сплошное просопографическое исследование»). The article is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 19-09-00081 “‘Old’ Russian Naval Officer Corps after 1917: Complete Prosopographic Survey”).

This review deals with the monograph of K. B. Nazarenko, a historian, dedicated to the naval officers of Russia in the era of World War I. The work under review is based on the use of historical and statistical methods of analysis, primarily, prosopography. Its application allows the author of the book to give a detailed description of various groups of the naval officer corps. Nazarenko's study fits into the context of modern historiography, parallels are drawn with some works by other historians. It is noted that there are two groups of naval commanders left whose history requires a similar detailed study (medical ranks and officials). The review emphasises that the value of Nazarenko's monograph goes beyond military history, it is of great interest for those studying the social history of the late Russian Empire and revolutionary Russia in 1917. The article is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 19-09-00081 'Old' Russian Naval Officer Corps after 1917: Complete Prosopographic Survey).

During the study of the Early Sarmatian burials in the burial mounds near Filippovka village (Ilek district, Orenburg oblast), a large quantity of weapons and accessories were found, which make it possible to reconstruct the military costume. All the armament items from the burial can be divided into two major groups: offensive and defensive. The former includes bows and arrows, slingshots, spears, stilettos and war hammers (“bec de corbin” type); the latter is represented by a helmet and two varieties of scaly armor, made of iron and bone or horn. The accessories of the military costume found include sword-belt buckles with zoomorphic images, as well as a torque and a bracelet, which apparently served as insignia. The reconstructed image of an elite Early Sarmatian warrior is somewhat similar to the appearance of a Western European knight, but the Sarmatian knight was about 2000 years older.

O estudo aborda as condições sociais e culturais de formação da elite do Exército brasileiro entre o Império e a Primeira República. Em um contexto de baixa autonomia do domínio militar frente a outras esferas sociais, os resultados apontam para o funcionamento de mecanismos híbridos de recrutamento e seleção regulados por lógicas contraditórias que fundem princípios meritocráticos (títulos escolares, tempo de serviço, bravura) e extra-meritocráticos (relações personalísticas, notoriedade política) para a ascensão na carreira. Sem desconhecer os efeitos da expansão do sistema escolar militar e a adoção de critérios formais de regulação, o estudo procurou explorar os impactos objetivos de tais inovações sobre aquela esfera profissional dando espaço para a análise das variadas combinações de recursos e estratégias acionados pelos agentes sociais, em especial o uso de relações baseadas na reciprocidade pessoal e as tomadas de posição política. A reconstituição do espaço militar brasileiro a partir do exame das trajetórias de altos oficiais procura contribuir para a compreensão das concepções que os agentes apresentam como legítimo ou ilegítimo, as condutas sendo lidas de modo variável segundo o ponto de vista adotado e a posição ocupada no espaço social. Por meio da apresentação em profundidade de duas trajetórias, aponta-se como se articulam as relações entre práticas sociais, concepções e significados associados a determinados agentes e grupos e os processos de redefinição institucional em que estão inseridos, buscando trazer nova luz sobre as transformações do espaço político e os processos de inovação institucional em curso no Brasil do período. This study looks at the social and cultural conditions of the formation of the Brazilian army during the Empire and the First Republic. Within a context of weak military autonomy vis-a-vis other social spheres, our results point to the functioning of hybrid recruitment and selection mechanisms regulated by contradictory logics that fuse meritocratic principles (academic degrees, years of service, courage) and extra-meritocratic ones (personalist relationships, political notoreity) for the purposes of promotion. Without denying the effects of the expansion of the military school system and the adoption of formal regulation criteria, our study aims to explore the objective impacts of such innovation over that professional sphere, permitting the analysis of the varied types of resources and strategies employed by social agents, in particular the use of relationships based on personal reciprocity and taking political positions. The reconstitution of the Brazilian military space through the examination of the trajectories of high level officials seeks to contribute to an understanding of what conceptions agents present as legitimate or illegitimate, with conducts being read in variable ways according to the viewpoint adopted and the position occupied within social space. Through an in-depth presentation of two particular trajectories, we note how relationships between social practices, conceptions and meanings associated with particular agents and groups and the processes of institutional re-definition they are located within are articulated, seeking to shed new light on the question of the transformation of political space and the processes of institutional innovation underway in Brazil during the period. L’étude examine les conditions sociales et culturelles de la formation de l’élite de l’Armée brésilienne entre l’Empire et la Première République. Dans un contexte d’autonomie réduite du militaire à l’égard des sphères sociales, les résultats indiquent un fonctionnement des mécanismes hybrides de recrutement et de sélection réglés par des logiques contradictoires intégrant des principes méritocratiques (titres scolaires, temps de travail, hardiesse) et extra-méritocratiques (relations personnelles, renommée politique) en vue de l’ascension dans la carrière. Sans méconnaitre les effets de l’expansion du système scolaire militaire et l’adoption de critères formels de reglémentation, l’étude a essayé d’exploiter les impacts objectifs de telles innovations sur la sphère professionnelle ce qui rend possible l’analyse des combinaisons variées de recours et de stratégies mises en marche par les agents sociaux, surtout l’emploi de relations basées dans la réciprocité personnelle et les prises de position politique. La reconstituition de l’espace militaire brésilien à partir de l’examen des trajectoires de hauts officiers cherche à contribuer à la compréhension des conceptions que les agents présentent comme légitime ou illégitime, les comportements étant lus de manière variable selon le point de vue adopté et la position occupée dans l’espace social. Au moyen d’une présentation en profondeur de deux trajectoires, on montre comment s’articulent les relations entre pratiques sociales, conceptions et significations associées à certains agents et groupes et les processus de redéfinition institutionnelle dans lesquels ils sont inserés, tout en cherchant à apporter une nouvelle lumière aux transformations de l’espace politique et les processus de l’innovation institutionnelle en cours au Brésil de cette période.

Luego de la muerte del General Gómez, el escenario político venezolano parecía confuso, el marxismo era considerado como una amenaza para los actores políticos venezolanos. Por medio de una narrativa anacrónica y el análisis bibliográfico y descriptivo de la revista venezolana SIC y otros autores, en este artículo se pretenden destacar los hechos históricos que coadyuvaron a perfilar los partidos políticos en el país y su similitud con algunos hechos recientes. Se observa a lo largo del análisis, hechos sociales, políticos y culturales que constituyen un factor común en la historia política venezolana, la élite militar, la ideología y su influencia en la conformación de los partidos políticos. After the death of General Gomez the Venezuelan political scene was confusing but one common factor was that the major political actors considered Marxism to be a threat. Using various bibliographical sources including the Venezuelan political magazine SIC, this article describes the major historical events that contributed to formation of political parties in the country stressing the similarities that exist with contemporary Venezuelan politics. We conclude that Venezuelan political history since the time of Gomez has certain common trends that are related to the ideology of the military elites and their influence on the formation of poli ti cal parties in the country. 53-67 frankrivas@ula.ve mvillas@ula.ve semestral

It quite often happens that the usefulness of a monograph is eclipsed by the subsequent publication of a more up-to-date monograph. A. A. Pechenkin’s Stalin i voennyi sovet falls into a more unusual category: a monograph whose usefulness has been preempted by a documentary publication. Pechenkin’s title refers the Red Army’s Military Council (Voennyi sovet pri narkome oborony), a collective body of nearly one hundred of the Soviet military elite. When in 1934 the Soviet Union reformed the Peo...

The aim of this essay is to investigate if there exists any relation between what is generally considered Britain’s foremost elite military unit, HM Royal Marines and a manipulative religious sect. With theoretical data defining a manipulative religious sect, and empirical data gathered from interviews with a number of former royal marines, this essay looks at the attributes common to these two very different organisations. Interestingly, even though the experiences of members of such organisations seemed to bare some resemblance; the motivation for any comparability was quite different. This phenomenon seemed to affect the whole study, and the findings did not confirm any substantial relation between the two organisations in accordance with the strict definitions applicable to a manipulative religious sect.

Nuo 2000 m. Paprūdžių kapinyną tyrinėja Vilniaus universiteto Archeologijos katedra. Per 8 tyrinėjimų sezonus (2000–2007 m.) kapinyne buvo atidengtas apie 670 kv. m. plotas, surasti 24 griautiniai kapai. Kapų chronologija - III a. pabaiga -VI a. Taip pat surasta gana daug pavienių daiktų, kilusių iš suardytų kapų. Tarp atsitiktinių radinių yra ir vėlyvojo geležies amžiaus daiktų. Kapai rodo, kad ir šiame Žemaitijos regione tautų kraustymosi laikotarpiu formavosi kariaunos, kurios galėjo dalyvauti ir tolimuose karo žygiuose. Paprūdžių kapų medžiaga papildo mūsų žinias apie karinio elito susidarymą rytiniame Žemaitijos regione. Nemuno žemupyje yra aptikta karių raitelių kapų, o čia laidoti kariai pėstininkai, kurie faktiškai turėjo tą pačią ginkluotę kaip ir raiteliai. Neatmestina galimybė, kad ir baltų kariai pėsti-ninkai dalyvavo vadinamuosiuose hunų karuose Centrinėje Europoje. Since 2000 the Paprūdžiai necropolis has been researched by the Department of Archaeology of Vilnius University. During 8 researching seasons (in 2000–2007) the area of about 670 square meters was uncovered and 24 tombs were discovered. The chronology of the tombs is the end of the 3rd – the beginning of the 6th century. In addition, a significant number of individual objects, originated from the tombs, were found. Among the incidental findings there are objects of the late Iron Age. The tombs show that soldieries, which might have participated in distant war actions, formed during the nations’ movement period in this Samogitian region. The materials, discovered in Paprūdžiai tombs supplement our knowledge of the coming into existence of military elite in the Eastern region of Samogitia. In the lower reaches of Neman tombs of equestrian warriors were found, while the tombs mostly housed infrantry warriors, who actually had the same armament as the equestrians. It is possible that the Baltic infantry warriors participated in the so called Hun wars in the Central Europe.

En el marc de la formació de nous cossos de les Guàrdies Reials, Felip V, a iniciativa del seu ministre José Patiño, va crear el 1731 la Companyia de Granaders Reials a Cavall, unitat que romandria activa fins a la reforma militar d’Ensenada de l’any 1749. Concebuda com a unitat d’èlit de l’exèrcit, va beneficiar-se de molts privilegis en relació amb els demés cossos de l’exèrcit, i, des de la seva formació, la seva oficialitat va estar integrada per membres de la noblesa catalana que s’havia declarat obertament proborbònica durant els primers anys de la Guerra de Successió. Units entre ells per les particulars relacions familiars i de patronatge exercides durant la formació de la companyia pel seu primer capità-tinent, Bernardino Marimón, els oficials que van formar part d’aquesta companyia van dur a terme una estratègia de clar ascens polític i social al llarg del segle., In the process of forming new corps of the Royal Guards, at the initiative of his minister José Patiño, Philip V created in 1731 the Horseback Company of Royal Grenadiers, that would remain active until the Ensenada military reform of 1749. Conceived as an elit unit, it enjoyed numerous privileges in relation to all the other corps and, from the onset, its officers were members of the Catalan nobility which had openly declared itself in favour of the Bourbon cause during the first years of the War of Spanish Succession. Bound among them by the peculiar family relations and patronage practices established at the creation of the company by its first lieutenant-captain, Bernardino Marimón, its officers developed a clear strategy of political and social promotion throughout the century.

The concept of Media Diplomacy is examined, focusing on the influence of the media in the realm of international relations in general, and the military negotiator, in particular. Three geo-political government types are discussed, the United States as representative of a democratic government answerable to a free press; the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a state controlled system in the midst of transition to a liberated press; and a Third World military regime, specifically Brazil from the 1960s to the 1980s, with its development, control, and subsequent loss of authority over the press. Each geopolitical area study examines both the official and unofficial practitioners of Media Diplomacy. Offered in direct contrast to the authoritarian military regime is the establishment and development of the U.S. constitutional military. Although the Department of Defense efforts are reviewed, the focus is on the U. S. Navy and its past diplomatic efforts, the military's official and unofficial efforts at media diplomacy are explored. http://archive.org/details/medidiplomacyneg1094527601 Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.