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To study the resistance of rice husk ash-rubber-fiber reinforced concrete (RRFC) to dry–wet cycle/chloride erosion under a hygrothermal environment, the optimal combination was selected by an orthogonal test. The peak strain, residual strain, and fatigue damage strength of the optimal group of RRFC samples under cyclic loading and unloading after dry–wet cycle/chloride erosion under different environments and temperatures were compared and analyzed. After that, microscopic analysis and anti-erosion mechanism analysis were carried out. The results show that the axial peak and residual strain of RRFC specimens increase continuously during the repeated loading–unloading process, and the increase of axial peak and residual strain in the first five cycles is the most obvious. Among them, RRFC has the most significant increase in axial peak strain after 14 dry–wet cycles, which is 11.73%. The rice husk ash reacted with Ca(OH)2 in the specimen to precipitate C—S—H gel, which improved the specimen’s corrosion resistance and fatigue resistance. The rubber in the specimen has high elasticity, which reduces the fatigue damage of the specimen during cyclic loading and unloading, thus showing higher fatigue failure strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The traditional approach for viewing middle ear structures during ear surgery is still the microscope, which provides both hands' flexibility and binocular vision. The requirement for a clear, direct vision of the working zone is its primary disadvantage. The procedure was modified for the microscope by using an end-aural approach, drilling the bone canal, and then moving the patient and surgeon. However, the microscope has successfully demonstrated that it is the preferred tool for stapedectomy. Objective: To compare endoscopic and microscopic interventions in stapes surgery regarding intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. Patients and methods: The review was a meta-analytic and systematic review that included randomized controlled trials (RCT), case series, and retrospective studies which studied the comparison of microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery; 15 articles published between 2014 and 2020 were included in our study. Data sources: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies published up to 2020. The inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case–control studies comparing microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgeries. Results: Our results showed that the injury to the chorda tympani nerve was significantly higher in the microscopic group versus the endoscopic group. And also, as regards the operative times, it was significantly longer in the microscopic group versus the endoscopic group. But there is no significant difference as regards pain, dizziness, perforation of the tympanic membrane, delayed conductive hearing and postoperative air–bone gap improvement, and taste disturbance between both groups. Conclusion: Technologically, safely, and promisingly, endoscopic stapes procedures are possible. All things considered, our research shows that both microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery yields good audiological outcomes. A little amount of data, however, points to a decreased likelihood of chorda tympani injury and taste disturbance when using an endoscope. With comparable side effects to microscopic stapes surgery (pain, tympanic membrane perforation, taste disturbance, dizziness, and delayed conductive hearing), endoscopic stapes surgery seems like a feasible substitute. Endoscopic stapes surgery was found to need shorter operating times. In comparison to endoscopic groups, the postoperative air–bone gap increased considerably in the microscopic group. All of the studies consistently indicated better sight with the endoscope. This meta-analysis of the available data bolsters the application of endoscopic methods in stapes surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siomak (fragrant lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. var. augustuna) is one of the lettuce varieties cultivated in the Brenjonk Organic Farming Community and has been observed to suffer from leaf spot disease. Despite having limited information about the disease's cause, Brenjonk Siomak farmers attempt to manage it. This research aimed to investigate the farmers' control methods and to identify the pathogen responsible for the disease in Siomak plants. The study was conducted in greenhouses, yards, and open fields within the Brenjonk Organic Farming Community plantation area in Penanggungan Village and at the Pasuruan TPH Protection Wilker Laboratory. The research involved interviewing Siomak farmers, conducting field observations, and characterizing and identifying the pathogens. The results from three Brenjonk Siomak farmers showed that all Siomak cultivation areas were affected by leaf spot disease. Farmers employed technical, biological, mechanical, and physical methods to control pests and diseases within the framework of organic farming. Although these methods are less effective, they still help suppress the spread and development of the disease. Pathogen identification revealed that Cercospora sp. is the cause of leaf spot disease, leading to up to 54.19% damage, significantly reducing production and income for farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine babesiosis, or tick-borne protozoal disease, is prevalent among canines globally and is associated with anemia and potentially fatal illnesses in both dogs and wild animals. This research investigated babesiosis in stray dogs from Erbil Province, Iraq, employing microscopic and molecular detection practices. One hundred forty-two blood samples had been collected from stray dogs brought to private clinics and the Erbil dog shelter. Along with the samples, information regarding age group and gender was recorded. Initially, the blood samples underwent examination using the Giemsa-stained blood smear technique. Subsequently, DNA extraction was performed, and the identification of Babesia spp. was confirmed by amplifying the 18S and 28S rRNA genes. The overall incidence was 6.3% using microscopic techniques and 15.5% using PCR. Common clinical symptoms in infected dogs were fever, pale mucous membranes, anorexia, and depression. Molecular testing revealed a significantly greater prevalence of babesiosis in younger dogs 25.5% and female dogs 20.6% compared to older and male dogs. A significant difference was also found between tick infestation and poor body condition. A Phylogenetic study revealed that the two Babesia spp. from the current research with accession numbers OR896912 and OR896913 B. vogeli and OR896867 and OR896868 B. gibsoni have indicated 98-99% similarity to species isolated in India, China, and Brazil. To summarize, the findings underscore the prevalence of canine babesiosis in the region, potentially offering insights to aid in its control measures.

Abstract To study the resistance of rice husk ash-rubber-fiber reinforced concrete (RRFC) to dry–wet cycle/chloride erosion under a hygrothermal environment, the optimal combination was selected by an orthogonal test. The peak strain, residual strain, and fatigue damage strength of the optimal group of RRFC samples under cyclic loading and unloading after dry–wet cycle/chloride erosion under different environments and temperatures were compared and analyzed. After that, microscopic analysis and anti-erosion mechanism analysis were carried out. The results show that the axial peak and residual strain of RRFC specimens increase continuously during the repeated loading–unloading process, and the increase of axial peak and residual strain in the first five cycles is the most obvious. Among them, RRFC has the most significant increase in axial peak strain after 14 dry–wet cycles, which is 11.73%. The rice husk ash reacted with Ca(OH)2 in the specimen to precipitate C—S—H gel, which improved the specimen’s corrosion resistance and fatigue resistance. The rubber in the specimen has high elasticity, which reduces the fatigue damage of the specimen during cyclic loading and unloading, thus showing higher fatigue failure strength.

Abstract Background The traditional approach for viewing middle ear structures during ear surgery is still the microscope, which provides both hands’ flexibility and binocular vision. The requirement for a clear, direct vision of the working zone is its primary disadvantage. The procedure was modified for the microscope by using an end-aural approach, drilling the bone canal, and then moving the patient and surgeon. However, the microscope has successfully demonstrated that it is the preferred tool for stapedectomy. Objective To compare endoscopic and microscopic interventions in stapes surgery regarding intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. Patients and methods The review was a meta-analytic and systematic review that included randomized controlled trials (RCT), case series, and retrospective studies which studied the comparison of microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery; 15 articles published between 2014 and 2020 were included in our study. Data sources PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies published up to 2020. The inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case–control studies comparing microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgeries. Results Our results showed that the injury to the chorda tympani nerve was significantly higher in the microscopic group versus the endoscopic group. And also, as regards the operative times, it was significantly longer in the microscopic group versus the endoscopic group. But there is no significant difference as regards pain, dizziness, perforation of the tympanic membrane, delayed conductive hearing and postoperative air–bone gap improvement, and taste disturbance between both groups. Conclusion Technologically, safely, and promisingly, endoscopic stapes procedures are possible. All things considered, our research shows that both microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery yields good audiological outcomes. A little amount of data, however, points to a decreased likelihood of chorda tympani injury and taste disturbance when using an endoscope. With comparable side effects to microscopic stapes surgery (pain, tympanic membrane perforation, taste disturbance, dizziness, and delayed conductive hearing), endoscopic stapes surgery seems like a feasible substitute. Endoscopic stapes surgery was found to need shorter operating times. In comparison to endoscopic groups, the postoperative air–bone gap increased considerably in the microscopic group. All of the studies consistently indicated better sight with the endoscope. This meta-analysis of the available data bolsters the application of endoscopic methods in stapes surgery.

Fat authentication is strongly required for the reason of religious food ethics, human health, and preferences. This research reported two simple techniques approach for recognizing fat based on the character of microscopic and physicochemical properties of fat extractedusing different polarity solvents. The formation of microcrystals as well as fatty acid composition were investigated by involving variables of four different types of animal fat and three different solvents. Theisolate fats were directly crystallized under incubation at room temperature and observedusing an optical microscope while fatty acid composition was determined by hydrolyzing and trans-esterifying fat samples before analysis using GC-MS. The microscopic structures of the obtained crystals areneedle-basedwitharadial orientation in spherulitic pattern which characteristic to each type of fat. The lard fat crystal was authentically distinguished from its shape of a partially radial fan, whilst the shape of fat crystals from beef, goat, and lamb are needle-shaped with a full radialorientation. Fatty acids obtained from all types of fats and types of solvents show similar types but different abundances, the main saturated fatty acids are palmitate, stearate myristic and the main unsaturated fatty acids are oleic, palmitoleic, and linoleic. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis exhibited that lard composed higher ΣUSFA compared to ΣSFA but other fats (tallow, goat, and lamb) showed converse behavior.

Microscopic tests, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and two-piece healing (TPH) approaches were employed to investigate the interfacial intrinsic healing behavior and mechanisms of graphene-modified asphalt (GMA) binders at different aging levels. A vacuum layer 10-Å thick was injected between two molecules of asphalt binder to resemble a pattern of cracks. The mean squared displacement (MSD), molecular diffusion coefficient (D), and surface free energy (SFE) of asphalt molecules were utilized to evaluate the micro intrinsic healing behavior of asphalt binders. The macro intrinsic healing capacity of asphalt binders was determined using the intrinsic healing function [Rh(t)] developed from the TPH test. The GMA binder had a higher healing efficiency than the base binder in the short-term healing condition according to the density of the MD simulations, the SFE of the sessile drop method, and the initial healing rate (R0) of the TPH experiment. GMA binder had higher potential for instantaneous healing than the base binder because of its greater SFE in general. According to an analysis of parameters MSD, D , and Rh(t) quantified by MD simulations and TPH tests, the GMA binder had a greater capacity for long-term healing than the base binder after a long-term aging process. An R2 of 0.87 was obtained from the regression analysis of R0 against SFE, and an R2 of 0.93 was obtained from the regression analysis of Rh(3,600)−R0 against D. The experimental findings at the macroscopic scale and the simulation outcomes at the microscopic level were mutually supportive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfactants are widely used in the tertiary recovery of oilfields， and it is of great significance to study the mechanism of surfactant flooding from the microscopic point of view. In recent years， molecular dynamics （MD） simulation has become essential for oil and gas field development research. The use of MD simulation to study surfactants has become a hot spot. Through MD simulation， the numerical solutions of Newton’s equations are calculated for all the moving particles in the system， and the change in atomic positions with time is analyzed， from which some laws are found. MD simulation can be used to study the microscopic behavior of surfactant molecules to explore the properties of surfactant molecules and the microscopic flooding mechanism. MD simulation of the movement and aggregation state of surfactants at the interface and the analysis of the influence of surfactant molecules at the interface on the interfacial system are of some guiding significance for the field application of surfactants. To this end， based on the principle overview of MD simulation， firstly， the force field， boundary conditions， system types， and numerical algorithms in MD simulation are summarized； secondly， the microscopic mechanisms of MD simulation of surfactant flooding are highlighted， including the reduction of oil-water interfacial tension， the change in surface wettability， the increase in interfacial charge and emulsification， etc.； then， examples of the application of MD simulation in surfactant flooding are presented. Finally， the development directions of MD simulation technology in surfactant flooding are proposed， including the flooding environment similar to production， the design of new surfactants， the relationship between theory and experiment， the selection of molecular force field and potential energy model， and the research and development of composite and multifunctional integrated surfactants.

The historical control database of a multinational laboratory services provider was queried for all histopathologic findings in New Zealand White rabbits which were used as control animals during a ten-year period (2011-2020). The query included all evaluated tissues, with or without microscopic findings, in studies conducted for safety testing for regulatory approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Agency (FDA) or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A second query included studies conducted in the United Kingdom for control rabbits used in studies compliant with the Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and/or the European Medicines Agency (EMA), which provide regulatory oversight in the United Kingdom and European Union, respectively. Infiltrates of inflammatory (mixed or mononuclear) cells were commonly noted in various organs including heart, digestive tract, muscle, thyroid, kidney, urinary bladder, eyelid, ocular structures, harderian gland, lacrimal gland, and lung. Mineralization was noted in aorta, kidney, urinary bladder, and ovary. Also noted were degeneration/necrosis in the myocardium, and intramuscular injection sites of the skin, degeneration/regeneration of muscle and diaphragm, ectopic tissue in the pancreas and thyroid, basophilic foci in salivary gland, increased/decreased vacuolation in adrenal gland, increased/decreased lymphocytic cellularity of lymph nodes, intrasinusoidal erythrocytes in lymph nodes, thymic atrophy, increased adipocytes in bone marrow, inflammatory cell foci in the liver and gall bladder, lacrimal gland atrophy, renal tubule basophilia, degeneration/regeneration, and dilatation; oviduct cyst; in the testis, degeneration/atrophy, cellular debris, dilatation, decreased sperm and segmental hypoplasia of seminiferous tubules; and squamous metaplasia of the testis and seminal vesicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The microscopic middle ear surgery involves a limited operating space and numerous important anatomical structures in which good visualization is crucial, as even a small amount of bleeding can greatly affect the clarity of surgical field. This study aims to investigate whether intravenous 1 g of tranexamic acid can improve surgical visualization and further shorten the operation time in microscopic middle ear surgery. Methods: This study is a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial conducted from December 2021 to December 2022, enrolling patients who were scheduled for microscopic modified radical mastoidectomy due to chronic otitis media. In addition to standard techniques to optimize the surgical field, participants were randomized into the TXA (tranexamic acid) group (1 g diluted to 20 ml normal saline) and the control group (20 ml normal saline). The primary outcome was assessed based on the clarity of the surgical field using the Modena Bleeding Score. Secondary outcomes included operation time, the surgeon satisfaction with the visual clarity, postoperative 24 h coagulation parameters, and the incidence of adverse events. Student's t-test, χ2 test, and ANOVA of repeated measures were used for statistical analyses. Results: A total of 28 patients were enrolled in each group using a 1:1 randomized allocation with similar demographic characteristics, including 24 male and 32 female individuals, and the mean age is 45.6 ± 11.9 years. The surgical visualization in the TXA group was significantly better than that of the control group (2.29 ± 0.46 vs. 2.89 ± 0.31, P<0.001) as assessed by the Modena Bleeding Score. Furthermore, the TXA group demonstrated a shorter operation time compared to the control group (88.61 ± 10.9 vs. 105.2 ± 15.9, P< 0.001) and higher surgeon satisfaction with surgical field (7.82 ± 0.55 vs. 6.50 ± 0.64, P< 0.001). No statistically significant differences were found in postoperative coagulation parameters in the two groups. No TXA-related adverse events or complications occurred during the 12-month follow-up. Conclusion: Intravenous 1 g of TXA can further significantly improve the visual clarity in the microscopic middle ear surgery and shorten the operation time based on other standard measures implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott is an Indian origin plant with documented medicinal and nutritional value, but has not been fully characterized yet. The present study was designed to establish pharmacognostic standards for the proper identification of the B. indica plant and its chemical characterization. The plant was standardized with World Health Organization (WHO) standardization tools and chemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Antibacterial potential was assessed by the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and molecular docking studies were also performed. Pharmacognostic evaluation established the macroscopic and microscopic parameters for the identification of whole plant and its powder. Physicochemical parameters were also set forth while quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest quantity of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. FTIR analysis showed several functional groups such as phenols, alkanes, and alcohols while 55 phytochemicals were identified in the GC-MS analysis of the crude fraction. The crude extract and other fractions showed marked antibacterial activity, while the ethyl acetate fraction showed the least MIC (1.95–31.25 mg/mL). Phytochemicals identified in the GC-MS showed good molecular docking interactions against the DNA gyrase subunit B of bacteria with binding energies ranging from −4.2 to −9.4 kcal/mol. The current study describes the pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical profiling of B. indica and provides scientific evidence to support its use in infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Blood parasites pose a significant threat to livestock production in southern Egypt, yet there is a scarcity of information regarding their circulation and epidemiology in sheep in this region. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of blood parasite infections in sheep in Assiut governorate, Upper Egypt. Methods: A total of 400 blood samples were collected from sheep of varying ages and genders. The preliminary screening for the presence of piroplasms, mainly Babesia and Theileria spp., via microscopic examination, followed by investigation of the potential risk factors linked with the exposure to infection. Moreover, molecular identification of both parasites on some of positive samples was performed using PCR targeting Babesia 18S rRNA and Theileria annulata Tams1 gene. Results: The microscopic examination revealed that among the examined sheep, there was an overall prevalence of blood parasites at 44% (176 out of 400), with Babesia spp. observed in 14% (56 out of 400) and Theileria spp. in 30% (120 out of 400). Furthermore, the infection rate was non-significantly higher in young animals (50%) compared to adults (38.5%) (P = 0.246). Male sheep exhibited a significantly higher vulnerability to both parasites’ infection (63.3%) compared to females (35.7%) (P = 0.011). Interestingly, the prevalence of both blood parasites was significantly higher during the cold season (66.1%) compared to the hot season (15.9%) (P = <0.001). The molecular analysis identified the presence of Babesia ovis and Theileria annulata among a subsample of the positive sheep’s bloods films. The identified species were recorded in the GenBankTM databases and assigned specific accession numbers (OQ360720 and OQ360719 for B. ovis), and (OP991838 for T. annulata). Conclusions: Taken together, this study confirms a high prevalence of piroplasmosis and oers epidemiological and molecular insights into blood parasites in sheep from Upper Egypt, highlighting the importance of detecting these parasites in various hosts and their competent vectors (ticks) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The failure of rocks in seasonal frozen areas under freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) is a frequently problem in engineering construction, posing a huge threat to the stability of the engineering. In order to explore the mechanism of rock damage degradation. It is necessary to analyze the damage evolution process of rocks and establish an accurate FTCs rock damage constitutive model. Taking the granite in the seasonal frozen zone of Northeast China as the research object, the macro and meso parameters and microstructure of the FTCs granite were analyzed through indoor tests. A new method is proposed to define damage variables considering mesoscopic parameters to establish a mesoscopic damage constitutive model for rocks, further revealing the damage mechanism and failure law of rocks under freeze–thaw load coupling. The research results indicate that in the early stage of FTCs, 20 cycles contribute significantly to the damage and deterioration of rocks, accounting for about 50% of the 80 cycles. After 20 cycles, the degradation trend of various macroscopic and mesoscopic parameters is relatively slow. The residual strain of the rock accumulates as the number of FTCs increases, the brittleness of the rock weakens, and the plasticity strengthens. Based on the established new method of considering mesoscopic parameter damage variables, the viewpoint of introducing correction coefficients based on statistical constitutive models has been validated. After uniaxial compression test data verification, the model has shown good performance. This model expands the damage model of rock freeze–thaw compression coupling effect, providing reference for research on FTCs related to rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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IntroductionBlood parasites pose a significant threat to livestock production in southern Egypt, yet there is a scarcity of information regarding their circulation and epidemiology in sheep in this region. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of blood parasite infections in sheep in Assiut governorate, Upper Egypt.MethodsA total of 400 blood samples were collected from sheep of varying ages and genders. The preliminary screening for the presence of piroplasms, mainly Babesia and Theileria spp., via microscopic examination, followed by investigation of the potential risk factors linked with the exposure to infection. Moreover, molecular identification of both parasites on some of positive samples was performed using PCR targeting Babesia 18S rRNA and Theileria annulata Tams1 gene.ResultsThe microscopic examination revealed that among the examined sheep, there was an overall prevalence of blood parasites at 44% (176 out of 400), with Babesia spp. observed in 14% (56 out of 400) and Theileria spp. in 30% (120 out of 400). Furthermore, the infection rate was non-significantly higher in young animals (50%) compared to adults (38.5%) (P = 0.246). Male sheep exhibited a significantly higher vulnerability to both parasites' infection (63.3%) compared to females (35.7%) (P = 0.011). Interestingly, the prevalence of both blood parasites was significantly higher during the cold season (66.1%) compared to the hot season (15.9%) (P = < 0.001). The molecular analysis identified the presence of Babesia ovis and Theileria annulata among a subsample of the positive sheep's bloods films. The identified species were recorded in the GenBank™ databases and assigned specific accession numbers (OQ360720 and OQ360719 for B. ovis), and (OP991838 for T. annulata).ConclusionsTaken together, this study confirms a high prevalence of piroplasmosis and offers epidemiological and molecular insights into blood parasites in sheep from Upper Egypt, highlighting the importance of detecting these parasites in various hosts and their competent vectors (ticks).

BackgroundThe vulnerable population within the malaria epidemic zone remains at risk of increased burden and fatality. This is because of unpreparedness and overstretching of healthcare capacity in the event of a full-fledged epidemic. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of microscopic and submicroscopic infections, as well as map specific Plasmodium transmission foci, in the malaria epidemic-prone zone of Kisii highland.MethodologyPatients seeking malaria treatment at Eramba health facility in the epidemic-prone zone of Kisii highland were enrolled in the study. Malaria outpatient data for the entire month of May were also included in the analysis. Patients' finger prick blood smears were examined for microscopic infections, while a real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting the Plasmodium species 18S rRNA gene was used to detect the presence of submicroscopic infections on DNA extracted from dry blood spots.ResultsBased on outpatient data, the malaria positivity rate was 20.7% (231/1115, 95% CI, 0.18-0.23). The positivity rate varied significantly by age group (χ2 = 75.05, df 2, p

Background and Aim: The breeding of pet animals, especially dogs and cats, in Iraq has increased recently. However, no epidemiological or molecular data exist regarding Giardia duodenalis infection in pet animals, particularly in Babylon Province. Therefore, this study aimed to detect G. duodenalis and its genotypes in pets using microscopic and molecular techniques. Materials and Methods: For microscopic examination, 150 pet fecal samples (dogs = 75, cats = 75) were examined from October 1, 2022, to March 30, 2023. Fourteen isolates of G. duodenalis (7 per host) were genetically characterized using SSUrDNA gene sequencing. Results: Microscopic examination revealed that the rates of G. duodenalis infection was 14.67% (11/75) and 12% (9/75) in dogs and cats, respectively. According to sex, the infection rate in dogs was 22.22% (8/36) for males and 7.69% (3/39) for females. Conversely, the infection rate in cats was 5.56% (2/36) for males and 17.95% (7/39) for females. The highest infection rates were recorded for animals under 6 months of age, with 16.67% (3/18) for dogs and 27.27% (3/11) for cats. In rural areas, the infection rate was higher than that in urban areas, with 17.65% (6/34) in dogs and 13.89% (5/36) in cats. For the molecular diagnosis, 14 isolates of G. duodenalis (7 per host) were genetically characterized using SSUrDNA gene sequencing. In dogs, the findings revealed specific genotypes, with D at 3/7 (42.86%) and C at 2/7 (28.57%). In addition, zoonotic genotype A was found in 2/7 (28.57%) of dogs. In cats, the specific assemblage F was present in 4/7 (57.14%), while zoonotic genotype A was found in 3/7 (42.86%). Conclusion: This study is considered the first in Babylon Province to detect G. duodenalis genotypes in pet animals (dogs and cats), as some have zoonotic genotypes that could transmit infections to humans. The results of this study illustrate the epidemiological importance of this parasite in this region.

This study provides an overview of the incidence of parasitic infections in individuals living in rural communities, highlighting the major parasites involved, risk factors, and potential interventions to mitigate the burden. This research work is therefore aimed at determining the incidence of parasitic infections among individuals living in rural areas. This study adopted a propulsive cross-sectional survey design to select fifty (50) individuals ranging from age twelve (12) to fifty-six (56) who met the inclusion criteria for the study which were recruited from rural areas specifically Abraka and its environs in Delta state, Nigeria. Stool samples were collected and brought immediately to the laboratory at the department for processing. The specimens were examined both macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of parasites. Parasitological standard examination methods were followed. Of the 50 stool samples, 22 were male and 28 were female. A total of 19 were positive for at least one parasite. Out of the total positive, Ascaris lumbricoides (78.9%) and Trichuris trichiura (21.1%) were present in stool samples. Parasitic infections were more prevalent in the age group (40-49) at 31.57% and the least prevalent age group (50-57) was 5.26%. It was also more prevalent in females than males at 52.64% respectively at 47.36%. The present study shows 38% parasitic infection which is still an important health problem in our region. Health awareness programs, personal hygiene, hand washing as well as the use of sanitary latrines to reduce the incidence of parasitic infections should be carried out in these communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum indicum, also recognized as Vanbhanta or Brihati, holds a significant place in traditional medicinal practices, notably Ayurveda. This review concentrates on a thorough examination of Solanum indicum fruits, encompassing their Pharmacognostical evaluation and potential pharmacological applications. The assessment encompasses various facets such as the plant's morphological traits, microscopic attributes, chemical constituents, and physical constants, offering valuable insights into the plant's quality and purity. Solanum indicum fruits exhibit distinct Pharmacognostical characteristics facilitating their identification and quality assessment. Noteworthy features include the presence of small, spherical berries in shades of yellow to orange, typically measuring 1-2 cm in diameter. The fruit's exterior is smooth, housing numerous small seeds within the inner pulp. Microscopic scrutiny reveals abundant parenchyma cells, vascular bundles, and distinct glandular trichomes. The pharmacological potential spans diverse therapeutic areas, including anticancer, antioxidant, and antipyretic properties, showcasing their versatility as a natural remedy. Research indicates that Solanum indicum fruit extracts may possess antipyretic activity, making them particularly intriguing in regions where they are indigenous. These fruits hold promise in alleviating fever symptoms and contributing to the overall well-being of individuals with febrile conditions. Additionally, preliminary studies suggest that certain compounds within Solanum indicum fruits may exhibit anti-cancer properties by impeding cancer cell growth and inducing apoptosis. Abundant in antioxidants, especially flavonoids and polyphenols, Solanum indicum fruits play a role in scavenging free radicals and shielding cells from oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The breeding of pet animals, especially dogs and cats, in Iraq has increased recently. However, no epidemiological or molecular data exist regarding Giardia duodenalis infection in pet animals, particularly in Babylon Province. Therefore, this study aimed to detect G. duodenalis and its genotypes in pets using microscopic and molecular techniques. Materials and Methods: For microscopic examination, 150 pet fecal samples (dogs = 75, cats = 75) were examined from October 1, 2022, to March 30, 2023. Fourteen isolates of G. duodenalis (7 per host) were genetically characterized using SSUrDNA gene sequencing. Results: Microscopic examination revealed that the rates of G. duodenalis infection was 14.67% (11/75) and 12% (9/75) in dogs and cats, respectively. According to sex, the infection rate in dogs was 22.22% (8/36) for males and 7.69% (3/39) for females. Conversely, the infection rate in cats was 5.56% (2/36) for males and 17.95% (7/39) for females. The highest infection rates were recorded for animals under 6 months of age, with 16.67% (3/18) for dogs and 27.27% (3/11) for cats. In rural areas, the infection rate was higher than that in urban areas, with 17.65% (6/34) in dogs and 13.89% (5/36) in cats. For the molecular diagnosis, 14 isolates of G. duodenalis (7 per host) were genetically characterized using SSUrDNA gene sequencing. In dogs, the findings revealed specific genotypes, with D at 3/7 (42.86%) and C at 2/7 (28.57%). In addition, zoonotic genotype A was found in 2/7 (28.57%) of dogs. In cats, the specific assemblage F was present in 4/7 (57.14%), while zoonotic genotype A was found in 3/7 (42.86%). Conclusion: This study is considered the first in Babylon Province to detect G. duodenalis genotypes in pet animals (dogs and cats), as some have zoonotic genotypes that could transmit infections to humans. The results of this study illustrate the epidemiological importance of this parasite in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthrospira platensis (homotypic synonym Spirulina platensis) is a member of the family Microcoleaceae, which was referred to as Spirulina platensis throughout this paper. S. platensis holds a significant nutritional value due to the presence of important secondary metabolites. The current study aimed to analyze the fatty acids, minerals composition, and antimicrobial activities of Spirulina platensis isolated from Qliyasan stream water. For the extracts of S. platensis, two distinct organic solvents, ethanol, and ethyl-acetate, were utilized to achieve this purpose. Furthermore, crude extracts of S. platensis were evaluated in vitro against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus niger using a well diffusion assay method. According to the findings of this study, nine fatty acids were investigated using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Results revealed that?- linoleic acid C18:3 (omega 3) constituted the highest percentage (23.734%), followed by oleic acid C18:1 (17.159%). Additionally, the concentrations of 14 types of minerals were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The highest concentration value of magnesium (Mg) was 6548µg/gm, followed by iron (Fe) at 1250µg/gm. The antimicrobial activity of crude extract of S. platensis by ethanol proved to be more efficient than ethyl-acetate against bacterial models. The highest inhibition zone diameter was recorded against E. coli at 16.3mm, while ethyl-acetate extract was more effective against Aspergillus niger with an inhibition zone diameter of 12.3mm, compared to the bacterial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urine sediment examination provides numerous information about patient's kidney condition. Flowcytometry and digital imaging system could conduct automatic urine sediment analysis. Therefore, determining the diagnostic performance of the examination is very important in the management carried out by the clinician. This study aims to determine the diagnostic performance of urine flowcytometry and digital imaging sediment examination tools compared to manual microscopes that are standardized as gold standards. Methods: This study is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach on 92 urine samples of patients who attended the Internal Medicine Nephrology Polyclinic of Dr. Soetomo Academic Hospital Surabaya. The performance of flowcytometry and digital imaging methods is assessed by calculating sensitivity and specificity. Analysis of the suitability of each urine sediment parameter used Cohen's kappa. Urine sediment analysis with a light microscope was conducted with the Shih-Yung method as a gold standard. Results: The erythrocyte parameters revealed a very favorable result with the concordance of the flowcytometry with the Shih-Yung method (κ=0.82) and fair results for WBC (κ=0.25), Epithelium (κ=0.57) and Cast (κ=0.27). At the same time, yeast had substantial conformity (κ=0.63). The digital imaging method showed substantive fit for WBC (κ=0.676), RBC (κ=0.621), fair for SEC (κ=0.42) and NSE (κ=0.24), moderate for Yeast (κ=0.45), and slight for Hyaline Cast (κ=0.074) and Path Cast (κ= 0.134) Conclusion: The urine flowcytometry demonstrates better performance compatibility with a standardized manual microscope compared to urine digital imaging. However, pathological samples should still be verified with a manual microscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the microscopic polycrystalline fatigue crack propagation (MPFCP) model, the MPFCP behaviours of GH4169 alloy under different micro-notch depths and lengths (constraints) were studied from aspects of MPFCP path, MPFCP rate and stress distribution. The influences of the initial crack angle on MPFCP behaviour were further explored. It was observed that the grain boundary, the grain size and the stress state were different during crack propagation under different constraints, resulting in different MPFCP paths. The MPFCP path was straighter under high constraints, and the MPFCP rate was related to the micro-notch size and the loading direction. The crack tip needed more stress accumulation at low constraints than under high constraints to ensure smooth MPFCP behaviour. The influence of the initial crack angle on the MPFCP path was mainly reflected in the grain interior where the initial crack was located. The initial crack angle had a greater influence on the MPFCP rate than on the MPFCP path.

The DC negative corona of needle-plate electrodes can generate atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma active particles, which have important effects on biological mutagenesis. The DC negative corona discharge of an air needle-plate electrode with effective consideration of NOx particles was simulated and the Trichel pulse current was obtained, focusing on the development of particles and the distribution of active nitrogen oxides (RONS) at four moments in the pulse process. The simulation results indicate that the positive ions (N2+ and O2+) and negative ions (O− and O2−) were closely related to the current changes, and the negative ions (O− and O2−) presented a typical stratification phenomenon. RONS (H2O2, O3, and NO) were approximately uniformly distributed above the level of the plate electrode at the same instant, with H2O2 and O3 except for the area below the needle tip. They trended to a cumulative increase in concentration with time. This study provides a theoretical basis for corona discharge plasma seed treatment technology.

Abstract Background Endoscopic ear surgery is a new, less invasive otologic procedure. Since 1990s, it has been grown in prominence because of anatomical and physiological theories. It offers a view of hidden places, avoids mastoidectomies and endaural vertical and postauricular incisions, and has many other benefits over microscopic surgery. The purpose of this study was to distinguish the difference between the outcomes of microscopic and endoscopic cholesteatoma surgery. Methods Eighty individuals who were diagnosed with cholesteatoma participated in this randomized clinical research. Patients were randomly allocated into two equivalent treatment groups. One group submitted to tympanoplasty via microscopic ear surgery and the other group had exclusive trans-canal endoscopic ear surgery. All patients had preoperative otomicroscopic and radiologic assessment to ensure cholesteatoma diagnosis. Audiological evaluations were also obtained. Results There was no discernible difference in the tested groups’ operational times, air-bone gaps, or air conduction. The endoscopic surgery group healed significantly more quickly than the microscopic surgery group (5.4 0.5 vs 7.7 0.5 weeks, p > 0.001). The frequency of residual lesions (5.0% vs 22.5%, p = 0.023) and recurrence (7.5% vs 27.5%, p = 0.019) was significantly lower in the endoscopic group of patients. Conclusions When comparing healing times, rates of residual disease and rates of recurrence, endoscopic surgery clearly outperforms microscopic surgery. The endoscope encourages visualization and magnification of anatomy while being less invasive thanks to its improved picture quality, lighting, and capacity to “see around the corner.” Additionally, a significant portion of viable mastoid tissues and healthy mucosa were preserved.

Bassia indica (Wight) A.J. Scott is an Indian origin plant with documented medicinal and nutritional value, but has not been fully characterized yet. The present study was designed to establish pharmacognostic standards for the proper identification of the B. indica plant and its chemical characterization. The plant was standardized with World Health Organization (WHO) standardization tools and chemically characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Antibacterial potential was assessed by the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and molecular docking studies were also performed. Pharmacognostic evaluation established the macroscopic and microscopic parameters for the identification of whole plant and its powder. Physicochemical parameters were also set forth while quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest quantity of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins. FTIR analysis showed several functional groups such as phenols, alkanes, and alcohols while 55 phytochemicals were identified in the GC-MS analysis of the crude fraction. The crude extract and other fractions showed marked antibacterial activity, while the ethyl acetate fraction showed the least MIC (1.95–31.25 mg/mL). Phytochemicals identified in the GC-MS showed good molecular docking interactions against the DNA gyrase subunit B of bacteria with binding energies ranging from −4.2 to −9.4 kcal/mol. The current study describes the pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical profiling of B. indica and provides scientific evidence to support its use in infections.

Introduction: For symptomatic nonsecreting pituitary adenomas (PAs), surgical resection remains the treatment of choice. In this retrospective study, we compare the efficacy of open versus endoscopic and microscopic excision of pituitary adenoma, and to evaluate the merits and demerits of each approach. Material and Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent surgical excision for symptomatic pituitary adenoma in institute of neurosurgery, madras medical college from January 2022 to December 2022. Various parameters were analyzed including the age, sex, type of surgical resection done, duration of surgery, average blood loss, extent of resection of tumors, and intra- and post-operative complication. Results: A total of thirty eight patients with pituitary adenoma were operated from January 2022 to December 2022. Six patients were operated by endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery and six patients were operated by microscopic transsphenoidal surgery, 26 patients were operated by Pterional craniotomy and excision of tumour. In an endoscopic and microscopic group, complete tumor excision was achieved in 8 patients (66.6%) and in open surgery group, it was achieved in 6 (23.1%) patients. In endoscopic and microscopic group, the mean operative time was 120 ± 25 min (ranged 80-135 min) and in open surgery group, it was 150 ± 15 min (ranged 130--175 min). In endoscopic and microscopic group, mean blood loss was 120 ± 30 ml (80-160 ml), and in open surgery group, it was 200 ± 15 (150-230 ml). Postoperative CSF leak from wound site was present in 1 case in open surgery group. There was no mortality in either group. Duration of hospital stay was 5 days in endoscopic and microscopic group and 14 days for open surgery group. Conclusion: Endoscopic and microscopic approach provides a wide surgical field and broad lateral vision making easier distinction of tumor tissues. Thus, there is less blood loss, less operative time, less postoperative complication, and early discharge from the hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counting cells in a Neubauer chamber on microbiological culture plates is a laborious task that depends on technical experience. As a result, efforts have been made to advance computer vision-based approaches, increasing efficiency and reliability through quantitative analysis of microorganisms and calculation of their characteristics, biomass concentration, and biological activity. However, variability that still persists in these processes poses a challenge that is yet to be overcome. In this work, we propose a solution adopting a YOLOv5 network model for automatic cell recognition and counting in a case study for laboratory cell detection using images from a CytoSMART Exact FL microscope. In this context, a dataset of 21 expert-labeled cell images was created, along with an extra Sperm DetectionV dataset of 1024 images for transfer learning. The dataset was trained using the pretrained YOLOv5 algorithm with the Sperm DetectionV database. A laboratory test was also performed to confirm result's viability. Compared to YOLOv4, the current YOLOv5 model had accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores of 92%, 84%, 91%, and 87%, respectively. The YOLOv5 algorithm was also used for cell counting and compared to the current segmentation-based U-Net and OpenCV model that has been implemented. In conclusion, the proposed model successfully recognizes and counts the different types of cells present in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endoscopic ear surgery is a new, less invasive otologic procedure. Since 1990s, it has been grown in prominence because of anatomical and physiological theories. It offers a view of hidden places, avoids mastoidectomies and endaural vertical and postauricular incisions, and has many other benefits over microscopic surgery. The purpose of this study was to distinguish the difference between the outcomes of microscopic and endoscopic cholesteatoma surgery. Methods: Eighty individuals who were diagnosed with cholesteatoma participated in this randomized clinical research. Patients were randomly allocated into two equivalent treatment groups. One group submitted to tympanoplasty via microscopic ear surgery and the other group had exclusive trans-canal endoscopic ear surgery. All patients had preoperative otomicroscopic and radiologic assessment to ensure cholesteatoma diagnosis. Audiological evaluations were also obtained. Results: There was no discernible difference in the tested groups' operational times, air-bone gaps, or air conduction. The endoscopic surgery group healed significantly more quickly than the microscopic surgery group (5.4 0.5 vs 7.7 0.5 weeks, p > 0.001). The frequency of residual lesions (5.0% vs 22.5%, p = 0.023) and recurrence (7.5% vs 27.5%, p = 0.019) was significantly lower in the endoscopic group of patients. Conclusions: When comparing healing times, rates of residual disease and rates of recurrence, endoscopic surgery clearly outperforms microscopic surgery. The endoscope encourages visualization and magnification of anatomy while being less invasive thanks to its improved picture quality, lighting, and capacity to "see around the corner." Additionally, a significant portion of viable mastoid tissues and healthy mucosa were preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungal pathogen Pseudocercospora fuligena, known to affect tomatoes in the tropics and subtropics, has been reported from temperate climates including the United States and Turkey in recent years. In this study, an isolate from fresh tomatoes and the disease it causes were characterized and infection mechanisms investigated. Macroscopically, both sides of tomato leaves show indistinct effuse patches but prolific production of fuliginous lesions is conspicuous on the abaxial side first but also on the adaxial side later on as infection progressed. Microscopically, fascicles of conidiophores (11–128 μm × 3.5–9 μm) arising from stromata and conidia with up to 12 septations were observed. Molecular characterization of the isolate revealed high homology (99.8%) to other P. fuligena isolated from tomatoes in Turkey. Out of the 10 media tested, P. fuligena grew significantly well and sporulated better on unsealed tomato oatmeal agar and carrot leaf decoction agar, both supplemented with CaCO3. Direct transfer of conidia from profusely sporulating lesions was the easiest and quickest method of isolation for in-vitro studies. Light and scanning electron microscopy on cleared and intact tomato leaves further confirmed stomatal penetration and egress as well as prevalence of primary and secondary infection hyphae. In situ, blocked stomatal aperture areas of 154, 401, and 2,043 μm2 were recorded at 7, 12, and 17 days after inoculation, respectively. With the recent expanded horizon of the pathosystem and its consequential impact, such studies will be useful for a proper diagnosis, identification and management of the disease on tomato worldwide.

Objective: To compare functional outcome of microscopic and endoscopic approach regarding type of ossiculoplasty. Methods: In this retrospective study, cases who had undergone type-II and type-III tympanoplasty between February 2007 to September 2019 were divided into two groups according to the type of approach as microscopic and endoscopic. In cases with type-II reconstruction; Partial Ossicular chain Replacement Prosthesis (PORP), incus interposition and bone cement were used in order of frequency. Whereas in cases with type-III reconstruction, only Total Ossicular chain Replacement Prosthesis (TORP) was used. The average Air Bone Gap (ABG) was determined pre- and post-operatively for the calculation of Air Conductance Gain (ACG). The ACG, pre- and post-operative ABG values of each group were compared with regard to the type of ossiculoplasty. Results: A total of 79 cases consisting of 32 females and 47 males who had undergone type-II and type-III tympanoplasty were enrolled. No statistically significant difference between microscopic and endoscopic approach was found in terms of ACG (p = 0.42), pre-(p = 0.23) and postoperative ABG (p = 0.99). We did not find any significant difference in terms of ACG, pre- and postoperative ABG between two approaches for type-II and type-III reconstructions (p > 0.05). Conclusions: According to the current study, endoscopic approach in type-II and type-III reconstruction is at least reliable as microscopic approach regarding functional outcome. Since both techniques have similar functional results, other factors (anatomic characteristics, habitude of the surgeon and duration of the surgery) should be considered when choosing the technique. Level of evidence: In the current paper we present a retrospective comparative study of two different approaches of a particular type of otologic surgery. Level of evidence corresponds to level III.

The relationship between the thixotropic mechanism and the macroscopic thixotropic strength can be clarified by analyzing the changes in microstructure and pores in the loess thixotropic process. This approach is of significant importance for calculating the strength of compacted loess foundations. In the present study, a representative sample prepared from Xi’an loess was analyzed and eight resting ages were set. The micropore characteristics of the remolded loess and undisturbed loess at different resting ages were obtained using electron microscope observation and nuclear magnetic resonance testing. The results indicate that the thixotropy in the prepared loess samples is significant. It is also found that as the resting age grew, newly formed cements in the remolded loess continuously accumulated and filled in the microcracks between the aggregates. Consequently, the contact area of aggregates increased, thereby decreasing the width and length of the microcracks. The proportion of cementation pore and small microcracks gradually increased, while the proportion of large microcracks gradually decreased, indicating that thixotropy increased the cohesive force and friction force of soil structure at the mesoscale. This phenomenon also explains the increase of thixotropic strength at the macroscopic scale. The mesoscopic mechanism of loess thixotropic strength recovery is that the connection between soil particles is re-established after the break of the clay particle–water–charge system. Moreover, the elastic potential energy of soil particles generated by compression promoted the polymerization of clay particles dispersed in a pore water solution to produce flocculating aggregates during resting dissipation. The continuous consumption of clay particles expanded the processing time and flocs and continuously decreased the strength growth rate.

Background: Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is rare and even rarer in infants and young children, and it usually occurs in the ventricles. Due to the physical peculiarities of infants, tumor removal by microscopic or endoscopic surgery alone is difficult. Case Presentation: A 3-month-old patient was found to have an abnormally enlarged head circumference for 7 days. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination revealed a lesion in the third ventricle. The patient underwent combined microscopic and endoscopic "chopstick" technique to remove the tumor. He recovered well after the surgery. Postoperative pathological examination revealed CPP. Postoperative MRI suggested total resection of the tumor. Follow-up for 1 month showed no recurrence or distant metastasis. Conclusions: Combined microscopic and endoscopic "chopstick" technique may be a suitable approach to remove tumors in infant ventricles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the mechanical properties of rubber concrete (RC) with different rubber particle sizes after dry–wet cycles in a sulfate environment, apparent morphology analysis, mass loss analysis, relative dynamic elastic modulus analysis, compressive strength loss analysis, internal microscopic characteristics and deterioration degree analysis of ordinary concrete (NC) and rubber concrete after dry–wet cycles were compared and analyzed. The results show that with the increase in the number of dry–wet cycles, the surface caves of rubber concrete increase, the internal microcracks develop and penetrate, and the macroscopic strength increases first and then decreases significantly. The high elasticity of rubber effectively improves the expansion force caused by sulfate attack and the dry–wet cycle. The deterioration degree of RC in each dry–wet cycle stage is obviously better than that of NC. When the rubber particle size is 0.85 mm, the performance of the sample is the best. After 120 days of dry–wet cycle, the compressive strength is reduced by 37.4%, and the compressive strength of concrete with a rubber particle size of 0.85 mm is reduced by 11.2%. After cyclic loading, the deterioration degree of concrete is 5.1% lower than that of ordinary concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the mechanical properties of rice husk ash–rubber–fiber concrete (RRFC) under hygrothermal environment, the optimal group was selected by orthogonal test. The mass loss, relative dynamic elastic modulus analysis, strength analysis, degradation degree analysis after cyclic loading and internal microstructure analysis of the optimal group of RRFC samples after dry–wet cycles under different environments and temperatures were compared and analyzed. The results show that the large specific surface area of rice husk ash optimizes the particle size distribution of RRFC specimens, reacts to form C-S-H gel, enhances the compactness of concrete, and forms a dense structure as a whole. The presence of rubber particles and PVA fibers effectively improves the mechanical properties and fatigue resistance of RRFC. The comprehensive mechanical properties of RRFC with rubber particle size of 1–3 mm, PVA fiber content of 1.2 kg·m−3 and rice husk ash content of 15% are the best. The compressive strength of the specimens after dry–wet cycles in different environments generally increased first and then decreased, reaching a peak at the seventh dry–wet cycle, and the compressive strength of the specimens under chloride salt solution decreased more than that under clear water solution. Thes provided new concrete materials for the construction of highways and tunnels in coastal areas. Under the premise of ensuring the strength and durability of concrete, it is of great practical significance to explore new roads for energy conservation and emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endoscopes are increasingly being used in middle ear surgery as an adjunct to or replacement for the operative microscope. The superior visualization of hidden areas and a minimally invasive transcanal approach to the pathology are some of the endoscope's advantages. The aim of this review is to compare the surgical outcomes of a totally endoscopic transcanal approach with a conventional microscopic approach for type 1 tympanoplasty in patients with chronic otitis media (COM) in order to establish if endoscopic myringoplasty (EM) could be a better alternative to microscopic myringoplasty (MM). A literature review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis recommendations. The selected articles were identified by searching PubMed Central, PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase databases for the relevant publications. Only studies where the same surgeon in the department performed both endoscopic and microscopic myringoplasty have been included in the review. The results suggest that with an endoscopic approach, minimally invasive myringoplasty can be achieved with a similar graft success rate and postoperative air–bone gap (ABG) improvement, a shorter operative time and less postoperative complications compared to a microscopic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Otologic surgeries previously used microscopes, requiring large incisions. Recent advances in medical optical resolutiosn allows the introduction of the otologic endoscope as a less invasive alternative, providing better visualization and accessibility. Endoscopic surgery is now preferred for type 1 tympanoplasty and cholesteatoma treatment. Objectives: This study aims to compare the outcomes between patients who underwent endoscopic tympanoplasty and those who underwent microscopic tympanoplasty without ossiculoplasty or mastoidectomy. Methods: We retrospectively examined the data of 191 patients (201 ears) who underwent tympanoplasty without ossiculoplasty or mastoidectomy using either an endoscope or a microscope in the Department of Otolaryngology, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, from July 1, 2014 to June 30, 2019. We compared the surgical and functional outcomes between the two approaches. We also analyzed the relationship between the two approaches and the size of the perforated tympanic membrane. Results: Endoscopic and microscopic tympanoplasties were performed in 67 and 134 ears, respectively. The preoperative pure tone average or air-bone gap values between the two groups were not statistically significant. The tympanic membrane healing rates for the four subgroups were classified according to the perforation size (Q1 : ≤ 25%, Q2 : > 25% & ≤ 50%, Q3 : > 50% & ≤ 75%, and Q4 : > 75% & ≤ 100%) were 90.9%, 94.1%, 95.0%, and 87.5% (P = 0.893), respectively, for the endoscopic group, and 97.0%, 86.4%, 97.1%, and 72.7% (P = 0.011), respectively, for the microscopic group. The postoperative improvement in the air-bone gap and pure tone average values between the two groups was not statistically significant. When considering the perforation size, the improvement in air-bone gap values was significantly different among the endoscopic groups (−1.0, −11.1, −3.9, and −7.8 dB, P = 0.002 for Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4, respectively). Additionally, the procedure was markedly shorter in cases that underwent endoscopic surgeries for tympanic membrane perforation size of

Background and Aims: The preponderance of microscopic colitis (MC) in females may be associated with postmenopausal increased risk of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of atherosclerotic diseases in adults with MC. Methods: Retrospective observational study of patients with a diagnosis of MC or incomplete MC at our institution from 2008 to 2018. We performed a chart review and extracted data on demographics, comorbidities, medications, diagnosis, imaging, and endoscopy. Data were analyzed descriptively. Logistic regression was used to estimate the unadjusted effects of different variables on MC. Results: Of 269 patients, 265 had a MC diagnosis; 236 (89.06%) had collagenous colitis or lymphocytic colitis; and 29 (10.94%) were diagnosed with incomplete MC. Majority were female (79.55%), ≥ 65 years (59.11%), and white (88.81%). Majority had the following risk factors for atherosclerosis, smoking (52.04%), hypertension (58.21%), and hyperlipidemia (59.5%). The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) was 16.79% (12.32, 21.27), 8.58% (5.23–11.94), and 7.49% (4.33–10.65), respectively. There was no difference in the prevalence of CAD and CVD after adjusting for sex. Females with MC had reduced odds of PAD compared with males. Conclusion: The prevalence of CAD, PAD, and CVD was 16.79%, 8.58%, and 7.49%, respectively. Similar to the general population, smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia are risk factors for atherosclerosis in MC.

World Health Organization (WHO) reported that over 1.5 billion people are infected by soil-transmitted helminths (STH) worldwide in sub-Saharan Africa, the United States of America, China, and East Asia. Heavy infections and polyparasitism are associated with higher morbidity rates, and the patients are exposed to increased vulnerability to other diseases. Therefore, accurate diagnosis followed by mass treatment for morbidity control is necessary.STH diagnosis commonly involves the microscopic observation of the presence of the STH eggs and larvae in the faecal samples. Furthermore, molecular approaches are increasingly utilised in monitoring and surveillance as they show higher sensitivity. Their capability to differentiate hookworm species is an advantage over the Kato-Katz technique. This review discusses the advantages and limitations of microscopy and various molecular tools used for STH detection.

According to World Health Organization data about 2 m. patients with parasitic diseases are recorded in Russia yearly. It is known that the intestinal parasites render the expressed influence on the macroorganism, in particular they lower and depress the forming of immunity. It is proved the role of some helminthiases and parasitic protozoa (giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis) in the development of dysbiosis, which is one of the important factors, that influences the development of many illnesses, especially those which have chronic course. In connection with this, special urgency acquires widespread parasitic protozoa, caused by parasitism of simplest Blastocystis hominis in the thick bowels. It is established that invasion of B. hominis is accompanied by the dysbiosis of bowels. B. hominis are revealed with chronic dermatitis and diarrhea.The problem of Blastocystosis has become especially urgent in connection with the sharp increase of AIDS infected, since B. hominis can cause chronic diseases of digestive system. In the formulation of diagnosis of Blastocystosis the leading part plays the detection of B. hominis in faces by microscopic and cultural method. Unfortunately, the existing methods have a number of drawbacks: low sensitivity of microscopy with painting, the duration of cultural diagnostics. At the same time the diagnostics of Blastocystosis is hindered by the abundance of various B. hominis morphological forms. In connection with this there is a need for the contemporary highly sensitive methods of laboratory diagnostics of parasitic protozoa.

The activity of pedestrian movement can be predicted by a pedestrian model. Pedestrian model would assign pedestrian lane characteristic, especially for capacity. This study is intended as an effort to develop basic capacity on pedestrian pathways in Indonesia with simulation models. The function of the sidewalk was not only a connecting path between regions in the commercial area but also has a higher level of complexity due to diverse pedestrian motives. This study used a microscopic approach through model simulation that built-in PTV Viswalk as a supporting system to do it. Location of study in Jalan Malioboro in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This study resulted that the default value coefficient about the pedestrian characteristic model needs to change and pedestrian speed was a key to giving a new value. Then, validation for simulation is given with local and global validation. It resulted that new value makes similar value with real data which could reach basic capacity. Then, basic capacity does with Viswalk simulation and reaches 365,42 pedestrian/meter/minute as a basic pedestrian lane in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This study makes a starting point to reach the developing standard for pedestrian traffic in Indonesia.

Abstract Background: Ticks are obligate blood sucking ectoparasites of vertebrates that have an impact on both domestic and wild animals, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. Aim: The objective of the present study is to compare the prevalence and the tick species in both Al Gabal al Akhder regions in northeastern Libya and Ismailia, Egypt. Methods: Tick specimens collected from predilection sites on the hosts were identified by morphological (light microscopy) and molecular methods. Results: In Ismailia, Egypt, 23.9 % of the 230 (examined cattle and buffaloes) were infested with one species of hard ticks, Rhipicephalus annulatus. In the Libyan province of Al Gabal al Akhdar, the prevalence of tick infestation in cattle, (sheep and goats) was 47% and 59% respectively. Rhipicephalus annulatus is the identified tick species for cattle, Hyalomma marginatum, and R. bursa, are the identified tick species of the infested sheep, and goats. Conclusion: The 16S rDNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of sample species from Egypt and Libya proved instrumental in overcoming the difficulties associated with morphological identification techniques. [Open Vet J 2022; 12(6.000): 985-994]

Plankton monitoring by microscopy offers a long-term ecological perspective of plankton communities, but detection approaches are uniquely biased. Genetic identification of marine plankton has become standard but is still not used in routine monitoring. This study assesses the value that genetic methods bring to microscopic and flow cytometry monitoring methods in the Western (English) Channel. An 18S high throughput sequencing (HTS) diversity survey of plankton taxa was performed on samples collected from an automated Water and Microplankton Sampler (WaMS) deployed on the Continuous Plankton Recorder platform (CPR) from 2011–2012. This survey detected contrasting but complementary taxa assemblages to that of microscopic surveys, mostly composed of smaller or naked or thin-walled plankton taxa, with most phytoplankton being under 10 µm infrequently recorded by other surveys. Most genetically-detected taxa in the survey were mixotrophic or heterotrophic. In comparison with microscopic phytoplankton counts from the CPR survey and Western Channel Observatory station L4, only 8–12 taxonomic families were common to all three surveys, most of them dinoflagellates, with a bias towards larger diatoms and dinoflagellate taxa in microscopy surveys. Additional quantitative real-time PCR detection of two potentially harmful taxa, the pelagophyte, Aureococcus anophagefferens and four Pseudo-nitzschia from 2011–2013. This revealed that growth of A. anophagefferens was elevated in the summer of 2011, whilst the appearance of Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima in February of that year contrasted with it's timing at a coastal station. Smaller phytoplankton measured by flow cytometry had distinct seasonality and abundance in the mid-Atlantic compared to coastal regions reflecting distinct conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the measured macroscopic withinwafer variations for threshold voltage (Vth) and on-current (Ion) over several technology generations (180 nm, 100 nm and 65 nm) is reported. It is verified that the dominant microscopic variations of the MOSFET device can be extracted quantitatively from these macroscopic variation data by applying the surface-potential compact model Hiroshima University STARC IGFET model 2 (HiSIM2), which is presently brought into industrial application. Only a small number of microscopic parameters, representing substrate doping (NSUBC), pocket-implantation doping (NSUBP), carrier-mobility degradation due to gate-interface roughness (MUESR1) and channel-length variation during the gate formation (XLD) are found sufficient to quantitatively reproduce the measured macroscopic within-wafer variations of Vth and Ion for all channel length Lg and all technology generations. Quantitative improvements from 180 nm to 65 nm are confirmed to be quite large for MUESR1 (about 70%) and Lmin(XLD) (55%) variations, related to the gate-oxide interface and the gate-stack structuring, respectively. On the other hand, doping-related technology advances, which are reflected by the variation magnitudes of NSUBC (30%) and NSUBP (25%), are found to be considerably smaller. Furthermore, specific combinations of extreme microscopic parameter-variation values are able to represent the boundaries of macroscopic fabrication inaccuracies for Vth and Ion. These combinations are found to remain identical, not only for all Lg of a given technology node, but also for all investigated technologies with minimum Lg of 180 nm, 100 nm and 65 nm.

Background and Aim: Hemotropic Mycoplasmas are small epierythrocytic bacteria that cause infectious anemia in several livestock species and in humans. Several reports have been made on hemoplasma infections in the south and north of Iraq, but there have been no studies in the middle Euphrates of Iraq. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of hemoplasma species in cattle in Al-Qadisiyah Province, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Two hundred blood samples were collected from cattle with pale mucous membrane from regions with heavy tick endemicity. The samples were analyzed for the presence of Rickettsia pathogens using thin blood smears and the Diff-Quik stains. All the samples were also examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene to confirm the presence of the smear-identified microorganisms. Ten PCR positive samples were subjected to 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing to identify the species. Results: The findings uncovered positivity in 68 (34%) blood smears. PCR revealed positive confirmation in 18 (9%) of the 200 blood samples. Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus mycoplasma hemobos were identified from 10 PCR positive samples. The nucleotide sequences of the isolates were closely related to isolates from cattle, buffalo, and dogs in Vietnam, Cuba, India, and Germany. Conclusion: Bovine hemoplasma infections are prevalent in cattle in the Al-Qadisiyah Province in Iraq. Our results may have significance for the development of control programs.

Maintaining a nutritious diet is essential for humans if they want to live a healthier life. Several food businesses and food safety organizations play a significant role and offer useful ways for improving nutritional quality that assists consumers in making informed selections. Making poor food choices and consuming unhealthy meals are the main causes of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Nutritional profiling (NP) models are developed to evaluate the nutritional value, calorie content, and the amount of micronutrients and macronutrients contained in a given food accompanied by additional details on the nutritional anomaly provided by published standard nutrients and nutritional databases. To construct an ideal nutritional model that can facilitate food consumption, bioanalytical methods such as chromatography, microscopic techniques, molecular assays, and metabolomics can be applied. With the use of these technologies, one can learn more about the health advantages of nutrition and how to prevent disease. A wider element of NP is also provided by the developing technologies in the area of nutrition research, such as nanotechnology, proteomics, and microarray technology. In this review, we are focusing on the different bioanalytical techniques and the various protocols of NP and their application and refinement of the models. We have evaluated various NP techniques currently used in the food industry for the detection of different components present in food items.

One trend in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is the development of degradable composite polymers. The aim of this study was the comprehensive analysis of Polylactic acid (PLA)/Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) + Hydroxyapatite (HA)/Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) material from filament production to mechanical testing of samples with different infills and the production of an implant replacement for an intervertebral disc. Filament Maker—Composer 450 (3devo; Netherlands) was used to produce filaments. Experimental samples and the implant for the intervertebral disc were made using FDM technology using a DeltiQ2 3D printer (Trilab, Czech Republic). Mechanical testing of experimental samples was performed on an Inspekt TABLE 5 kN (Hegewald & Peschke, Nossen, Germany). Microscopic analysis, cytotoxicity test, and filament diameter analysis using descriptive statistics were also part of the focus. The results of the analysis of the diameter of the filament show that the filament meets the prescribed standard. The cytotoxicity test for PLA/PHB + HA/TCP material showed no toxicity. Microscopic analysis showed an even distribution of the ceramic component in the composite polymer. Mechanical testing showed a reduction in mechanical properties with 75% and 50% of the filling of experimental samples. All experimental samples subjected to mechanical testing showed higher tensile and compressive strength values compared to the values of the mechanical properties of vertebral trabecular bones, as reported in the literature. It can therefore be concluded that the material under investigation, PLA/PHB + HA/TCP appears to be a suitable candidate for hard tissue replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]