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text, 紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paper, 本研究の目的は，エクササイズボールを活用した運動プログラムの実施が女子大学生のメンタルヘルスに及ぼす効果を検討することである．対象者は，女子大学生15名とし，運動プログラムの実施期間は，対象者の1月経周期とした．エクササイズボールを用いた運動プログラムについては，難易度および目的別の表から対象者が自身の体調や気分に合わせて選択できるものとした．効果指標は，運動前後の気分の変化，ストレスの程度，QOLを主要指標として検討した．その結果，月経随伴症状に対するストレス度の変化は確認できなかったが，運動の前後で快適な気分に変化すること，プログラム前後での日常生活でのストレス度の低下，QOLの向上が確認された．本研究で検討したエクササイズボールを活用した運動プログラムの実施は，快適な気分の生起，抑うつ気分の低減に有効であり，日々のストレスからの解放やQOLの向上につながることが示唆された．今後，本研究の知見が女性のメンタルヘルスの改善に活かされることが期待される．

本研究は、文献検討によりリラクセーション法による月経随伴症状緩和の効果を包括的に整理し、今後の研究の方向性や課題について示唆を得ることを目的とした。それにより、女性に対する月経随伴症状の対処行動について教育内容に示唆を与えることで、セルフケアの認知を高め、月経随伴症状の軽減につながると考える。データベースは医中誌Web、CiNii Articles、CINAHL、PubMed を用い、本研究の目的に合致した30 本の論文を分析対象とした。月経周期別の「月経随伴症状に対するリラクセーションの効果」を検討した結果、黄体期、月経期において実施されていた主なリラクセーション法は、アロマセラピーであった。リラクセーション法を実施することで「Premenstrual Syndrome（以下：PMS）症状」「月経痛」などの多岐に渡る月経随伴症状に効果があった。「PMS症状」「月経痛」などの多岐に渡る症状に効果が得られたのは、月経随伴症状は個別性があること、評価尺度や調査項目の違いが要因だと考える。さらに、研究対象者の人数が少ない文献や一時点での介入で効果の検討をしている文献もあった。また、副交感神経と月経随伴症状の緩和との関連も示唆された。今後は、対象者の特性を広げ、人数を増やし、月経周期に合わせた研究、継続による効果の検討によりリラクセーション法の効果を確立し、月経随伴症状への対処行動としてのリラクセーション法の教育や周知について検討が必要である。, This literature review was used to integrate information on the effects of relaxation methods for relief from menstrual symptoms. We aimed to gather ideas and guidance about prospective studies and any potential problems that might arise. By doing so, we can provide information to women regarding coping behaviors during menstruation that will aid in relieving the symptoms. We searched the databases Ichushi-Web, CiNii Articles, CINAHL, and PubMed and selected 30 papers to analyze and investigate the effects of relaxation methods on menstrual symptoms. The main relaxation method used during the luteal and menstrual phases was aromatherapy; it relieved various menstrual symptoms such as premenstrual syndrome and menstrual pain. We attributed the wide variety of symptoms obtained to the individual nature of symptoms associated with menstruation and the differences in the rating scales and survey items. Moreover, in the literature, it was suggested that parasympathetic nerves were associated with the relief obtained from menstrual symptoms. In the future, we aim to establish the effects of the relaxation method. Additionally, we need to consider promoting the education and disseminating the information regarding the relaxation method as a coping mechanism for menstrual symptoms.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in heightened stress for many individuals, with women reporting more stress than men. Although a large body of evidence has demonstrated that stress, in general, can impact the menstrual cycle, it is not yet clear if COVID-specific stress would impact women’s menstrual health. The current study explored the relationship between COVID-related stress and distress and menstrual variables (menstrual pain, number and severity of menstrual symptoms, and menstrual pain interference) in a sample of reproductive-age adult women. Seven-hundred fifteen women completed the initial survey and were re-contacted to complete the same survey three months later. Of those recontacted, 223 completed the follow-up survey. Results indicated that COVID-related stress and distress was associated with higher levels of menstrual pain, more frequent and more severe menstrual symptoms, and greater menstrual pain interference, even after accounting for age, hormonal use, bodily pain, and pain catastrophizing. Our findings suggest that women experience unique vulnerabilities that directly impact their health and functioning, and both research and clinical care should address these symptoms through careful assessment and treatment of menstrual pain and symptoms, particularly during and after periods of high stress and distress.

Menstrual symptoms include some rhythmical changes and stress perception but women differ in duration and severity of these symptoms. It is not known whether these differences are associated with cortisol awakening response (CAR). The aim of the current study was to follow young women daily for the CAR and menstrual parameters throughout the whole menstrual cycle. Healthy and regularly cycling young women (n=16, 17 to 31-year-old) participated in the current study. The daily records of severity of problems (DRSP) was filled in daily by the participants. CAR was also assessed daily form the salivary samples collected at 0-, 15-, 30- and 60-minutes post-awakening. In terms of daily awakening cortisol profiles, women had either 2-20(n=3), or 20-200(n=8), or 200-2000(n=5) ng/ml cortisol according to the median levels throughout their cycle. CAR was weakly and negatively correlated with DRSP scores but strongly and positively with estradiol (R2 =0.300;p=0.000) and progesterone (R2 =0.490;p=0.000) concentrations. Individuals with higher estradiol and progesterone concentrations did not have high DRSP scores. In conclusion, CAR had a very high between-subject difference but had a low within-subject difference throughout the days of menstrual cycle, suggesting that CAR is a relatively stable personal trait. Moreover, the interplay between cortisol, progesterone and estradiol appears to be important for the severity of menstrual symptoms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Purpose: Menstrual symptoms are psychological and physical symptoms caused by hormonal changes according to the menstrual cycle, and many women complain of discomfort. This study was conducted to determine the factors that influence menstrual symptoms in female university students.Methods: Data collection was performed among 247 female students through convenient sampling at 2 universities in Korea, and the final analysis was conducted in 240 female students. Life style, women’s health characteristics, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and menstrual symptoms were assessed. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test, analysis of variance, and hierarchical regression analysis.Results: The results of hierarchical regression analysis of the variables that showed significant results among variables related to menstrual symptoms were as follows: amount of menstruation (β=0.20, p=0.001), use of scented candles (β=0.19, p=0.002), women's health-related disease (β=0.15, p=0.015), irregular exercise (β=0.14, p=0.021), the use of a styrofoam container for food packaging (β=0.14, p=0.035), and change in menstrual bleeding amount (β=0.13, p=0.037) had a significant positive effect on menstrual symptoms.Conclusion: In order to reduce the discomfort caused by menstrual symptoms, it is necessary to maintain a life style or women's health, and avoid the use of EDCs that have an impact on female reproductive hormones.

Bulletin, Female college athletes may face additional challenges from menstrual pain and symptoms that are linked to poor sleep quality and circadian disruption. We surveyed 266 Japanese college students, aged 18 to 22, and finally enrolled 196 athletes and 41 non-athletes into a study exploring links between athletics, poor sleep quality and menstrual symptoms including perceived pain. Subjective sleep quality was evaluated by using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index（ PSQI） and poor sleep quality was defined as PSQI scores higher than 6. Menstrual symptoms were evaluated by using Menstrual Distress Questionnaire （MDQ）, and pain intensity in the premenstrual phase and during menstruation were evaluated by using Visual Analog Scale（ VAS） from score 0 to 10. Out of 196 female athletes and 41 non-athletes, 88 athletes and 15 non-athletes were defined as poor sleep quality. Significant main effect in the difference of PSQI and in exercise status was seen in Pain intensity（ VAS） and in the total score of MDQ in both premenstrual phase and during menstruation. Although there was no significant interaction between the PSQI score and the exercise status, athletes with poor sleep quality showed a significant high score of pain intensity during menstruation, and total score of MDQ in both premenstrual phase and during menstruation than non-athletes with poor sleep quality. This is the first report to demonstrate such an association in Japanese college athletes and we recommend interventions to monitor before the athlete slips into a vicious and physically disruptive cycle that could impact sports performance and daily quality of life.

Dysmenorrhea is known as a painful period during menstruation. It is the widely prevalent and common complaint among young women, which affects their quality of life. The aim is to assess the prevalence of menstrual symptoms and primary dysmenorrhea during menstruation among medical undergraduates and its effects on the quality of their life. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 Medical undergraduates atSaveetha Medical college. The participants were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire on menstrual symptoms and primary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea was reported in 43.9% (27) of participants. Abdominal pain was reported in 78% (46), and 52% (31) of girls felt weak and tired during menses. In 40% (24) of girls, there has been a family history of primary dysmenorrhea. Abdominal pain was found to be highly prevalent among adolescent girls. Family history, bleeding duration, tiredness are some of the risk factors associated with primary dysmenorrhea.

Background Disturbed sleep and menstrual symptoms are prevalent health conditions with limited successful treatments. This study aimed to detect the association between sleep problems and menstrual symptoms among young women in Upper Egypt. In this cross-sectional study, 4122 young women aged 12 to 25 years and residing in Beni-Suef City were recruited using a multi-stage random method. The participants were interviewed for their premenstrual disorders, dysmenorrhea, average daily hours of sleep, and insomnia during the previous 6 months. Results Young women who reported sleep < 8 and < 7 h/day had more premenstrual spasm than those who slept ≥ 8 h/day: OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.5 and OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.6, respectively. Hours of sleep were not associated with other menstrual symptoms. Compared with those without insomnia, young women with insomnia were more likely to report premenstrual spasm (OR 2.3, 95% CI 18–2.8), nervousness (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.9–2.8), fatigue (OR 2.9, 95% CI 2.4–3.6), headache (OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.2–3.2), breast pain (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5–2.3), weight gain (OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.0–3.3), GIT disturbance (OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.2–3.6), and dysmenorrhea (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6–4.3). Conclusion Insomnia has been shown to be significantly associated with premenstrual symptoms and dysmenorrhea, but no substantial relationship has been indicated between hours of sleep and most menstrual symptoms.

Aim: Demographic features such as low income, low education, and living in a crowded or single-parent family increase young girls' premenstrual and menstrual symptoms such as pain, anxiety and bleeding, and affect negatively their healthy lifestyle. The purpose of the study was to analyze the relationship between healthy lifestyle behaviors and menstrual symptoms among young girls and their sociodemographic characteristics.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 1,130 students from four high schools providing full-time education in the Beylikduzu district of Istanbul between February 3, 2020, and March 1, 2020. Volunteer students whose families gave consent participated in the study. A personal identification form, the Menstrual Symptom Scale and the Healthy Lifestyle Behavior Scale-II (HLBS-II) were used to collect data in the study. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics version 23.Results: It was found that economic status and painful menstruation affected negatively healthy lifestyle behaviors, while living with one’s nuclear family affected positively healthy lifestyle behaviors; furthermore, chronic disease, painful menstruation, and family types other than the nuclear family affected negatively menstrual symptoms.Conclusions and Suggestions: Poor economic status and painful menstruation affected negatively healthy lifestyle behaviors, and chronic disease, painful menstruation and family type other than the nuclear family affected negatively menstrual symptoms. Researching how economic status and other sociodemographic characteristics affect menstrual symptoms in different groups may contribute to the literature more., Amaç: Düşük gelir, düşük eğitim, kalabalık veya tek ebeveynli bir ailede yaşama gibi demografik özellikler, genç kızların ağrı, kaygı, kanama gibi premenstürel ve menstürel semptomlarını artırmakta ve sağlıklı yaşam biçimlerini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Araştırmanın amacı, genç kızların sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ile menstürel semptomları arasındaki ilişkiyi ve sosyodemografik özelliklerini incelemektir.Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipteki bu araştırma, İstanbul ili Beylikdüzü ilçesinde tam zamanlı eğitim veren dört liseden 3 Şubat 2020 - 1 Mart 2020 tarihleri arasında 1130 öğrenci üzerinde yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya aileleri onam veren gönüllü öğrenciler katılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplamak için Kişisel Tanılama Formu, Menstrüel Semptom Ölçeği ve Sağlıklı Yaşam Tarzı Davranış Ölçeği-II kullanılmıştır. Analizler SPSS İstatistik versiyon 23 kullanılarak yapılmıştır.Bulgular: Ekonomik durum ve ağrılı adet görmenin sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarını olumsuz etkilemiş, çekirdek aile ile yaşamanın sağlıklı yaşam biçimidavranışlarını olumlu yönde etkilemiş; ayrıca kronik hastalık, ağrılı adet görme ve çekirdek aile dışındaki aile tipleri menstrüel semptomları olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir.Sonuç ve Öneriler : Kötü ekonomik durum ve ağrılı adet görme, sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarını olumsuz etkilerken, kronik hastalık, ağrılı adet görme ve çekirdek aile dışındaki aile tipi adet belirtilerini olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir. Ekonomik durumun ve diğer sosyodemografik özelliklerin menstrüel semptomları nasıl etkilediğinin daha farklı gruplarda araştırılması, literatüre daha fazla katkıda bulunabilir.

On March 12, 2019, an Advisory Board on impact of uterine bleedings on the quality of life of a woman was held in Kyiv, with participation of leading Ukrainian and European experts. According to opinion of international experts (guidelines of the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics from 2018), the choice of patient management tactics is not determined by measuring blood loss, but by the patient’s well-being (distress, decrease of work ability, sexual activity and quality of life). Menstrual inflammation is phisiological and menstrual symptoms are usually mild/minor or absent when three criteria are fulfilled: resolving (normal cytoarchitecture of the tissue is reconstructed, endometrium first); limited in time; adequate and sufficient by intensity to finalize the reconstruction to the histological and functional characteristics of the different tissues involved. At the same time, if local and systemic inflammation associated with menstruation is excessive by intensity and duration, it can cause different pathological symptoms. Severe menstrual symptoms are clinically correlated with local and systemic inflammation, which is not resolving (menstruation is excessive in duration and intensity). Therefore, reducing menstrual inflammation is important to reduce the frequency and intensity of menstrual symptoms and improve the quality of life of women of reproductive age. Women need appropriate stable levels of estrogen and progesterone to optimize their physical and mental health. During combined oral contraceptives selection for healthy women it is reasonable to give preference to contraceptives with short hormonal free interval (24+4, 26+2) compared to the traditional regimen (21+7), since the reduction of this interval provides a more stable level of estradiol, reduces the risk of casual ovulation in case of missed pill, increases contraceptive efficacy in comparison with the traditional regimen and reduce the incidence of hormone-withdrawal associated symptoms.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is defined as cyclic pelvic pain related to the menstrual period and can be classified into primary (PD) or secondary dysmenorrhea, due to increased synthesis and release of prostaglandins. Symptoms associated with PD can impact women's quality of life . Method: This is a cross-sectional study developed at the Research Laboratory for Physiotherapy in Women's Health (LAMU), Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) and approved by the Ethics and Research Committee on Human Beings. The research was disseminated online through social media and data collection was performed through Google's online forms platform, in which a semi-structured questionnaire was inserted regarding dysmenorrhea and associated factors and the Numerical Scale of Pain to assess dysmenorrhea in the last 5 years, the last 3 cycles and the last menstrual cycle. The association between qualitative variables was performed using Pearson's Chi-Square Test. The quantification of this association was measured using multinomial logistic regression models, with calculation of Odds Ratio and confidence interval. A significance level of 5% was considered. Result: 10070 women residing in Brazil answered the questionnaire, with an average age of 25.2 years (± 6.4). The prevalence of PD was 61.6%, considering the last menstrual cycle 78.1% (dysmenorrhea in the last 5 years), with 21.2% (last cycle) to 28.4% (last 5 years) of women reported the presence of menstrual cramps in severe form. The most common associated symptoms were indisposition, abdominal bloating and irritability. Women aged 18 to 23 years had a 1.4-fold increased risk of having moderate dysmenorrhea. In addition, nulliparous women are at a 1.4-fold increased risk for moderate pain and 1.4-fold for severe dysmenorrhea. The presence of menstrual pain since adolescence increases the risk of moderate pain by 4.3 times and 7.2 for severe pain in adulthood. Conclusion: The prevalence of dysmenorrhea found in this study ranged from 61.6% to 78.1% when considering the three time periods of the questionnaire (last cycle, last 3 cycles and last 5 years). In addition to dysmenorrhea, women had several associated symptoms, the most common of which were indisposition, irritability and a feeling of abdominal bloating. Moderate dysmenorrhea is associated with younger women (18 to 23 years old), nulliparity and the occurrence of menstrual pain since adolescence. Introdução: A dismenorreia é definida como uma dor pélvica cíclica relacionada ao período menstrual e pode ser classificada em dismenorreia primária (DP) ou secundária, ocorre pelo aumento da síntese e liberação de prostaglandinas. Os sintomas associados à DP podem impactar a qualidade de vida das mulheres. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal desenvolvido no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fisioterapia em Saúde da Mulher (LAMU), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa em Seres Humanos. A divulgação da pesquisa foi realizada de forma online por meio de mídias sociais e a coleta dos dados foi realizado por meio da plataforma de formulários online do Google, no qual foi inserido um questionário semiestruturado a respeito da dismenorreia e fatores associados e a Escala Numérica de Dor para avaliar a dismenorreia nos últimos 5 anos, 3 últimos ciclos e último ciclo menstrual. A associação entre as variáveis qualitativas foi realizada pelo Teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson. A quantificação desta associação foi mensurada por meio de modelos de regressão logística multinomial, com cálculo do Odds Ratio e intervalo de confiança. Foi considerado um nível de significância de 5%. Resultado: Responderam ao questionário 10070 mulheres residentes no Brasil, com média de idade de 25,2 anos (± 6,4). A prevalência da DP foi de 61,6%, considerando o último ciclo menstrual 78,1% (dismenorreia nos últimos 5 anos), sendo que 21,2% (último ciclo) a 28,4% (últimos 5 anos) das mulheres relatou a presença de cólica menstrual na forma intensa. Os sintomas associados mais comuns foram indisposição, sensação de inchaço abdominal e irritabilidade. Mulheres com idade entre 18 e 23 anos apresentaram um risco aumentado de 1,4 vezes de apresentar dismenorreia moderada. Além disso, mulheres nulíparas apresentam risco aumentado em 1,4 vezes para dor moderada e 1,4 vezes para dismenorreia intensa. A presença de dor menstrual desde a adolescência aumenta o risco de dor moderada em 4,3 vezes e 7,2 para dor intensa na vida adulta. Conclusão: A prevalência de dismenorreia encontrado neste estudo variou de 61,6% a 78,1% quando considerado os três períodos de tempo do questionário (último ciclo, últimos 3 ciclos e últimos 5 anos). Além da dismenorreia, as mulheres apresentaram diversos sintomas associados, sendo os mais comuns indisposição, irritabilidade e sensação de inchaço abdominal. A dismenorreia moderada está associada a mulheres mais jovens (18 a 23 anos), nuliparidade e a ocorrência de dor menstrual desde a adolescência. CAPES: Código de Financiamento 001

The menstrual cycle is an important biological process in women that is associated with a range of physical symptoms, which can shape how women think, feel, and participate in activities of daily life. This study employed a mixed-methods design to investigate adult women’s physical activity throughout the menstrual cycle. One hundred and twenty-eight participants completed an online questionnaire that explored events of the menstrual cycle (e.g., bleeding, pain, fatigue) and physical activity. Semistructured interviews with 21 questionnaire respondents unpacked individual experiences of physical activity throughout the menstrual cycle. From the questionnaire data, 44 participants were categorized as avoiders and 84 as nonavoiders of physical activity due to menstrual events. Avoiders of physical activity reported longer periods, heavier menstrual flow, and higher levels of fatigue and pain compared with nonavoiders. Interviews revealed that avoidance of physical activity ranged from complete avoidance to adaptation (e.g., types of exercise). Reasons for avoidance and adaptation of physical activity included menstrual symptoms, personal thoughts, and concerns about other people’s views of the period. The present study findings emphasize the importance of not only evaluating prevalent physical symptoms, but also unpacking women’s individual perspectives and established societal norms to better understand and normalize physical activity throughout the menstrual cycle.

Background Menstrual symptoms have been identified as a substantial burden among women of reproductive age, affecting their health status and quality of life globally. A range of menstrual symptoms have been studied as they affect the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), showing variations across specific menstrual symptoms and study settings. A major concern is demonstrated due to menstrual symptoms in women’s professional and social life, and consequently societal and economic loss for women and the society at large. Yet evidence is scarce that estimates the index form HRQoL score related to menstrual symptoms that is needed for health economic evaluations. Methods This study aims to investigate the association between menstrual symptoms and the HRQoL among working women in Japan in an index form, using a self-reporting questionnaire (n = 6048). The EQ-5D-3L (EuroQoL 5-dimension 3-level) is used that is a widely used tool to measure health outcomes for health economic evaluations globally. Multivariate regression analysis is conducted to assess the association between the HRQoL score and specific nineteen physical and mental conditions related to menstruation (e.g., pain, heavy bleeding, concentration, negative affect). Results The index form HRQoL score for menstrual symptoms is estimated as 0.682 in the study population (where a score one suggests perfect health). The association of the HRQoL score varies substantially across the menstrual symptoms. Several of the physical conditions and disorders show a substantial negative association with the HRQoL score. Also, most of the mental and psychological issues are significantly and negatively related to the HRQoL score. Conclusions This study suggests that HRQoL is substantially and negatively affected by menstruation among working women in Japan. Distinct variations of negative influences across menstrual symptoms underscore the multi-dimensional nature of menstruation and consequently the need of collective interventions to address these difficulties. The evidence of HRQoL continues to be an important area for future research on women’s health and health economic evaluations to inform effective and efficient resource allocations for relevant health policies and financing strategies.

Dysmenorrohoea is most common menstrual symptoms among adolescent girls and young women. Dysmenorrohoea may be thought of as either primary or secondary. It is defined as cramping in the lower abdomen occurring just before or during menstruation. This problem occurs because of luxurious life, lack of physical exercise, oily spicy salty food. Pain is the main feature of Kashtartava. In modern medicine is treated by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antispasmodic, oral contraceptive pills etc. long term use of this cause causes side effect.so safe potent effective remedy form Ayurveda for its management. Pain is kashtartava related with vat dosha. Trivritta sneh is vata shamak. According to charak in kashtartava vata dosha get pratilom gati. Matra basti is the main line of treatment for vataj Vyadhi. So use of Trivritta sneh Matra basti is beneficial and safe above condition.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı primer dismenoreli Türk kadınlarda ağrı şiddetine göre fiziksel aktivite düzeyini, yaşam kalitesini ve menstrüel semptomlarını karşılaştırılmaktı.Gereç ve Yöntem: Primer dismenoreli kadınlar (n = 333) ağrı şiddetine göre hafif, orta ve şiddetli-ağrı gruplarına ayrıldı. Fiziksel ve demografik özellikler sorgulandı. Ağrı şiddeti, fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ve yaşam kalitesi sırasıyla Görsel Analog Skalası, Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi-7 (UFAA-7) ve 36-Maddelik Kısa Form Sağlık Anketi (KF-36) ile değerlendirildi. Menstrüel semptomlar kaydedildi.Bulgular: UFAA-7 skorları üç grup arasında fark göstermedi (p > 0,05). Şiddetli-ağrı grubunda KF-36’nın fiziksel fonksiyon, vücut ağrısı, emosyonel ve fiziksel problemlere bağlı rol kısıtlaması skorları hafif-ağrı grubundan daha azdı (p < 0,05). Orta-ağrı grubunda KF-36’nın fiziksel fonksiyon ve vücut ağrısı skorları hafif - ağrı grubundan daha azdı (p < 0,05). Orta-ağrı grubunda KF-36’nın emosyonel problemlere bağlı rol kısıtlaması ve vücut ağrı skorları şiddetli-ağrı grubundan daha fazlaydı (p < 0,05). Şiddetli ağrı grubunda diğer gruplardan daha fazla sayıda menstrüel semptom vardı (p < 0,05).Sonuç: Bu çalışmada primer dismenoreli Türk kadınlarda fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ve menstrüel ağrı şiddeti arasında fark olmadığı görüldü. Ek olarak daha yüksek menstrüel ağrı şiddetine sahip olan kadınlar daha düşük yaşam kalitesi ve daha yüksek menstrüel semptom sıklığına sahipti. Böylece primer dismenorenin yönetiminde bu parametreler dikkate alınmalıdır., Objective: The aim of this study was to compare physical activity, quality of life, and menstrual symptoms by pain intensity in Turkish women with primary dysmenorrhea.Method: Women with primary dysmenorrhea (n = 333) were divided into mild, moderate and severe-pain groups based on pain intensity. Physical and demographic characteristics of the participants were recorded. Pain intensity by Visual Analogue Scale, physical activity level by International Physical Activity Questionnaire-7 (IPAQ-7), quality of life by Short Form-36 (SF-36) were assessed. The presence of menstrual symptoms was recorded. Result: Physical functioning, bodily pain, vitality, role limitations due to emotional and physical problems scores of SF-36 in the severe-pain group were lower than in the mild-pain group (p < 0.05). Physical functioning and bodily pain scores of SF-36 in the moderate-pain group were lower than in the mild-pain group (p < 0.05). Role limitations due to emotional problems and bodily pain scores of SF-36 in the moderate-pain group were higher than in the severe-pain group (p < 0.05). IPAQ-7 scores did not show difference among three groups (p > 0.05). Severe-pain group had a greater number of menstrual symptoms than other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, there was no difference between physical activity level and menstrual pain intensities in Turkish women with primary dysmenorrhea. In addition, the higher menstrual pain intensity was associated with lower quality of life and higher frequency of menstrual symptoms. Therefore, these parameters should be taken into account for assessment and treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.

Conventional treatments for cyclic perimenstrual pain and discomfort, while numerous and diverse, have drawbacks including side effects, interference with women's reproductive function and, importantly, failure to address symptoms. Many women turn to herbal medicine to treat a myriad of menstrual symptoms. Clinical evidence supports the efficacy of Vitex agnus-castus but other medicinal herbs typically used by Western herbalists for treating menstrual symptoms are unsupported by clinical trials. This raises concerns around the efficacy and safety of these herbs. Women's treatment options need to be extended and individualised, where current conventional strategies fail, requiring appropriate clinical trials of potentially useful herbal medicines.

On March 12, 2019, an Advisory Board on impact of uterine bleedings on the quality of life of a woman was held in Kyiv, with participation of leading Ukrainian and European experts. According to opinion of international experts (guidelines of the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics from 2018), the choice of patient management tactics is not determined by measuring blood loss, but by the patient’s well-being (distress, decrease of work ability, sexual activity and quality of life). Menstrual inflammation is phisiological and menstrual symptoms are usually mild/minor or absent when three criteria are fulfilled: resolving (normal cytoarchitecture of the tissue is reconstructed, endometrium first); limited in time; adequate and sufficient by intensity to finalize the reconstruction to the histological and functional characteristics of the different tissues involved. At the same time, if local and systemic inflammation associated with menstruation is excessive by intensity and duration, it can cause different pathological symptoms. Severe menstrual symptoms are clinically correlated with local and systemic inflammation, which is not resolving (menstruation is excessive in duration and intensity). Therefore, reducing menstrual inflammation is important to reduce the frequency and intensity of menstrual symptoms and improve the quality of life of women of reproductive age. Women need appropriate stable levels of estrogen and progesterone to optimize their physical and mental health. During combined oral contraceptives selection for healthy women it is reasonable to give preference to contraceptives with short hormonal free interval (24+4, 26+2) compared to the traditional regimen (21+7), since the reduction of this interval provides a more stable level of estradiol, reduces the risk of casual ovulation in case of missed pill, increases contraceptive efficacy in comparison with the traditional regimen and reduce the incidence of hormone-withdrawal associated symptoms.

On March 12, 2019, an Advisory Board on impact of uterine bleedings on the quality of life of a woman was held in Kyiv, with participation of leading Ukrainian and European experts.According to opinion of international experts (guidelines of the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics from 2018), the choice of patient management tactics is not determined by measuring blood loss, but by the patient’s well-being (distress, decrease of work ability, sexual activity and quality of life).Menstrual inflammation is phisiological and menstrual symptoms are usually mild/minor or absent when three criteria are fulfilled: resolving (normal cytoarchitecture of the tissue is reconstructed, endometrium first); limited in time; adequate and sufficient by intensity to finalize the reconstruction to the histological and functional characteristics of the different tissues involved. At the same time, if local and systemic inflammation associated with menstruation is excessive by intensity and duration, it can cause different pathological symptoms. Severe menstrual symptoms are clinically correlated with local and systemic inflammation, which is not resolving (menstruation is excessive in duration and intensity). Therefore, reducing menstrual inflammation is important to reduce the frequency and intensity of menstrual symptoms and improve the quality of life of women of reproductive age.Women need appropriate stable levels of estrogen and progesterone to optimize their physical and mental health. During combined oral contraceptives selection for healthy women it is reasonable to give preference to contraceptives with short hormonal free interval (24+4, 26+2) compared to the traditional regimen (21+7), since the reduction of this interval provides a more stable level of estradiol, reduces the risk of casual ovulation in case of missed pill, increases contraceptive efficacy in comparison with the traditional regimen and reduce the incidence of hormone-withdrawal associated symptoms., 12 марта 2019 г. в Киеве состоялось заседание Экспертного совета по вопросам влияния маточных кровотечений на качество жизни женщины, к работе которого были привлечены ведущие отечественные и европейские специалисты. Согласно мнению международных экспертов (клинические рекомендации Национального института здоровья и качества медицинской помощи Великобритании и Международной федерации гинекологии и акушерства от 2018 г.), выбор тактики ведения пациентки определяется не результатом измерения кровопотери, а самочувствием женщины (дистресс, снижение работоспособности, сексуальной активности и качества жизни).Менструальные симптомы, как правило, являются легкими и незначительными или вообще отсутствуют при условии, если менструальное воспаление соответствует следующим трем критериям: «завершается»(восстанавливается нормальная цитоархитектура ткани, прежде всего эндометрия); ограничено во времени; адекватно и достаточно по интенсивности для завершения восстановления гистологических и функциональных характеристик привлеченных тканей. Однако если локальное и системное воспаление, ассоциированное с менструацией, является чрезмерным по интенсивности и продолжительности, оно вызывает различные патологические симптомы. Тяжелые менструальные симптомы клинически коррелируют с местным и системным воспалением, которое не заканчивается (менструация избыточна по продолжительности и интенсивности). Поэтому подавление менструального воспаления является важным для уменьшения частоты проявлений и интенсивности менструальных симптомов и улучшения качества жизни женщин репродуктивного возраста.Для оптимизации физического и психического здоровья женщинам необходимы надлежащие стабильные уровни эстрогенов и прогестерона. При выборе комбинированных оральных контрацептивов для здоровых женщин целесообразно отдавать предпочтение препаратам с коротким безгормональным интервалом (24+4, 26+2) по сравнению с традиционным режимом (21+7). Сокращение этого интервала обеспечивает более стабильный уровень эстрадиола, снижает риск случайной овуляции при пропуске таблеток, повышает резерв контрацептивной надежности по сравнению с традиционным режимом, а также позволяет уменьшить частоту появления симптомов, ассоциированных с отменой гормонов., 12 березня 2019 р. у Києві відбулося засідання Експертної ради з питань впливу маткових кровотеч на якість життя жінки, до роботи якої були залучені провідні вітчизняні та європейські фахівці.Згідно з думкою міжнародних експертів (клінічні рекомендації Національного інституту здоров'я і якості медичної допомоги Великобританії та Міжнародної федерації гінекології та акушерства від 2018 р.), вибір тактики ведення пацієнтки визначається не результатом вимірювання крововтрати, а самопочуттям жінки (дистрес, зниження працездатності, сексуальної активності та якості життя).Менструальні симптоми зазвичай є легкими і незначними або взагалі відсутні за умови, якщо менструальне запалення відповідає наступним трьом критеріям: «завершується» (відновлюється нормальна цитоархітектура тканини, перш за все ендометрія); обмежене в часі; адекватне і достатнє за інтенсивністю для завершення відновлення гістологічних та функціональних характеристик залучених тканин. Однак якщо локальне і системне запалення, асоційоване з менструацією, є надмірним за інтенсивністю і тривалістю, воно викликає різні патологічні симптоми. Тяжкі менструальні симптоми клінічно корелюють з місцевим та системним запаленням, яке не завершується (менструація є надмірною за тривалістю та інтенсивністю). Тому пригнічення менструального запалення є важливим для зменшення частоти проявів та інтенсивності менструальних симптомів і покращення якості життя жінок репродуктивного віку.Для оптимізації фізичного та психічного здоров`я жінкам необхідні належні стабільні рівнів естрогенів та прогестерону. При виборі комбінованих оральних контрацептивів для здорових жінок доцільно віддавати перевагу препаратам із коротким безгормональним інтервалом (24+4, 26+2) у порівнянні з традиційним режимом (21+7). Скорочення цього інтервалу забезпечує більш стабільний рівень естрадіолу, знижує ризик випадкової овуляції в разі пропуску таблеток, підвищує резерв контрацептивної надійності в порівнянні з традиційним режимом, а також дозволяє зменшити частоту появи симптомів, асоційованих з відміною гормонів.

With increasing rates of delivery by caesarean section has come an increase in rates of associated complications, including caesarean scar defect. Whilst the management of this issue remains controversial, evidence is building for surgical management of such a defect for resolution of menstrual symptoms, pain and subfertility. We present a case report and surgical video of a hysteroscopic guided, laparoscopic excision of a caesarean scar defect. Following the successful management of this case and a literature review of the technique, we conclude this to be a safe, feasible and effective procedure with a low rate of complications.

Objective: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological problems among females but the evidence of alternative methods to cope with it is not enough. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a four-week group aerobic training program on premenstrual symptoms, menstrual symptoms, emotional state, and quality of life in females with primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to aerobic exercise group (AEG) (n=18) and control group (CG) (n=19). AEG attended to group aerobic training program, three times a week for four weeks while CG did not participate in a regular physical activity. Premenstrual Syndrome scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI,) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Short Form-36 (SF-36) were conducted to the participants. The intensity of menstrual symptoms was assessed with visual analogue scale at seven different times within the first three days of menstruation phase. Initial and final assessments were performed in two consecutive months. Results: Premenstrual symptoms (p=0.012) and some of the menstrual symptoms including low back pain at the beginning of bleeding (p=0.012), and abdominal pain at the second hour decreased (p=0.021) in AEG. Additionally, social aspect domain of SF-36 significantly increased (p=0.044) after exercise while there were no significant differences in BAI, and BDI scores (p>0.05). Conclusion: Four-week group aerobic training program is effective in reducing premenstrual symptoms contributes to reduce menstrual symptoms and improve quality of life in females with primary dysmenorrhea. © 2019 Galenos Publishing House. All rights reserved.

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecologic disorders that affects women’s quality of life and social activities. Lifestyle, eating behaviors, and general health are essential to the management of menstrual symptoms. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between lifestyle and primary dysmenorrhea in students at Sari University of Medical Sciences in 2015 in order to facilitate the performance of lifestyle-improving interventions among young women. Methods: This study was conducted on 250 students with and without primary dysmenorrhea at Sari University of Medical Sciences in 2015. Data were collected using personal-social and lifestyle questionnaires (addressing nutrition, physical activity, stress, social relationships, improper health behaviors, and self-care). The data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 18, using the independent-samples t-test, the chi-squared test, and logistic regression analysis. Results: Given the scores obtained on the lifestyle questionnaire, significant differences were observed between the groups with and without dysmenorrhea in terms of eating behavior (p=0.008), physical activity (p=0.011), stress (p=0.041), and social relationships (p=0.000). No differences were observed in terms of self-care (p=0.115) and smoking, drinking, and drug use (p=0.355). According to the logistic regression analysis, age (OR=1.208, p=0.014), physical activity (OR=1.008, p=0.040) and social relationship (OR=0.952, p=0.002) were different in the two groups, but there was no statistical differences in their eating behavior, self-care, and stress. Conclusion: To prevent and reduce the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea, knowledge and awareness should be raised in young women through proper lifestyle education and health promotion measures.