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IntroductionSelf-regulated learning skills are necessary for academic success. While not all students entering post-secondary education are proficient at many of these critical skills, they can be improved upon when practiced. However, self-regulation tends to be highly internal, making it difficult to measure. One form of measurement comes from using data traces collected from educational software. These allow researchers to make strong empirical inferences about a student's internal state. Automatically captured data traces also make it possible to provide automated interventions that help students practice and master self-regulated learning skills.Methods/resultsUsing an experimental methodology we created a set of promising data traces that are grounded in theory to study self-regulated learning within a typical Computer Science course. Extra attention is given to studying the skill of help-seeking, which is both a key to success in CS and requires unobtrusive observation to properly measure.DiscussionWe also make the case for taking a broader perspective with our data collection efforts. The traces identified in this paper are not from one source, but the full ecosystem of software tools common to CS courses.

Abstract Background The main challenge in heritage education is to identify the verbs—and their hierarchical relations—that explain heritage learning as based on empirical evidence. The Heritage Learning Sequence (HLS) selects seven verbs (Knowing-Understanding-Respecting-Valuing-Caring-Enjoying-Transmitting) on the basis of (a) theoretical studies, (b) analyses of international standards, and (c) evaluation of heritage education programs. The study has the following objectives: (a) to clarify the heritage learning process; (b) to test a theoretical model that groups the verbs that make up the Heritage Learning Sequence (HLS), as well as the relationships between them; (c) to identify possible sub-models that explain the different heritage learning itineraries. Methods The Q-Herilearn scale (previously calibrated using SEM and IRT models) was administered to $$N = 1454$$ N = 1454 individuals, focusing on seven factors (corresponding to each HLS verb) that measure heritage learning. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used as a general analytical strategy. Findings The results obtained provided sufficient guarantees to validate the HLS and showed the adequate explanatory and predictive power and general fit of the proposed model (Heritage Learning Model); all twelve hypothesized direct influence relations between the main verbs that define heritage learning were confirmed. The statistical significance values suggested the existence of other internal subsequences that could be explored in further studies. Contribution Learning modeling provides a key structural framework for (a) the design of effective, efficient, and comprehensive tools to measure heritage learning and (b) their operationalization in heritage education designs.

Many methods have been developed since the 1980s to measure Brand Equity (BE). These methods range from theoretical and pragmatic approaches to qualitative methods that determine the rankings of remembrance, emotionality, and valuation based on the likelihood of purchasing a good, or service. The goal of this systematic review was to identify gaps in the literature and provide recommendations for future research by analyzing and summarizing the available data on models used to quantify BE. A systematic search of Dialnet, Ebsco, Google Scholar, Isi We of Knowledge, Redalyc, Science Direct, Scopus, Scielo, and Web of Science was performed using PRISMA principles. Of the 551 abstracts screened, only 23 met inclusion criteria. The review showed that no model allows for a comprehensive evaluation of BE. This makes it easier for us to understand and recognize their benefits, and drawbacks. Although there are many variations, none has been adequately verified to be reliably quantified. The combination of variables between the models indicates that the measurement does not produce an agreement between the theoretical and pragmatic. Everybody tries to appreciate the intangible, yet they all overlook branding messaging. Our findings shows that a thorough proposal incorporating a model that enables the inclusion of both tangible and intangible BE factors is required.

Just as receptive emotional abilities, productive emotional abilities are essential for social communication. Although individual differences in receptive emotional abilities, such as perceiving and recognizing emotions, are well-investigated, individual differences in productive emotional abilities, such as the ability to express emotions in the face, are largely neglected. Consequently, little is known about how emotion expression abilities fit in a nomological network of related abilities and typical behavior. We developed a multitask battery for measuring the ability to pose emotional expressions scored with facial expression recognition software. With three multivariate studies (n1 = 237; n2 = 141; n3 = 123), we test competing measurement models of emotion posing and relate this construct with other socio-emotional traits and cognitive abilities. We replicate the measurement model that includes a general factor of emotion posing, a nested task-specific factor, and emotion-specific factors. The emotion-posing ability factor is moderately to strongly related to receptive socio-emotional abilities, weakly related to general cognitive abilities, and weakly related to extraversion. This is strong evidence that emotion posing is a cognitive interpersonal ability. This new understanding of abilities in emotion communication opens a gateway for studying individual differences in social interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survival analysis has several advantages, including the ability to handle incomplete data. In general, the explanatory variables used in survival analysis are manifest variables. In other fields such as social sciences, variables such as perception, attitudes, and psychology are often involved in statistical analysis. This research aims to model cox proportional hazard regression on data with latent variable types. Research was conducted in the banking sector using Likert scale questionnaire data. It will examine how the assessment of the 5C variable in the form of a latent variable relates to the time of delay in credit payments. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to form a re ectively latent variable indicator model which was then formed into a cox proportional hazards regression model. The results show that all 5C variable assessments in uence the speed of credit payments. The novelty in this research lies in the use of indicator analysis models to form latent variables before undergoing survival. The resulting interpretation and conclusions are expected to provide more in-depth information because they include the relationship between survival time and indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demands to improve electronic government systems are increasing due to the large gap in the unsuccessful implementation in government. This study aimed to develop a measurement model consisting of policy, governance, and service, resources (usage) variables with their indicators to reduce the gap. A quantitative method was used with structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis based on partial least square (PLS) variance using SmartPLS version 3.0 software. Data collection for this study involved the direct distribution of questionnaires to 320 respondents, resulting in a successful collection rate of 95.3%. Subsequently, the collected data underwent analysis using the stages of SEM techniques. The results of the study show that the developed measurement models and indicators can be used as measuring tools for the execution of e-government. The developed model exhibits a satisfactory level of predictive relevance concerning the relationships among the variables, namely policy, governance, service, and usage. Furthermore, hypothesis testing was conducted to assess the validity of the proposed hypotheses within the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the challenge of solving aircraft's visual navigation results using scene matching, this paper introduces the spherical EPnP positioning posture-solving method, which incorporates the threshold value for the central angle and the construction of a measurement model. The detailed steps are as follows: Firstly, the positioning coordinate model of the Earth's surface is constructed to ensure the expression of the three-dimensional coordinates of the Earth's surface. The positioning is then solved by employing the EPnP positioning posture-solving algorithm on the constructed data model. Secondly, by comparing and analyzing the positioning posture values of approximate plane coordinates, the critical value is determined, which serves as a reference for plane calculations. Lastly, a theoretical measurement model for visual height and central angle is constructed, taking into account the decided central angle threshold value. The simulation experiment demonstrates that using spherical coordinates as input results in an average positioning precision that is 16.42 percent higher compared to using plane coordinates as input. When the central angle is less than 0.5 degrees and the surface area is smaller than 55850 2 square meters, the positioning precision of plane coordinates is comparable to that of spherical coordinates. In such instances, the sphere can be approximated as flat. The findings of this study provide important theoretical guidance for further research on scene-matching positioning posture solving. These results hold significant implications for both theoretical research and engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Tracking clinical outcomes during therapy can be useful for improving both clinical practice and research. For repeated data collection, short, reliable, and valid measures of central aspects of psychopathology are necessary. The current paper investigates the psychometric properties of two short surveys for measuring central dimensions of psychopathology in youth. Methods We investigated the factor structure and validity of the Norwegian translations of the Behavior and Feelings Survey (BFS) and the Brief Problem Monitor (BPM). The BFS has previously shown a two-factor structure and indications of validity as a measure of internalizing and externalizing problems in youth. The BPM has support for a three-factor structure of internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems. In our sample of 503 patients (56% female, age 6 to 18) in a Norwegian outpatient clinic, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses to test the assumed measurement models and further considered the concurrent validity of the measures. Results Internal reliability of both measures were good. The results suggest that the assumed measurement models for both questionnaires only partly fit our data but that subscales of the BFS and BPM still indicate convergent validity. Scores on subscales (internalizing and externalizing problems) on both measures converged with relevant subscales as well as with relevant groups of diagnoses. Conclusions Alternative measurement models, and the usefulness and limitations of these short-form questionnaires for internalizing and externalizing problems, are discussed.

The relevant evolution of social networks and the expansion of digitalization has led to significant changes in the classical processes used by Moroccan companies in different fields such as marketing, human resources management, etc. This paper investigates the effects of digitalization on the attractiveness of Moroccan companies in terms of recruitment and safeguarding these constructs by using structural equation models according to the PLS approach. The study was carried out to touch 74 companies in different sectors. The study showed positive relationships between management support, digitalization, and recruitment performance (defined as the attractiveness of a company for recruitment and federalization of employees). The results show that the T-statistics are equal to 67.55, 6.862, and 5.941, respectively. The Q² value is 0.884 for scanning and 0.937 for performance, which means that the model is predictive in nature. The GoF is 1.388, which means that model is sufficiently large for the overall validity of the PLS model. While jobseeker behavior and competitive intensity did not affect recruitment performance because the test T-statistics is less than 1.64, the two factors have no moderating effect as the p-values are 0.228 and 0.082, respectively, exceeding the threshold of 0.05.

Land fragmentation is one of the most important factors hindering the mechanization and scale of agriculture. To further alleviate the negative impact of arable land fragmentation, a more accurate model for measuring arable land fragmentation is needed. Using 0.1 resolution UAV images and farm survey data, we obtained spatial and tenure data of farming land in Baidu Village through ArcGis and other software, and analyzed the results and correlations of farming plot area, plot shape and plot dispersion indicators in the study area. A road accessibility index that integrates terrain slope and road network is proposed to characterize the dispersion of land parcels for the first time, and is compared with two road accessibility models that do not take into account terrain slope and road network. The results show that the dispersion index of farm plots is the most influential indicator on the fragmentation of farm plots, followed by the area index of farm plots, and finally the shape index of farm plots; the new model of measuring the fragmentation of farm plots based on natural surface elements and road networks is closer to the real situation and more accurate in portraying the degree of fragmentation of farm plots.

To address the challenge of solving aircraft’s visual navigation results using scene matching, this paper introduces the spherical EPnP positioning posture-solving method, which incorporates the threshold value for the central angle and the construction of a measurement model. The detailed steps are as follows: Firstly, the positioning coordinate model of the Earth’s surface is constructed to ensure the expression of the three-dimensional coordinates of the Earth’s surface. The positioning is then solved by employing the EPnP positioning posture-solving algorithm on the constructed data model. Secondly, by comparing and analyzing the positioning posture values of approximate plane coordinates, the critical value is determined, which serves as a reference for plane calculations. Lastly, a theoretical measurement model for visual height and central angle is constructed, taking into account the decided central angle threshold value. The simulation experiment demonstrates that using spherical coordinates as input results in an average positioning precision that is 16.42 percent higher compared to using plane coordinates as input. When the central angle is less than 0.5 degrees and the surface area is smaller than 558502 square meters, the positioning precision of plane coordinates is comparable to that of spherical coordinates. In such instances, the sphere can be approximated as flat. The findings of this study provide important theoretical guidance for further research on scene-matching positioning posture solving. These results hold significant implications for both theoretical research and engineering applications.

Background: Tracking clinical outcomes during therapy can be useful for improving both clinical practice and research. For repeated data collection, short, reliable, and valid measures of central aspects of psychopathology are necessary. The current paper investigates the psychometric properties of two short surveys for measuring central dimensions of psychopathology in youth. Methods: We investigated the factor structure and validity of the Norwegian translations of the Behavior and Feelings Survey (BFS) and the Brief Problem Monitor (BPM). The BFS has previously shown a two-factor structure and indications of validity as a measure of internalizing and externalizing problems in youth. The BPM has support for a three-factor structure of internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems. In our sample of 503 patients (56% female, age 6 to 18) in a Norwegian outpatient clinic, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses to test the assumed measurement models and further considered the concurrent validity of the measures. Results: Internal reliability of both measures were good. The results suggest that the assumed measurement models for both questionnaires only partly fit our data but that subscales of the BFS and BPM still indicate convergent validity. Scores on subscales (internalizing and externalizing problems) on both measures converged with relevant subscales as well as with relevant groups of diagnoses. Conclusions: Alternative measurement models, and the usefulness and limitations of these short-form questionnaires for internalizing and externalizing problems, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accounting is a logical knowledge tool based on a system of rules that thinking must follow in order to achieve goals. This objective generally takes into account the construction of the true image of reality, using the accounting principles that influence the quality of accounting information. This study highlights the assessing methods for the quality of accounting information. The analysis shows that there are certain methods that are used to measure and assess the quality and usefulness of accounting information to determine the extent to which the financial statements match each of the qualitative characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to review existing healthcare service quality-measurement models. Design/methodology/approach – A review of the literature was conducted utilizing keywords “healthcare”, “service quality”, “measurement models”, “SERVQUAL”, “SERVPERF”, “HEALTHQUAL”, “PubHosQual” and “HospitalQual”. These investigations were selected from the “Emerald”, “ABI/Inform”, “ScienceDirect” and “EBSCOhost” databases. A range of studies used in the makeup of the healthcare quality-measurement model for a 36 years period (1979 to 2015) were examined in an exhaustive survey of the literature. Of 137 studies reviewed, 74 studies were selected for analysis. Findings – As yet, no consensus has been reached among scholars on the definition and indicators and factors of the quality of the healthcare services. Moreover, most of the current models are of Western origin and incongruent with the cultural and economic contexts of developing countries. The previous studies create scales resembling the generic measures of service quality, which may not be completely appropriate for assessing the perceived quality of healthcare services. Furthermore, previous studies were too narrow, overemphasizing the quality of healthcare only as far as the functional aspect of the services were concerned and paying too little attention to the technical aspects, using the experience of healthcare providers. These results have much room for failures. This is therefore advising healthcare organizations that need to develop their own models for measuring the quality of their services. Originality/value – Generic models no longer suffice in measuring the quality of healthcare services. Developing countries should try and develop their own models for measuring the quality of healthcare services.

The paper presents a detailed theoretical background for coordinate measurement uncertainty evaluation by means of Type B evaluation method, taking into account information on accuracy of a coordinate measuring system given with the formula for maximum permissible errors of length measurement and verification test results. A proposal for evaluation of the verification test results is made. A measurement model based on the point-plane distance equation is presented. A detailed analysis of the partial derivatives (sensitivity factors in an uncertainty budget) of the measurement model is presented. The analyses of measurement uncertainty for different geometrical characteristicswere conducted using this measurement model. Examples of uncertainty evaluation for geometrical deviations are presented: position of a point related to a datum plane and flatness in the case of convex or concave surfaces. The examples include detailed uncertainty budgets.

Abstract Background Research concerning the causes and consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV), particularly in less developed areas of the world, has become prominent in the last two decades. Although a number of potential causal factors have been investigated the current consensus is that attitudes toward IPV on the individual level, likely representing perceptions of normative behavior, and the normative acceptability of IPV on the aggregate level likely play key roles. Measurement of both is generally approached through either binary indicators of acceptability of any type of IPV or additive composite indexes of multiple indicators. Both strategies imply untested assumptions which potentially have important implications for both research into the causes and consequences of IPV as well as interventions aimed to reduce its prevalence. Methods Using survey data from rural Senegal collected in 2014, this analysis estimates latent class measurement models of attitudes concerning the acceptability of IPV. We investigate the dimensional structure of IPV ideation and test the parallel indicator assumption implicit in common measurement strategies, as well as structural and measurement invariance between men and women. Results We find that a two-class model of the acceptability of IPV in which the conditional probability of class membership is allowed to vary between the sexes is preferred for both men and women. Though the assumption of structural invariance between men and women is supported, measurement invariance and the assumption of parallel indicators (or equivalence of indicators used) are not. Conclusions Measurement strategies conventionally used to operationalize the acceptability of IPV, key to modeling perceptions of norms around IPV, are a poor fit to the data used here. Research concerning the measurement characteristics of IPV acceptability is a precondition for adequate investigation of its causes and consequences, as well as for intervention efforts aimed at reducing or eliminating IPV.

In this paper, a bibliometric and documentary analysis of leadership, leadership styles and leadership methods of identification in companies over the last decade was carried out. To this end, a systematic review of scientific publications contained in Scopus databases between 2009 and 2019 was performed. The search engines of the National Library System of the National University of Colombia and Google Scholar were used to retrieve the publications. A total of 950 scientific papers were reviewed for the bibliometric analysis. As a result of this analysis, different leadership styles were identified, the number of which varied depending both on the author and on the identification method. The study concludes that the transformational leadership style prevails in the scientific literature. In addition, the analysis found that the Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) is the instrument that allows identifying in greater depth the leadership style characteristics.

Theories in the domain of healthcare service quality have evolved over time. To consolidate the healthcare service dimensions, there are various studies illustrating measurement models for the healthcare industry. The objective of this paper is to review various SERVQUAL models and practices in the domain of the healthcare industry. The nature of the paper is conceptual with a review of various SERVQUAL models referred fromsecondary databases. The findings from the review conclude that Western contexts and models are different from the healthcare context of developing countries especially in Africa as a result of the cultural background and socio-economic variations. The healthcare service quality measurement model needs to be explored further in terms of its operationalization indeveloping an acceptable model reflecting on crosscultural settings and country wise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health is a multidimensional concept that is challenging to measure, and in the rapidly evolving developmental changes that occur during the first 21 years of human life, requires a dynamic approach to accurately capture the transitions, and overall arc of a complex process of internal and external interactions. We propose an approach that integrates a lifecourse framework with a layered series of assessments, each layer using a many to many mapping, to converge on four fundamental dimensions of health measurement-Potential, Adaptability, Performance, and Experience. The four dimensions can conceptually be mapped onto a plane with each edge of the resulting quadrilateral corresponding to one dimension and each dimensions assessment calibrated against a theoretical ideal. As the plane evolves over time, the sequential measurements will form a volume. We term such a model the Prism Model, and describe conceptually how single domain assessments can be built up to generate the holistic description through the vehicle of a layer of Exemplar Cases. The model is theoretical but future work can use the framework and principles to generate scalable and adaptable applications that can unify and improve the precision of serial measurements that integrate environmental and physiologic influences to improve the science of child health measurement.

The position of small and medium businesses in stimulating global economic progress has interested researchers in recent decades. Small and medium businesses account for the transition to a market economy playing an important part in innovation, income generation and dynamism in economy and employment. Depending on the approaches and purposes of the enterprises performance and its indicators have been variously classified. Furthermore, performance measurement systems are important tools as they provide enterprises with the necessary information to design, control and achieve their goals. The objective of this paper is to collect and analyse a set of performance definitions, indicators and measurement systems. The literature review is based on the research gathered from databases such as Emerald Insight, Elsevier and Google Scholar. The research papers cover the years from 1991 to 2018. The findings on the definitions of performance, its indicators and measurement system will be employed in the next stages of the research process.

Abstract In social network analysis, the detection of communities—composed of people with common interests—is a classical problem. Moreover, people can somehow influence any other in the community, i.e., they can spread information among them. In this paper, two models are proposed considering information diffusion strategies and the identification of communities in a scientific social network built through these two model concepts. The maximum flow-based and the Erdös number-based models are proposed as a measurement to weigh all the relationships between elements. A clustering algorithm (k-medoids) was used for the identification of communities of closely connected people in order to evaluate the proposed models in a scientific social network. Detailed analysis of the obtained scientific communities was conducted to compare the structure of formed groups and to demonstrate the feasibility of the solution. The results demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of the proposed solution, showing that information reaches elements that are not directly related to the element that produces it.

Quality management is today a strategy to boost business competitiveness that allows, from a comprehensive perspective, to observe the organization as a set of interrelated processes whose ultimate goal is, among others, to achieve customer satisfaction. This article explores some concepts about quality, the most used measurement models and their applicability in service companies. The purpose is to analyze how quality management can be used, independently of the sector, as a key element for the development of the organizations. The methodology is based on a reflexive process in light of the most relevant theories exposed in the academic literature. The conclusions indicate that quality management serves as a vehicle to achieve competitive advantages, efficiency and productivity through the cycle of continuous improvement.

The paper presents a detailed theoretical background for coordinate measurement uncertainty evaluation by means of Type B evaluation method, taking into account information on accuracy of a coordinate measuring system given with the formula for maximum permissible errors of length measurement and verification test results. A proposal for evaluation of the verification test results is made. A measurement model based on the point-plane distance equation is presented. A detailed analysis of the partial derivatives (sensitivity factors in an uncertainty budget) of the measurement model is presented. The analyses of measurement uncertainty for different geometrical characteristicswere conducted using this measurement model. Examples of uncertainty evaluation for geometrical deviations are presented: position of a point related to a datum plane and flatness in the case of convex or concave surfaces. The examples include detailed uncertainty budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between Italian teachers' well-being, socio-demographic characteristics and professional background. Using data from the 2015 wave of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) we considered information collected by the questionnaire completed by a total of 6,491 teachers in the sampled schools. Moving from existing literature on teachers' well-being, we investigate several aspects related to the teachers' working environment, career motivation and investment, and job satisfaction. We assess the variability in the observed outcomes attributable to school factors and heterogeneity between disciplines. Measurement models are combined in a multilevel setting in order to define teachers' well-being on a broad perspective while accounting for the multiple sources of heterogeneity due to several factors (e.g., discipline, teacher professional background, and individual differences) occurring at different levels of the data structure. In general, results show that the teachers' positive perception of the working environment in terms of availability of adequate human and physical resources, and professional development opportunities, provide a substantial state of well-being at work, and are related to teachers' job satisfaction. Moreover, results highlight the key role of transformational leadership in defining a teacher's well-being. Findings and implications are discussed.

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a system of two kinds of equations: a linear latent structural model (SM) and a linear measurement model (MM). The latent structure model is a causal model from the latent parent node to the latent child node. Meanwhile, MM's link is from latent variable parent node to observed variable child node. However, researchers should determine the initial causal order between variables based on experience when applying SEM. The main reason is that SEM does not fully construct causal models between observed variables (OVs) from big data. When the artificial causal order is contrary to the fact, the causal inference from SEM is doubtful, and the implicit causal information between the OVs cannot be extracted and utilized. This study first objectively identifies the causal order of variables using the DirectLiNGAM method widely accepted in recent years. Then traditional SEM is converted to expanded SEM (ESEM) consisting of SM, MM and observation model (OM). Finally, through model testing and debugging, ESEM with good fit with data is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between Italian teachers' well-being, socio-demographic characteristics and professional background. Using data from the 2015 wave of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) we considered information collected by the questionnaire completed by a total of 6,491 teachers in the sampled schools. Moving from existing literature on teachers' well-being, we investigate several aspects related to the teachers' working environment, career motivation and investment, and job satisfaction. We assess the variability in the observed outcomes attributable to school factors and heterogeneity between disciplines. Measurement models are combined in a multilevel setting in order to define teachers' well-being on a broad perspective while accounting for the multiple sources of heterogeneity due to several factors (e.g., discipline, teacher professional background, and individual differences) occurring at different levels of the data structure. In general, results show that the teachers' positive perception of the working environment in terms of availability of adequate human and physical resources, and professional development opportunities, provide a substantial state of well-being at work, and are related to teachers' job satisfaction. Moreover, results highlight the key role of transformational leadership in defining a teacher's well-being. Findings and implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, sociologists, psychologists, academics and / or businessmen have been concerned with studying the culture of organizations in order to improve their performance, since this construct is closely linked to business success. However, there are still many organizations that have not yet shown their interest in studying it, much less in measuring it. The objective of this article is to present the results of the review and analysis of the subject of organizational culture and the models and methods for their respective measurement. The document is divided into three parts. In the first, an approach is made to the concept of organizational culture. In the second, the empirical and theoretical documents found on the study event in the Science Direct, Ebsco, Scielo and Redalyc databases are reviewed, together with the structured methodological process of bibliographic review. In the third part, a synthesis of the main models for measuring organizational culture is presented, in which a special mention is made of the competing values ​​model of Kim Cameron and Robert Quinn. Finally, some conclusions are shown in which the usefulness of the article is highlighted, for incorporating a theoretical and empirical reference on organizational culture and its measurement models in the business context.

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The literature on satisfaction measurement features several models for establishing the relationship between expectations, service performance and satisfaction. The set of measures used includes the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA), expectation disconfirmation and the satisfaction determinants model. This paper presents a comparison of different measurement models on the basis of a sample of 2900 health services users. The comparison shows that the expectations disconfirmation model allows to establish significant correlations between service attributes and general satisfaction, yet it warrants an adjustment of data distribution to identify the attributes where confirmation and disconfirmation are presented- when not due to chance. On the other hand, the direct effect approach allows to identify predictor attributes of satisfaction better than the other models do, whereas the importance - performance model is easier to implement but can generate erroneous conclusions about the service attributes that generate satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companies have traditionally considered innovation an internal process, and accordingly, they have relied on their internal intellectual capital. However, this closed innovation strategy has, in recent years, been superseded by an open innovation strategy. The existing measurement model of intellectual capital, which is concerned mainly with an internal dimension, is no longer appropriate for open innovation practice. To address this challenge, this paper reconstructs the measurement model of intellectual capital, expanding the concept to include both internal and external dimensions, both of which have the same three elements: human, structural, and relationship capital. To test the reliability and validity of this new model, we explore the impact of each element on innovation performance through an empirical study of 149 companies in China, and we find that all elements of internal and external intellectual capital have a significantly positive impact on innovation performance. This implies that our new measurement is appropriate for firms with an increasing degree of openness for innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Gerenciales is the property of Universidad ICESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)