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The Duolingo application offers foreign language learning, specifically Arabic, to learners worldwide. Although effective, the material within it must meet international language learning standards. This research aims to assess the suitability of Duolingo's material in accordance with the international standards set by ACTFL. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with primary data consisting of Duolingo's materials and secondary data comprising relevant literature. Both data sets are analyzed using Milles and Hubberman's theory. The results indicate that Duolingo complies with the international standards established by ACTFL, covering proficiency levels from Distinguished, Superior, Advanced, Intermediate, to Novice. Each proficiency level ensures that learners can learn a foreign language gradually and systematically according to their language abilities.

Abstract Background This study focused on the aging mechanism and degradation of mechanical and structural features of elastodontic appliances (EA) under artificial and intraoral aging to achieve oral myofunctional therapy with particular removable silicone elastomer devices. Materials and methods EAs artificially aged in saliva with different pH values were investigated through cyclic compression testing along with characterization techniques (Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and characterization analysis was also performed on clinically retrieved EAs. Results Artificial aging was found to have minimal effect on the structural properties of EAs, and intraorally aged samples showed perceptible micro-morphology. The Mullins index and peak stress decreased (P

Some wrong decisions and faulty practices applied during the repair and restoration of traditional buildings cause more damage to the structures due to the materials used in the repair. The aim of this study is to establish a scientific basis for material selection in the repair of traditional buildings in the Konuralp region through chemical and petrographic analyses. In this study, brick, mortar, plaster, and wood samples were taken from one registered building in the Konuralp neighborhood of Düzce Province that has survived to the present day by preserving its original structural features and reflecting the characteristics of traditional housing. Chemical and petrographic analyses were carried out on the samples. In line with these analyses, a scientific basis was created for selecting material properties in the repair and reuse processes of traditional buildings and suggestions are made for the analysis of materials specific to traditional buildings in Konuralp.

The research area of the interaction between religion, politics, and medieval Hispanic art has been pioneering and at the cutting edge of contemporary historiography in recent years. The deployment of iconographic and calligraphic motifs in medieval religious spaces has been identified as a key means of propagating legitimating messages of power and disseminating Christian doctrines. This interdisciplinary study proposes an analysis of the artistic vestiges present in the refectory of the Monastery of San Salvador de Oña (Burgos), with a view to establishing their decorative evolution during the 14th century and their symbolic significance. In order to establish a chronological proposal for the remains, the historical, artistic, and architectural contexts of the monastery are analyzed. This is complemented by a study of materials and techniques and a symbolic and iconographic analysis of the signs of power and evangelical concepts from the time of Pedro I until the transition to the Trastámara dynasty. In this way, a cross-disciplinary investigation is proposed, with the aim of elucidating how a sacred artistic work situated within a secular context can serve multiple purposes of political and religious legitimation through the adaptation of its iconography over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some wrong decisions and faulty practices applied during the repair and restoration of traditional buildings cause more damage to the structures due to the materials used in the repair. The aim of this study is to establish a scientific basis for material selection in the repair of traditional buildings in the Konuralp region through chemical and petrographic analyses. In this study, brick, mortar, plaster, and wood samples were taken from one registered building in the Konuralp neighborhood of Düzce Province that has survived to the present day by preserving its original structural features and reflecting the characteristics of traditional housing. Chemical and petrographic analyses were carried out on the samples. In line with these analyses, a scientific basis was created for selecting material properties in the repair and reuse processes of traditional buildings and suggestions are made for the analysis of materials specific to traditional buildings in Konuralp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Funerary masks played a crucial role in ancient Egyptian burial practices, as part of the rituals to ensure a successful afterlife. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of a gilded mummy mask from the Roman period in Egypt from the collections of The Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen. Portraying a young female, the mask belongs to a distinctive group of mummy masks, whose origins can be identified to be coming from the Dakhlah and Kharga oases. The construction of the mask (plaster, textiles) and the constituents of its polychromy (pigments, binding media) was analysed using various non- and micro-destructive methods: imaging, cross-section analysis, optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Additionally, samples were taken for palaeoproteomic analysis with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A wide range of pigments such as yellow and red ochre, carbon-based black, and Egyptian blue were identified, reflecting common materials in polychromy in Egypt during the Roman period. Notably, indigo was detected, suggesting its usage in mixtures to render purple hues. Analysis of adhesives and media identified plant gum and collagen-based animal glue. Proteomic analysis identified Equus asinus (donkey) as the predominant protein source for the collagen-based glue. The results shed light on the materials and techniques employed in ancient polychromy in Egypt in the Roman period, further enriching our understanding of artistic practices at the time.

Materials applied in nuclear environments such as fission or fusion power-plants face severe conditions. The irradiation by neutrons induces thermal loads and irradiation damage. Furthermore, coolants in contact with the materials induce corrosion, which is particularly challenging for liquid salts intended for the next generation of fission reactors. A new device (DICE) is installed at the 3.5 MV accelerator at DIFFER for the accelerated testing of such materials under combined irradiation and corrosion conditions. The DICE enables irradiation of samples at temperatures of up to 1050 K and in contact with liquid salts. An integrated shielding and a low power temperature control concept based on radiation cooling enables high-duty cycle application in a standard accelerator laboratory. Ion currents of up to 30 µA are possible with continuous irradiation. This work outlines the technical concept of the device and presents the first data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Funerary masks played a crucial role in ancient Egyptian burial practices, as part of the rituals to ensure a successful afterlife. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of a gilded mummy mask from the Roman period in Egypt from the collections of The Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen. Portraying a young female, the mask belongs to a distinctive group of mummy masks, whose origins can be identified to be coming from the Dakhlah and Kharga oases. The construction of the mask (plaster, textiles) and the constituents of its polychromy (pigments, binding media) was analysed using various non- and micro-destructive methods: imaging, cross-section analysis, optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Additionally, samples were taken for palaeoproteomic analysis with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A wide range of pigments such as yellow and red ochre, carbon-based black, and Egyptian blue were identified, reflecting common materials in polychromy in Egypt during the Roman period. Notably, indigo was detected, suggesting its usage in mixtures to render purple hues. Analysis of adhesives and media identified plant gum and collagen-based animal glue. Proteomic analysis identified Equus asinus (donkey) as the predominant protein source for the collagen-based glue. The results shed light on the materials and techniques employed in ancient polychromy in Egypt in the Roman period, further enriching our understanding of artistic practices at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lithography books of Iran, despite their historical importance, have received relatively little attention. This study aims to comprehensively examine an Iranian lithography book from the Qajar period titled Hayat al-Qolub, to identify its materials. The paper pulp, sizing, inks and leather of the bookbinding were analyzed through various methods, including staining tests for identifying paper pulp, light microscopy, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, Micro-spectrophotometry, multi-band imaging, SEM-EDS and LC-MS. The findings suggest that the book was made of rag paper composed of linen and cotton fibers, while animal glue and gypsum were used for paper sizing and filling, respectively. Carbon black was used as black printing ink and cochineal was used for red ink. The leather cover of the book was made of goat skin that was tanned with gallotannins and unhaired with lime. Evidence of the use of liming in the unhairing process was also observed in this leather. This research enhances our understanding of paper and bookmaking techniques of the Qajar period in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urgent need to preserve cultural heritage is starkly evident in contemporary society, particularly poignant in Morocco where its rich cultural legacy faces unprecedented threats. The rapid forces of urbanization and relentless economic development have converged, resulting in the alarming devaluation and irreversible degradation of a substantial portion of this invaluable heritage. Within this disconcerting backdrop, certain remarkable vestiges have managed to endure the ravages of time. One such exemplar is the Marinid Madrasa, an architectural marvel from the 4th century, nestled within the Chellah archaeological site in Rabat, Morocco. Beyond its physical grandeur, the Madrasa plays a pivotal role as a conduit between the past and the future, facilitating the transmission of cultural heritage to generations yet unborn. This paper embarks on a multidisciplinary journey, employing advanced techniques such as terrestrial photogrammetry, numerical modeling, and specialized archaeological characterization, to undertake comprehensive diagnostic study processes. The convergence of these diverse methodologies lays a robust foundation for a holistic diagnostic study. This endeavor serves not only academic curiosity but becomes the cornerstone upon which strategies for compatible conservation and restoration interventions are erected. In the intricate interplay between historical preservation and the imperatives of progress, these methodologies form a bridge. This bridge links the architectural magnificence of the Madrasa with the imperatives of safeguarding it in a rapidly changing world. The ultimate aspiration of this multidisciplinary approach is twofold: to ensure the enduring protection of the Marinid Madrasa and other archaeological remnants against the erosive forces of time and urban development, and to forge a narrative that sensitively navigates the challenges posed by preserving cultural heritage in the face of modernity. In this endeavor, advanced technologies are interwoven with a profound recognition of the historical, social, and cultural significance of these sites, ultimately charting a course that not only conserves architectural brilliance but also honors the profound stories they encapsulate across the epochs.

This research explores the enhancement of mechanical properties in material architectures, such as strength-to-weight ratio and resilience, through the inspiration of natural systems. Historically, designs for additive manufacturing have relied on simple, repetitive structures like honeycombs, often leading to unnecessary material expenditure. This study aims to examine the compressive mechanical attributes of designs inspired by natural systems, including bird nests, cocoons, and the layered structure of skull bones. Through a comparative analysis, we assessed peak load capacity, strength-to-weight ratio, and resilience between these bioinspired architectures and a standard 3D infill pattern utilized in additive manufacturing. Findings indicate that structures inspired by sandwiched bone layers excel in resilience and peak load, whereas those based on bird nests are notably lighter and, in some cases, exhibit the highest strength-to-weight ratio. The insights provided here will help design engineers with empirically backed mechanical properties of bioinspired architectures, offering a novel methodology for the development of material systems influenced by biological paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several medieval mural cycles in Austria were studied from the material and technical point of view, aiming to confirm (or reject) the art-historical hypothesis of their stylistic and workshop connection. These paintings can be found in the churches of Rust (“Fischerkirche”), Marz (Virgin’s Coronation parish church), Kobenz (St. Ruprecht parish church), Ofenbach (St. Veid parish church), and St. Johann am Steinfelde (St. John parish church). They were carried out around 1400 in the International Gothic style. Their workshop connections based on the style are doubtful, therefore, a material and technical study was carried out. Results showed different plaster composition, similar pigment palette, and diverse painting procedures. The murals in Marz, St. Johann, and the older register in Rust reveal important similarities such as plaster composition, predominant a fresco painting technique, the use of natural inorganic pigments, as well as many aspects of the painting procedure and modeling. On the contrary, those in Kobenz, Ofenbach, and the younger register in Rust differ considerably. The second group reveals lower quality in plaster composition, larger a secco parts, addition of synthetic pigments (Kobenz), and a rougher color modeling, indicating less skilled artists. The lower quality also results in a worse conservation state of these murals. The obtained results confirm the same workshop, but different artists in the first group, while in the second group no clear workshop/artist connection could be established.

Several medieval mural cycles in Austria were studied from the material and technical point of view, aiming to confirm (or reject) the art-historical hypothesis of their stylistic and workshop connection. These paintings can be found in the churches of Rust ("Fischerkirche"), Marz (Virgin's Coronation parish church), Kobenz (St. Ruprecht parish church), Ofenbach (St. Veid parish church), and St. Johann am Steinfelde (St. John parish church). They were carried out around 1400 in the International Gothic style. Their workshop connections based on the style are doubtful, therefore, a material and technical study was carried out. Results showed different plaster composition, similar pigment palette, and diverse painting procedures. The murals in Marz, St. Johann, and the older register in Rust reveal important similarities such as plaster composition, predominant a fresco painting technique, the use of natural inorganic pigments, as well as many aspects of the painting procedure and modeling. On the contrary, those in Kobenz, Ofenbach, and the younger register in Rust differ considerably. The second group reveals lower quality in plaster composition, larger a secco parts, addition of synthetic pigments (Kobenz), and a rougher color modeling, indicating less skilled artists. The lower quality also results in a worse conservation state of these murals. The obtained results confirm the same workshop, but different artists in the first group, while in the second group no clear workshop/artist connection could be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Not many manuscript maps have been the object of material analysis so far. A portolan chart, signed and dated by Juan Vespucci in 1520, was studied in this research, conserved at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville (Spain). It is made on parchment and depicts the coasts and islands of Europe and Africa. It is the oldest portolan chart made in Seville, being unusual in applying hand stamp for decorative figures. The map was analysed by different non-invasive techniques: infra-red and ultraviolet light, digital microscope and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The main goals of this study were to identify the materials used, as well as to detect retouching or restoration work. Results showed that the entire parchment was first covered with a white layer made of lead white (Pb), calcite or gypsum (Ca). The principal pigments used were vermilion (Hg), yellow ochre (Fe), azurite (Cu) and a copper-based green pigment (Cu) and carbon black. The letters were probably written with an iron-gall ink (Fe, Cu). Very thin golden leaves were applied on a mixtion glue for gilded wind roses. Several retouches from the 19th/20th centuries were found using zinc and titanium whites and probably cobalt blue.

The aim of this study was to develop bio-based adhesives that can be used for various packaging papers. In addition to commercial paper samples, papers produced from harmful plant species in Europe, such as Japanese Knotweed and Canadian Goldenrod, were used. In this research, methods were developed to produce bio-based adhesive solutions in combinations of tannic acid, chitosan, and shellac. The results showed that the viscosity and adhesive strength of the adhesives were best in solutions with added tannic acid and shellac. The tensile strength with adhesives of tannic acid and chitosan was 30% better than with commercial adhesives and 23% for combinations of shellac and chitosan. For paper from Japanese Knotweed and Canadian Goldenrod, the most durable adhesive was pure shellac. Because the surface morphology of the invasive plant papers was more open and had numerous pores compared to the commercial papers, the adhesives penetrated the paper structure and filled the voids. There was less adhesive on the surface and the commercial papers achieved better adhesive properties. As expected, the bio-based adhesives also showed an increase in peel strength and exhibited favorable thermal stability. In summary, these physical properties support the use of bio-based adhesives use in different packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the enhancement of mechanical properties in material architectures, such as strength-to-weight ratio and resilience, through the inspiration of natural systems. Historically, designs for additive manufacturing have relied on simple, repetitive structures like honeycombs, often leading to unnecessary material expenditure. This study aims to examine the compressive mechanical attributes of designs inspired by natural systems, including bird nests, cocoons, and the layered structure of skull bones. Through a comparative analysis, we assessed peak load capacity, strength-to-weight ratio, and resilience between these bioinspired architectures and a standard 3D infill pattern utilized in additive manufacturing. Findings indicate that structures inspired by sandwiched bone layers excel in resilience and peak load, whereas those based on bird nests are notably lighter and, in some cases, exhibit the highest strength-to-weight ratio. The insights provided here will help design engineers with empirically backed mechanical properties of bioinspired architectures, offering a novel methodology for the development of material systems influenced by biological paradigms.

Environmental concerns push for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and technologies with a low carbon footprint. In the transportation sector, this drives the transition toward electric vehicles (EVs), which are nowadays mainly based on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). As the number of produced EVs is rapidly growing, a large amount of waste batteries is expected in the future. Recycling seems to be one of the most promising end-of-life (EOL) methods; it reduces raw material consumption in battery production and the environmental burden. Thus, this work introduces a comprehensive pre-recycling material characterization of waste nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) LIB cells from a fully electric battery electric vehicle (BEV), which represents a basis for cost-effective and environmentally friendly recycling focusing on the efficiency of the implemented technique. The composition of the NCM 622 battery cell was determined; it included a LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 spinel on a 15 μm Al-based current collector (cathode), a graphite layer on 60 μm copper foil (anode), 25 μm PE/PVDF polymer separator, and a LiPF6 salt electrolyte with a 1:3 ratio in primary solvents DMC and DEC. The performed research was based on a series of X-ray, infrared (IR) measurements, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) characterization of an aqueous solution with dissolved electrolytes. These results will be used in subsequent works devoted to optimizing the most suitable recycling technique considering the environmental and economic perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an investigation of wooden artworks from the collection of the National Gallery Prague created by Monogrammist IP–one of the top carvers of the Salzburg-Passau region at the beginning of the 16th century. His wood reliefs were examined to gain a better understanding of the historical techniques used in medieval art workshops. The internal structure of the small relief Visitation was analysed using computed tomography. Tomographic reconstruction made it possible to distinguish wood species, observe the internal structure of the artwork in detail, study the technological procedures and identify earlier repairs, additions and damages. Tomographic investigation proved the use of four types of wood on the relief Visitation, most likely pear, lime, unspecified softwood and other different species used for joining dowels. A combination of non-invasive and micro-destructive analytical techniques was employed for the chemical characterisation of the materials in the surface layers of the artworks. Photomicrographs of the surface were taken to provide material for the initial investigation. Non-invasive material research was conducted using a portable X-ray fluorescence analyser and, in selected cases, an external reflection infrared spectrometer. The detailed analyses on the micro-samples was carried out by optical microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. A glaze layer based on protein with earth pigment was identified on the relief Christ the Saviour from Death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Not many manuscript maps have been the object of material analysis so far. A portolan chart, signed and dated by Juan Vespucci in 1520, was studied in this research, conserved at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville (Spain). It is made on parchment and depicts the coasts and islands of Europe and Africa. It is the oldest portolan chart made in Seville, being unusual in applying hand stamp for decorative figures. The map was analysed by different non-invasive techniques: infra-red and ultraviolet light, digital microscope and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The main goals of this study were to identify the materials used, as well as to detect retouching or restoration work. Results showed that the entire parchment was first covered with a white layer made of lead white (Pb), calcite or gypsum (Ca). The principal pigments used were vermilion (Hg), yellow ochre (Fe), azurite (Cu) and a copper-based green pigment (Cu) and carbon black. The letters were probably written with an iron-gall ink (Fe, Cu). Very thin golden leaves were applied on a mixtion glue for gilded wind roses. Several retouches from the 19th/20th centuries were found using zinc and titanium whites and probably cobalt blue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) based technology is actively competing in the global photovoltaic market with high conversion efficiency. Commercial CIGS modules are anticipated to perform on rated output in the field condition for 20 years. Potential induced degradation (PID) is considered as one of the critical concerns among all the current reliability assessment issues. PID accelerated tests have been performed on pre‐commercial CIGS modules to investigate reduction in electrical performance. We report the severe reduction in electrical performance after PID is correlated to the microstructural and chemical properties of the constituent materials. Under extreme PID stress, the cell surface reveals various defects including crater formation. The aim of this article is to explore the consequences of PID induced craters on the efficiency of CIGS solar cells by investigating material degradation kinetics. In this perspective, we present the root cause of PID in CIGS thin‐film modules in relation to microstructural defects by detailed investigation using J‐V analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). This analysis can provide more effective and sustainable research strategies to cultivate more efficient and reliable CIGS technologies in the long run.

Polymer insulators using silicone rubber materials as sheds and sheaths are widely used in power systems to replace traditional porcelain and glass insulators which are heavy, inconvenient to install, and prone to pollution flashover. However, in recent years, polymer insulators that have been operating in harsh outdoor environments for many years have experienced different degrees of aging. The aging degree and aging products of silicone rubber are the focus of research. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technical method to analyze the internal molecular bonds and functional groups of materials, and it is often used to study the aging degree and aging products of silicone rubber. In this paper, the aging characteristics of silicone rubber samples in a high altitude area, salt fog environment, and acid environment were studied by FTIR. The results showed that the silicone rubber in a harsh environment, such as strong radiation, salt fog, and acid fog was degraded to some extent, and its main chain was cut off, the degree of polymerization was reduced, and the content of hydrophobic functional groups was reduced. Infrared spectroscopy can be used to analyze the aging phenomenon of polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive plant species can impede the establishment and growth of native plants and affect several ecosystem properties. These properties include soil cover, nutrient cycling, fire regimes, and hydrology. Controlling invasive plants is therefore a necessary, but usually expensive, step in restoring an ecosystem. The sustainability of materials with an emphasis on the use of local resources plays an important role in the circular economy. The use of alternative fibers from invasive plants promotes local production in smaller paper mills that offer the protection of local species and the reduction of waste and invasive plants. A synthesis of the literature is needed to understand the various impacts of invasive plants and their practical control in the context of papermaking applications and to identify associated knowledge gaps. To improve our understanding of the practical application of invasive species in the paper industry, we reviewed the existing literature on invasive plant species in the area of fiber production, printability, coating solution production, dyes, and extracts, and collected information on the major invasive plant species in Europe and the methods used for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Conservar Património is the property of Associacao Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mural cycles in the churches of Plešivec, Čhyžné, and Štitnik from around 1400 were studied from the material and technical point of view. Stylistically, they show a mixture of Northern and Southern European stylistic currents, which were characteristic for the time around 1400 in East Central Europe. After a precise study in situ, an analysis of extracted samples was conducted by OM, SEM-EDX, and XRD. The plasters used for these murals were all made of lime and sand with different impurities; importantly, they different among each other in terms of their quality and stability. The pigments that were used in these murals were natural and organic: lime white, yellow and red earths, malachite, and azurite were identified, and some pigment degradations were also pointed out. The principal technique is a fresco, but all murals were finished a secco in different proportions, using an organic binder. Painting procedures and modelling were also studied, revealing a strong difference among all three cycles. The painting technique does not always correspond to the style.

In recent years, varying degrees of surface pulverization had been found on composite insulators running for years in severe outdoor environment such as dry, high altitude, salt fog and intensive ultraviolet radiation. Research on the basic characteristics of powdered substance is essential to maintain a high reliability of the power grid. In this study, the characteristics of the powdered layer of the composite insulator sheds aged for more than 10 years under three different environmental stresses are analyzed. The results show that powdered substance of each composite insulator sample contains two parts: the organic silicon which is oxidative degradation product of the original material polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and the partially dehydrated and deteriorated flame retardant filler aluminum hydroxide (ATH). However, the thickness of the powdered layer, the particle size distribution of the powdered substance and the composition ratio between the two components are different. The average particle size of powdered substance is between 2–7 μm. The content of Al element is 31.8–34.5%, the content of Si element is 12.7–17.5%, and the mass fraction ratio of two types of powdered substance is about 1/2–1/3. The essence of pulverization is finally concluded that the composite insulator is severely oxidized and degraded under the effect of various aging factors. The organic component silicone rubber is decomposed to fragments, and the bonding between inorganic flame retardant filler and polymer become weak. They will be detached from the main body skeleton and lost partly, then build up at the surface, forming powdered layer.

Dust has been collected and characterized by various methods during the 2021 first experimental campaign in EAST tokamak. It was found that the weight of the in-vessel dust collected at the mid-plane port varied from about 265 mg to about 966 mg. And the dust appeared mainly in the shape of spheroids, flakes, stripes and irregular-shaped particles with the sizes ranging from micrometers to several millimeters. The dust consisted of different elements, which was from the wall-conditioning, erosion of plasma-facing materials (PFMs) as well as the flaking of deposits. The dust collected from the lower port K contained different elements from those collected from the in-vessel port K, with more Fe in the lower port and more Li in the vacuum vessel. The ferromagnetic dust with different shape has been found, and different shape has different O content and size. By using the diagnostic observation window, dust was firstly collected during the campaign and the local dust production rate is calculated, which is found to decrease as the plasma operation goes.

In prosthetic joint surgery, Ag coating of implant areas in direct contact with bone has been met with hesitation for fear of compromising osseointegration. The physicochemical, antibacterial and osteoconductive properties of three different Ti samples were studied: Ti6Al4V alloy that was grit-blasted (GB), Ti6Al4V alloy with an experimental Ti-Ag-nitride layer (SN) applied by physical vapour deposition (PVD) and commercially available PVD-coated Ti6Al4V alloy with a base Ag layer and a surface Ti-Ag-nitride layer (SSN, clinically known as PorAg®). Ag content on the surface of experimental SN and SSN discs was 27.7 %wt and 68.5 % wt, respectively. At 28 d, Ag release was 4 ppm from SN and 26.9 ppm from SSN substrates. Colonisation of discs by Staphylococcus aureus was the highest on GB [944 (± 91) × 104 CFU/mL], distinctly lower on experimental SN discs [414 (± 117) × 104 CFU/mL] and the lowest on SSN discs [307 (± 126) × 104 CFU/mL]. Primary human osteoblasts were abundant 28 d after seeding on GB discs but their adhesion and differentiation, measured by alkaline-phosphatase production, was suppressed by 73 % on SN and by 96 % on SSN discs, in comparison to GB discs. Thus, the PVD-applied Ag coatings differed considerably in their antibacterial effects and osteoconductivity. The experimental SN coating had similar antibacterial effects to the commercially available SSN coating while providing slightly improved osteoconductivity. Balancing the Ag content of Ti implants will be vital for future developments of implants designed for cementless fixation into bone.

Analytical techniques play a fundamental role in heritage science. Among them, Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) techniques are widely used in many laboratories for elemental composition analysis. Although they are well-established, a strong effort is put on their upgrade, making them suitable for more and more applications. Over the years, at the INFN-LABEC (the laboratory of nuclear techniques for the environment and cultural heritage of the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics), the INFN-CHNet group, the network devoted to cultural heritage, has carried out many technological improvements to the PIXE and XRF set-ups for the analysis of works of art and archaeological finds. Among the many, we recall here the scanning external microbeam facility at the TANDEM accelerator and the MA-XRF scanner. The two instruments have shown complementary features: the former permits quantitative analysis of elements heavier than sodium, which is not possible with the latter in most of the case studies. On the contrary, the scanner has the undeniable advantage of portability, allowing it to work in situ. In this framework of technological developments in heritage science, INFN, CERN, and OPD are jointly carrying on the MACHINA (Movable Accelerator for Cultural Heritage In-situ Non-destructive Analysis) project for on-site Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) studies on cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research interprets the marginalized neighborhood of Serrinha as a place in the city of Florianópolis, Brazil, by examining the relations between the physical neighborhood and internal social networks. I use concepts from the anthropology of materiality and an interdisciplinary understanding of place attachment to examine how the social and physical dimensions of place coalesce within Serrinha. I employ data from eight weeks of ethnographic research and Scannell and Gifford’s tripartite model of place attachment to frame the everyday experiences and affects of Serrinha residents, especially to illustrate Serrinha outside of the typical stereotypes of favelas. In doing so, the study analyzes the symbolic significance of brick as the material of choice for Serrinha’s self-built houses and asserts that the brick is a metaphor for local and global relationships. Ultimately, this research argues that autoconstruction of the house with brick constitutes a significant social and emotional process of attachment in Serrinha.

This paper deals with material and dimensional bending analysis of bimetallic pipes with defined bending radii. Basic characteristics of selected nickel superalloys with analysis of Inconel 625 and 16Mo3 steel in terms of primary mechanical properties and chemical composition are presented. In the practical part where the bimetallic tube is analyzed in terms of material properties is also performed geometric dimensional analysis, for which test specimens with different bending radii are made. The capillary test preceded dimensional analysis to remove cracks on the outer bend surfaces of the bimetallic tube. The geometric dimensional analysis itself is carried out using a 3D scanner and also includes external dimensional inspection in longitudinal section with changes in the curvature of bimetallic pipe bends for different bending radii. The article concludes with an overall evaluation of the achieved results, especially with regard to the deviations of rounding in individual sections of the external dimension.

Inconsistencies in a monomer battery pack can lead to the over-discharge of a single battery. Although deep over-discharge can be avoided by optimizing the battery control system, slight over-discharge still often occurs in the battery pack. The aging behavior of cylindrical NCM811 batteries under high-rate aging and over-discharge was studied. By setting the end-of-discharge of 1 V, the battery capacity rapidly decayed after 130 cycles. Additionally, the temperature sharply increased in the over-discharge stage. The micro short-circuit was found by the discharge voltage curve and impedance spectrum. Batteries with 100%, 79.6% and 50.9% SOH (state of health = Q_now/Q_new × 100%) as a result of high-rate aging and over-discharging were subjected to thermal testing in an adiabatic environment. The battery without high-rate aging and over-discharge did not experience thermal runaway. However, severe thermal runaway occurred in the 79.6% and 50.9% SOH batteries. Regarding the cyclic aging of the 50.9% SOH battery, the fusion temperature of the separator decreased by 22.3 °C, indicating a substantial degradation of the separator and thus reducing battery safety. Moreover, the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses revealed that the particles of the positive material were broken and detached, and that large-area cracks and delamination had formed on the negative material. Furthermore, Ni deposition and the uneven deposition of P and F on the negative surface were observed, which increased the risk of short-circuit in the battery. Positive and negative materials were attached on both sides of the separator, which reduced the effective area of ionic transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Two mass spectrometry (MS) methods, solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME–GC–MS) and direct analysis in real time (DART-MS), have been explored to investigate widespread efflorescence observed on exhibited objects at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian in New York (NMAI-NY). Both methods show great potential, in terms of speed of analysis and level of information, for identifying the organic component of the efflorescence as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol (TMP-ol) emitted by the structural adhesive (Terostat MS 937) used for exhibit case construction. The utility of DART-MS was proven by detecting the presence of TMP-ol in construction materials in a fraction of the time and effort required for SPME–GC–MS analysis. In parallel, an unobtrusive SPME sampling strategy was used to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accumulated in the exhibition cases. This sampling technique can be performed by collections and conservation staff at the museum and shipped to an off-site laboratory for analysis. This broadens the accessibility of MS techniques to museums without access to instrumentation or in-house analysis capabilities.

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mural cycles in the churches of Plešivec, Čhyžné, and Štitnik from around 1400 were studied from the material and technical point of view. Stylistically, they show a mixture of Northern and Southern European stylistic currents, which were characteristic for the time around 1400 in East Central Europe. After a precise study in situ, an analysis of extracted samples was conducted by OM, SEM-EDX, and XRD. The plasters used for these murals were all made of lime and sand with different impurities; importantly, they different among each other in terms of their quality and stability. The pigments that were used in these murals were natural and organic: lime white, yellow and red earths, malachite, and azurite were identified, and some pigment degradations were also pointed out. The principal technique is a fresco, but all murals were finished a secco in different proportions, using an organic binder. Painting procedures and modelling were also studied, revealing a strong difference among all three cycles. The painting technique does not always correspond to the style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental concerns push for a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and technologies with a low carbon footprint. In the transportation sector, this drives the transition toward electric vehicles (EVs), which are nowadays mainly based on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). As the number of produced EVs is rapidly growing, a large amount of waste batteries is expected in the future. Recycling seems to be one of the most promising end-of-life (EOL) methods; it reduces raw material consumption in battery production and the environmental burden. Thus, this work introduces a comprehensive pre-recycling material characterization of waste nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) LIB cells from a fully electric battery electric vehicle (BEV), which represents a basis for cost-effective and environmentally friendly recycling focusing on the efficiency of the implemented technique. The composition of the NCM 622 battery cell was determined; it included a LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 spinel on a 15 μm Al-based current collector (cathode), a graphite layer on 60 μm copper foil (anode), 25 μm PE/PVDF polymer separator, and a LiPF6 salt electrolyte with a 1:3 ratio in primary solvents DMC and DEC. The performed research was based on a series of X-ray, infrared (IR) measurements, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) characterization of an aqueous solution with dissolved electrolytes. These results will be used in subsequent works devoted to optimizing the most suitable recycling technique considering the environmental and economic perspectives.

Knowledge driven materials and component design is key for improving the performance of Li-ion batteries and solving the remaining hurdles for next-generation battery concepts like all-solid-state batteries. While the spatial and time dependent distribution of Li would help elucidating performance bottlenecks and degradation phenomena, only a few analysis techniques are available, due to the unique nature of Li, especially as Li+-ion. In fact, only two non-destructive techniques with good time resolution can combine spatial information with absolute quantification of Li, one being Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP), the other Ion-Beam-Analysis (IBA). While both exploit nuclear processes, the information gained is complementary. NDP provides high depth resolution, but only limited lateral resolution, whereas IBA has high lateral, but only limited depth resolution. In this study, we benchmark both techniques for the first time using a set of Li-battery test-samples and show the strengths and synergies of both techniques. The derived information regarding the depth dependent Li-concentration is then used to validate a microstructure resolved continuum model of charge, discharge, and relaxation behavior of the cells and electro-chemical analysis. This fundamental work demonstrates a new route to optimize Li batteries on material and component level by combining advanced characterization and digital twin modelling. • LLZO + LCO ASBs analyzed using MeV Ion-Beam-Analysis + Neutron-Depth-Profiling. • Both methods results agree to each other the SoC dependent Li concentrations. • Surface near reactions of LLZO redistribute, but conserve the total Li content. • Digital twin modelling based on 3D cell reconstruction shows relaxation within ∼1h. • Li concentration is ∼20 % above nominal value, reduces by high sintering temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning models have been shown to be effective for material analysis, a subfield of computer vision, on natural images. In medicine, deep learning systems have been shown to more accurately analyze radiography images than algorithmic approaches and even experts. However, one major roadblock to applying deep learning-based material analysis on radiography images is a lack of material annotations accompanying image sets. To solve this, we first introduce an automated procedure to augment annotated radiography images into a set of material samples. Next, using a novel Siamese neural network that compares material sample pairs, called D-CNN, we demonstrate how to learn a perceptual distance metric between material categories. This system replicates the actions of human annotators by discovering attributes that encode traits that distinguish materials in radiography images. Finally, we update and apply MAC-CNN, a material recognition neural network, to demonstrate this system on a dataset of knee X-rays and brain MRIs with tumors. Experiments show that this system has strong predictive power on these radiography images, achieving 92.8% accuracy at predicting the material present in a local region of an image. Our system also draws interesting parallels between human perception of natural materials and materials in radiography images.

This article presents the digital repository "Biblioiconografía mexicana de los siglos XVI y XVII" as an electronic educational resource that registers, catalogs and specifies information on New Spain's editorial production. Specifically on the engravings used in New Spain's printed books during two stages: 1540 to 1600 and 1601 to 1650; In both periods, the copies were carefully collated to form a refined and complete corpus of the works printed in New Spain, with a figure close to a thousand engravings. The methodology starts from the concept of biblioiconography and is supported by material analysis, to account for engraving as an element that can be studied in its iconographic composition; but also as part of the book as a unit of analysis. In this perspective, our Repository offers specific information about the engraving, its description and its location in the printed book of New Spain. It is available for free consultation, with the intention of promoting research on this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct observation of the lithiation and de-lithiation in lithium batteries on the component and microstructural scale is still difficult. This work presents recent advances in MeV ion-beam analysis, enabling quantitative contact-free analysis of the spatially-resolved lithium content and state-of-charge (SoC) in all-solid-state lithium batteries via 3 MeV proton-based characteristic x-ray and gamma-ray emission analysis. The analysis is demonstrated on cross-sections of ceramic and polymer all-solid-state cells with LLZO and MEEP/LIBOB solid electrolytes. Different SoC are measured ex-situ and one polymer-based operando cell is charged at 333 K during analysis. The data unambiguously show the migration of lithium upon charging. Quantitative lithium concentrations are obtained by taking the physical and material aspects of the mixed cathodes into account. This quantitative lithium determination as a function of SoC gives insight into irreversible degradation phenomena of all-solid-state batteries during the first cycles and locations of immobile lithium. The determined SoC matches the electrochemical characterization within uncertainties. The presented analysis method thus opens up a completely new access to the state-of-charge of battery cells not depending on electrochemical measurements. Automated beam scanning and data-analysis algorithms enable a 2D quantitative Li and SoC mapping on the μm-scale, not accessible with other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical techniques play a fundamental role in heritage science. Among them, Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) techniques are widely used in many laboratories for elemental composition analysis. Although they are well-established, a strong effort is put on their upgrade, making them suitable for more and more applications. Over the years, at the INFN-LABEC (the laboratory of nuclear techniques for the environment and cultural heritage of the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics), the INFN-CHNet group, the network devoted to cultural heritage, has carried out many technological improvements to the PIXE and XRF set-ups for the analysis of works of art and archaeological finds. Among the many, we recall here the scanning external microbeam facility at the TANDEM accelerator and the MA-XRF scanner. The two instruments have shown complementary features: the former permits quantitative analysis of elements heavier than sodium, which is not possible with the latter in most of the case studies. On the contrary, the scanner has the undeniable advantage of portability, allowing it to work in situ. In this framework of technological developments in heritage science, INFN, CERN, and OPD are jointly carrying on the MACHINA (Movable Accelerator for Cultural Heritage In-situ Non-destructive Analysis) project for on-site Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) studies on cultural heritage.

Two mass spectrometry (MS) methods, solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME–GC–MS) and direct analysis in real time (DART-MS), have been explored to investigate widespread efflorescence observed on exhibited objects at the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian in New York (NMAI-NY). Both methods show great potential, in terms of speed of analysis and level of information, for identifying the organic component of the efflorescence as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol (TMP-ol) emitted by the structural adhesive (Terostat MS 937) used for exhibit case construction. The utility of DART-MS was proven by detecting the presence of TMP-ol in construction materials in a fraction of the time and effort required for SPME–GC–MS analysis. In parallel, an unobtrusive SPME sampling strategy was used to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accumulated in the exhibition cases. This sampling technique can be performed by collections and conservation staff at the museum and shipped to an off-site laboratory for analysis. This broadens the accessibility of MS techniques to museums without access to instrumentation or in-house analysis capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Direct observation of the lithiation and de-lithiation in lithium batteries on the component and microstructural scale is still difficult. This work presents recent advances in MeV ion-beam analysis, enabling quantitative contact-free analysis of the spatially-resolved lithium content and state-of-charge (SoC) in all-solid-state lithium batteries via 3 MeV proton-based characteristic x-ray and gamma-ray emission analysis. The analysis is demonstrated on cross-sections of ceramic and polymer all-solid-state cells with LLZO and MEEP/LIBOB solid electrolytes. Different SoC are measured ex-situ and one polymer-based operando cell is charged at 333 K during analysis. The data unambiguously show the migration of lithium upon charging. Quantitative lithium concentrations are obtained by taking the physical and material aspects of the mixed cathodes into account. This quantitative lithium determination as a function of SoC gives insight into irreversible degradation phenomena of all-solid-state batteries during the first cycles and locations of immobile lithium. The determined SoC matches the electrochemical characterization within uncertainties. The presented analysis method thus opens up a completely new access to the state-of-charge of battery cells not depending on electrochemical measurements. Automated beam scanning and data-analysis algorithms enable a 2D quantitative Li and SoC mapping on the µm-scale, not accessible with other methods.

The purpose of this article is to use scanning electron microscopy with energy spectrum analysis to discover its core value in material analysis, while observing the microscopic morphology of materials and analyzing the composition of micro-regions to improve the accuracy of the quantitative analysis of the energy spectrometer. The physical basis, working principle, qualitative analysis, and quantitative analysis of the energy spectrometer are described, and how to obtain the best working conditions for the quantitative analysis of stainless steel standards and improve the accuracy of the quantitative analysis. The unique advantages of scanning electron microscopy with energy spectrum analysis are summarized. Then, with the help of SEM analysis, the wear morphology of cutting tools and the composition of cutting tool materials can be explored with the cutting tools of stainless steel. Through experiments, it was found that SEM with energy spectrum analysis has good application value in fixed-point component analysis, line scanning and area scanning. Moreover, scanning electron microscope with energy spectrum analysis has been used in the micro-morphology of samples, qualitative and quantitative analysis of fixed points, Line scanning and area scanning play an important role. Conclusion With the continuous development of engineering, materials, medicine, biology and other disciplines, SEM with energy spectrum analysis will become more and more widely used and will play an important role for a considerable period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]