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Abstract Introduction In Viet Nam, key populations (KPs) face barriers accessing HIV services. Virtual platforms can be leveraged to increase access for KPs, including for HIV self‐testing (HIVST). This study compares reach and effectiveness of a web‐based HIVST intervention from pilot to scale‐up in Viet Nam. Methods A mixed‐methods explanatory sequential design used cross‐sectional and thematic analysis. The pilot launched in Can Tho in November 2020, followed by Hanoi and Nghe An in April 2021. Scale‐up included Can Tho and Nghe An, with 21 novel provinces from April to December 2022. After risk assessment, participants registered on the website, receiving HIVST (OraQuick®) by courier, peer educator or self‐pick‐up. Test result reporting and completing satisfaction surveys were encouraged. Intervention reach was measured through numbers accessing the testing, disaggregated by demographics, and proportion of individuals reporting self‐testing post‐registration. Effectiveness was measured through numbers reporting self‐test results, testing positive and linking to care, and testing negative and using HIVST to manage pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use. Thematic content analysis of free‐text responses from the satisfaction survey synthesized quantitative outcomes. Results In total, 17,589 participants registered on the HIVST website; 11,332 individuals ordered 13,334 tests. Participants were generally young, aged

This prospective observational study aimed to assess the impact of behavioral therapy on dysphagia in patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing nasogastric tube feeding. The study was conducted between June 2020 and May 2022 at the Neurological Center of Bach Mai Hospital, Vietnam, with a sample size of 230 patients divided into two groups: a normal and a behavioral therapy group. The normal therapy group received routine care and treatment based on standard protocols, while the behavioral therapy group underwent daily swallowing exercises for approximately 60 minutes. The Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS) was utilized to screen individuals with dysphagia, and the difference-in-differences (DID) method was adopted to estimate the effect of behavioral therapy on dysphagia patients. The study concluded that behavioral therapy improved dysphagia in patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing nasogastric tube feeding. This study highlights the potential of behavioral therapy as an effective intervention for dysphagia rehabilitation in stroke patients.

The tourism sector plays a critical role in many countries worldwide. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the exchange rate on foreign tourist demand in 47 developing countries from 2005 to 2020. Unlike previous studies, our empirical data only includes low-income and low-middle-income countries for the quantitative research process. The Driscoll-Kraay standard errors method has been applied for the estimation. The result confirms that an increase in exchange rate leads to a higher number of international tourism arrivals in these countries. Therefore, if policymakers in these countries depreciate the value of their domestic currency, it will create a boosting effect on the number of foreign tourists. In addition, the result identified that the pollution, denoted by the carbon dioxide emissions, affected foreign tourist demand like an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve. It implies that environmental pollution in developing countries has increased gradually which negatively influenced the demand of international travelers as well as the growth of the tourism sector. However, the quality of institutions and infrastructure in the host countries can have positive effects on the demand for international tourists. Finally, some policy implications are included for enhancing the tourist industry in developing countries.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are closely linked to factors such as familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), often caused by mutations in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and apolipoprotein B (APOB). Through a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis, we identified novel LDLR and APOB mutations and their cardiovascular disease (CVD) implications, focusing on unique variants in the Vietnamese population. We used homology modeling to predict protein structures; in addition, through protein-protein molecular docking, we assessed how these mutations affect binding affinities. We identified 10 novel binding residues exclusive to the wild-type and precursor LDLR isoforms, including ASP-47, GLY-48, and GLU-51. Analyses of 154 complexes revealed 5 isoforms with low binding affinities and notable hydrogen-bonding interactions—APOB (Arg3527Trp)-LDLR (Cys318Arg), APOB (His3583Leu)-LDLR (Cys104Tyr), APOB wild-LDLR (Glu228Lys), APOB (Phe2469Cys)-LDLR (Glu288Lys), and APOB wild-LDLR (Ser130Ter). These results suggest strong and potentially detrimental interactions among these proteins. Furthermore, they highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying CVD development, reveal potential therapeutic targets, enhance our understanding of genetic variations, and could guide FH research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the effect of fiscal and monetary policy on private investment in Vietnam, a transition economy having robust economic growth. The quantitative analyze process employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model with a quarterly database in 2004–2020. The bound test study indicates that there is a long-term cointegration relationship between the policy variables and private investment. In the long run, the estimated result shows that the government expenditure and money supply have positive and significant impacts on private investment, however, the exchange rate has a negative and significant impact on private investment. In the short run, government expenditure also has a significant positive impact on private investment in Vietnam, besides, the lag of the private investment variable has a positive and significant which shows the supporting impact on private investment on itself. The coefficients of the tax revenue are positive and insignificant in the estimated functions. Therefore, the evidence suggests that the government needs to increase its expenditure which helps improve private investment in Vietnam in the future.

Tourism has been considered as a potential factor in development strategy in many developed and developing countries worldwide. Besides, tourism is really a key economic sector in some countries. This study aims to examine the tourism-led growth hypothesis for some transition countries, which includes seven high growth economies Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Vietnam. The research database is collected by an annual form in the period of 1995- 2019. These economies are considered successful transitional cases in the global economy, however, the tourism-led growth hypothesis in these countries has been received only a little evidence from academics in recent years. The Johansen-Fisher test and the OLS estimation are applied in the quantitative process. There are some new findings from the empirical results. First, the Johansen-Fisher test confirms the existence of long-run cointegration relationships between tourism (denoted by the tourism revenue and the tourism arrivals) and economic growth in the panel data sample of countries. Second, the long-run coefficients of the tourism variables are positive and significant that concludes the tourism-led growth hypothesis in these transition countries. The contribution of the study is not only to fill the empirical research gap by the estimated results from a group of transition economies but also to confirms the tourism-led growth platform as an efficient development strategy for other developing countries. Furthermore, our study suggests some policy implications for policymakers to use tourism as a key development sector in these countries in the future.

The study aimed to analyse the general impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global tourism. Obviously, the world tourism industry has been received unprecedented damages never ever seen before. The thematic analysis approach, comparative research method and descriptive statistical analysis are used to investigate the effects of this pandemic. In general, the empirical analysis results show having a high sensitivity to diseases, global tourism is considered as one of the hardest economic sectors hit by the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. First, these huge losses in revenue are still ongoing because the pandemic is fastly spreading worldwide. The hurts of global tourism are serious and can put the whole travel and tourism industry in long-term disruptions. Second, although global tourism has proven strong resilience in response to other previous crises, the results suggest that the negative impacts of this pandemic will longer-lasting expand on would tourism industry compared to others. Third, the analysis result highlights that the countries need robust and urgent solutions for global tourism to reduce the huge losses received from this pandemic. However, this pandemic can have potential long-term changes in customer behaviors and the supply chain in global tourism to help efficiently combat risks from epidemics in the future. Finally, the study results suggest some implications to policymakers and business people in the reconstruction of the tourism industry in countries in the coming time.

This study investigates the mixed impact of fiscal-monetary policies on economic growth in Vietnam, an emerging economy in the Asia-Pacific region. The Vector autoregressive method (VAR), a quantitative technique, is employed on a quarterly database collected in 2004–2018. The cointegration test indicates a long-term cointegration relationship between these macroeconomic policies and the growth of gross output. The variance decomposition and impulse response function conclude that the impacts of these policies on economic growth are quite weak and faint. However, our results indicate that monetary policy is more significant than fiscal policy in supporting economic growth. The results imply that these economic policies may give priority to other macroeconomic objectives instead of promoting economic growth in the studied period. Hence, policymakers need to have more solutions to improve the efficiency of these policies in Vietnam in the future.

The purpose of this paper is to study multiobjective semi-infinite programming with equilibrium constraints. Firstly, the necessary and sufficient Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions for multiobjective semi-infinite programming with equilibrium constraints are established. Then, we formulate types of Wolfe and Mond-Weir dual problems and investigate duality relations under convexity assumptions. Some examples are given to verify our results.

Vietnam has been recognized as an emerging tourism market in recent years. Tourism has brought tremendous benefits reflected through socio-economic indicators in this country. Besides, there are many business opportunities coming from the booming of the Vietnamese tourism market. However, the tourism sector is recently facing some huge challenges to maintain sustainable development in the coming time. In this context, a new development strategy is needed to change Vietnam's tourism forward to a sustainable approach. The SWOT analysis is used to show several key aspects presenting strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats of Vietnam's tourism industry. Based on the analysis result, some policy implications are provided to develop the Vietnamese tourism sector forward a sustainable pathway in the future.

Four strains of green microalgae (Scenedesmus acutus, Scenedesmus vacuolatus, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) were compared to determine growth and pigment composition under photoautotrophic or heterotrophic conditions. Batch growth experiments were performed in multicultivators with online monitoring of optical density. For photoautotrophic growth, light-limited (CO2-sufficient) growth was analyzed under different light intensities during the exponential and deceleration growth phases. The specific growth rate, measured during the exponential phase, and the maximal biomass productivity, measured during the deceleration phase, were not related to each other when different light intensities and different species were considered. This indicates species-dependent photoacclimation effects during cultivation time, which was confirmed by light-dependent changes in pigment content and composition when exponential and deceleration phases were compared. Except for C. reinhardtii, which does not grow on glucose, heterotrophic growth was promoted to similar extents by acetate and by glucose; however, these two substrates led to different pigment compositions. Weak light increased the pigment content during heterotrophy in the four species but was efficient in promoting growth only in S. acutus. C. sorokiniana, and S. vacuolatus exhibited the best potential for heterotrophic biomass productivities, both on glucose and acetate, with carotenoid (lutein) content being the highest in the former. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate of foreign tourist arrivals coming to Vietnam as an emerging tourism market has been increased significantly bringing enormous benefits for improving the socio-economic indicators. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of exchange rate policy on the number of foreign tourist arrivals in Vietnam over the period 2006-2018. Our regression results show the exchange rate maintained a positive impact on the demand of foreign tourists and indicate that the domestic currency devaluation also had a positive effect on the number of foreign tourists to Vietnam. Besides, the quantitative result also indicates the number of foreign tourist arrival in the early periods had a positive impact on itself in the current period. Furthermore, the Granger causality test con-firms the existence of a one-way causal relationship between the exchange rate and the number of foreign tourist arrivals. Finally, the paper provides some implications for policymakers in order to efficiently use the exchange rate policy to increase the number of foreign tourist arrivals in the coming time.

Vietnam is an Asian emerging country, which now is ranked in the group of the fastest-gro- wing economies worldwide. However, this economy has faced galloping inflation in recent years. So the Vietnamese experience is a valuable reference for the policymakers in the developing world in order to successfully control price volatility. Our study applies the Vector autoregressive method, the Johansen cointegration test, and the Granger causality test to examine the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on price volatility in Vietnam with a quarterly data sample collected over the period from 2004 to 2018. The study results confirm the existence of a long-term cointegration relationship between these policies and price volatility in Vietnam. Besides, the variance decomposition and impulse response function also show that the impact of these policies on inflation is clear, however, the fiscal policy more strongly affects inflation than the monetary policy. Finally, the Granger causality test also indicates one-way causality relationships from the government expenditure as well as the exchange rate to price volatility in the study period.

Background Nurses frequently suffer from workplace violence, but the public is often not fully aware of the situation because many events are not widely reported. Methods This study is an attempt to describe public perceptions of and reactions to reports of incidents of violence against nurses in online newspapers. Articles about such violence in Vietnamese online newspapers published from January to December 2019 as well as readers’ comments on those articles were collected for thematic analysis. Results Nine assaults were reported in 152 articles, and 367 comments were left in the threads. The analysis found four themes: 1) proposing punishment, 2) showing sympathy, 3) being skeptical, and 4) taking gender into account. In particular, the audience called for stricter punishment of the assaulters and showed sympathy for the nurses. However, commenters’ prior experiences with poor nursing services sometimes made them skeptical about the motivations of the attackers. Additionally, commenters saw the violence as a conflict between a man (assaulter) and a woman (assaultee) rather than between a client and a professional nurse. Conclusions In general, the public showed support to nurses. Nurses should take advantage of this support to advocate improved policies and measures to protect themselves from violence at work.

In response to the global call for data to understand the COVID-19 and thus contain its outbreak, our datasets provide COVID-19-related information in Vietnam, a limited-resource country with some achievements in the fight against this infectious disease. The survey collected various information from the respondents, including their socioeconomic characteristics, their responses on the government risk communication, their understandings of COVID-19, their risk perception of COVID-19, and their compliance with safety measures. The survey was conducted on 467 respondents living in Vietnam in the course of COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected through an online survey conducted from March 31 to April 3, 2020 when Vietnam started the strict nationwide social distancing rules. Our dataset could serve as a reference source for similar surveys in other countries to understand the government risk communication, the public's understandings, their risk perception, and their compliance during the on-going COVID-19 and similar crises.

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in 2016 adversely affected Vietnam particularly in the Mekong River Delta (MRD), where more than 90% of the country’s rice export is produced annually. During that time, salinity intrusion and drought significantly affected agricultural production in the area. Furthermore, flooding is another recurring event in the area that is increasing in frequency. An assessment conducted by CGIAR Centers showed that even as warnings were provided by the government for the 2016 ENSO, these were not translated into appropriate preparations and responsive actions for agriculture. To address this critical issue, the Department of Crop Production (DCP) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) of Vietnam, and CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security in Southeast Asia (CCAFS-SEA) collaborated to develop and test an participatory approach for mapping climate risks and adaptive interventions (CS-MAP) to recognize climate-related risks, identify potentially affected areas and develop regional and provincial adaptation plans for rice production. The CS-MAP is a participatory approach involving experts from various local and national offices for: (1) identifying climate-related risks; (2) delineating affected areas and risk levels; (3) proposing corresponding adaptive plans; (4) fine tuning and verifying proposed measures; and (5) developing integrated provincial and regional adaptation plans. Risks and adaptive interventions maps were developed for normal and ENSO years by using technical data (i.e. topography and hydrology), infrastructures (i.e. dikes, road and canals), and local observations. CS-MAP is now is under various stages of development and implementation in 13 MRD provinces highlighting the organizational uptake and integration of the approach. Keywords: Participatory mapping, Climate risk and adaptation, CS-MAP, Rice production, Vietnam

This study examines the relationships between dual values such as personal value (environmental concern), consumption value (green perceived value), and green purchase intentions (GPI) among young Vietnamese consumers in the post-COVID-19 era. It explores the mediating roles of attitude toward green products (ATT) and perceived behavioral control (PBC). The survey involved 283 young consumers who have regularly purchased green products in Vietnam. Utilizing the PLS-SEM approach, we conducted mediation analyses to thoroughly investigate and test the proposed hypotheses. The results of this study indicate that both environmental concern (ENC) and green perceived value (GPV) positively influence green purchase intention (GPI). Notably, the study demonstrates the mediating role of attitudes toward green products. However, the proposed model did not identify perceived behavioral control as a mediator. The findings have significant practical implications for managers seeking to navigate the evolving purchasing behaviors of young consumers in Vietnam, particularly in shaping their attitudes toward environmentally conscious choices. Understanding the nuanced dynamics uncovered in this research can enable managers to deliberately influence the preferences and decisions of the environmentally concerned young consumer demographic. This study makes valuable contributions to the existing pro-environmental literature by incorporating the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) framework and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Consequently, it provides crucial insights into the purchase intentions of young Vietnamese consumers, particularly those who choose green products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In developing countries, fewer women have access to multidisciplinary congenital heart disease and reproductive programs staffed by experts. We report pregnancy outcomes of a multidisciplinary healthcare strategy utilizing an in-hospital teamwork approach in Vietnam. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included pregnant women with unrepaired congenital heart disease managed at a referral cardiovascular center. Results: Undiagnosed congenital heart disease before pregnancy, a lack of pre-pregnancy cardiology counseling, and modified World Health Organization class III/IV were common. Under the multispecialty healthcare strategy, although the rate of maternal death was 8.2% in the modified World Health Organization class IV group, no deaths occurred in any other group. Fetal/neonatal complications occurred in 54% of pregnancies, and 49.4% of neonates survived. Poor pregnancy outcomes were associated with admission during the first/seconde trimester for fetus/neonates, third trimester for mother, modified World Health Organization class III/IV, cyanosis, and heart failure. Conclusion: The outcomes of pregnant women with unrepaired congenital heart disease were poor but seemed to improve with a multidisciplinary in-hospital healthcare teamwork strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper deals with higher-order sensitivity analysis in terms of the higher-order adjacent derivative for nonsmooth vector optimization. The relations between the higher-order adjacent derivative of the minima/the proper minima/the weak minima of a multifunction and its profile map are given. Then the relationships between the higher-order adjacent derivative of the perturbation map/the proper perturbation map/the weak perturbation map, and the higher-order adjacent derivative of a feasible map in objective space are considered. Finally, the formulas for estimating the higher-order adjacent derivative of the perturbation map, the proper perturbation map, the weak perturbation map via the adjacent derivative of the constraint map, and the higher-order Fréchet derivative of the objective map are also obtained.

Despite the sharply increasing remittances in developing countries (especially in the AsiaPacific region), the relationship between remittances and domestic investment in recipient countries has not been fluently evidenced. This paper aims to fill the empirical gap in the Asia-Pacific region by investigating the impact of remittances on domestic investment with a sample including nineteen developing countries based on time series data from 1980 to 2015. However, our findings contradict some evidence from other regions. The results robustly confirm that remittances have a negative impact on domestic investment in these countries. Our results also indicate that the annual GDP per capita growth, official development assistance, domestic credit, gross saving, and inflation have a positive impact on domestic investment, however, we conclude that the impact of trade openness on domestic investment has a negative sign in the study period. The paper also provides some policy suggestions with regard to remittance flows in this region.

This article aims to determine the impact of international tourism on poverty in 28 developing and emerging countries from 2005-2020. The Driscoll-Kraay standard errors method was used in the quantitative analysis. Unlike previous studies, this study provides concrete answers to conflicting debates about tourism development and poverty reduction. Our results robustly conclude that international tourism helps to reduce poverty perspective in countries. Specifically, more enormous tourism revenues and higher numbers of international tourists will lead to lower poverty rates in host countries. In addition, the results also emphasize the role of institutional quality in poverty reduction. Research shows that good institutions in the host country help reduce poverty. These findings may provide policy implications regarding future tourism development and poverty reduction in developing countries and emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]