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Introduction: early exposure to cadmium toxic metal has been suggested to be associated with reduced infants/children growth; nevertheless, the available evidence is contradictory. Objective: this meta-analysis aimed to examine the association of cadmium exposure through biological samples to growth measurements of infants/children, including body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), BMI-for-age (BMI Z-score), weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ) z-scores. Methods: a systematic search in PubMed and Scopus was implemented to obtain the related studies. The standardized beta coefficients (ß) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) were used as effect sizes to test the associations using the random effects analysis. Results: a total of 15 studies with 6,181 participants were included in the meta-analysis. In the overall analysis, pooled analysis of available data revealed that cadmium exposure was inversely linked to height (ß = -0.06, 95 % CI = -0.12 to -0.01) and WAZ (ß = -0.01, 95 % CI = -0.02 to -0.003). These relationships were also supported by prospective cohort studies and urinary cadmium exposure. In the stratified analysis, cadmium exposure was negatively linked to the weight of children in prospective cohort studies, in studies that assessed urinary cadmium exposure. No significant association was detected between cadmium exposure and BMI, BMI Z-score, WHZ, and HAZ in the overall and subgroup analyses. Conclusions: this meta-analysis emphasized the importance of cadmium exposure as a risk factor for growth failure in infants/children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ketogenic diet was an amazing approach to treating epilepsy from its beginning. The body undergoes a change in obtaining energy, going from depending on carbohydrates to depending on fats, and then a whole series of biochemical routes are launched that, independently but also complementary, give rise to a set of effects that benefit the patient. This search for its mechanism of action, of devising how to improve compliance and take advantage of it for other diseases has marked its trajectory. This article briefly reviews these aspects, emphasizing the importance of continuing to carry out basic and clinical research so that this treatment can be applied with solid scientific bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: Mapear los factores asociados a la adherencia a la lactancia materna en lactantes con fisuras orofaciales. Método: Revisión de alcance según recomendaciones del Instituto Joanna Briggs, la búsqueda se realizó en marzo de 2023, en las bases de datos PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, SCOPUS, EMBASE, LILACS, ProQuest y BDTD. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 31 documentos. Los factores asociados a la adherencia a la lactancia materna incluyeron: complejidad anatómica de la fisura, orientación/capacitación prenatal y posnatal, deseo de amamantar, experiencia previa, conocimiento sobre los beneficios de la lactancia materna, uso de obturadores palatinos, uso de sonda de alimentación, apoyo social, familiar y profesional, extracción de leche y administración mediante utensilios y queiloplastía temprana. Conclusión: Si bien la complejidad de la fisura es un factor que no puede modificarse tempranamente, las demás variables que influyen en la adherencia a la lactancia materna son pasibles de intervención. Por lo tanto, el apoyo de todos los implicados en el proceso de lactancia materna es fundamental para su optimización.

Background: infants receiving full breastfeeding (FBF) regulate their appetites differently from those receiving human milk substitutes (HMS). In addition, early exposure to the dietary cholesterol in human milk could lead to better cholesterol regulation in later stages of life. Therefore, the purpose was to compare lipid profiles in 4-month-old infants and to correlate lipid profile with anthropometric indicators and appetite-regulating hormones according to the type of feeding. Methods: this was a cross-sectional and correlational study, which included 145 mother-infant dyads according to the type of feeding; 64 received FBF, 47 partial breastfeeding (PBF), and 34 HMS. The complete lipid profile, total ghrelin, leptin, peptide YY, and glucagon-like peptide type 1 were measured. Z-scores for weight/age, length/age, weight/length, triceps (TSF) and subscapular folds (SSF) and body mass index for age were also obtained. Results: there were significant differences in triglycerides and LDL cholesterol according to the type of feeding. In the HMS group, an inverse relationship was observed between ghrelin and triglycerides (p = 0.038), ghrelin and total cholesterol (TC) (p = 0.026), and peptide YY and HDL cholesterol (p = 0.017). In the PBF group, a direct relationship was observed between length/age (z) and triglycerides (p = 0.001) and between subscapular folds and TC (p = 0.049). In infants receiving HMS, a direct correlation was observed between weight/age (z) and TC (p = 0.045) and between length/age (z) and LDL cholesterol (p = 0.010). Conclusion: these findings show a relationship between growth, energy reserve, lipid profile, and modulation of appetite-regulating hormones according to the type of feeding they received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: preterm birth has been related to sensory, motor and cognitive difficulties. Attention processes allow us to keep the mind focused on one or more stimuli to be processed later. Premature infants have a higher risk of presenting cognitive disorders. The objective of this study was to compare the development of visual and auditory attention in infants who were born at-term compared to those born prematurely. Material and methods: 60 infants participated, 40 with a history of being premature; At the time of evaluation, they were four and eight months old. Visual and auditory attention was evaluated using the selective attention evaluation scale. Results: eight-month-old infants scored higher on visual and auditory attention than four-month-old infants. At-term infants at age 4 months had better auditory attention scores than preterm infants. While at eight months of age, premature infants presented higher scores in visual attention. Conclusions: early evaluation and treatment of attention processes in prematurity infants is recommended, which can avoid long-term cognitive sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo: saber cuáles son las principales estrategias de acción que han publicado las organizaciones internacionales de salud y cuáles se están practicando en México para prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad en los primeros mil días de vida. Metodología: revisión de alcance en los documentos técnicos e informes publicados en las bases de datos de la OMS, la OPS, el UNICEF, los CDC y el portal del Gobierno de México de 2014 a 2022. Resultados: las estrategias internacionales se centran en el control prenatal oportuno, la etapa posnatal, la alimentación adecuada, la estimulación física y sueño y la capacitación a los proveedores de salud. En México las estrategias se alinean a las recomendaciones que los organismos internacionales han dado. Limitaciones: los resultados deben tomarse como el reporte actual de la situación, porque la síntesis que se hace tiene solo una función informativa. Valor: la información aquí contenida posibilita tener un panorama general de un problema de salud que tiene vacíos de información y ofrecer una guía para futuras investigaciones. Conclusiones: México adapta las estrategias internacionales para la prevención de sobrepeso y obesidad en los primeros mil días en diversos programas de salud, pero no se las ha evaluado.

To analyze the effect of health education on the knowledge of pregnant women and parents of children under one year of age about the unburdening maneuver. This was a descriptive study with a before-and-after design, conducted in a Primary Health Care Unit located in the municipality of Morada Nova, with pregnant women and parents/caregivers of children up to one year of age, totaling 19 participants of the UBS, who answered a questionnaire containing sociodemographic data and another questionnaire before and after a health education. The av-erage age was 26.5 years, 74% were pregnant and 26% were already mothers; 74% passed the first questionnaire and 90% passed the second. Health education increased the knowledge of pregnant women about the maneuver of unburdening in children up to one year of age, thus emphasizing the importance of nursing professionals as promoters and educators in health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Salud UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To review the available evidence on the early introduction of allergenic foods and the possible protection in the development of food allergy in later stages. Methods: An exploratory review of randomized clinical trials whose study population included infants less than 6 months of age at enrollment with or without a diagnosis of food allergy was conducted. For the purposes of this review, eggs, peanuts, and wheat were included as potentially allergenic foods. The following databases were consulted: Medline, EBSCO, OVID, Science Direct and JSTOR (Journal Storage), Scielo, LILACS, Redalyc and Imbiomed from August to December 2021. Results: 429 articles were identified, 412 were excluded, and the final analysis included 9 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Six trials correspond to allergy to eggs, two to peanuts and one to wheat. The age of introduction differs in all trials. The earliest exposure was at 3.5 months and the latest at 5.5 months. The reduction in the risk of developing food allergy occurred in children at risk of allergy. Adverse reactions were common, particularly with the introduction of egg. Conclusions: We found no evidence that early introduction (< 6 months of age) of allergenic foods reduces the risk of developing food allergy in infants without risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción. Los hematomas subgaleales son patologías poco frecuentes que suelen originarse y resolverse espontáneamente. En neonatos se asocian con distocias y en lactantes o niños mayores con historial de traumatismo, incluso trivial, que puede pasar inadvertido. Hay un pequeño grupo donde no hay antecedente de trauma ni de otros factores como discrasias sanguíneas, se conforma principalmente por lactantes. El objetivo del presente artículo es mostrar una serie de casos de hematomas subgaleales espontáneos en lactantes, por su poca frecuencia, dificultad diagnóstica y diferencias de acuerdo con el tipo neonatal. Casos clínicos. Se presentan cuatro lactantes, entre 4 y 12 meses de edad, diagnosticados con hematomas subgaleales espontáneos (sin relación directa con traumatismo previo), de diferente severidad y atendidos en el servicio de urgencias. Se les realizó una evaluación diagnóstica dirigida a confirmar el hematoma y descartar trastornos de coagulación asociados. Todos los casos mostraron un curso clínico autolimitado sin complicaciones. Discusión. Los hematomas subgaleales espontáneos en lactantes suelen ser benignos, aunque es de vital importancia descartar discrasias sanguíneas. Dentro de éstas, los trastornos plaquetarios no suelen tenerse en cuenta y deben estudiarse. Su manejo es conservador y se reabsorberán solos en pocas semanas. Conclusiones. se debe establecer la causa de los hematomas subgaleales en niños pequeños y contemplar su posible aparición espontánea o por causa de discrasias sanguíneas. Introduction. Subgaleal hematomas are rare pathologies that usually arise and resolve spontaneously. In neonates they are associated with dystocia and in infants or older children with a history of trauma, even trivial, which may go unnoticed. There is a small group where there is no background of trauma or other factors such as blood dyscrasias, it is made up mainly of infants. The objective of this article is to show a case series of spontaneous subgaleal hematomas in infants, due to their infrequency, diagnostic difficulty, and differences according to neonatal type. Clinical cases. Four infants are presented, between 4 and 12 months of age, diagnosed with spontaneous subgaleal hematomas (not directly related to previous trauma), of different severity and treated in the emergency unit. They underwent a diagnostic test aimed at confirming the hematoma and ruling out associated coagulation disorders. All cases showed a self-limited clinical course without complications. Discussion. Spontaneous subgaleal hematomas in infants are usually benign, although it is vitally important to rule out blood dyscrasias. Within these, platelet disorders are not usually taken into account and should be studied. Its management is conservative and they will be reabsorbed on their own in a few weeks. Conclusions. The cause of subgaleal hematomas in young children should be established, and their possible spontaneous appearance or due to blood dyscrasias should be considered

O presente artigo teve como objetivo analisar a constitucionalidade das alterações na legislação promovidas pela Reforma Trabalhista no trabalho das gestantes e lactantes em ambientes insalubres, e relacionar as possíveis doenças causadas por esses ambientes. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa, pesquisando a bibliografia e a jurisprudência a respeito do assunto, buscando percepções e entendimentos sobre a natureza geral dos objetivos desse trabalho. Verificou-se que a alteração no art. 394A da Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho é inconstitucional, pois viola vários artigos da Constituição Federal, além do princípio da proibição do retrocesso social. Foram também encontradas várias doenças e distúrbios relacionados ao trabalho de gestantes e lactantes em ambientes insalubres demonstrando não ser recomendado o trabalho dessas mulheres nesses ambientes.

Antecedentes: la deficiencia de hierro y la anemia afectan a un porcentaje considerable de los lactantes, además ocasionan efectos deletéreos sobre su crecimiento y desarrollo. Objetivo: exponer los avances relacionados con la lactancia materna y la alimentación con fórmula frente al riesgo de deficiencia de hierro y las recomendaciones sobre edad de introducción de alimentos fuentes de hierro. Materiales y métodos: revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos de literatura médica, utilizando términos MeSH en inglés y descriptores en salud DeCS en español, relacionados con tipo de alimentación, presencia de anemia o deficiencia de hierro y crecimiento. Se tuvieron en cuenta artículos escritos en inglés y en español. Resultados: para tomar una decisión de si es adecuado iniciar la alimentación complementaria a los 4 o 6 meses y mantener el estado del hierro, se propone considerar factores como reservas de hierro, tipo de parto y desarrollo del bebé, entre otros. Al iniciar la alimentación complementaria, es importante la introducción de alimentos fuente de hierro hem. Conclusión: prácticas de alimentación adecuadas que incluyan la lactancia materna hasta los 2 años y la introducción de alimentos fuentes de hierro desde los 6 meses, probablemente, reducen la deficiencia de hierro y la anemia en menores de 2 años.

La deficiencia de hierro es la causa más frecuente de anemia en pediatría. Su detección precoz, tratamiento correcto y profilaxis adecuada, constituyen una prioridad sanitaria en nuestro país. Objetivo: Describir el screening de hemoglobina realizado en lactantes con edades comprendidas entre 8 y 12 meses, usuarios de un centro de atención pediátrico de Montevideo, en el período comprendido entre 2 de mayo y 31 de octubre de 2015 y evaluar factores de riesgo de anemia ferropénica presentes. Se revisaron sus historias clínicas, consignando datos epidemiológicos, antecedentes perinatales, alimentación recibida y si recibieron suplementación con hierro adecuada. Se registró si se había realizado la medición de hemoglobina por punción digital y el valor medido. Se comparó la prevalencia de factores de riesgo entre niños con y sin anemia. En el período evaluado fueron asistidos 62 niños: 3 pretérminos de 34 semanas o menos; 15 con peso al nacer menor a 3000 gramos; 42 con lactancia materna exclusiva durante 6 meses; 54 con alimentación complementaria adecuada; 45 con suplementación de hierro. Se realizó la medición de hemoglobina por punción digital a 55 niños. Tenían anemia 28 niños (82 % leve). No se encontró asociación de padecer anemia con los factores de riesgo estudiados excepto el cumplimiento de la profilaxis con suplemento de hierro. Concluimos que la prevalencia de anemia en este grupo fue elevada y que la suplementación con hierro es importante para su prevención.

La deficiencia de hierro (DFe) es la patología nutrimental infantil de mayor prevalencia en el mundo y afecta la maduración cerebral y el consiguiente desarrollo cognitivo, lingüístico, motor y comportamental de quienes la padecen. El informe que se presenta tuvo como objetivo estudiar, en profundidad, literatura acerca del efecto de la DFe sobre el desarrollo neuropsicológico en lactantes. Para ello, se analizaron 51 estudios originales realizados en humanos, 49 de los cuales fueron obtenidos a través de Pubmed y 2, de Scielo. Cabe resaltar que, con el fin de discutir los hallazgos de estos artículos, se incluyeron investigaciones sobre el efecto de la DFe que utilizan modelo animal, así como estudios en humanos con desarrollo típico. Esta búsqueda se realizó a conveniencia. El reconocimiento de sus implicaciones facilitaría el trabajo terapéutico, así como la inclusión de programas de estimulación temprana junto con el manejo de la deficiencia nutrimental.

Introduction: There is no current data on the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants and toddlers with high fever. We conducted this study to assess the point prevalence of UTI in children aged less than 2 years presenting with high fever to the emergency department. Methods: We conducted a prospective, multicentre, observational study including febrile children aged less than 2 years in whom urinalysis was performed to rule out UTI over a 1-year period in seven paediatric emergency departments in Spain. Boys younger than 1 year and girls younger than 2 years of age were eligible for the study if they had a rectal temperature greater than 39 °C, were not taking antibiotics, and there was no identifiable source of fever. The diagnosis of UTI was based on the presence of leukocyturia and positive urine culture results. Results: We included a total of 1675 patients. Two hundred sixty infants (15.5%; 95% CI, 13.8–17.3%) received a diagnosis of UTI. The point prevalence of UTI was 32.9% (95% CI, 26.6–39.9%) in febrile boys aged less than 6 months and 19.3% (95% CI, 16.1–22.9%) in febrile girls aged less than 12 months. The point prevalence of UTI was 13% (95% CI, 10.8–15.6%) in children with a duration of fever of less than 24 h, compared to 17.5% (95% CI, 15.2–20.1%) in those with a longer duration of fever (P = .014). Conclusions: The point prevalence of UTI in infants and toddlers with fever without source greater than 39 °C was higher in our study compared to previous studies of UTI prevalence, especially in male infants aged less than 6 months and female infants aged less than 12 months. Our findings suggest that clinicians need to carefully assess for UTI in infants with unexplained fever greater than 39 °C. Resumen: Introducción: No existen datos actuales de prevalencia de infección de orina (ITU) en lactantes con fiebre elevada en nuestro medio. Se realizó este estudio para evaluar la prevalencia puntual de ITU en lactantes con fiebre elevada en urgencias. Método: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, observacional incluyendo lactantes con fiebre a los que se realizó análisis de orina para descartar ITU en un periodo de un año en siete servicios de urgencia pediátricos españoles. Se incluyeron niños menores de un año y niñas menores de 2 años con fiebre sin focalidad > 39 °C y sin antibioterapia previa. El diagnóstico de ITU se basó en la presencia de leucocituria y urocultivo positivo. Resultados: Un total de 1675 pacientes fueron incluidos. Doscientos sesenta lactantes (15,5%, 95% IC 13,8-17,3) fueron diagnosticados de ITU. La prevalencia puntual de ITU fue 32,9% (95% IC 26,6-39,9) en niños febriles menores de 6 meses y 19,3% (95% IC 16,1-22,9) en niñas febriles menores de 12 meses. La prevalencia puntual de ITU fue 13% (95% IC 10,8-15,6) en lactantes con fiebre de menos de 24 horas de evolución versus 17,5% (95% IC 15,2-20,1) en aquellos con más horas de evolución de fiebre (p < 0,014). Conclusiones: La prevalencia puntual de ITU en lactantes con fiebre sin focalidad > 39 °C en nuestro medio es superior a la referida previamente, especialmente en niños39 °C.

Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo de anemia ferropénica en niños menores de un año pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente "7 de Noviembre" del municipio Majibacoa durante el año 2020. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal en lactantes menores de un año con anemia ferropénica pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente "7 de Noviembre" del municipio Majibacoa durante el año 2020. El universo estuvo constituido por 42 niños menores de un año con anemia ferropénica; se trabajó con la totalidad de estos. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, intensidad de la anemia, factores de riesgo biológicos y factores de riesgo sociales y culturales. Resultados: el 61,9 % eran del sexo femenino; por su parte la edad más representada fue la menor de 6 meses en ambos sexos, aunque más observada en las féminas (33,3 %). el 61,9 % tenían anemia ligera. El 69,0 % de las madres con anemia gestacional sus hijos presentaron anemia ferropénica; por otra parte, el 47,6 % de los niños menores de un año tenían como antecedente el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Conclusiones: el antecedente de anemia durante la gestación, el bajo peso al nacer, la ablactación incorrecta y el abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva constituyen los principales factores de riesgo en el origen de la anemia ferropénica en niños menores de un año.

Introduction: exclusive breastfeeding provides macro and micronutrients that are sufficient for the correct development and growth of the infant. The promotion of exclusive breastfeeding should be optimal, since early weaning has greatly increased nowadays. Objective: to determine what factors influence early weaning in mothers with infants from 0 to 11 months at the Augusto Egas Health Center, in the city of Santo Domingo, Ecuador. Method: a descriptive correlational study was undertaken, with a quantitative approach, during the period from July to the beginning of August 2021, in a population of 252 mothers who attended this health unit. A convenience sampling was carried out, and a sample of 153 mothers was obtained. The variables measured were: difficulties at the beginning of breastfeeding, foods that supplemented exclusive breastfeeding, early abandonment, myths that influenced the partial or complete abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding, and mothers who received information after delivery. Results: 85% of the mothers reported difficulties in the sufficient quantity of milk. Mothers did not abandon breastfeeding by their own decision, 64.7% expressed not believing in the myths. There was a majority of agreement in having received correct information after delivery from health personnel (64.7%). Conclusion: the insufficient amount of milk in mothers is the factor that influences the most in this health unit, so they opted for a mixed diet.

Introduction. Subgaleal hematomas are rare pathologies that usually arise and resolve spontaneously. In neonates they are associated with dystocia and in infants or older children with a history of trauma, even trivial, which may go unnoticed. There is a small group where there is no background of trauma or other factors such as blood dyscrasias, it is made up mainly of infants. The objective of this article is to show a case series of spontaneous subgaleal hematomas in infants, due to their infrequency, diagnostic difficulty, and differences according to neonatal type. Clinical cases. Four infants are presented, between 4 and 12 months of age, diagnosed with spontaneous subgaleal hematomas (not directly related to previous trauma), of different severity and treated in the emergency unit. They underwent a diagnostic test aimed at confirming the hematoma and ruling out associated coagulation disorders. All cases showed a self-limited clinical course without complications. Discussion. Spontaneous subgaleal hematomas in infants are usually benign, although it is vitally important to rule out blood dyscrasias. Within these, platelet disorders are not usually taken into account and should be studied. Its management is conservative and they will be reabsorbed on their own in a few weeks. Conclusions. The cause of subgaleal hematomas in young children should be established, and their possible spontaneous appearance or due to blood dyscrasias should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Sociologia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Presentado en sesión de 8 de julio de 1931. Relato por Domingo Prat

Background: Allergy to cow’s milk protein is a common problem in children. The clinical manifestations of the reactions that are mediated by IgE are varied and the anaphylactic reactions can be life-threatening. Clinical case: A girl at an age of four months and a half that, five minutes after consuming cereal with cow’s milk, had rashes in the perioral area and extensive pruritic micropapular lesions associated with vomit and inspiratory stridor. She received adrenaline by intramuscular injection and antihistamines by intravenous injection. She was first evaluated in a service of allergy treatment when she was six months and twenty days old. The results of the allergen-specific immunoglobulin E test were positive. The treatment was initiated with a hydrolyzed rice formula and supplementary feeding. Conclusions: Anaphylaxis can be the first and last manifestation of a food allergy. The right education for parents about strictly avoiding the food that triggered the allergic reaction and the right training in the use of intramuscular adrenalin may result in a better prognosis for patients.

Introduction: The consumption of free sugars has been related to excess weight, with the WHO recommending an intake of

Introducción: El síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) presenta prevalencia variable en niños, pudiendo determinar complicaciones a largo plazo, de no recibir tratamiento adecuado. El tratamiento actuales el uso de presión positiva continua en la vía aérea (CPAP). Como esta terapia presenta baja tolerancia y adherencia en niños pequeños, el objetivo de este trabajo es describir la utilización de cánula nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) como alternativa para el tratamiento sintomático en cuatro lactantes con SAHOS. Presentación del caso: Cuatro lactantes de entre uno y seis meses de edad, con bajo peso y SAHOS severo, recibieron CNAF para tratar los síntomas presentes tanto en sueño como en vigilia. El dispositivo se colocó durante la internación progresando el flujo hasta los 2 L/min por kilogramo de peso, sin oxígeno suplementario; logrando la mejora de síntomas, aumento de peso en los cuatro niños, y la transición al tratamiento definitivo domiciliario (CPAP en tres individuos y traqueostomía en uno). Conclusión: Se describió la utilización de la CNAF en cuatro lactantes con diagnóstico de SAHOS durante la internación en nuestro hospital, mejorando su peso corporal y logrando la transición a otros tratamientos para así lograr ser externados.

Objetivo: El propósito de esta revisión bibliográfica fue evaluar la evidencia disponible con respecto al beneficio del uso de pastas fluoradas en la prevención de la Caries de la Infancia Temprana en niños menores de 5 años. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de literatura en varias bases de datos electrónicas como PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCO, LILACS, CO-CHRANE; desde el año 1997 hasta el 2019. Resultados: Un total de 50 artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y en su mayoría concluyeron que el uso de fluoruros debe incorporarse en los niños debido a la cantidad de beneficios que proporciona. Conclusiones: La caries de la infancia temprana representa un inconveniente sobre todo en países en vías de desarrollo y disminuye considerablemente la calidad de vida del niño y de su familia. Utilizar pastas dentales altas en flúor puede implementarse como medida preventiva para hacer que la prevalencia de esta enfermedad disminuya en niños menores de 5 años.

Objetivo: El objetivo de investigación es identificar mediante la educación para la salud el nivel de conocimiento de las madres de las madres referente a la ventana de infectividad bucal en el binomio madre-hijo y a las prácticas preventivas. Materiales y Métodos: La muestra fue tomada durante la consulta de obstetricia del Hospital Universitario Ángel Larralde, estado Carabobo en el período Septiembre-Diciembre del año 2017. Previamente, las madres habían recibido instrucción referente a técnicas de higiene personal y bucal por parte de los residentes del Postgrado de Odontopediatría de la Universidad de Carabobo. El enfoque de la investigación es cualitativo, modalidad de campo de tipo descriptiva, diseño no experimental transversal. La muestra fue de treinta (30) madres. Los datos se Originalrecolectaron por medio de la técnica de la encuesta usando como un cuestionario contentivo de veinticinco (25) preguntas, sobre las dimensiones contacto directo, lactancia materna e higiene personal. Los datos obtenidos fueron organizados y presentados en tablas. Resultados: Se obtuvo un nivel de conocimiento de la transmisibilidad bacteriana por contacto directo regular. El nivel de conocimiento de las prácticas preventivas durante la lactancia materna fue deficiente, a diferencia del conocimiento referente a las medidas de higiene personal que fue aceptable. Conclusión: Se concluyó que los indicadores contacto directo y lactancia materna deben ser reforzadas.

Background: Iron deficiency and anemia affect a considerable percentage of breastfeeding children and can have damaging effects on growth and development. Objective: Present recent advances related to breastfeeding and formula feeding against the risk of iron deficiency and global recommendations on the age of introduction of foods that are good sources of iron. Materials and Methods: A narrative literature review was performed in medical literature databases using MeSH terms in English and health descriptors DeCS in Spanish. Terms were related with type of diet, presence of anemia or iron deficiency, and growth. Both articles written in Spanish and English were considered. Results: To make the decision as to whether it is adequate to begin complementary feeding at four or six months while maintaining iron status, it is proposed to consider factors such as iron stores, birth experience, infant development, and others. In starting complementary feeding it's important to incorporate foods that are good sources of iron. Conclusions: Adequate feeding practices that include breastfeeding until 24 months and the introduction of foods that are sources of iron starting at six months likely reduce iron deficiency and anemia in children less than 24 months of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: La oxigenoterapia a través de cánula nasal de alto flujo (CAFO) disminuye las tasas de intubación y dificultad respiratoria, aumenta la oxigenación y el confort del paciente. Su utilización en el tratamiento de IRAB es bien documentado mientras que en neumonía es discutida. La investigación sobre su uso fuera de las unidades críticas es escasa. Objetivo: Describir las características y evolución de los niños que requirieron oxigenoterapia mediante CAFO para el tratamiento de IRAB en la sala de internación general pediátrica de un hospital de agudos, haciendo un sub analisis en aquellos con Neumonia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron sujetos con diagnóstico de IRAB, que recibieron terapia CAFO, en la sala de internación general pediátrica, entre el 1/06/18 y 30/11/18. Se registraron variables demográficas, variables clínicas y la estadía hospitalaria. Resultados: Veintinueve sujetos fueron analizados. La mediana de edad fue de 5 meses (RIQ= 1,5 - 11). El motivo de ingreso más frecuente fue bronquiolitis (bql). La media de días de utilización de CAFO fue de 4,5 días (DE=1,8), la media de días de internación fue de 6,3 (DE= 2,6). Dos sujetos requirieron derivación a unidades de cuidados intensivos. Conclusiones: Este estudio describe las características demográficas, evolución clínica, días de internación y uso de CAFO, destino al alta de niños tratados en una sala de internación general. En el subgrupo de sujetos con neumonía, se encontró un comportamiento similar al de los sujetos con bronquiolitis.

Introducción: el sueño en el lactante es un tema que, en algún momento de la vida, perturba a muchos padres y madres. Definir lo que es un patrón normal de sueño en la infancia es complicado debido a los diversos factores que lo determinan. Objetivo: evaluar la duración total del sueño en lactantes. Métodos: se evaluaron un total de 38 díadas de madres e hijos en etapa lactante que completaron por una semana el diario de sueño de sus hijos. Resultados: los datos encontrados indican que la duración total del sueño de los lactantes en 24 horas tuvo una media de 11,33 horas. Conclusión: los niños mexicanos duermen entre dos y tres horas menos de acuerdo con parámetros de la National Sleep Fundation; es necesario establecer estrategias de educación que fomenten la higiene del sueño desde edades tempranas.

Introducción: se ha descrito la coexistencia de trastornos gastrointestinales funcionales (c-TGF) en lactantes y preescolares (LactPre); sin embargo, hay poca literatura sobre los principales c-TGF y sus características. Objetivo: describir la prevalencia y posibles asociaciones de c-TGF en un mismo LactPre latinoamericano. Metodología: estudio de prevalencia en LactPre de Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua y Panamá de consulta externa y urgencias, a quienes, según los criterios de Roma III en español, se identificaron regurgitación, síndrome de rumiación, síndrome del vómito cíclico, cólico, diarrea funcional, estreñimiento funcional y disquecia. Se tuvieron en cuenta la edad, el sexo y el origen. La estadística incluyó t de Student, chi cuadrado, prueba exacta de Fisher, análisis uni y multivariados y el cálculo de los OR e IC 95%, siendo una p

Background: the exclusive breastfeeding until the six months of age of the baby has been through the medicine´s history something really difficult to achieve with many mothers who breastfeed. Objective: to identify the causes of abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding by the mothers. Methods: a descriptive study with a quantitative and cross-sectional approach was carried out between September and November of 2016. It was applied a survey and observation to 73 mothers of infants up to 6 months of age who abandoned exclusive breastfeeding. Results: when analyzing the data obtained, it showed that the highest age group was 14 to 16 years old, the secondary school level was the most prevalent, the level of knowledge of this population was low, as far as the sources of information, 68.49 % did not identify any. When observing the technique of breastfeeding it was found that mothers did it in deficient way. When analyzing the time of abandonment of exclusive breastfeeding it was obtained that it was at 3 months old in the majority. The main cause of exclusive breastfeeding´s abandonment was the onset of the studies. The family per capita of this population is low where 32 of them are of 100 to 200 dollars monthly and the digestive diseases were the most frequent suffered by the infants. Conclusions: the population studied were adolescents, who were still in their studies, with low level of knowledge of the subject, low economic income, which according to them they did not have a source of information, all these factors contributed that a great part of them abandoned exclusive breastfeeding before 3 months, bringing diseases to infants. DeCS: BREAST FEEDING; RISK FACTORS; MILK, HUMAN; ADOLESCENT; EPIDEMIOLOGY, DESCRIPTIVE.

Introducción: la sibilancia en niños preescolares se encuentra entre las principales causas de morbilidad atendida en las consultas de alergología y representa un importante número de ingresos hospitalarios. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de la sibilancia en niños menores de cinco años ingresados en el servicio de respiratorio del Hospital Pediátrico Docente Provincial “José Martí Pérez” de Sancti Spíritus, en el período noviembre de 2015 a noviembre de 2016. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, el universo quedó constituido por 242 pacientes menores de cinco años ingresados por sibilancia en dicho servicio. Entre las variables que se estudiaron se encuentran: grupos de edad, sexo, antecedentes atópicos familiares, diagnóstico nosológico, fenotipo. Resultados: predominaron los lactantes, el sexo masculino, la residencia urbana, la bronquiolitis como diagnóstico al ingreso, el antecedente de atopia familiar fue más frecuente entre sus madres con diagnóstico de asma, los antecedentes atópico personal; la sibilancia persistente atópica tuvo mayor frecuencia; la inmunoglobulina E total estuvo elevada en un número frecuente de los casos. Conclusiones: el mayor número de casos en los pacientes incluidos tuvo riesgo de asma bronquial, con predominio de varones, historia familiar presente y personal de atopia, así como inmunoglobulina E sérica total elevada.

Introduction: The presence of apnoea in acute bronchiolitis (AB) varies between 1.2% and 28.8%, depending on the series, and is one of its most fearsome complications. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of apnoea in hospitalised patients diagnosed with AB, and to define their associated risk factors in order to construct a prediction model. Patients and method: A retrospective observational study of patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in the last 5 years with a diagnosis of AB, according to the classic criteria. Data was collected on the frequency of apnoea and related clinical variables to find risk factors in a binary logistic regression model for the prediction of apnoea. A ROC curve was developed with the model. Results: Apnoea was recorded during the admission of 53 (4.4%) patients out of a total of 1.197 cases found. The risk factors included in the equation were: female (OR 0.6, 95% CI: 0.27–1.37), caesarean delivery (OR: 3.44, 95% CI: 1.5–7.7), postmenstrual age ≤43 weeks (OR: 6.62, 95% CI: 2.38–18.7), fever (OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.09–1.97), low birth weight (OR: 5.93, 95% CI: 2.23–7.67), apnoea observed by caregivers before admission (OR: 5.93, 95% CI: 2.64–13.3), and severe bacterial infection (OR: 3.98, 95% CI: 1.68–9.46). The optimal sensitivity and specificity of the model in the ROC curve was 0.842 and 0.846, respectively (P

Objective: To identify the factors that influence the failure of ventricularperitoneal shunt in children and adolescents with hydrocephalus. Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried out with children and adolescents up to 18 years of age, of both sexes, who were admitted and operated on at Juan Manuel Márquez Pediatric University Hospital, from January 1, 2004 to December 31 2007, due to communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus. They were followed up until December 2017. The sample was made up of 112 patients and the variables analyzed were age, sex, skin color, main imaging studies performed for diagnosis, cause of hydrocephalus, location of the catheter in the ventricle, type of shunt system used, surgical time, frequency of sepsis, and number of system failures. For the comparison of means, t-Student test and the association between variables (proportions) chi-square were used. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression were used. Results: Male sex predominated with 62 patients. The mean age of the series was one year, ranging between 6 hours old to 18 years old. Higher incidence was found in the group under 1 year of age (55 children). The most used diagnostic test was the skull axial tomography (56%) and acquired causes were more frequent (67%). Shunts with failed occipital location of the ventricular catheter prevailed in 75.5%. There was association between the mean surgical time and shunt sepsis, which was significantly higher in children who had more surgical time. Shunt failures occurred during the follow-up period in 62.5% of patients. Conclusions: The associated factors with the shunt failure rate were the type of shunt system, the occipital location of the ventricular catheter, long surgical time, age minor than six months, and the hemorrhagic, tumor and post infectious causes of hydrocephalus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease. It affects all age groups; however, it is rare in children. The aim is to present the case of an infant patient and report on the management of psoriasis in pediatric patients. Clinical case: Four-month-old female patient, who started her condition at two months, with the appearance of scaly erythematous plaques, which progressively affected most of the body surface. In histopathological analysis of skin biopsy, psoriasis vulgaris was confirmed, so treatment with topical calcipotriol was started, and after one month, significant improvement was observed. Conclusion: Since psoriasis vulgaris is a very rare condition in infants, there is little evidence to recommend any specific treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neuroimaging studies in adults and children of school age have described the role of parietal and frontal cortices in orienting attention. However, this activity has not been reported in infants in the first year of life. Objective: To describe changes in cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) in the parietal and frontal cortex during a visual orienting attention task in infants at three different ages: 4, 8 and 12 months. Material and methods: Thirty-seven healthy infants were included. The neuroimaging technique of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used. The task consisted in the presentation of moving images appearing in the center, left and right of a computer monitor. Results: During the task, we found the highest HbO concentration in the right parietal and frontal cortices in all three age groups; the 12 monthsold group showed also a higher concentration of HbO in the left parietal and frontal areas. Conclusion: In the three age groups, the right parietal and frontal cortices were more active during a visual orienting attention task. Infants at 12 monthsold have better visual attention abilities, as in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the management of patients with bronchiolitis in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), where the recommendations of the evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPG) are used, in which support therapy is the basic treatment. Material and methods: Descriptive study of a consecutive sample of children who were admitted for acute bronchiolitis and treated in a PICU, between June 2016 and December 2017. Demographic information, clinical condition, risk factors, medical management and evolution were collected, until discharge of patients. Results: 150 patients who met the selection criteria were identified. The median age was four months (IQR 2 - 9 months); 63.6% were men. A reduction in the use of medications in managing the PICU, compared to the previous management was observed. The use of invasive mechanical ventilation occurred in 18.2% (n = 27) and high-flow nasal cannulas in 76.8%. Bacterial co-infection was detected in 19.3%. Six patients died (4%). Conclusion: In patients with severe bronchiolitis the use of unnecessary medications is reduced when adhered to the CPG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this paper is to develop and present recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of Cow's Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) which can serve as a reference for pediatric and primary care physicians to consult. Materials and methods: This expert position document was developed by a group of doctors who are specialists in several therapeutic areas who have experience in CMPA. The most relevant topics were defined and a review of the available scientific literature was carried out to prepare a proposal for recommendations that was then discussed by the authors. Results: A position paper was developed that proposes a practical approach to definition, diagnosis and treatment of CMPA in pediatric patients. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and proper management of CMPA can help decrease the burden of this disease and its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, communications have appeared in which it is debated whether the consumption of cow's milk and the products derived from it are favorable for their health or, on the contrary, if cow's milk predisposes to the appearance of chronic diseases in the pediatric age. In the present work, the Mexican Society of Pediatrics, together with a multidisciplinary group of pediatric doctors with different specialties, analyzed some of these concerns. Thus, this document succinctly addresses the scientific evidence about some relevant aspects, including the biological properties of milk, its importance to achieve appropriate growth in children over one year of age, as well as the studies carried out on the problems related to its consumption, such as anemia, lactose intolerance and milk protein allergy. In addition, the controversy over the consumption of cow's milk associated with obesity and its comorbidities. Finalizing on the lack of evidence on the association of cow's milk consumption with type 1 diabetes, autism and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: Los episodios de obstrucción bronquial a temprana edad constituyen un problema frecuente en pediatría. El objetivo de este estudio, además de conocer la prevalencia de sibilancias recurrentes en lactantes de Buenos Aires, fue identificar los factores asociados. Métodos: Estudio de tipo transversal realizado durante 2011 y 2012, en el Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, como parte del Estudio Internacional de Sibilancias en Lactantes, mediante una encuesta validada para padres de lactantes de 12 a 15 meses. Se evaluó la prevalencia de sibilancias, fundamentalmente de tipo recurrentes (tres o más episodios) y los posibles factores asociados. El análisis estadístico se realizó por prueba de χ2, prueba de Fisher y análisis de regresión logística univariada y multivariada. El nivel de significación fue de 0.05. Resultados: De 1063 lactantes, el 58.9% (intervalo de confianza (IC) 95% 55.9-61.9) presentaron al menos un episodio de sibilancia y el 26.3% (IC 95% 23.8-29.9), tres o más episodios (sibilancias recurrentes). Los factores vinculados a padecer al menos un episodio de sibilancia fueron el sexo masculino (p = 0.001), seis o más resfríos en el primer año (p

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con el objetivo de conocer el comportamiento clínico epidemiológico de la bronquiolitis aguda en lactantes admitidos en el Western Regional Hospital de la ciudad de Belmopán, Belice, periodo de septiembre a diciembre de 2015. Las hospitalizaciones por bronquiolitis ocuparon el 37 % de las ocurridas en la etapa en el servicio de Pediatría; predominando entre los de más corta edad y del sexo masculino, sin variaciones significativas de incidencia por meses.La historia familiar de atopia resultó el factor de riesgo más frecuente, seguido por antecedentes de bajo peso al nacer, desnutrición y anemia. La estadía hospitalaria fue inferior a 72 horas en la mayor parte de los pacientes. Se presentó la bronconeumonía bacteriana como la más importante complicación, lo que explica el empleo de antibióticos en esta serie. Se usaron masivamente oxígeno, salbutamol en nebulizaciones y metilprednisolona para tratar los lactantes admitidos con bronquiolitis. ABSTRACT A descriptive study was carried out to determine the epidemiological clinical behavior of acute bronchiolitis in infants admitted to the Western Regional Hospital in the city of Belmopan, Belize, from September to December 2015. The hospitalizations for bronchiolitis occupied 37 % of those occurred in the stage in the Pediatric service; predominating among the younger and males, with no significant variations in incidence for months. The family history of atopy was the most frequent risk factor, followed by a history of low birth weight, malnutrition and anemia. Hospital stay was shorter than 72 hours in most patients. Bacterial bronchopneumonia was presented as the most important complication, which explains the use of antibiotics in this series. Oxygen, salbutamol in nebulisations and methylprednisolone were massively used to treat infants admitted with bronchiolitis.

El Hamartoma Condromesenquimal Nasal (HCMN) es una neoplasia descrita por McDermott et al en 1998 en pacientes pediátricos, con pocos casos reportados en adultos. Este tumor está constituido por tejido condroide o cartilaginoso así como por tejidos mesenquimales. Es una lesión expansiva, localmente destructiva y en algunos casos está descrita la extensión intracraneal. El comportamiento es habitualmente benigno y el tratamiento consiste en la resección quirurgica. Se presenta un caso de un paciente masculino de 8 meses de edad, quien presentaba aumento de volumen en región periorbitaria derecha, con pseudoptosis palpebral, paresia del nervio oculomotor derecho y rinorrea hialina. Mediante la Tomografia Computarizada (TC) craneal y la Resonancia Magnética (RM) cerebral se observó lesión ocupante de espacio naso fronto etmoidal. El estudio histopatológico e inmunohistoquimico determinó la presencia de tumor mesenquimal fibrocartilaginoso osificante: Hamartoma Condromesenquimal. Se revisan las características y el tratamiento de este tumor poco frecuente.

Gastric teratomas are usually benign. The case of a two-month-old male patient in whom an abdominal mass was detected is presented. Ultrasound and CT studies of the abdomen showed a large tumor in the greater curvature of the stomach. By endoscopy, intra-gastric growth was observed. The treatment was surgical, with gastrectomy and total tumor resection. By pathology, the diagnosis was of mature gastric teratoma. Monitoring for five years has not revealed evidence of recurrence or malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]