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Yoghurt is a widely consumed fermented dairy product, known for its flavour and perceived health benefits. To create herbal yoghurt with unique attributes, different amounts (0, 4, 6 and 8 g) of cinnamon, garlic and ginger were incorporated into the yoghurt postfermentation, resulting in multiple samples. The research assessed various aspects of the herbal yoghurt, including proximate composition, micronutrients, physicochemical properties, antioxidant content, sensory attributes and microbiological characteristics. The proximate analysis revealed variations in moisture (86.67% to 87.79%), protein (4.26% to 4.28%), fat (3.82% to 3.91%), ash (0.88% to 0.95%) and carbohydrates (0.12% to 1.73%). The vitamin C content ranged from 0.21 mg/100 mg to 0.21 mg/100 mg, and vitamin A content from 2.79 IU to 2.86 IU. Phosphorus and calcium content varied from 90.43 mg/100 mg to 91.87 mg/100 mg and 53.72 mg/100 mg to 53.83 mg/100 mg, respectively. The herbal yoghurt exhibited a pH range of 4.57 to 4.67, total titratable acidity from 0.43 to 0.51 and IC50 for DPPH values from 20.83 to 21.78. In terms of sensory evaluation, the control sample (YCTRL) garnered the highest mean scores for all attributes, including appearance, aroma, taste, aftertaste, mouthfeel, consistency and overall acceptability. Panellists rated YGP1, which contained 4 g of ginger powder, as the herbal yoghurt with the most acceptability. Microbiological analysis indicated that the total viable count ranged from 7.9 × 102 (cfu/ml) to 1.1 × 103 (cfu/mL), with lactic acid bacteria counts varying from 1.4 × 103 (cfu/mL) to 2.3 × 103 (cfu/mL). Notably, no mould was detected in any of the yoghurt samples or the control, possibly due to the stringent aseptic conditions and hygienic measures maintained during production. From the results obtained, herbal yoghurt can serve as a highly nutritional functional food enriched with a variety of health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment options for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are limited and often cause severe toxicity and debilitating long-term impacts. Developing effective and safer treatments is warranted. Several plant extracts have shown their effectiveness, but a comprehensive comparison between plant extracts in HNSCC has not been reported. Our aim was to investigate the effect of different plant extracts on the proliferation and viability of HNSCC cell lines. In addition, we investigated the efficacy of combining cytotoxic plant extracts with radiation. Since RT is a cornerstone in the treatment and management of HNSCC, it is desirable to enhance its efficacy through combination with cytotoxic agents that have minimal side effects. HNSCC cell lines were treated with various plant extracts at different concentrations. MTT assays were performed to identify the most potent anti-tumor plant extract. Colony-formation assays were performed to determine the radiosensitization effect. To investigate the effect on migration, transwell migration assays were performed. Annexin V staining was performed to analyze cell apoptosis. 6-gingerol resulted in the most significant dose-dependent inhibition in all cell lines compared to other plant extracts. Colony-formation assays showed a significant radiosensitizing effect when 6-gingerol was combined with radiation. In addition, the combination of 6-gingerol with radiation resulted in a significant decrease in HNSCC cell migration. Mechanistically, Annexin V staining showed that the combination of 6-gingerol and RT induces a synergistic apoptotic effect in MOC1, MOC2 and SCC9 cells compared to RT alone. In conclusion, 6-gingerol enhances the effect of radiation in HNSCC cell lines and could be a suitable candidate for combination therapy in HNSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cancer patients treated with chemotherapy often face variety of side effects, with nausea and vomiting being the most frequent. Ginger (Zingiber officinale), contains natural compounds that can speed up the metabolism and increase intestinal motility. It is traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of ginger in management of nausea among patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods: This crossover interventional study was conducted to evaluate the role of ginger in management of nausea among patients receiving chemotherapy. Study was carried out at chemotherapy daycare of Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, with a sample size of 90 patients, using non-probability convenient sampling. Patients undergoing chemotherapy were given the dose of ginger (550 mg twice a day) for five consecutive days. On the next chemo cycle the same patients were given the placebo capsules of same color and weight for two times a day for five days. Patients and attendants were contacted for five days and being asked about post-chemotherapy nausea. Nausea and vomiting were measured by Rhodes scale. Results: Results showed that Rhodes score of patients taking Ginger capsules was significantly lower than those taking placebo (p-value < 0.05) in all the five days. Conclusion: Ginger significantly managed the nausea among patients receiving chemotherapy. Its natural antiemetic properties provide a convenient and safe way to reduce the post-chemotherapy nausea and vomiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the antiobesity effects of black ginger extract (BGE) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Mice were divided into six groups: normal diet control (NC, AIN-93G normal diet), 60% HFD control (HFD), HFD containing metformin at 250 mg/kg b.w. (Met, positive control), and HFD containing BGE at 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg b.w. for 15 weeks. BGE administration significantly prevented HFD-induced increases in weight gain, organ weight, and adipose tissue mass. Furthermore, it resulted in decreased adipogenesis and lipogenesis-related factors, including phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, fatty acid synthase, dephosphorylated ATP-citrate lyase, dephosphorylated acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and lipoprotein lipase, in white adipose tissues. Moreover, BGE administration enhanced lipolysis in white adipose tissue, as evidenced by elevated levels of adipose triglyceride lipase, phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase, and protein kinase A, along with reduced levels of perilipin and phosphodiesterase 3B. BGE induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissues, as reflected by the increased expression of AMP-activated protein kinase, uncoupling protein 1, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and decreased levels of fatty acid-binding protein 4. In conclusion, this study provides comprehensive evidence supporting the antiobesity effects of BGE, elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in preventing weight gain, suppressing adipogenesis, promoting lipolysis, and stimulating thermogenesis. These findings suggest the potential therapeutic utility of BGE in combating obesity and associated metabolic disorders (KHGASP-2023-034). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a valuable sciophyte crop used as a spice or fresh herb in culinary dishes and for treating medical issues such as osteoarthritis, neurological diseases, vomiting, and asthma. The demand for ginger in the United States is remarkably high; it is produced commercially and exclusively in Hawaii but can only meet ~20% of US demand. Light for ginger growth may be more important than is often assumed, but the roles of light in ginger growth and rhizome yield are not fully understood. We hypothesized that artificial shade would produce the highest yielding ginger compared with no shade. This study evaluated the impact of different shading suited for ginger growth and rhizome yield of different cultivars grown in a high tunnel. There were three levels (0%, 22%, and 40%) of shade using RCBD design. We analyzed the overall yield (weight) of ginger and the specific yield (weight) of different rhizome parts (biological root, edible root, and seed ginger) per plant in addition to plant growth data. Data were analyzed for 2018 and 2019, and shade conditions influenced ginger growth and yield. There was no significant difference between shade conditions or cultivars, but general trends found that data differed between the two growing seasons. In 2018, Chinese White and Hawaii Yellow produced a better (higher) yield under 0% and 40% shade. However, in 2019, Chinese White and Hawaii Yellow produced the highest total yield under 22% shade, but Bubba Blue produced the highest overall yield at 0% shade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) is a fungus that not only causes disease while bananas are being grown, but it also causes begetting after bananas are harvested, which limits the production of bananas. Zingiberaceae plants contain a high number of extractable secondary metabolites that are regarded to have effective antifungal activities. However, in order for the compounds to be suitable for use, they must be tested by modifying the polarity in the extracting solvent. In this study, four Zingiberaceae species were examined, namely Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, C. zanthorrhiza, and Alpinia galanga. The extraction of rhizomes of each plant was accomplished by using solvents with distinct polarity index (PI) viz. water (PI 9.0); a mixture of 50% water and 50% ethanol (PI 7.1); ethanol (PI 5.2); and n-hexane (PI 0.0). The anti-Fusarium evaluation of these 16 extracts was carried out in vitro by implementing the pour plate method in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Our results showed that the C. zanthorrhiza n-hexane extract possessed the greatest antifungal activity among other extracts. The fungal inhibition ability of the extracts was negatively correlated with the increase in solvent polarity index. In order to comprehend our understanding of the antifungal activity, the chemical compositions of each extract were identified through non-targeted Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), showing the main components of the n-hexane extracts were terpenes and terpenoids. Particularly, C. zanthorrhiza n-hexane extract contained, with the percentage of abundance in parentheses, germacrene B (22.99%), β-farnesene (14.72%), curzerene (10.87%), 2-bornanone (9.60%), α-curcumene (9.32%), zingiberene (8.30%), β-curcumene (6.36%), β-elemene (5.31%), caryophyllene (3.36%), cedrene (2.73%), α-bergamotene (1.36%), and humulene (0.20%). As conclusion, this crude extract or its pure chemical constituents have potential application as biofumigant to control Foc in postharvest banana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wilt disease of ginger, caused by various Fusarium species, imperils the cultivation of this valuable crop. However, the pathogenic mechanisms and epidemiology of ginger wilt remain elusive. Here, we investigate the association between ginger rhizome health and the prevalence of Fusarium conidia, as well as examine fungal community composition in symptomatic and asymptomatic ginger tissues. Our findings show that diseased rhizomes have reduced tissue firmness, correlating negatively with Fusarium conidia counts. Pathogenicity assays confirmed that both Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani are capable of inducing wilt symptoms in rhizomes and sterile seedlings. Furthermore, Fungal community profiling revealed Fusarium to be the dominant taxon across all samples, yet its relative abundance was significantly different between symptomatic and asymptomatic tissues. Specifically, there is a higher incidence of Fusarium amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in symptomatic above-ground parts. Our results unequivocally implicate F. oxysporum or F. solani as the etiological agents responsible for ginger wilt and demonstrate that Fusarium is the principal fungal pathogen associated with this disease. These findings provide critical insights for efficacious disease management practices within the ginger industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using biomass as a fuel in dryers decreases reliance on fossil fuels and encourages the adoption of renewable energy sources, contributing to the overall energy security of the region. In order to achieve this, a biomass-fueled natural convection dryer has been developed, and the effects of thermal storage materials like paraffin wax and pebbles are assessed to evaluate the thermo-economic-environmental analysis of the dryer for ginger drying. The research aims to examine the energy and exergy efficiency and to verify the environmental and economic feasibility of using these thermal storage materials in the dryer. The experiments are conducted under different circumstances, including cases without thermal storage materials, using only paraffin wax or pebbles, and simultaneously using both materials. The results indicate that combining thermal storage materials yields the highest heat energy retention, maintaining higher temperatures for longer durations, and demonstrating superior energy and exergy efficiency. The dryer is also found to have a positive environmental impact with an energy payback period of 1 year and the potential to mitigate 22.82–22.89 tonnes of CO2 over its lifetime. The financial assessment of the dryer shows that it has a payback period of 0.31–0.37 years and can produce 2218.38–2223.91 kg of dried ginger annually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postpartum depression is a major psychiatric disorder that affects the mother-baby attachment and may impair cognitive development of the child. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of curcumax (including ginger, turmeric, and black pepper) on postpartum depression in reproductive-aged women. Material and methods: This was a randomized controlled trial in which 124 women were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups of curcumax (n=62) and placebo (n=62)who consumed curcumax or placebo for 8weeks (one capsule each day). Postpartum depression wasmeasured using Edinburgh Depression Scale. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, independent t-test, and GEE. Results: The mean (SD) score of depression score was 15.83 (2.77) and 15.45 (2.97) before intervention, which reduced to 3.48 (4.29) and 7.22 (3.98) in the intervention and control groups, respectively after 4 weeks (p<0.0001). After eight weeks of intervention, these scores reduced to 1.72 (3.30) and 5.85 (3.67) in the intervention and control groups, respectively (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that curcumax significantly reduced the mean score of postpartum depression among reproductive-aged women. Because it is the first time this herb was used as an anti-depressant, its effective dose was not available. Therefore, further studies with higher doses of this herb are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study explores the effect of ginseng stem leaf (GSL) extract on the production performance, meat quality, antioxidant status, immune function, and lipid metabolism of white feathered broilers. Methods: There were 6 replicates in each group, with 10 broilers in each replicate. In the 42 day trial, 300 AA broilers were randomly divided into five groups: control group (CON), 1.25% GSL extract group (GSL-L), 2.5% GSL group (GSL-M), 5% GSL group (GSL-H), and 45 mg/kg chlortetracycline group (CTC). Results: The results showed that different doses of GSL extract could improve the body weight, feed to gain ratio (F/G), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and meat quality of broilers. Compared with the control group, the addition of different doses of GSL improved the antioxidant and immune abilities of broilers to varying degrees, and the effect of GSL extract was significant in the GSL-H group (p < 0.05). In addition, medium and high doses of GSL extract significantly reduced the blood triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) contents of broilers (p < 0.05). Discussion: Adding GSL extract to the feed has a positive impact on the body weight, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and blood lipids of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to explore the innovative use of natural additives, containing phytochemicals with proven antimicrobial effects, in the production of epoxy–glass composites. This study was based on information regarding the antimicrobial effects of phytochemicals present in Cistus incanus, Zingiber officinale, and Armoracia rusticana. The additives were subjected to a gas chromatography (GC) analysis to determine their composition, and, subsequently, they were used to prepare resin mixtures and to produce epoxy–glass composites. Samples of the modified materials were tested against E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. In addition, flammability and durability tests were also performed. It was found that the strongest biocidal properties were demonstrated by the material with the addition of cistus, which caused a reduction of microorganisms by 2.13 log units (S. aureus), 1.51 log units (E. coli), and 0.81 log units (C. albicans). The same material also achieved the most favorable results of strength tests, with the values of flexural strength and tensile strength reaching 390 MPa and 280 MPa, respectively. Public transport is a place particularly exposed to various types of pathogens. Currently, there are no solutions on the railway market that involve the use of composites modified in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prolonged exposure to stress is a risk factor for the onset of several disorders. Modern life is burdened by a pervasive prevalence of stress, which represents a major societal challenge requiring new therapeutic strategies. In this context, botanical drug-based therapies can have a paramount importance. Methods: Here we studied the preventive effects of a repeated treatment (p.o. daily, 3 weeks) with a combination of Centella asiatica (200 mg/kg), Echinacea purpurea (20 mg/kg) and Zingiber officinale (150 mg/kg) standardized extracts, on the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) deleterious outcomes. After 10 days of CSDS exposure, male mice' performances were evaluated in paradigms relevant for social (social interaction test), emotional (tail suspension test), cognitive (novel object recognition) domains as well as for pain perception (cold plate and von Frey tests) and motor skills (rotarod). Mice were then sacrificed, the spinal cords, hippocampi and frontal cortices dissected and processed for RT-PCR analysis. Results: Extracts mix treatment prevented stress-induced social aversion, memory impairment, mechanical and thermal allodynia and reduced behavioural despair independently of stress exposure. The treatment stimulated hippocampal and cortical BDNF and TrkB mRNA levels and counteracted stress-induced alterations in pro- (TNF-a, IL-1ß and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL4, IL10) cytokines expression in the same areas. It also modulated expression of pain related genes (GFAP and Slc1a3) in the spinal cord. Conclusion: The treatment with the extracts mix obtained from C. asiatica, E. purpurea and Z. officinale may represent a promising strategy to promote resilience and prevent the deleterious effects induced by extended exposure to psychosocial stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plant-associated microorganisms can be found in various plant niches and collectively comprise the plant microbiome. The plant microbiome assemblages have been extensively studied, primarily in model species. However, a deep understanding of the microbiome assembly associated with plant health is still needed. Ginger rhizome rot has been variously attributed to multiple individual causal agents. Due to its global relevance, we used ginger and rhizome rot as a model to elucidate the metabolome-driven microbiome assembly associated with plant health. Results: Our study thoroughly examined the biodiversity of soilborne and endophytic microbiota in healthy and diseased ginger plants, highlighting the impact of bacterial and fungal microbes on plant health and the specific metabolites contributing to a healthy microbial community. Metabarcoding allowed for an in-depth analysis of the associated microbial community. Dominant genera represented each microbial taxon at the niche level. According to linear discriminant analysis effect size, bacterial species belonging to Sphingomonas, Quadrisphaera, Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum, Bacillus, as well as the fungal genera Pseudaleuria, Lophotrichus, Pseudogymnoascus, Gymnoascus, Mortierella, and Eleutherascus were associated with plant health. Bacterial dysbiosis related to rhizome rot was due to the relative enrichment of Pectobacterium, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter. Similarly, an imbalance in the fungal community was caused by the enrichment of Gibellulopsis, Pyxidiophorales, and Plectosphaerella. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed several metabolites that drive microbiome assembly closely related to plant health in diverse microbial niches. At the same time, 6-({[3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol was present at the level of the entire healthy ginger plant. Lipids and lipid-like molecules were the most significant proportion of highly abundant metabolites associated with ginger plant health versus rhizome rot disease. Conclusions: Our research significantly improves our understanding of metabolome-driven microbiome structure to address crop protection impacts. The microbiome assembly rather than a particular microbe's occurrence drove ginger plant health. Most microbial species and metabolites have yet to be previously identified in ginger plants. The indigenous microbial communities and metabolites described can support future strategies to induce plant disease resistance. They provide a foundation for further exploring pathogens, biocontrol agents, and plant growth promoters associated with economically important crops. 2Spd16sRC6jnqdSe2SRbtQ Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer prevention is currently envisioned as a molecular-based approach to prevent carcinogenesis in pre-cancerous stages, i.e., dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Cancer is the second-leading cause of mortality worldwide, and a more than 61% increase is expected by 2040. A detailed exploration of cancer progression pathways, including the NF-κβ signaling pathway, Wnt-B catenin signaling pathway, JAκ-STAT pathway, TNF-α-mediated pathway, MAPκ/mTOR pathway, and apoptotic and angiogenic pathways and effector molecules involved in cancer development, has been discussed in the manuscript. Critical evaluation of these effector molecules through molecular approaches using phytomolecules can intersect cancer formation and its metastasis. Manipulation of effector molecules liκe NF-κβ, SOCS, β-catenin, BAX, BAκ, VEGF, STAT, Bcl2, p53, caspases, and CDκs has played an important role in inhibiting tumor growth and its spread. Plant-derived secondarymetabolites obtained fromnatural sources have been extensively studied for their cancer-preventing potential in the last few decades. Eugenol, anethole, capsaicin, sanguinarine, EGCG, 6-gingerol, and resveratrol are some examples of such interesting lead molecules and are mentioned in the manuscript. This worκ is an attempt to put forward a comprehensive approach to understanding cancer progression pathways and their management using effector herbal molecules. The role of different plant metabolites and their chronic toxicity profiling in modulating cancer development pathways has also been highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights In muscle, digoxin inhibits Na+,K+‐ATPase (NKA) whereas acute exercise can increase NKA gene expression, consistent with training‐induced increased NKA content. We investigated whether oral digoxin increased NKA isoform mRNA expression (qPCR) in muscle at rest, during and post‐exercise in 10 healthy adults, who received digoxin (DIG, 0.25 mg per day) or placebo (CON) for 14 days, in a randomised, double‐blind and cross‐over design. Muscle was biopsied at rest, after cycling 20 min (10 min each at 33%, then 67% V̇O2peak${{\dot{V}}_{{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}{\mathrm{peak}}}}$), then to fatigue at 90% V̇O2peak${{\dot{V}}_{{{{\mathrm{O}}}_2}{\mathrm{peak}}}}$ and 3 h post‐exercise. No differences were found between DIG and CON for NKA α1–3 or β1–3 isoform mRNA. Both α1 (354%, P = 0.001) and β3 mRNA (P = 0.008) were increased 3 h post‐exercise, with α2 and β1–2 mRNA unchanged, whilst α3 mRNA declined at fatigue (−43%, P = 0.045). In resting muscle, total β mRNA (∑(β1+β2+β3)) increased in DIG (60%, P = 0.025) and also when transcripts for each isoform were normalised to CON then either summed (P = 0.030) or pooled (n = 30, P = 0.034). In contrast, total α mRNA (∑(α1+α2+α3), P = 0.348), normalised then summed (P = 0.332), or pooled transcripts (n = 30, P = 0.717) did not differ with DIG. At rest, NKA α1–2 and β1–2 protein abundances were unchanged by DIG. Post‐exercise, α1 and β1–2 proteins were unchanged, but α2 declined at 3 h (19%, P = 0.020). In conclusion, digoxin did not modify gene expression of individual NKA isoforms at rest or with exercise, indicating NKA gene expression was maintained consistent with protein abundances. However, elevated resting muscle total β mRNA with digoxin suggests a possible underlying β gene‐stimulatory effect. What is the central question of this study? Na+,K+‐ATPase (NKA) in muscle is important for Na+/K+ homeostasis. We investigated whether the NKA‐inhibitor digoxin stimulates increased NKA gene expression in muscle and exacerbates NKA gene responses to exercise in healthy adults. What is the main finding and its importance? Digoxin did not modify exercise effects on muscle NKA α1–3 and β1–3 gene transcripts, which comprised increased post‐exercise α1 and β3 mRNA and reduced α3 mRNA during exercise. However, in resting muscle, digoxin increased NKA total β isoform mRNA expression. Despite inhibitory‐digoxin or acute exercise stressors, NKA gene regulation in muscle is consistent with the maintenance of NKA protein contents. What is the central question of this study?Na+,K+‐ATPase (NKA) in muscle is important for Na+/K+ homeostasis. We investigated whether the NKA‐inhibitor digoxin stimulates increased NKA gene expression in muscle and exacerbates NKA gene responses to exercise in healthy adults.What is the main finding and its importance?Digoxin did not modify exercise effects on muscle NKA α1–3 and β1–3 gene transcripts, which comprised increased post‐exercise α1 and β3 mRNA and reduced α3 mRNA during exercise. However, in resting muscle, digoxin increased NKA total β isoform mRNA expression. Despite inhibitory‐digoxin or acute exercise stressors, NKA gene regulation in muscle is consistent with the maintenance of NKA protein contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of widespread cultural approval. Strong acceptance by human body, and reduced occurrence of side effects, about 75-80% of the worldwide population, especially in less developed areas, continues to favor herbal remedies as their main option for fundamental healthcare. Herbal treatments comprise botanical or plant-based components and serve to address injuries, infections, and ailments. They are also employed for preventive health measures and to facilitate the recovery process. This research explored the possible therapeutic advantages of Zingiber officinale, commonly recognized as ginger, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory substance with extensive culinary use. Numerous investigations have highlighted the advantages of ginger in managing conditions such as morning sickness, chronic dyspepsia, hypoglycemia, risk factors for heart disease, chemotherapy-induced nausea, and menstrual discomfort. Ginger ethanolic extract preparations in the form of transdermal gel consist of different concentrations and combinations of Carbopol 934 and Carbopol 940. All gel formulations exhibited favorable characteristics such as Spreadability, uniformity, Viscosity, and extrusion. Among these compositions, formulation F3, which contains Carbopol 934, displayed the highest release of the active ingredient in vitro and the ethanolic extract demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has increased in recent years, prompting a trend in the research and development of new drugs. In our study, three derivatives (JF-1, JF-2, and JF-3) were synthesized using 6-gingerol as the main component, while JF-4, containing both 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol as the main components, was extracted from dried ginger. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), determined using the ratio dilution method, were 80 μg/mL for JF-1, 40 μg/mL for JF-2, 30 μg/mL for JF-3, 40 μg/mL for JF-4, 60 μg/mL for 6-gingerol standard (SS), and 0.03 μg/mL for amoxicillin (AMX). After treating H. pylori-infected mice, the inflammation of the gastric mucosa was suppressed. The eradication rate of H. pylori was 16.7% of JF-3 low-dose treatment (LDT), 25.0% of JF-3 high-dose treatment (HDT), 16.7% of JF-4 LDT, 16.7% of JF-4 HDT, 30% of SS LDT, 50% of SS HDT, and 36.4% of the positive control group (PCG). The levels of gastrin, somatostatin (SST), IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-8 were significantly recovered in the JF-3 and JF-4 administration groups, but the effect was stronger in the high-dose group. These results demonstrate that 6-gingerol and its derivatives have significant anti-Helicobacter pylori effects and are promising potential treatments for H. pylori infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast growing of the aquaculture sector increases the need for natural feed substances such as insects. The present study was carried out to address the effects of replacing fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal (BSF) supplemented with ginger powder (GP) in feed on the survival, growth performance, and muscle composition of the African catfish pre-adults. A total of 945 fish were randomly divided into 7 groups of 60 Clarias gariepinus (156±15g/fish) with 3 replications, and placed in 21 plastic tanks with a capacity of 0.6m3. Seven isonitrogenous diets were formulated. Three treatments represented the group of individuals fed with diets substituted at 70%, 85%, 100% BSF, respectively, while the other three treatments followed the same levels of substitutions but with the addition of 1% GP, and the last treatment represented the control experiment with 100% fish meal. At the end of the trial, three individuals (850±50g/fish) were randomly selected per treatment and were used for the bromatological analysis. The results show that the survival rate was comparable in all treatments (P>0.05), and the fish fed with 100%BSF + 1%GP exhibited the best survival rate. The growth and nutrient utilization characteristics were not significantly influenced whatever the treatment, with the exception of the consumption index, which was higher in fish fed with 100%BSF+ 1%GP during the growth stage. The evolution of weight gain was generally comparable during the experiment (P>0.05). The condition factor K was close to 1, implying the good health of the fish during breeding. The bromatological characteristics of the flesh indicate that the fish fed with 100%BSF+ 1%GP were comparable with the control and possessed a good nutritional value without negatively affecting the nutritional profile of the fish. Consequently, the replacement of 100% Hermetia illucens supplemented with 1% Zingiber officinale is recommended for the growth of Clarias gariepinus pre-adults [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber, a notable genus within the Zingiberaceae family, is widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia. It encompasses a total of at least 141 species on a global scale, with 25 native species and 30 known taxa identified specifically in Peninsular Malaysia. Of these known taxa, at least 7 are categorised as threatened, 5 are endemic, and the rest remain unassessed regarding their conservation status. This article provides a comprehensive checklist and taxonomic insights for all native Zingiber in Peninsular Malaysia. Remarkably, from the current fieldwork, the discovery of a peculiar Zingiber plant from the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia holds the potential to contribute additional records within this genus. Initially, this species resembles Z. belumense and Z. purpureum in their inflorescence colouration, displaying shades ranging from brownish maroon to dark purple with green bracts, but this newly proposed taxon stands out due to its combination of distinctive traits. An intriguing observation notes the presence of red sap when the leafy shoots were cut and needs further corroboration. This article establishes a provisional taxonomic designation for the newly discovered species, Zingiber sp. (Bahangense130). A comprehensive description supported by robust molecular phylogenetic evidence is currently underway, while brief notes and illustrative images of the proposed taxon are provided within this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of a patent-pending ointment containing plant extracts from Eucalyptus globulus, Curcuma longa, Hamamelis virginiana, Echinacea purpurea, and Zingiber officinale were evaluated. Methods: Plant extracts were chemically characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The antinociceptive activity of the ointment was assessed using the hot plate, tail flick, and formalin tests, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the acute and chronic TPA-induced ear edema tests. Mechanisms of action were evaluated using inhibitors from signaling pathways related to pain response and by using histological analysis and assessing the expression and activity of pro-inflammatory mediators. Results: The ointment showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects like those observed with diclofenac gel (1.16% v/v) and ketoprofen gel (2.5% v/v). The antinociceptive actions of the ointment are mediated by the possible participation of the opiodergic system and the nitric oxide pathway. The anti-inflammatory response was characterized by a decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and by a reduction in ear swelling and monocyte infiltration in the acute inflammation model. In the chronic model, the mechanism of action relied on a decrease in pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO. An in-silico study with myristic acid, one of the compounds identified in the ointment's plant mixture, corroborated the in vivo results. Conclusions: The ointment showed antinociceptive activities mediated by the decrease in COX-2 and NO levels, and anti-inflammatory activity due to the reduction in IL-1β and TNFα levels, a reduction in MPO activity, and a decrease in NF-κB and COX-2 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sayeok-tang (SYT) is a traditional herbal formula comprising three medicinal herbs: Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Zingiber officinale, and Aconitum carmichaeli. Several studies have employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to qualitatively analyze the components and metabolites of SYT in vitro and in vivo; however, studies on quantitative analysis of SYT, which is important for quality control, are absent or limited to only a few components. In this study, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole (UPLC-Q)-Orbitrap-MS was used to screen the phytochemicals of SYT, revealing a total of 42 compounds. Among them, 24 compounds were simultaneously quantified within 20 min via UPLC-TQ-MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The developed analytical method was validated for its linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9992), precision (0.36–2.96%), accuracy (−6.52–4.64%), and recovery (94.39–119.07%) for all analytes, exhibiting acceptable results. The validated method was applied in the analysis of SYT extracts, and the 24 compounds were quantified in the range of 0.004–6.882 mg/g (CV ≤ 3.746%). Among them, liquiritin apioside (6.870–6.933 mg/g), glycyrrhizic acid (5.418–5.540 mg/g), and liquiritin (1.303–1.331 mg/g) from G. uralensis were identified as the relatively abundant compounds. The presented validated analytical method is highly promising for the comprehensive quality control of SYT, offering fast, highly sensitive, and reliable analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent findings from the World Heart Federation (WHF) reported a significant increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related deaths, highlighting the urgent need for effective prevention strategies. Atherosclerosis, a key precursor to CVD, involves the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its oxidation within the endothelium, leading to inflammation and foam cell formation. Ginger extracts, known for their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, show promise in preventing CVD initiation by inhibiting LDL oxidation and reducing foam cell formation. Our results revealed that the active fractions in ginger extracts had antioxidative effects, particularly fractions D and E. Further research is needed to identify the active compounds in these fractions and understand their mechanisms of action. In this context, microfluidic models could offer insights into the effects of ginger on monocyte recruitment in a more physiologically relevant context. Overall, ginger extracts represent a potential novel treatment for preventing CVD initiation, but additional studies are necessary to identify the active molecules in these fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingerols are phenolic biomedical compounds found in ginger (Zingiber officinale) whose low aqueous solubility limits their medical application. To improve their solubility and produce novel glucosides, an α -glucosidase (glycoside hydrolase) from Agrobacterium radiobacter DSM 30147 (Ar G) was subcloned, expressed, purified, and then confirmed to have additional α -glycosyltransferase activity. After optimization, the Ar G could glycosylate gingerols into three mono-glucosides based on the length of their acyl side chains. Compound 1 yielded 63.0 %, compound 2 yielded 26.9 %, and compound 3 yielded 4.37 %. The production yield of the gingerol glucosides optimally increased in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6) with 50 % (w/v) maltose and 1000 mM Li+ at 40 °C for an 24-h incubation. The structures of purified compound 1 and compound 2 were determined as 6-gingerol-5- O - α -glucoside (1) and novel 8-gingerol-5- O - α -glucoside (2), respectively, using nucleic magnetic resonance and mass spectral analyses. The aqueous solubility of the gingerol glucosides was greatly improved. Further assays showed that, unusually, 6-gingerol-5- O - α -glucoside had 10-fold higher anti-inflammatory activity (IC 50 value of 15.3 ± 0.5 μM) than 6-gingerol, while the novel 8-gingerol-5- O - α -glucoside retained 42.7 % activity (IC 50 value of 106 ± 4 μM) compared with 8-gingerol. The new α -glucosidase (Ar G) was confirmed to have acidic α -glycosyltransferase activity and could be applied in the production of α -glycosyl derivatives. The 6-gingerol-5- O - α -glucoside can be applied as a clinical drug for anti-inflammatory activity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reported the biological changes occurring after γ-irradiation of in vivo rat model and the osteochondral protective effect of Gelatine-Chitosan-Ginger (GEL-CH-GING). The results indicated that Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy of GEL-CH-GING identified two paramagnetic centers with g-values of 2.19 and 2.002. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis demonstrated an increased intensity in the peaks corresponding to C-H chains and C=O carbonyl groups. Additionally, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed no alteration in crystallinity. After gamma ray exposure, the rat groups have received an osteochondral defect and then were treated with GEL-CH-GING composite. Sixty days post-surgery, a significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid-reactive compounds (TBARs) was seen when compared to non-implanted rat group. Concerning oxidative stress status, GEL-CH-GIN significantly improved Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) 76 nmol/l, Catalase (CAT) 0.79 nmol/l, and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) 1.77 nmol/l activities in osteochondral tissue. Regarding the histomorphometric parameters of cartilaginous tissue (nCg.Th, µm), (cCg.Th, µm), (Cg. Th, µm), irradiated-GEL-CH-GIN group showed a significant increase as compared to irradiated group with 116, 74 and 188 µm, respectively (p< 0.01). The microanalysis showed a high percentage of O and C in the regenertaed osteochondral tissue and indicated the deposition of novel collagen matrix. The biomechanical behaviour showed a significantly enhanced hardness measurement (1.73±0.029 VH, p< 0.05) when compared with that of irradiated group Biochemical markers suggested an osteocartilage repair capacity. In fact, the levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-a and VEGF in the implanted rat with GEL-CH-GING composite exhibited 51±3.48, 30.05±5.18, 65.12±4.33 and 40.42±3.32 ng/l, respectively. Our findings suggested that GEL-CH-GING composite might have promising potential applications for cartilage healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent global trend aims to limit the use of chemicals in all aspects of our lives, necessitating research into the use of plant extracts and ultraviolet light as eco-friendly treatments to improve mango fruit storage. The literature did not introduce studies on plant extracts as coating materials for mango fruit storage. Although ginger, lemon, and green tea were utilized individually as edible coatings for some fruits, their combination in a single solution is not evaluated on mango fruits. To preserve the quality of Keitt mango fruit against decay during storage, fruits were treated with plant extracts (a mixture of ginger, lemon, and green tea), 50 g L−1 for each of them, and ultraviolet (UV) light, 250 nm for 5 min, either alone or in combination then stored at 22 °C or 13 °C. Data showed that the mixture of plant extracts treatment followed by the combination of plant extracts and UV treatment then UV treatments resulted in a decrease in weight loss and soluble solid contents (SSCs) compared to the control while reducing the decrease in firmness, acidity, vitamin C (Vit C), and phenols compared to the control. Mangoes stored at 22 °C reached 4 weeks with good quality while achieving 8 weeks at 13 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger, valued for its medicinal properties and economic significance, is vulnerable to environmental stressors such as intense light and high temperatures, which can hinder its growth and development. Class III peroxidases (PRXs) are plant-specific oxidoreductases essential for plant development, growth, and stress responses. Despite their importance, there is limited information available on the function of the class III peroxidase gene family in ginger (ZoPRX). In this study, 103 ZoPRX members within the ginger genome were identified, unevenly distributed across 11 chromosomes. The identified ZoPRX members were categorized into five subfamilies based on gene structures, protein motifs, and phylogenetic analysis. Gene duplication analysis revealed that ZoPRX has primarily undergone segmental duplication. Interspecies homology analysis between ginger and Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Musa acuminata suggested most ZoPRXs in ginger originated after the divergence of dicotyledon and monocotyledon. Analysis of promoter cis-acting elements identified defense and stress response elements in 39 genes and hormone response elements in 95 genes, indicating their potential roles in responding to environmental stresses. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed that the majority of ZoPRX members are responsive to high temperature and intense light stress. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the PRX family in ginger, thereby laying the groundwork for future investigations into the functional role of ZoPRX genes under high-temperature and intense light-stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study addresses the challenge of cross-infection in dentistry, focusing on improving disinfection protocols for dental hydrocolloid gel materials. This research aimed to incorporate chlorhexidine, natural plant extracts, and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into dental alginate to enhance safety and hygiene standards in dental practices. Methods: Conventional dental alginate served as the control, with experimental groups including alginate modified with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX-group) and alginate incorporating AgNPs synthesized from Syzygium aromaticum (SA) and Zingiber officinale (ZO) extracts (SA + AgNPs and ZO + AgNPs groups). Plant extracts were analyzed via GC/MS to confirm their composition. UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX characterized the synthesized AgNPs. Antimicrobial efficacy against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated using agar well diffusion assays. The dimensional accuracy of alginate impressions was assessed according to ISO 21563:2021 standards. Results: Chemical analysis of SA and ZO extracts identified 60 and 43 active compounds, respectively, supporting their use in AgNP synthesis. UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX confirmed the formation of spherical AgNPs using SA and ZO extracts. Modified groups showed inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), in contrast to the unmodified control. Both AgNP-modified groups demonstrated efficacy comparable to the CHX-group against MRSA and MSSA, with SA + AgNP showing superior performance against C. albicans. The dimensional accuracy of all groups was within clinically acceptable ranges as reported in the literature (0.027–0.083 mm). Discussion: CHX, silver nitrate, and green-synthesized AgNPs present promising options for developing self-disinfecting alginate impression materials. Utilizing plant extracts in AgNP synthesis offers a safe, efficient, and synergistic approach between metal ions and phytotherapeutic agents. This approach could potentially enhance disinfection efficacy without compromising material performance, improving dental safety and hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity increases reactive oxygen species production and alters adipokines levels, resulting in a low-grade chronic inflammation state, which contributes to tissue metabolic dysfunction. 10-gingerol, a phenol present in ginger, has shown potential anti-obesogenic effects in vitro. However, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of 10-gingerol have not been approached. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10-gingerol on antioxidant enzymes' expression and adipokine production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Methods: 10-gingerol antioxidant capacity was assessed through Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) , Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and radical scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated and stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPSs. Then, 15 µg/mL 10-gingerol was added for 48 h. The mRNA expression and protein abundance of antioxidant enzymes were evaluated by qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Adipokine levels were determined by ELISA. Results: 10-gingerol showed low FRAP and DPPH values but a moderate ORAC value. Moreover, 10-gingerol increased Gpx1 and Sod1 but downregulated Cat expression. Additionally, 10-gingerol significantly increased CAT and GPx1 levels but not SOD-1. Finally, adiponectin and leptin concentrations were increased while resistin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were decreased by 10-gingerol. Conclusions: 10-gingerol presented antioxidant potential by increasing antioxidant enzymes and attenuated LPS-induced inflammation by modulating adipokines in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) plays a vital role in numerous biological processes as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, its function in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a significant medicinal and dietary vegetable, remains largely unexplored. Although the NF-Y family has been thoroughly identified in many plant species, and the function of individual NF-Y TFs has been characterized, there is a paucity of knowledge concerning this family in ginger. Methods: We identified the largest number of NF-Y genes in the ginger genome using two BLASTP methods as part of our ginger genome research project. The conserved motifs of NF-Y proteins were analyzed through this process. To examine gene duplication events, we employed the Multiple Collinearity Scan toolkit (MCScanX). Syntenic relationships of NF-Y genes were mapped using the Dual Synteny Plotter software. Multiple sequence alignments were performed with MUSCLE under default parameters, and the resulting alignments were used to generate a maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree with the MEGA X program. RNA-seq analysis was conducted on collected samples, and statistical analyses were performed using Sigma Plot v14.0 (SYSTAT Software, USA). Results: In this study, the ginger genome was utilized to identify 36 NF-Y genes (10 ZoNF-YAs, 16 ZoNF-YBs, and 10 ZoNF-YCs), which were renamed based on their chromosomal distribution. Ten distinct motifs were identified within the ZoNF-Y genes, with certain unique motifs being vital for gene function. By analyzing their chromosomal location, gene structure, conserved protein motifs, and gene duplication events, we gained a deeper understanding of the evolutionary characteristics of these ZoNF-Y genes. Detailed analysis of ZoNF-Y gene expression patterns across various tissues, performed through RNA-seq and qRT-PCR, revealed their significant role in regulating ginger rhizome and flower growth and development. Additionally, we identified the ZoNF-Y family genes that responded to abiotic stresses. Conclusion: This study represents the first identification of the ZoNF-Y family in ginger. Our findings contribute to research on evolutionary characteristics and provide a better understanding of the molecular basis for development and abiotic stress response. Furthermore, it lays the foundation for further functional characterization of ZoNF-Y genes with an aim of ginger crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most potent toxic and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolite, has frequently been reported in food/feed. Nowadays, herbal extracts are considered safe dietary additives to reduce the toxicity of such compounds. The protective capability of various combinations of hydro‐alcoholic extracts (HAEs) of ginger, turmeric, and Shirazi thyme, against the toxicity of AFB1 on the RAW264.7 cell line was investigated. The RAW264.7 cells were exposed to six different concentrations of AFB1 (0.09, 0.18, 0.37, 0.75, 1.5, and 3 μg mL−1) for 48 h to determine the IC50 of AFB1. AFB1 was estimated to have an IC50 of 1.5 μg mL−1 for RAW264.7 cells. Then, the cells were simultaneously incubated with 1.5 μg mL−1 AFB1 and the HAEs for 24 h. The HAEs significantly reduced the toxicity of AFB1 in RAW264.7 cells. HAE of Shirazi thyme showed the highest amount of total phenol content (TPC) and the highest DPPH• activity. In addition, a combination of ginger, turmeric, and Shirazi thyme extract showed the highest antioxidant activity. Rutin, quercetin, and apigenin were the main phenolic components of ginger HAE. A significantly positive correlation was observed between TPC of hydro‐alcoholic extract with ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) values. Consequently, the simultaneous consumption of such extracts is recommended to protect the cells against dietary toxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diet and gut microbiota contribute to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression. High-fat diets (HFDs) change gut microbiota compositions, induce gut dysbiosis, and intestinal barrier leakage, which facilitates portal influx of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to the liver and triggers inflammation in NASH. Current therapeutic drugs for NASH have adverse side effects; however, several foods and herbs that exhibit hepatoprotection could be an alternative method to prevent NASH. Methods: We investigated ginger essential oil (GEO) against palm oil-containing HFDs in LPS-injected murine NASH model. Results: GEO reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase levels and hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels; and increased antioxidant catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione levels to prevent NASH. GEO alleviated hepatic inflammation through mediated NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and LPS/Toll-like receptor four (TLR4) signaling pathways. GEO further increased beneficial bacterial abundance and reduced NASH-associated bacterial abundance. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that GEO prevents NASH progression which is probably associated with the alterations of gut microbiota and inhibition of the LPS/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Hence, GEO may offer a promising application as a dietary supplement for the prevention of NASH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formulations of functional low‐calorie dairy dessert, enriched with inulin/polydextrose (as a starch substitute), and ginger/cinnamon extract (as a flavor component and natural antioxidants), were developed and optimized by the D‐optimal mixed design method. In the first stage, using the hedonic sensory evaluation and syneresis data, the optimal concentrations of inulin and polydextrose were obtained as 2.49% inulin and 1.51% polydextrose, respectively. The steady shear rheological test showed that the replacement of starch with inulin and polydextrose caused a decrease in apparent viscosity in all dessert samples. This decrease was higher in the samples containing polydextrose than those containing inulin. The replacement of starch with inulin and polydextrose also reduced the hysteresis loop area and thixotropic behavior. In the second stage, 0–0.4% of ginger and cinnamon extracts  were added to the optimum sample and then the antioxidant and color properties of dessert samples were evaluated. The lightness (L*) Hunter parameter decreased by adding extracts and the samples containing cinnamon extract showed a higher a* parameter than the control and ginger‐incorporated samples. The result of the 2,2‐diphenyl 1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant assay showed that the antioxidant capacity of ginger extract was significantly higher than that of cinnamon extract. The half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of dessert samples decreased by adding 0.4% cinnamon and ginger extracts from 88.30 mg/mL to 77.04 and 31.94 mg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fermented jujube powder (FJP) promotes a balance between the intestinal microflora and immune factors in animals. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of FJP on the production performance, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, and antioxidant properties of bulls. Methods: Forty Simmental bulls were randomly divided into four groups based on body weight and fed a basal diet with [5, 7.5, or 10% dry matter (DM)] or without FJP. The experimental period was 20 d for adaptation and 60 d for the feeding trial. Results: Dietary FJP supplementation did not affect DM intake (P > 0.05) but increased the average daily gain quadratically (P = 0.049) and decreased the feed conversion ratio linearly (P = 0.042). FJP quadratically enhanced DM and crude protein digestibility (P = 0.026 and P = 0.041, respectively) and linearly enhanced acid detergent fiber digestibility (P = 0.048). It also increased the total volatile fatty acid concentration quadratically (P = 0.037), acetate molar percentage, and acetate-to-propionate ratio linearly (P = 0.002 and 0.001), and reduced the ammonia nitrogen concentration linearly (P = 0.003). Additionally, xylanase and protease activities and Ruminococcus flavefaciens abundance increased linearly (P = 0.006, 0.018, and 0.009, respectively), and total bacteria, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminobacter amylophilus abundance increased quadratically (P = 0.047, 0.011, and 0.021, respectively). FJP linearly increased serum total protein concentration and antioxidant capacity (P = 0.003 and 0.018, respectively) and decreased malonaldehyde content (P = 0.006). Discussion: FJP supplementation (7.5%) enhanced production performance, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, and serum antioxidant capacity in bulls. The improved nutrient digestion may be due to an increase in ruminal microorganisms and total volatile fatty acids from the FJP. High blood antioxidant levels indicate that FJP may preserve proteins, thereby boosting the production performance of bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate both fruit and different levels of leaf supplementation on the growth performance, organ indices and intestinal microflora of rats. Twenty-five healthy male Sprague--Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups. The rats in the control (NC) and positive control (PC) groups were fed by gavage a basal diet and a basal diet with 4 g/ kg of L. barbarum fruit homogenate, respectively. The test (LD, MD, and HD) groups were fed basal diets with additional 2, 4, and 8 g/kg of L. barbarum leaf homogenate, respectively. The feeding period was 35 d. The result revealed that the rats in the LD group had the highest average weight gain (p < 0.05). The cardiac and renal indexes in the LD and MD groups were significantly higher than in NC group, respectively (p < 0.05). Diversity analysis revealed that adding low concentrations of L. barbarum leaf homogenates markedly reduced the Shannon index of the rats cecum (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiota was higher in the LD group than those in other groups (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Actinobacteriota was found significantly higher in PC group than others (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Akkermansia in LD group was the highest (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Romboutsia in the PC group was considerably higher than that in other groups. The relative abundance of Candidatus_Saccharimonas in the supplementation groups was appreciably lower than those found in other groups. The relative abundance of Alloprevotella was significantly lower in PC, LD, and MD groups than in NC and HD groups (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Oscillibacter was significantly higher in HD group than in other groups (p < 0.05). Thus, L. barbarum leaf homogenate fed to rats could increase their growth performance, internal organ weights and additionally enhance the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria. Therefore, based on the obtained data in the current study, a dose of L. barbarum leaf homogenate supplemented with 2 g/kg in diet is recommended, however, further studies are required to confirm, especially in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess ginger extract's impact on ocular and peripheral blood flow and its potential to alleviate eye fatigue and shoulder stiffness. This study included 100 healthy individuals aged 20–73 years with eye fatigue and shoulder stiffness. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either placebo capsules or ginger extract capsules daily for eight weeks. Ocular blood flow, peripheral blood flow, eye fatigue (visual analog scale [VAS]), shoulder stiffness (VAS), body warmth (VAS), and shoulder muscle stiffness were assessed at weeks 0, 4, and 8, respectively. No improvement in ocular blood flow was observed under the study conditions. Conversely, peripheral blood flow in deep areas was enhanced in females (p = 0.033). Subgroup analysis by age (≥51 or <51 years) revealed that ginger's effect on enhancing peripheral blood flow in deep vessels was restricted in females under 51 (p = 0.017). Similarly, subjective complaints of eye fatigue and shoulder stiffness were improved by ginger consumption in females under 51. Body warmth was favorably changed significantly in males ≥51 years due to ginger consumption. The muscle stiffness showed no statistically significant changes. In conclusion, ginger consumption reduces eye fatigue and shoulder stiffness by enhancing peripheral blood flow in relatively young females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research explored the impact of varying concentrations of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus inoculum and vermicompost on the growth, nutrient absorption, photosynthetic gas exchange, and quality parameters of ginger over a 2-year period in field conditions. In this study, the combination of 50 g each of AM and vermicompost increased plant height, number of tillers, and rhizome yield compared to the control. However, higher dry biomass (61 g) was observed with the combination of 75 g of each amendment. As expected, the application of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) positively affects spore count and mycorrhizal dependency percentage ranging from 58 to 70.5 spores per 50 g substrate and 19-36%, respectively. The combined use of vermicompost and AM led to a lower disease incidence of 10.5% in treatments with 25 g of each amendment and 10.1% in treatments with 50 g of each. Nutrient accumulations, particularly phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn), exhibited greater levels in ginger plants treated with vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation, compared to uninoculated ginger rhizomes. The plants treated with AM and vermicompost increased the biomass accumulation by increasing the stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of leaves. AM and vermicompost improved ginger rhizome quality, increasing phenols by 37.8%, flavonoids by 35.7%, and essential oil by 29% compared to the control. The analysis revealed that the total flavonoid content was significantly higher in AM-treated samples compared to the control. However, the phenol content did not exhibit statistical significance across the treatments. Regarding essential oil (EO) content, our experiment highlighted that treatments with AM and vermicompost have consistently yielded higher EO content compared to other treatments. In contrast, there was no discernible trend in the fiber content with the application of AM and vermicompost amendments. PCA and correlation analyses revealed a positive influence on plant growth, nutrient absorption, and quality parameters, except for the incidence of diseases in ginger. Overall, our study finds that the concurrent use of vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) makes a substantial contribution to the growth, nutrient uptake, photosynthetic, and quality parameters of ginger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is broadly used as a traditional remedy and food ingredient, and numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated health benefits in a range of age-related disorders. Moreover, longevity-promoting effects have been demonstrated in several (preclinical) research models. With this work, we aimed to comprehensively review the reported effects of ginger and its bioactive constituents on the twelve established hallmarks of aging, with the ultimate goal of gaining a deeper understanding of the potential for future interventions in the area of longevity-extension and counteracting of aging-related diseases. The reviewed literature supports the favorable effects of ginger and some of its constituents on all twelve hallmarks of aging, with a particularly high number of animal research studies indicating counteraction of nutrient-sensing dysregulations, mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. On this background, validation in human clinical trials is still insufficient or is entirely missing, with the exception of some studies indicating positive effects on deregulated nutrient-sensing, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. Thus, the existing body of literature clearly supports the potential of ginger to be further studied in clinical trials as a supplement for the promotion of both lifespan and health span. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a significant medicinal and culinary plant, with its growth influenced by various biotic and abiotic factors. The FWL gene, containing the PLAC8 motif, is prevalent in fungi, algae, higher plants, and animals. In plants, FWL primarily regulates fruit weight, cell division, and participates in heavy metal transport. However, the FWL family members in ginger have not been previously identified. This study identified 21 FWL members within the ginger genome, distributed across nine chromosomes. These 21 FWL genes were categorized into five subfamilies based on the phylogenetic analysis. Gene-structure and motif analyses revealed that ZoFWL has been conserved throughout evolution. Concurrently, the ZoFWL gene exhibits a homologous evolutionary relationship only with Musa acuminata. We identified three pairs of fragment-repeat events encompassing five genes, which likely represent the primary mechanism for amplification within the ZoFWL gene family. The promoter regions of the ZoFWL genes are enriched with numerous cis-acting elements implicated in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress. These include elements responsive to low temperatures, anaerobic induction, MYB binding sites integral to defense and stress responses, and drought inducibility. Expression profiling revealed that the ZoFWL genes are responsive to a quartet of abiotic stressors, with ZoFWL18, in particular, demonstrating a pronounced response to osmotic, low-temperature, heat, and salinity stresses. This underscores the pivotal role of ZoFWLs in abiotic-stress responses. Our findings offer valuable insights into the potential of the ZoFWL gene family in modulating ginger rhizome development and the genes' response to abiotic stressors, laying a foundational framework for future research into ginger's resistance breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin photoaging and uneven pigmentation are common dermatological concerns. Tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate (THDA) and acetyl zingerone (AZ) are potent antioxidants that have been shown to have anti‐photoaging and anti‐pigmentation effects. THDA is a more stable and penetrable form of vitamin C. AZ is an antioxidant derived from ginger which has clinical evidence for improving photoaging. However, no studies have assessed how they may synergistically act on the skin. Aims: This study aims to assess whether a serum containing both THDA and AZ can improve photoaging and the appearance of uneven facial pigmentation. Patients/Methods: This open‐label study was conducted on 35 healthy individuals aged 21–55. All subjects were instructed to use three to five drops of the topical serum (Power‐C Serum, Image Skincare, Lantana, FL) daily for 12 weeks. Videomicroscopy and high‐resolution photography and various skin biophysical measurements were taken at baseline, 1, 4, and 12 weeks. Outcomes included skin tone and pigmentation, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin smoothness, firmness, and elasticity. Results: Compared to baseline, the results at 12 weeks revealed significant decreases in skin pigmentation (p < 0.0001), decreased fine lines and wrinkles (p < 0.0001), and increased smoothness (p < 0.0001), firmness (p < 0.0001), and elasticity (p < 0.0001). Additionally, transepidermal water loss was significantly decreased at 4 weeks compared to baseline (p = 0.01), indicating an increased epidermal barrier integrity. Conclusions: Overall, these findings provide evidence for the combined use of THDA and AZ to address skin photoaging and dyspigmentation changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein malnutrition stands out as the most serious nutrition deficiency problem in infants and young children in developing countries. This study investigated the quality attributes of pasta produced from a blend of cassava starch, egg powder, and ginger flour. D-optimal mixture design approach was used for the formulation of the flour blends, resulting into fourteen experimental runs. Pasta was manufactured from this blend via cold extrusion process and was analyzed for proximate composition, colour, antioxidant, cooking and sensory properties using standard methods. The crude protein and total carbohydrate contents of the pasta ranged from 4.15-8.40% and 81.29-86.28%, respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed, from a statistical viewpoint, in the colour and antioxidant properties. The cooking properties ranged from 8.45-20.07min, 2.88-20.00%, 1.06-8.47% and 86.50-468.74% for cooking time, cooking loss, expansion ratio and water absorption capacity, respectively. However, pasta produced from cassava starch, egg powder and ginger flour were all preferred by the panelists in terms of aroma, colour, texture and appearance, but pasta from the control sample had the highest overall acceptability. The study showed that pasta from cassava starch, egg powder and ginger flour could be useful to combat malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a novel, nutritious food product, a spinach smoothie, was developed. Due to microbial spoilage and quality degradation, the smoothie's limited shelf life was the main issue. For this purpose, natural preservatives (garlic filtrate, ginger filtrate, and a mixture of garlic + ginger filtrate) in comparison to synthetic preservatives (sodium benzoate, citric acid, and a combination of sodium benzoate + citric acid) were added to enhance the shelf life. Further, physicochemical analyses such as pH, specific gravity, antioxidant potential, mineral content, microbial content, and organoleptic properties were evaluated during storage of 28 days. Maximum antioxidant activities for DPPH (41.22 - 32.27%), FRAP (33.21 - 29.35%), TPC (27.11 - 20.84 mg/mL GAE), and vitamin C (31.65 - 27.37 mg/100 mL) were observed with garlic + ginger filtrate smoothie from initial to final day of storage. The highest total bacterial count was observed in the control sample of 30 × 10³ - 530 × 10³ CFU/mL, and the lowest count was seen in garlic-ginger filtrate smoothie of 12 × 10³ - 20 × 10³ CFU/mL during the 28-day storage. The maximum score for sensorial acceptability was observed with garlic + ginger filtrate. Therefore, biopreservatives such as garlic + ginger filtrate at 1% had the highest efficacy level, and were economically suitable. Thus, combining natural preservatives like garlic and ginger with additional nutritional benefits could replace synthetic preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Although the beneficial role of ginger consumption on peptic ulcer disease (PUD) has been shown in experimental studies, there is no clinical trial on patients with PUD. Methods: The current study was performed as a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial on patients with PUD. Patients were randomized to take either ginger (2000mg/day) or placebo as a supplement after the standard treatment for 6 weeks. At the beginning and the week 8, all participants underwent endoscopic exam, and gastric ulcers were evaluated and biopsied for pathologic assessment. Serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), IL-8, and total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC) were measured at the baseline, and the end of the study. Results: There was no significant difference in the number of ulcers at baseline and ending point of the study in the control group (P-value=0.772). Meanwhile, the number of ulcers were significantly lower in the intervention group after 6 weeks of ginger supplementation compared to the baseline (P-value=0.01). Moreover, higher reduction in mean dyspepsia scores was found in the intervention group compared to the control group (P=0.04). As another finding, the mean TAC increase in the intervention group (1.12±0.44 U/ml) was significantly higher than the control group (0.09±0.16 U/ml) (P

This study reported the biological changes occurring after γ-irradiation of in vivo rat model and the osteochondral protective effect of Gelatine-Chitosan-Ginger (GEL-CH-GING). The results showed that Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy of GEL-CH-GING showed two paramagnetic centres which correspond to g=2.19 and g= 2.002. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses revealed an increase in peak intensity at C–H chains, as well as, C=O carbonyl groups. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed no change of crystallinity. After gamma ray exposure, the rat groups have received an osteochondral defect and then were treated with GEL-CH-GING composite. Sixty days post-surgery, a significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid-reactive compounds (TBARs) was seen when compared to non-implanted rat group. Concerning oxidative stress status, GEL-CH-GIN significantly improved Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) 76 nmol/l, Catalase (CAT) 0.79 nmol/l, and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) 1.77 nmol/l activities in osteochondral tissue. Regarding the histomorphometric parameters of cartilaginous tissue (nCg.Th, µm), (cCg.Th, µm), (Cg.Th, µm), irradiated-GEL-CH-GIN group showed a significant increase as compared to irradiated group with 116, 74 and 188 µm, respectively (p

Abstract Background Plant-associated microorganisms can be found in various plant niches and collectively comprise the plant microbiome. The plant microbiome assemblages have been extensively studied, primarily in model species. However, a deep understanding of the microbiome assembly associated with plant health is still needed. Ginger rhizome rot has been variously attributed to multiple individual causal agents. Due to its global relevance, we used ginger and rhizome rot as a model to elucidate the metabolome-driven microbiome assembly associated with plant health. Results Our study thoroughly examined the biodiversity of soilborne and endophytic microbiota in healthy and diseased ginger plants, highlighting the impact of bacterial and fungal microbes on plant health and the specific metabolites contributing to a healthy microbial community. Metabarcoding allowed for an in-depth analysis of the associated microbial community. Dominant genera represented each microbial taxon at the niche level. According to linear discriminant analysis effect size, bacterial species belonging to Sphingomonas, Quadrisphaera, Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum, Bacillus, as well as the fungal genera Pseudaleuria, Lophotrichus, Pseudogymnoascus, Gymnoascus, Mortierella, and Eleutherascus were associated with plant health. Bacterial dysbiosis related to rhizome rot was due to the relative enrichment of Pectobacterium, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter. Similarly, an imbalance in the fungal community was caused by the enrichment of Gibellulopsis, Pyxidiophorales, and Plectosphaerella. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed several metabolites that drive microbiome assembly closely related to plant health in diverse microbial niches. At the same time, 6-({[3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol was present at the level of the entire healthy ginger plant. Lipids and lipid-like molecules were the most significant proportion of highly abundant metabolites associated with ginger plant health versus rhizome rot disease. Conclusions Our research significantly improves our understanding of metabolome-driven microbiome structure to address crop protection impacts. The microbiome assembly rather than a particular microbe’s occurrence drove ginger plant health. Most microbial species and metabolites have yet to be previously identified in ginger plants. The indigenous microbial communities and metabolites described can support future strategies to induce plant disease resistance. They provide a foundation for further exploring pathogens, biocontrol agents, and plant growth promoters associated with economically important crops. Video Abstract

Abstract Background Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) plays a vital role in numerous biological processes as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, its function in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), a significant medicinal and dietary vegetable, remains largely unexplored. Although the NF-Y family has been thoroughly identified in many plant species, and the function of individual NF-Y TFs has been characterized, there is a paucity of knowledge concerning this family in ginger. Methods We identified the largest number of NF-Y genes in the ginger genome using two BLASTP methods as part of our ginger genome research project. The conserved motifs of NF-Y proteins were analyzed through this process. To examine gene duplication events, we employed the Multiple Collinearity Scan toolkit (MCScanX). Syntenic relationships of NF-Y genes were mapped using the Dual Synteny Plotter software. Multiple sequence alignments were performed with MUSCLE under default parameters, and the resulting alignments were used to generate a maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree with the MEGA X program. RNA-seq analysis was conducted on collected samples, and statistical analyses were performed using Sigma Plot v14.0 (SYSTAT Software, USA). Results In this study, the ginger genome was utilized to identify 36 NF-Y genes (10 ZoNF-YAs, 16 ZoNF-YBs, and 10 ZoNF-YCs), which were renamed based on their chromosomal distribution. Ten distinct motifs were identified within the ZoNF-Y genes, with certain unique motifs being vital for gene function. By analyzing their chromosomal location, gene structure, conserved protein motifs, and gene duplication events, we gained a deeper understanding of the evolutionary characteristics of these ZoNF-Y genes. Detailed analysis of ZoNF-Y gene expression patterns across various tissues, performed through RNA-seq and qRT-PCR, revealed their significant role in regulating ginger rhizome and flower growth and development. Additionally, we identified the ZoNF-Y family genes that responded to abiotic stresses. Conclusion This study represents the first identification of the ZoNF-Y family in ginger. Our findings contribute to research on evolutionary characteristics and provide a better understanding of the molecular basis for development and abiotic stress response. Furthermore, it lays the foundation for further functional characterization of ZoNF-Y genes with an aim of ginger crop improvement.

For their pungency and tanginess, ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale) are often used in cooking. Ginger has long been used in traditional medicine and home remedies to treat pain and inflammation. This research tests Z. officinale (EOZ) essential oils’ chemical composition, insecticidal, and antioxidant properties in vitro and in silico. EOZ yielded 0.69% of root mass with 23 chemicals. The main chemicals in EOZ were α-zingiberene (23.850%), Geranial (14.160%), and (E,E)-α-farnesene (9.980%). EOZ demonstrated noteworthy antioxidant activity in all tests, with an IC50 of 9.53 ± 0.41 mg/mL in the DPPH test and an EC50 of 87.46 ± 3.19 mg/mL in the FRAP system. The results indicate that EOZ has strong efficacy against C. maculatus, even at low concentrations (1.00 μL/100 g). Note that EOZ killed 20 ± 0% and 13.33 ± 4.44% of adult C. maculatus in inhalation and contact tests, respectively. High concentration (20.00 μL/100 g) resulted in 100% adult mortality in inhalation tests and 96.67 ± 4.44% mortality in contact testing. We then used molecular docking to identify EO major component binding modes by targeting insecticidal and antioxidant protein structures 1R20 and 1R4U. This research helps create insecticides and antioxidants from common ginger essential oil.

ABSTRACTThe study was designed to develop functional cucumber and pomegranate based ready-to-serve (RTS) drink as thirst quencher. To boost antioxidant activity and to add natural preservation to the drink, microwave-assisted extracts of herbs and spices; mint, lemongrass, ginger, cinnamon were incorporated either individually or collective, at an equivalent dose of 2% for comparison. In this regard, ginger extract incorporated drink maintained its storage quality owing to highest free radical scavenging potential (49 to 67%) in relevance to highest polyphenol and flavonoid contents (1203 ± 64 mg GAE/L and 178 ± 8 mg TE/L, respectively). Whereas, ascorbic acid was maximally recorded in lemongrass-based drink 22 ± 1 mg/100 mL. During 30 days storage under refrigeration, significant decrease was recorded in pH of the RTS drink along with considerable increase in acidity and browning index however, total soluble solids demonstrated non-significant pattern. Sedimentation showed an inclining trend (p˂.05) with progression in storage but comparatively less sedimentation was attributed to lemongrass incorporated drink followed by cinnamon containing drink. Turbidity also indicated significant changes but showed inverse pattern with respect to sedimentation. Additionally, ginger-based drink expressed considerably low total plate count as 2.3 ± .1 log CFU/mL with nil yeast and mold growth by all the extracts throughout storage. Further, ginger portrayed highest rate for odor, taste and consistency though, mixed herbs and spices based drink attained the best color score. Conclusively, ginger-based drink portrayed maximum antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

As a common plant that is widely used for both medicinal and culinary purposes, ginger is rich in polysaccharides, terpenes, phenols and other active substances, imparting it with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, neuroprotective and antidiabetic properties. In this paper, we review the current understanding on the composition and biological activities of ginger extract, discusses the application of ginger in food packaging, and propose future directions for ginger extract research, hoping to arouse people’s attention on ginger and its further application so as to promote the comprehensive utilization of ginger resources.