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The study aimed to obtain the best combination of growing media composition and the concentration of foliar fertilizer (Gandasil B) on the yield quality of eggplant. The research was conducted from December 2022 to February 2023 in Nganjuk Regency, using a completely randomized design of two factors. The first factor was composition of the growing media, which comprised of soil:husk charcoal:cow manure with ratios of (1:1:1), (1:1:2), (1:2:1), and (2:1:1), and the second factor was the concentration of foliar fertilizer (0, 2, 4, 6 g/L). The results exhibited that the combination of (1:2:1) medium growing composition and the 2 g/L concentration of foliar fertilizer produced the best fruit diameter with an increase of 22.35% compared to the combination of growing media (1:1:1) and concentration of foliar fertilizer of 2 g/L. The composition of the soil growing medium 1:2:1 gave the best results on fruit length and diameter, average fruit weight, and total fruit weight per plant. A quadratic regression analysis of the concentration of foliar fertilizer and the number of purple eggplant fruits showed that the highest concentration of foliar fertilizer was 5.78 g/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background & Objectives: The yield and quality of tobacco depend on three important factors: the genetic potential of the variety, the environmental conditions of growth, and the agricultural practice used to grow the product. The experiments showed that each of the factors mentioned has a role in production efficiency, and it is difficult to determine which factor has more impact. This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of nutrition management and planting arrangement on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two cultivars of Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.). Materials and Methods: The split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications in 2018-2019. The main plot includes the use of nitrogen fertilizer (from the source of urea, based on the soil test), and potassium (from the source of potassium sulfate, based on the soil test), planting cultivation in two levels (single row and double row) and two varieties of tobacco Virginia (TC100 and NC100) in subplot were considered. Results: The TC100 cultivar exhibited greater leaf area, plant height, and green yield compared to the NC100 cultivar. The combination of foliar fertilizer and double-row cultivation resulted in higher plant height and SPAD index. Notably, NC100 displayed increased leaf nitrogen in single-row cultivation and higher nicotine percentages in both planting arrangements. In contrast, TC100 had significantly greater leaf potassium and sugar content in the double-row cultivation method. The price of tobacco was influenced solely by the cultivar, with TC100 commanding a higher price per kilogram than NC100. Additionally, TC100 generated greater income than NC100 across all planting and fertilization treatments. Conclusion: Results showed that the TC100 cultivar in two-row cultivation had higher green yield, income, and quality characteristics than the NC100 cultivar. Among studied treatments, fertilization did not significantly affect the quality properties of tobacco leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ‘Okitsu No. 58’ citrus variety is highly prone to fruit cracking, which jeopardizes yield and results in economic losses. In this study, we investigated the impacts of spraying 5 distinct concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g/L) of chelated calcium (Ca) or silicon (Si) fertilizers at the young fruit stage (60-90 days after flowering, DAF) on fruit cracking and quality in the citrus variety ‘Okitsu No. 58’. The results showed either Ca or Si fertilizer treatments reduced fruit cracking. We found that all Ca and partial Si treatments (0.4 and 0.5 g/L) significantly promoted the accumulation of Ca content in the peel. Notably, Ca or Si treatments significantly reduced polygalacturonase (PG) activity and inhibited the production of water-soluble pectin (WSP) in the peel. Additionally, Ca or Si treatments elevated the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the peels. Changes in these parameters likely contributed to strengthening the durability of peel cell wall constituents, thus enhancing the fruit’s resistance to fruit cracking. Overall, except for the C3 (0.3 g/L of Ca), Ca or Si fertilizers contributed to fruit conventional quality, mainly in terms of higher soluble sugars (SS) and SS/TA (titratable acid). Therefore, our findings will provide a reference for the prevention and control of citrus fruit cracking and the development of new fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar zinc (Zn) application can affect the accumulation and bioaccessibility of cadmium (Cd) and Zn in crops. However, the mechanisms by which foliar Zn application influences Cd and Zn bioaccessibility remain elusive. This study examined the effects of spraying ZnSO4 and ZnNa2EDTA on bioaccessibility and chemical forms of Cd and Zn in pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots and evaluated human health risks via pakchoi consumption. Spraying ZnSO4 reduced the concentrations of ethanol-extractable (Fethanol) and deionized water-extractable (Fd-H2O) Cd, as well as the corresponding bioaccessible Cd concentrations (20.3–66.4%) and attendant health risks of Cd, whereas spraying high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of both Cd forms and bioaccessible Cd. Spraying ZnSO4 and high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O and the corresponding bioaccessible Zn concentrations (0.8–8.3-fold). Fethanol and Fd-H2O were the primary sources of bioaccessible Cd and Zn, contributing more than 59% of the bioaccessible Cd and Zn. These results indicate that foliar Zn application can affect Cd and Zn bioaccessibility in pakchoi mainly by modulating Cd and Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O. These findings provide scientific support for the development of more efficient measures to produce safe and high-quality leafy vegetables from Cd-polluted soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Olive tree, with a thousand years of cultivation history, is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran and has always played an important economical role for orchardists. In olive orchards traits such as an increased formation of incomplete flowers, low yield of fruits and oil are often found as major problems. It should be noted that these traits are affected by numerous environmental and management factors from which the nutrition status is one of the most important ones. Proper nutrition plays an important role in both olive fruit and oil yield. There is a wide range of fertilizer compounds with different formulas and efficiencies available in the world market, among which nano-products are becoming increasingly popular. However, there is limited information on their efficacy in different plant species. Materials and MethodsIn order to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on olive cultivation, a research was conducted during two successive years from 2019 to 2020 in a commercial orchard on 15 year old olive tree cv. ‘Zard’, in Manjil city of Guilan province. Foliar application included five treatments using two types of fertilizers; nano (nano-chelated nitrogen and potassium: nano-NK) and chemical fertilizers (urea and potassium nitrate; NK). Treatments involved application of two concentrations from each fertilizers sources; 1.02g and 0.81g (nano-N1K1 and N1K1), 1.36 g and 1.08 g (nano-N2K2 and N2K2) of pure nitrogen and potassium, respectively. Foliar application was conducted in four stages bud-swelling, before blooming, pit hardening and shortly after harvest of table olive. Spraying with water was considered as the control. The nano-chelated fertilizers were obtained from Khazra Company, Teheran, Iran (http://en.khazra.ir). Spraying with water was considered as control. The experiment was performed in a randomized block design with three replications. The measurement of leaf nutrient status and its chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents were carried out at two times each growing season; in August (during pit hardening stage) and October (shortly after the harvest of table olive). At the green ripening stage, fruits were collected and weighted to determine fruit yield. At the end of the experiment quantity and quality traits of oil were measured. Results and Discussion The results showed that the trees under N2K2 treatment had the highest yield. In terms of mineral content, both forms of fertilizers increased the concentration of nitrogen and potassium leaf elements compared to the control trees. Chlorophyll content was affected by nano-N1K1 foliar application and carbohydrate content was affected by nano-N1K1 in the pit hardening stage and nano-N2K2 in shortly after the harvest of table olive. Nano-N1K1 treatment with the lower crop load not only increased oil content but also improved quality characteristics of olive oil (free fatty acids, peroxide value, specific ultraviolet absorbance K232, K270 and contents of pigments), total phenol content, antioxidant capacity and fatty acid composition. Generally, the results showed that olive trees responded well to fertilizer feeding. These trees produced better crop and higher quality oil in comparison with control trees. According to the results, fruit yield is better under urea and potassium nitrate treatment, and the quality of olive oil is more stable after nano-chelated nitrogen and potassium foliar application. It seems that the reason for the high amount of fruit yield with N2K2 in comparison to the slow-release property of nano-fertilizers is that using nitrogen and potassium in the form of ordinary chemical fertilizer regulates the biosynthesis, conversion and rapid translocation of assimilates and mineral elements into reproductive structures, which resulted in soaring yield. We assumed that nano-N1K1 foliar spray in the pit hardening stage and shortly after the fruit harvest for table olive might export the assimilation into the fruit to fulfill cell metabolism requirements for oil synthesis. Conclusion The current findings indicated that two of four treatments, i.e. nano-N1K1 and N2K2, could be more effective on olive trees in terms of general fruit and oil attributes. It was remarkable that nano treatment with a lower concentration could provide adequate beneficial effects on quality characteristics of olive oil and is in line with good management strategies regarding the preservation of the environment. To the best of our knowledge, the current work is the first report considering the application of nano-chelated nitrogen and potassium and their is use as a foliar application on olive trees. Additional studies would be necessary to further optimize the concentration and timing of the applications with these new formulations.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a new cash crop grown in north central and northwestern North Dakota (ND). Soils and climate in these new soybean areas differ from current fertilizer guidelines. A three-year study to evaluate soybean fertility best management practices was initiated in the spring of 2016 and concluded in 2018. Each year had two sites and twelve treatments. One site was acidic (pH < 6.2) and the other was alkaline (pH > 7.2). Both site treatments were: untreated check, inoculated with rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum L.), broadcast urea (55 kg ha−1), broadcast MAP (110 kg ha−1), In-furrow 10-34-0 (28 L ha−1), in-furrow 6-24-6 (28 L ha−1), foliar 3-18-18 (28 L ha−1) at V5 and R2, and foliar 3-18-18 (28 L ha−1) with sulfate (1.1 kg ha−1) at V5 and R2. The acidic site had two treatments of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) waste lime (4411 kg ha−1 and 8821 kg ha−1). The alkaline site received treatments of iron ortho-ortho-EDDHA (7.1 L ha−1), and naked ortho-ortho-EDDHA (7.1 L ha−1). An in-furrow treatment of cobalt (2.9 kg cobalt-sulfate ha−1) was added in 2018. Fertilizer treatments did not impact soybean yield, protein content and oil content at the 0.05 significance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been much interest in the incorporation of organic molecules or biostimulants into foliar fertilizers with the rationalization that these compounds will enhance the uptake, or subsequent mobility of the applied nutrient. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of an inositol-based plant stimulant on the mobility and accumulation of foliar-applied zinc (Zn) in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). High-resolution elemental imaging with micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) was utilized to examine Zn distribution within the vascular bundle of the leaf and whole grains. The inclusion of myo-inositol with Zinc sulfate, significantly increased Zn concentration in shoots in contrast to untreated controls and Zn sulfate applied alone. Foliar Zn treated plants increased Zn in grains by 5-25% with myo-inositol plus Zn treated plants significantly increasing grain Zn concentration compared to both Zn treated and non-treated controls. XRF imaging revealed Zn enrichment in the bran layer and germ, with a very low Zn concentration present in the endosperm. Plants treated with Zn plus myo-inositol showed an enhanced and uniform distribution of Zn throughout the bran layer and germ with an increased concentration in the endosperm. While our data suggest that foliar application of myo-inositol in combination with Zn may be a promising strategy to increase the absorption and mobility of Zn in the plant tissue and subsequently to enhance Zn accumulation in grains, further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms by which myo-inositol affects plant metabolism and nutrient mobility.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a significant cash crop in Iran. It serves as a source of income for smallholder farmers and commercial fields. In order to investigate the growth indices and yield of two Virginia tobacco cultivars an experiment was conducted in a split factorial based on RCBD design with eight treatments and three replicates during the 2020 cropping seasons. The treatments consisted of two application methods of N and K fertilizer (soil and foliar application), planting arrangement (double- and single-row) in the main plot and two Virginia tobacco cultivars (TC100 and NC100) in the sub-plot. Results showed that the highest value of tobacco leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and total dry matter (TDM) were recorded where TC100 cultivar planted in double-row spacing and sprayed with N and K nutrients. Conversely, the lowest values of LAI, CGR, RGR and TDM were recorded where the NTC100 cultivar was planted in single-row spacing and received soil application of N and K. The overall results indicated that double-row and foliar application of N and K fertilizers could improve tobacco growth indices and ultimately its yield.

The main purpose of the paper is to highlight the impact of foliar fertilization during the various growth stages of winter wheat and its role in achieving high-quality and superior production. Foliar fertilizers play a crucial role in calibrating and forming active growth intervals correlated with productivity factors. The research was conducted over a two-year period using the Andrada winter wheat variety. It involved the application of four different foliar fertilizers: basic mineral fertilization, FoliMAX Orange (two treatments and three treatments), FoliMAX CerealsMIX (two treatments and three treatments), and Microfert U (three treatments). Depending on the treatment, two or three applications of foliar with foliar fertilizers were carried out at various stages of winter wheat development, including pre-flowering and grain formation. The research method used to record physiological parameters was non-destructive (the leaves were not detached from the plant) and was based on the use of the CIRAS-3 foliar gas analyzer, which simultaneously determines several physiological and environmental indicators. As an indicator read by the device, photosynthesis was chosen for leaf temperature and leaf transpiration, correlated with production and quality indices. By applying the foliar fertilizer treatments to the wheat culture, we managed to increase production and improve the quality. After using different foliar fertilizers, the assimilation and physiological parameters had higher values of over 30 μmolm−2·s−1. Foliar fertilization applied to the winter wheat variety resulted in an average production increase between 450 and 765 kg·ha−1 and quality indices with a protein percentage between 11.5 and 12.6%, gluten content between 21.5 to 24.0% and the Zeleny index between 29.0 and 39.0%, and the mass of one thousand grains was between 48.0 and 50.5 g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foliar application of zinc (Zn) has been regarded as a practical and economical way to reduce grain cadmium (Cd) accumulation and enhance grain quality in crops. Herein, a two-year field experiment was carried out to examine the efficacy of different application rates of the foliar Zn fertilizer in Cd reduction and microelement biofortification in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. The results show that the T4 and T5 treatments, 500 and 250-fold dilution of the foliar Zn fertilizer, respectively, increased the grain yield to varying degrees in the two years. When compared with controls and based on the average of the two years' results, spraying with the foliar Zn fertilizer remarkably decreased grain Cd concentrations (44.5%), Cd translocation from stem to grain (TFStem/Grain) (4.92%), the H R I values of Cd (45.5%), PA/Ca (27.8%), PA/Fe (21.4%) and PA/Mn (5.81%) under the T2 treatment (1000-fold dilution). Furthermore, the T2 treatment significantly increased the Zn (37.8%), Ca (48.9%), Fe (37.6%), Mn (14.8%) and total protein (7.92%) contents and the estimated Zn bioavailability (28.9%) in wheat grains after two years. All these findings suggest that the foliar Zn fertilizer holds considerable promise as a safe crop production technique and a means of mitigating "hidden hunger" in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent calyx affects the fruit quality of the Korla fragrant pear including increasing fruit hardness. In order to reduce fruit hardness and improve fruit quality, in this study, we used the Korla fragrant pear which has persistent calyx. Korla fragrant pear fruit at different development stages were treated with foliar fertilizers of 101 and calcium–magnesium (Ca–Mg) solutions, and the hardness and pectase, cellulose, lipoxygenase, and amylase activities of persistent calyx fruit were determined and analyzed. We found that the fruit hardness of two foliar fertilizers increased compared with the control after treatment. The fruit hardness of calcium–magnesium foliar fertilizer and 101 foliar fertilizer treatments were increased by 11.7% and 6.8% compared with the control, respectively. Furthermore, the activities of cellulase, pectinase, and lipoxygenase were increased by 30%, 12.7%, and 42% after treatment with calcium–magnesium foliar fertilizer, respectively. The 101 foliar fertilizer inhibited the contents of cellulose and starch. In summary, the internal quality of Korla fragrant pear fruit treated with calcium–magnesium foliar fertilizer was better than 101 foliar fertilizer. It was confirmed that calcium and magnesium foliar fertilizer had a good control effect on the hardness of Korla fragrant pear persistent calyx fruit, and its fruit quality was also improved. This study has great application value in production practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panzao (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. 'Jingcang1') have a short shelf-life, which hampers their marketability. To investigate effects of combined pre- and postharvest treatments on quality and softening during storage, preharvest Guomantian foliar fertilizer (FF) spray and postharvest salicylic acid (SA) dip were applied to panzao. By day 63 of storage, fruit firmness responded to treatment in the order of FF+SA treatment > FF or SA treatments > Control. All treatments inhibited fruit reddening during storage and, compared with those of the control, alleviated the decline in total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and phenol contents and decreased the oxidative aging process, which was consistent with the change in firmness. The FF+SA treatment reduced the activities of amylase, cellulase, polygalacturonase, and β-glucosidase, which decreased the degradation of macromolecules including starch, cellulose, and pectin. Principal component analysis showed that FF+SA exhibited a synergistic effect and was the most effective treatment for maintaining fruit quality during storage. FF increased accumulation of nutrients during growth and improved quality, while SA delayed the decline in fruit quality and reduced softening. These results provide the theoretical basis and technical knowledge for improving the shelf-life of panzao during storage and long-distance transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar zinc (Zn) application can affect the accumulation and bioaccessibility of cadmium (Cd) and Zn in crops. However, the mechanisms by which foliar Zn application influences Cd and Zn bioaccessibility remain elusive. This study examined the effects of spraying ZnSO4 and ZnNa2EDTA on bioaccessibility and chemical forms of Cd and Zn in pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) shoots and evaluated human health risks via pakchoi consumption. Spraying ZnSO4 reduced the concentrations of ethanol-extractable (Fethanol) and deionized water-extractable (Fd-H2O) Cd, as well as the corresponding bioaccessible Cd concentrations (20.3–66.4%) and attendant health risks of Cd, whereas spraying high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of both Cd forms and bioaccessible Cd. Spraying ZnSO4 and high-dose ZnNa2EDTA significantly increased the concentrations of Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O and the corresponding bioaccessible Zn concentrations (0.8–8.3-fold). Fethanol and Fd-H2O were the primary sources of bioaccessible Cd and Zn, contributing more than 59% of the bioaccessible Cd and Zn. These results indicate that foliar Zn application can affect Cd and Zn bioaccessibility in pakchoi mainly by modulating Cd and Zn in Fethanol and Fd-H2O. These findings provide scientific support for the development of more efficient measures to produce safe and high-quality leafy vegetables from Cd-polluted soils.

Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are among the micronutrients humans need. However, the main food sources in developing countries such as Malaysia have low micronutrients, making it insufficient to supply the minimum daily requirement. Foliar fertilization is one of the most effective and safe ways to enrich important micronutrients in plants. This study investigated variations in Zn and Fe sources to evaluate the effects of individual Zn and Fe foliar applications on growth, dry matter, and nutrient uptake by lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Based on the result, the application of Zn and Fe in the form of sulfate salt showed a lower toxicity effect in terms of growth and dry matter of plants than Fe and Zn in the form of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In terms of Zn uptake, it was found that there was a significant difference observed compared to the control, especially when 3 kg/ha Zn was applied, regardless of whether it was in the form of sulfate or EDTA. Furthermore, there was an increase in Fe uptake observed with increased Zn application. In contrast, the Fe application showed no difference in Fe intake compared to the control. It was found that there is a decrease in Zn uptake observed with increasing application of Fe rate. Sufficient Fe content is already available in the soil, and plants only take up what is needed for growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agronomic biofortification of wheat grain with zinc can improve the condition of about one billion people suffering from zinc (Zn) deficiency. However, with the challenge of cultivating high-yielding wheat varieties in Zn-deficient soils and the global need to produce higher-quality food that nourishes the growing population, innovation in the strategies to deliver Zn directly to plants will come into play. Consequently, existing foliar formulations will need further refinement to maintain the high agronomic productivity required in competitive global grain markets while meeting the dietary Zn intake levels recommended for humans. A new generation of foliar fertilisers that increase the amount of Zn assimilated in wheat plants and the translocation efficiency of Zn from leaves to grains can be a promising solution. Research on the efficacy of adjuvants and emerging nano-transporters relative to conventional Zn forms applied as foliar fertilisers to wheat has expanded rapidly in recent years. This review scopes the range of evidence available in the literature regarding the biofortification of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) resulting from foliar applications of conventional Zn forms, Zn nanoparticles and novel Zn-foliar formulations. We examine the foliar application strategies and the attained final concentration of grain Zn. We propose a conceptual model for the response of grain Zn biofortification of wheat to foliar Zn application rates. This review discusses some physiological aspects of transportation of foliarly applied Zn that need further investigation. Finally, we explore the prospects of engineering foliar nano-formulations that could effectively overcome the physicochemical barrier to delivering Zn to wheat grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a significant cash crop in Iran. It serves as a source of income for smallholder farmers and commercial fields. In order to investigate the growth indices and yield of two Virginia tobacco cultivars an experiment was conducted in a split factorial based on RCBD design with eight treatments and three replicates during the 2020 cropping seasons. The treatments consisted of two application methods of N and K fertilizer (soil and foliar application), planting arrangement (double- and single-row) in the main plot and two Virginia tobacco cultivars (TC100 and NC100) in the sub-plot. Results showed that the highest value of tobacco leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and total dry matter (TDM) were recorded where TC100 cultivar planted in doublerow spacing and sprayed with N and K nutrients. Conversely, the lowest values of LAI, CGR, RGR and TDM were recorded where the NTC100 cultivar was planted in single-row spacing and received soil application of N and K. The overall results indicated that double-row and foliar application of N and K fertilizers could improve tobacco growth indices and ultimately its yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barley can be cultivated and gives better yields in a large number of environments under various fertilization practices. This experiment was conducted in two growing seasons 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 under rainfall condition. Four new introduced cultivars of barley (Arta, Tadmor, Clipper and Furat2) along with two commonly grown cultivars (Local-1 and Local-2) were represented in the current study; Soil (DAP) and foliar fertilization treatments were also involved; the treatments were arranged through Split Plot Design in RCBD with four replications where the seasons considered the main plots, barley genotypes sub plots and fertilization sub-sub plots.The results of the present study demonstrated that each of Arta and Furat2 cultivars performed better in respect to growth and final grain yield under the multi environment conditions of the study. Additionally, the soil application of DAP and foliar fertilization treatment influenced significantly on the yield and growth parameters in various proportions. Application of both DAP and foliar treatments on barley that were grown under the rainfed condition resulted in the highest grain yield, better yield components and most of the growth traits during both growing seasons compared to control treatment. The GGE biplot analysis also showed the alignment of the introduced barley cultivars to the side of DAP and foliar fertilizers for final grain yield and most of yield component parameters demonstrating the importance of both fertilizers and mainly soil (DAP) for enhancing the yield of barley under rainfed environments.

Agronomic biofortification of wheat grain with zinc can improve the condition of about one billion people suffering from zinc (Zn) deficiency. However, with the challenge of cultivating high-yielding wheat varieties in Zn-deficient soils and the global need to produce higher-quality food that nourishes the growing population, innovation in the strategies to deliver Zn directly to plants will come into play. Consequently, existing foliar formulations will need further refinement to maintain the high agronomic productivity required in competitive global grain markets while meeting the dietary Zn intake levels recommended for humans. A new generation of foliar fertilisers that increase the amount of Zn assimilated in wheat plants and the translocation efficiency of Zn from leaves to grains can be a promising solution. Research on the efficacy of adjuvants and emerging nano-transporters relative to conventional Zn forms applied as foliar fertilisers to wheat has expanded rapidly in recent years. This review scopes the range of evidence available in the literature regarding the biofortification of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) resulting from foliar applications of conventional Zn forms, Zn nanoparticles and novel Zn-foliar formulations. We examine the foliar application strategies and the attained final concentration of grain Zn. We propose a conceptual model for the response of grain Zn biofortification of wheat to foliar Zn application rates. This review discusses some physiological aspects of transportation of foliarly applied Zn that need further investigation. Finally, we explore the prospects of engineering foliar nano-formulations that could effectively overcome the physicochemical barrier to delivering Zn to wheat grains.

Presented research was carried out in 2021 and 2022 on the Felix soybean variety at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, located in the Transylvanian Plain, Romania. In this experiment, complex fertilizer NPK 20:20:0 was applied as a basic fertilizer in a dose of 200 kg ha−1 at the sowing stage, to which foliar fertilizer Agro Argentum Forte treatment was added in different doses and at different application stages. The main purpose of the study was to identify the suitable stages of foliar application in soybean cultivation for effective vegetative development, yield, and quality purposes. The impacts of the fertilization system and the climatic conditions on the physiological parameters, assimilation, yield, and quality were evaluated. Technology showed that the physiological parameters were positively influenced, following the foliar fertilization with Agro Argentum Forte, with average assimilation values recorded above 23.0 μmol CO2 m−2s−1 in the year 2021 and 22.4 μmol CO2 m−2s−1 in the year 2022. Soybean crop was influenced by climatic conditions and the application of foliar fertilizers in different phases of growth and development, obtaining higher yields, as well as higher protein and oil content. The soybean yield and quality indices (protein, oil, and mass of a thousand seeds) were higher in 2021 than in 2022 for the variants treated with foliar fertilizers compared to the control, resulting in an improvement in seed quality in 2021 with a yield of 3560 kg ha−1, while 2022 saw a lower yield of 1805 kg ha−1. The application of basic mineral fertilizers in combination with foliar fertilization had a significantly positive impact on the quality indicators of soybean seeds. The highest yields were achieved when the foliar treatment was applied in the early pod formation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, nanotechnology has offered the practice of a new generation of foliar fertilizers containing nanoparticles. One of the most promising zinc-containing foliar fertilizers is zinc hydroxy nitrate. Along with this, important aspects of its application in practice, such as the number and timing of sprays and the agronomic response of different maize hybrids, remain understudied. The objective of this study was to investigate the agronomic responses of maize hybrids to foliar fertilization by zinc in the form of zinc hydroxy nitrate suspension. Grain yield and its components were used as evaluation criteria. A total of ten hybrids from three maturity groups (FAO 400, 500 and 600/700) were tested. Considerable differences were found between the groups for the grain yield parameters. Furthermore, a significant effect of Zn application was observed for grain yield, which increases up to 12.2% for P0216 FAO 480. The best effect is obtained by double spraying at 4-5 fully emerged leaf and 8-9 fully developed leaf. The most sensitive to foliar zinc fertilization are the hybrids from the early maturity group FAO 400. No direct correlation was found between foliar zinc fertilization and protein, fat and starch content in the maize grains. The preparation of the zinc hydroxide nitrate with composition Zn5 (OH)8(NO3)2·2H2O was performed by pouring a NaOH solution into Zn (NO3)2·6H2O under vigorous stirring. All samples were characterised in detail by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry to determine their physicochemical properties, morphology and content. The field experiment was conducted in four variants, three repetitions for each hybrid. It was concluded that the synthesised zinc hydroxy nitrate has potential as a successful long-term foliar fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent calyx affects the fruit quality of the Korla fragrant pear including increasing fruit hardness. In order to reduce fruit hardness and improve fruit quality, in this study, we used the Korla fragrant pear which has persistent calyx. Korla fragrant pear fruit at different development stages were treated with foliar fertilizers of 101 and calcium–magnesium (Ca–Mg) solutions, and the hardness and pectase, cellulose, lipoxygenase, and amylase activities of persistent calyx fruit were determined and analyzed. We found that the fruit hardness of two foliar fertilizers increased compared with the control after treatment. The fruit hardness of calcium–magnesium foliar fertilizer and 101 foliar fertilizer treatments were increased by 11.7% and 6.8% compared with the control, respectively. Furthermore, the activities of cellulase, pectinase, and lipoxygenase were increased by 30%, 12.7%, and 42% after treatment with calcium–magnesium foliar fertilizer, respectively. The 101 foliar fertilizer inhibited the contents of cellulose and starch. In summary, the internal quality of Korla fragrant pear fruit treated with calcium–magnesium foliar fertilizer was better than 101 foliar fertilizer. It was confirmed that calcium and magnesium foliar fertilizer had a good control effect on the hardness of Korla fragrant pear persistent calyx fruit, and its fruit quality was also improved. This study has great application value in production practice.

Changes in plant metabolism due to water deficit combined with other stresses, such as high irradiance and high temperatures, cause damage to the physiology and development of crops, which can lead to significant yield losses. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of potassium phosphite (PP) to induce tolerance to water deficit combined with high irradiance in soybean plants. The experiment was carried out in an acclimatized growth chamber. Soybean plants, upon reaching the R1 developmental stage, received the following treatments: PP application (0 L ha−1–control; 0.6 L ha−1 PP; and 1.2 L ha−1 PP), two levels of PAR irradiance (650 µmol m−2 s−1–control; and 1500 µmol m−2 s−1–high irradiance (HI)), and three water availability levels (90% of field capacity (FC), and water deficit at 40% FC and 50% FC). The treatments were maintained for 12 days. The PP increased the photosynthetic rate of plants submitted to a dosage of 1.2 L ha−1 and stresses of 50% FC + HI. PP also decreased the intensity of lipid peroxidation, and rate of electrolyte leakage, which suggests stability of cell membranes. These responses may have occurred due to the activation of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. Furthermore, the application of PP increased the proline concentrations, suggesting osmotic adjustment in response to stress. These results provide the first record of PP-induced tolerance in plants under combined water and HI stresses. PP proves to be a potential alternative method to reduce the harmful effects caused by the combined stresses of water deficit and high irradiance in soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the economic benefits of Camellia oleifera is a major problem for C. oleifera growers, and girdling and foliar fertilizer have significant effects on improving the economic benefits of plants. This study explains the effects of girdling, girdling + foliar fertilizer on nutrient distribution, and the economic benefits of C. oleifera at different times. It also explains the N, P, and K contents of roots, leaves, fruits, and flower buds (sampled in March, May, August, and October 2021) and their economic benefits. The results showed girdling promoted the accumulation of N and K in leaves in March 2021 (before spring shoot emergence) but inhibited the accumulation of P, which led to the accumulation of P in roots and that of N in fruits in August 2021 (fruit expansion period). Foliar fertilizer application after girdling replenished the P content of leaves in March 2021, and P continued to accumulate in large quantities at the subsequent sampling time points. The N and P contents of the root system decreased in March. In October (fruit ripening stage), girdled shrubs showed higher contents of N and K in fruits and flower buds, and consequently lower relative contents of N and K in roots and leaves but higher content of P in leaves. Foliar fertilizer application slowed down the effects of girdling on nutrient accumulation in fruits and flower buds. Spraying foliar fertilizer decreased the N:P ratio in the flower buds and fruits of girdled plants. Thus, foliar fertilizer spray weakened the effects of girdling on the nutrient content and economic benefits of C. oleifera. In conclusion, girdling changed the nutrient accumulation pattern in various organs of C. oleifera at different stages, increased leaf N:K ratio before shoot emergence, reduced root K content at the fruit expansion stage and the N:K ratio of mature fruit, and promoted economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several factors influence the quality of melon fruits and foliar fertilizer application is one method for improving their quality. The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the response of commercial melon varieties to a soilless culture system in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand, and (2) to evaluate the quality of melon fruit under various foliar fertilizer treatments. The experiment was arranged as a completely randomized block design with four replications. Eight commercial melon varieties, including four orange pulp melons (Sandee, Baramee, Sanwan, and Melon cat 697) and four green pulp melons (Kissme, Snowgreen, Melon Princess, and Kimoji), were used in this study. At 1–5 weeks after planting, the growth of the melons was measured using agronomic traits. Four foliar fertilizers (distilled water, micronutrients, secondary nutrients + micronutrients, and amino acid + micronutrients) were sprayed on the melon leaves at 1–5 weeks after pollination, and the growth of the melons, using fruit traits, was recorded. After harvesting, the melons were assessed for the quality of the fruit. This study was conducted at the School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry’s greenhouse and the Food Chemistry Laboratory of the Center for Scientific and Technological Equipment, Walailak University. In nearly all of the observed growth weeks, the data demonstrate that most agronomic and fruit traits were significantly different between the melon varieties. Sandee, Baramee, Melon cat 697, and Melon Princess are recommended for planting under Nakhon Si Thammarat’s climate, based on fruit size and quality. Foliar fertilizer application impacted the shape, skin color, and quality of the melon. Melons treated with micronutrients, secondary nutrients and micronutrients, and amino acids and micronutrients exhibited better measures of fruit quality than those treated with non-foliar treatments. There was also an interaction observed between melon variety and foliar fertilizer application. Based on measures of fruit quality, Baramee, Melon cat 697, Kissme, and Melon Princess were more responsive to foliar fertilizer application than other melon varieties tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle film forming materials were introduced as a solution to reduce the effects of excessive solar irradiation on plant photosynthesis. Covering plant leaves with particle films leads to plant bio-stimulant-like effects: increased protection against abiotic stress and increased fruit quality. We used zeolites and diatomaceous earth carriers for foliar fertilizer, known for their application as particle film-forming material. The aim of this paper was to investigate the plant bio-stimulant-like effects of this combined two-in-one product on the yield of apple trees and their photosynthetic pigments and fruit quality. The experiments were conducted for two years, 2021 and 2022, which had different agroclimatic patterns: 2021 had a deficit of precipitation, whereas 2022 was warmer by more than +4.8 °C compared to the recorded average temperature. Applying particle film-forming material and foliar fertilizer reduces the degradation of the photosynthetic pigments by drought and excessive solar radiation by 25–30%. In the year with a deficit of precipitation there was an increased yield by an additional 11.56–12.38% and the fruit quality similarly increased. Such effects of these combined two-in-one products were limited in 2022 as the temperature was higher than normal by several degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of biostimulants in crop production can be an economically viable option for farmers and enable them to meet the increasing quality standards of agricultural products and consumer expectations for sustainability and environmental protection. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of foliar application of biostimulants on the course of physiological processes in pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. Field studies with conventional fertilizers/biostimulants of plant origin (N1) and an ecological biostimulant of animal origin (N2) in the cultivation of eight pea varieties were carried out in the years 2015–2017 in south-eastern Poland. With favorable weather conditions during the flowering and pod setting period, as a result of N1 and N2 fertilization, in the BBCH 65 and BBCH 79 phases, there was a significant increase in the relative Chl content, Chl fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, PI) and gas exchange (Pn, E, gs), measured in pea bracts. The relative content of Chl and the course of physiological processes in the plant were more favorably affected by N1 fertilization. Our data also confirm the beneficial effect of N2 application, but weaker than N1, which was determined by the strong negative reaction of plants to N2 fertilization in 2016, with rainfall shortages in the flowering and pod development phases. The experiment showed that in favorable weather conditions the applied foliar preparations have a positive effect on the physiological processes occurring in the plant, but in drought conditions they do not significantly mitigate its negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The study aims to develop a moisturizing high-adhesion slow-release foliar fertilizer with a semi-interpenetrating polymer network structure and excellent adhesion, water absorption and slow release properties.【Method】Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and acrylic acid (AA) were used as raw materials to prepare water-absorbent resin, and semi-interpenetrating network technology used to interpenetrate urea aldehyde into the water-absorbing and water-retaining network to prepare moisturizing high-adhesion slow-release foliar fertilizer. The effects of mass ratio of polyvinyl alcohol to acrylic acid (mPVA/mAA) and addition amount of cross-linking agent on the water absorption property of foliar fertilizer and the effects of addition amount of water-absorbent resin on the adhesion and slow-release properties of foliar fertilizer were studied.【Result】When mPVA/mAA is 1 ∶ 2 and the addition amount of cross-linking agent is 0.5%, the prepared foliar fertilizer has the maximum water absorption rate, which is 68.5 g/g in tap water. When m(PVA+AA)/ m (Urea) = 2 ︰ 1, the retention rates of nitrogen and phosphorus of foliar fertilizer on cabbage leaves reach 80% and 40%, respectively; the release of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients of leaf fertilizer achieves balance in 7-10 days, with good slow-release performance.【Conclusion】The research is of great significance to solve the problems of poor adhesion, no water absorption, and no slow-release properties of conventional foliar fertilizers.

Several factors influence the quality of melon fruits and foliar fertilizer application is one method for improving their quality. The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the response of commercial melon varieties to a soilless culture system in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand, and (2) to evaluate the quality of melon fruit under various foliar fertilizer treatments. The experiment was arranged as a completely randomized block design with four replications. Eight commercial melon varieties, including four orange pulp melons (Sandee, Baramee, Sanwan, and Melon cat 697) and four green pulp melons (Kissme, Snowgreen, Melon Princess, and Kimoji), were used in this study. At 1–5 weeks after planting, the growth of the melons was measured using agronomic traits. Four foliar fertilizers (distilled water, micronutrients, secondary nutrients + micronutrients, and amino acid + micronutrients) were sprayed on the melon leaves at 1–5 weeks after pollination, and the growth of the melons, using fruit traits, was recorded. After harvesting, the melons were assessed for the quality of the fruit. This study was conducted at the School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry’s greenhouse and the Food Chemistry Laboratory of the Center for Scientific and Technological Equipment, Walailak University. In nearly all of the observed growth weeks, the data demonstrate that most agronomic and fruit traits were significantly different between the melon varieties. Sandee, Baramee, Melon cat 697, and Melon Princess are recommended for planting under Nakhon Si Thammarat’s climate, based on fruit size and quality. Foliar fertilizer application impacted the shape, skin color, and quality of the melon. Melons treated with micronutrients, secondary nutrients and micronutrients, and amino acids and micronutrients exhibited better measures of fruit quality than those treated with non-foliar treatments. There was also an interaction observed between melon variety and foliar fertilizer application. Based on measures of fruit quality, Baramee, Melon cat 697, Kissme, and Melon Princess were more responsive to foliar fertilizer application than other melon varieties tested.

Panzao (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. ‘Jingcang1’) have a short shelf-life, which hampers their marketability. To investigate effects of combined pre- and postharvest treatments on quality and softening during storage, preharvest Guomantian foliar fertilizer (FF) spray and postharvest salicylic acid (SA) dip were applied to panzao. By day 63 of storage, fruit firmness responded to treatment in the order of FF+SA treatment > FF or SA treatments > Control. All treatments inhibited fruit reddening during storage and, compared with those of the control, alleviated the decline in total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and phenol contents and decreased the oxidative aging process, which was consistent with the change in firmness. The FF+SA treatment reduced the activities of amylase, cellulase, polygalacturonase, and β-glucosidase, which decreased the degradation of macromolecules including starch, cellulose, and pectin. Principal component analysis showed that FF+SA exhibited a synergistic effect and was the most effective treatment for maintaining fruit quality during storage. FF increased accumulation of nutrients during growth and improved quality, while SA delayed the decline in fruit quality and reduced softening. These results provide the theoretical basis and technical knowledge for improving the shelf-life of panzao during storage and long-distance transportation.

This study focused on the application of a microbial biosurfactant as a synergist of the foliar fertilizer. A biosurfactant‐producing Bacillus velezensis MMB‐51 was firstly isolated, which produced the peak yield of 2.287 g/L biosurfactant BS‐51 at the optimum fermentation condition. The chemical nature of BS‐51 was identified as lipopeptide consisting of surfactin and fengycin, which exhibited a low CMC of 11.0 mg/L in ddH2O and a good stability in wide ranges of temperature, pH and NaCl concentration. The BS‐51 was then applied as a synergist of three common sweet potato leaf fertilizers. The result showed that BS‐51 increased the contact area of fertilizer with leaf surface by 51%–93% and the moving speed of fertilizer on the inclined leaf surface by 272%–459%, indicating that BS‐51 decreased the surface tension of three‐leaf fertilizers. BS‐51 also increased the fertilizer residue after it slipped from the inclined leaf surface from 18.5%–21.5% to 29.4–31.2% depending on their types, thereby improving the utilization efficiency of foliar fertilizer. In addition, B. velezensis MMB‐51 secretion inhibited the growth of sweet potato pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata. Therefore, B. velezensis MMB‐51 could act as an efficient synergist of crop foliar fertilizer with antifungal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk thistle is an important medicinal plant as it contains silymarin which has many pharmaceutical activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of a stabilized nitrogen fertilizer alone or combined with a foliar fertilizer, containing phosphorous, potassium, iron, manganese, and zinc, on the plant development and fruit yield of three wild milk thistle populations originated from Greece. The fruits of the populations ‘Palaionterveno’, ‘Mesopotamia’, and ‘Spata’ were sown in plastic pots containing peat. Fertilization treatments were i) control - without application of fertilizer, ii) application of a stabilized nitrogen fertilizer, and iii) use of the stabilized fertilizer followed by applications of foliar fertilizer at three different growth stages. The results revealed that genetic material significantly affected the plant height, rosette diameter, and dry weight of root system. Moreover, the application of the nitrogen fertilizer alone or combined with a foliar fertilizer enhanced plant growth. Regarding the fruit yield, there was an interaction between the two factors.

In this study, which was carried out in the 2016/2017 sugar beet production season in Burdur, it was aimed to determine the effects of foliar fertilizers on the yield and quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera). In the research, 8 different foliar fertilizers were used, including Aminofol, Batguano, Borzinc, Comozink, Flora-X, Foton, Humatex-SF, Liquid vermicompost, which are recommended for sugar beet agriculture. Biological yield, leaf yield, root yield, polar sugar ratio and polar sugar yield were found to be statistically significant in the properties examined in the study. The highest leaf yield (1055.7 kg/da), root yield (6947.0 kg/da), biological yield (7896.3 kg/da) and polar sugar yield (1248.0 kg/da) were obtained when Photon foliar fertilizer was applied. Polar sugar ratio was highest in Foton (17.96%) and Flora-X (17.81%) foliar fertilizer applications. The other foliar fertilizers used also contributed positively to the yield at different rates. It was concluded that these studies should be carried out in different locations for many years in order to reach a definite result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefit of applying foliar fertilizers is that crops can uptake them faster than soil fertilizers. The aim of this study was to test and valuate the effects of one zinc (Zn) and two amino acids-containing (AS) foliar fertilizers on a fodder corn hybrid's physiological and biochemical processes. The experiment was conducted in field conditions. The following parameters of a fodder maize hybrid were measured one, two, three, four, five, and six weeks after the treatments (WAT): physiological (relative chlorophyll content and the effectiveness of PSII); biochemical (activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD); ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD); the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA); and proline. The yield increased by 10%, 6%, and 10% at Zn, Zn+AS1, and Zn+AS2 treatments. The yield parameters, such as grain/cob and ear weight, were also significantly higher under the applied three treatments relative to the control. The relative chlorophyll content was significantly higher one, two, and four weeks after Zn-treatment, and some changes were also observed when Zn and amino acid-containing fertilizer were applied in combination. The latter sampling did not show any notable changes. In addition, the activity of SOD increased when Zn-containing fertilizer was applied, although the effect of AS-containing fertilizer did not show. There was a correlation between the SOD activity and some of the yield parameters. The increasing SOD activity indicated a higher yield (t/ha) and a higher cob weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research was conducted using Andrada winter wheat variety created at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda. The crop was treated with two types of foliar fertilizers, Folimax Gold and MicrofertU which were applied in two tillage systems: conventional and no-tillage. The main purpose of this paper is to assess the influence of foliar fertilization in the two systems of conventional tillage and conservative systems with no-tillage. Various growth stages of the wheat crop, in achieving high yields and quality indices were assessed. The promotion and identification of physiological mechanisms in wheat are useful in assessing biological development, correlated with the productivity elements of winter wheat. Measurements of assimilation of the physiological parameters and chlorophyll concentration were performed on the standard flag leaf five days from the last treatment, using foliar fertilizers considering the duration of adaptation of tissues in flag leaf. Measurements were performed five times per plant and five plants per variant, with three repetitions in June. Technology used in wheat cultivation showed that the net assimilation, physiological parameters, and production were higher, registering higher values for the conventional system (tilling), ranging between 27-30 µmolm-2 s-1, and an increase of production, of over 700 kg ha-1. The values were statistically confirmed, as being significantly positive, compared to those from the conservative no-tillage system, in the conditions of the Transylvanian Plain. Physiological parameters taken into study had higher values for the conventional system in the variants treated with foliar fertilizers, compared to the no-tillage system, leaf to air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) being inversely proportional. Foliar fertilization applied to the Andrada wheat variety has beneficially influenced the quality indices in the two tillage systems, the percentage of protein obtained being between 12.1-13.8%, gluten between 23.5-27.3%, Zeleny index between 35-48%, and the mass of one thousand grains (MTG) was between 50-53.1 g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cell walls of seaweeds contain a wide number of organic and inorganic constituents, of which polysaccharides have important biological activity. Some researchers suggest that polysaccharides from seaweeds can behave as biotic elicitors in viticulture, triggering the synthesis of phenolic compounds in leaves and grape berries. The mechanism of action of seaweeds after a foliar application to grapevines is not fully understood but it is discussed in this review. An overview of the recent research focused on the effects of seaweeds foliar applications on grapevine productivity, on grape and wine quality is included as well as a short-term future perspective for the research in this field.

There has been much interest in the incorporation of organic molecules or biostimulants into foliar fertilizers with the rationalization that these compounds will enhance the uptake, or subsequent mobility of the applied nutrient. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of an inositol-based plant stimulant on the mobility and accumulation of foliar-applied zinc (Zn) in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). High-resolution elemental imaging with micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) was utilized to examine Zn distribution within the vascular bundle of the leaf and whole grains. The inclusion of myo -inositol with Zinc sulfate, significantly increased Zn concentration in shoots in contrast to untreated controls and Zn sulfate applied alone. Foliar Zn treated plants increased Zn in grains by 5–25% with myo -inositol plus Zn treated plants significantly increasing grain Zn concentration compared to both Zn treated and non-treated controls. XRF imaging revealed Zn enrichment in the bran layer and germ, with a very low Zn concentration present in the endosperm. Plants treated with Zn plus myo -inositol showed an enhanced and uniform distribution of Zn throughout the bran layer and germ with an increased concentration in the endosperm. While our data suggest that foliar application of myo -inositol in combination with Zn may be a promising strategy to increase the absorption and mobility of Zn in the plant tissue and subsequently to enhance Zn accumulation in grains, further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms by which myo -inositol affects plant metabolism and nutrient mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of the boron (B) nutritional status in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was evaluated by degree of agreement (DA) indicators using different diagnostic methods and by prescient diagnostic analysis (PDA). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of two interpretation methods of B nutritional status in soybean, that is, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and critical level (CL). An experimental trial was conducted using a randomized block design with five replicates, which evaluated foliar B application rates of 0, 300, 600, 1200, and 1800 g ha-1. Another study consisted of monitoring 140 commercial farms. We sampled leaves to determine nutrient contents and estimate yield in both studies. All samples were diagnosed by CND and CL methods. A reference value in the literature was obtained by the reduced normal distribution and CL methods by field calibration in the experimental trial. All the methods showed a high DA between diagnoses; the efficiency ratio and accuracy for true deficiency were both low, except for the CL method by field calibration, which exhibited an increase in positive net yield. The DA was ineffective to validate the efficiency of nutritional diagnoses; methods with a higher DA showed negative values for the net increase in production (-46 to -53 kg ha-1). The CL method by field calibration showed greater efficiency in assessing the nutritional status of B in foliar fertilized soybean because the net increase in production was 197 kg ha-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of nano-technology for the amelioration of plant tolerance against abiotic stress has been widely reported in last years. In the current study, the separate and combined effects of Nano-chelate Super Plus ZFM (A) and Lithovit®-standard (B) on salt-stressed chili pepper were evaluated. Two different concentrations of each products were tested (A1, 2.5 g L−1, A2, 5 g L−1; B1, 3 g L−1 and B2, 5 g L−1) on pepper irrigated by three NaCl solutions (1.5dS m−1, 3dS m−1 and 6dS m−1. The control (no treatment) experiments were only irrigated with the three NaCl solutions. Spraying Nano-chelate Super Plus ZFM in low concentration (A1) enhanced significantly iron, zinc and manganese content in shoots and fruits. The application of Lithovit®-standard at high concentration ameliorated calcium and magnesium content in plant parts. A1B2 caused the highest enhancement in leaf number, fresh and dry weights of plant parts. It also improved fruit number significantly, fruit fresh and dry weight, yield plant−1 and fruit dimension compared to control under all NaCl solutions. All treatments improved carotenoids content and reduced cellular electrolyte leakage and sodium content, as compared to control. Low concentration of Nano-chelate Super Plus ZFM improved chlorophyll a (Chl a), b (Chl b) and total chlorophyll (TChl) more than the high concentration (A2). Photosynthetic pigments were maximized by A1B2. Treating plants with A1B2 and A1B1 improved the most nitrogen and potassium content respectively in shoots and fruits compared to control at all EC levels. Combining both products would be an efficient method inducing salt-tolerance of pepper.

There has been much interest in the incorporation of organic molecules or biostimulants into foliar fertilizers with the rationalization that these compounds will enhance the uptake, or subsequent mobility of the applied nutrient. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of an inositol-based plant stimulant on the mobility and accumulation of foliar-applied zinc (Zn) in wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). High-resolution elemental imaging with micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) was utilized to examine Zn distribution within the vascular bundle of the leaf and whole grains. The inclusion of myo-inositol with Zinc sulfate, significantly increased Zn concentration in shoots in contrast to untreated controls and Zn sulfate applied alone. Foliar Zn treated plants increased Zn in grains by 5–25% with myo-inositol plus Zn treated plants significantly increasing grain Zn concentration compared to both Zn treated and non-treated controls. XRF imaging revealed Zn enrichment in the bran layer and germ, with a very low Zn concentration present in the endosperm. Plants treated with Zn plus myo-inositol showed an enhanced and uniform distribution of Zn throughout the bran layer and germ with an increased concentration in the endosperm. While our data suggest that foliar application of myo-inositol in combination with Zn may be a promising strategy to increase the absorption and mobility of Zn in the plant tissue and subsequently to enhance Zn accumulation in grains, further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms by which myo-inositol affects plant metabolism and nutrient mobility.

Fertilizer can be applied through soil and leaves. Fertilizer application through leaves is more effective than soil application due to faster nutrient absorption. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of applying various foliar fertilizer compositions on the growth and performance of oil palm seedlings. The research was conducted from April 2020 to September 2020 at the Oil Palm Nursery Unit at Politeknik Negeri Lampung. A single factor in a completely randomized design with four replications was used in the experiment. The treatment involved the nutrient composition of foliar fertilizer consisting of five levels, namely control (no fertilizer), NPK 20-15-15, NPK 27-18-9, NPK 11-8-6, and NPK 27.5-5.5-4.8. Measurements were made on seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf greenness, rachis length, and leaflet length. The data were analyzed by means of variance, followed by orthogonal contrast if the result was significantly different. The results showed that the application of foliar fertilizers could increase the growth of seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf greenness index, rachis length, and leaflet length. Generally, a foliar fertilizer application gives better results than without a foliar fertilizer application (control). There was no difference in the powder and liquid foliar fertilizer effect on increasing the growth of oil palm seedlings. The formulation of NPK 20-15-15 and NPK 11-8-6 foliar fertilizer had a better effect on the leaf greenness index of oil palm seedlings.

Particle film forming materials were introduced as a solution to reduce the effects of excessive solar irradiation on plant photosynthesis. Covering plant leaves with particle films leads to plant bio-stimulant-like effects: increased protection against abiotic stress and increased fruit quality. We used zeolites and diatomaceous earth carriers for foliar fertilizer, known for their application as particle film-forming material. The aim of this paper was to investigate the plant bio-stimulant-like effects of this combined two-in-one product on the yield of apple trees and their photosynthetic pigments and fruit quality. The experiments were conducted for two years, 2021 and 2022, which had different agroclimatic patterns: 2021 had a deficit of precipitation, whereas 2022 was warmer by more than +4.8 °C compared to the recorded average temperature. Applying particle film-forming material and foliar fertilizer reduces the degradation of the photosynthetic pigments by drought and excessive solar radiation by 25–30%. In the year with a deficit of precipitation there was an increased yield by an additional 11.56–12.38% and the fruit quality similarly increased. Such effects of these combined two-in-one products were limited in 2022 as the temperature was higher than normal by several degrees.

The use of biostimulants has become a common practice in agriculture. However, there is little peer-reviewed research on this topic. In this study we tested, under controlled and replicated conditions, the effect of one biostimulant derived from seaweed extraction (Bio-1) and another biostimulant derived from microbial fermentation (Bio-2). This experiment utilized 2-years-old almond plants over two growing seasons in a randomized complete design with a full 2 × 4 factorial structure with two soil potassium treatments (125 μg g(-1) of K vs. 5 μg g(-1)) and four foliar treatments (No spray, Foliar-K, Bio-1, Bio-2). Rubidium was utilized as a surrogate for short-term potassium uptake and plant growth, nutrient concentration, and final plant biomass were evaluated. There was a substantial positive effect of both biostimulant treatments on total shoot leaf area, and significant increases in shoot length and biomass under adequate soil potassium supply with a positive effect of Bio-1 only under low K supply. Rubidium uptake was increased by Bio-1 application an effect that was greater under the low soil K treatment. Though significant beneficial effects of the biostimulants used on plant growth were observed, it is not possible to determine the mode of action of these materials. The results presented here illustrate the promise and complexity of research involving biostimulants.

Enhancing nutrient uptake and the subsequent elemental transport from the sites of application to sites of utilization is of great importance to the science and practical field application of foliar fertilizers. The aim of this study was to investigate the mobility of various foliar applied zinc (Zn) formulations in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and to evaluate the effects of the addition of an organic biostimulant on phloem loading and elemental mobility. This was achieved by application of foliar formulations to the blade of sunflower (H. annuus L.) and high-resolution elemental imaging with micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) to visualize Zn within the vascular system of the leaf petiole. Although no significant increase of total Zn in petioles was determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometer, μ-XRF elemental imaging showed a clear enrichment of Zn in the vascular tissues within the sunflower petioles treated with foliar fertilizers containing Zn. The concentration of Zn in the vascular of sunflower petioles was increased when Zn was applied with other microelements with EDTA (commercial product Kick-Off) as compared with an equimolar concentration of ZnSO4 alone. The addition of macronutrients N, P, K (commercial product CleanStart) to the Kick-Off Zn fertilizer, further increased vascular system Zn concentrations while the addition of the microbially derived organic biostimulant "GroZyme" resulted in a remarkable enhancement of Zn concentrations in the petiole vascular system. The study provides direct visualized evidence for phloem transport of foliar applied Zn out of sites of application in plants by using μ-XRF technique, and suggests that the formulation of the foliar applied Zn and the addition of the organic biostimulant GroZyme increases the mobility of Zn following its absorption by the leaf of sunflower.

The use of foliar fertilizers and coconut water is potential; foliar fertilizer is the alternative medium and coconut water is the plant growth regulator (PGR) in the banana tissue culture. This study aimed to examine the ability of foliar fertilizer to substitute Murashige and Skoog (MS) media and coconut water as the main source of cytokine. There are two factors in this research. The first factor is the media, which consist of three levels, i.e. fully MS, ½ MS + ½ foliar fertilizer and fully foliar fertilizer. The second factor is the coconut water with four levels of concentration i.e. 50, 100, 150 and 200 ml l-1. The results show that fully formulated foliar fertilizer had not been able to substitute or even compete with a fully MS media, but conversely foliar fertilizer was used to substitute ½ MS media. This can be seen from the parameters of shoot length, leaf length, root number and root length with the highest yield that was found in MS media (8.7, 4.66, 3.33 and 3.23 cm). The 50-100 ml l-1 concentrations of coconut water showed the best results by giving a significant effect on the number of roots and root length. The acclimatization of plantlets in this study was nearly 100%, indicated by the formation of a complete organ.

Fermented leaf fertilizers (FLF) are made of anaerobically fermented plant and/or animal resources and principally used for foliar plant nutrition, as they provide a quick nutrient supply, especially of micronutrients. Their use is most common in horticultural production as a complementary measure to organic basal fertilization in the case of nutrient deficiencies. Since FLF are commonly made of farm residues, their formulation varies according to the available resources and the treated crops. The most common raw materials are cattle manure, cow milk, cane molasses, and water. Within Latin America, the production of FLF is popular with smallholders. Most of these farmers produce them on-farm using adapted plastic barrels as fermenters. Industrial production is conceivable. FLF have been successfully tested in banana, bean, broccoli, carrot, cucumber, lettuce, maize, papaya, and spinach production. This review highlights the principles of this sustainable and promising organic fertilization strategy, emphasizing the preparation of FLF.