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Background: After weaning, nursery pigs have difficulty digesting non-starch polysaccharides in their diets, which can result in growth and health problems. Among non-starch polysaccharides, β-mannan is easily found in various cereal grains that form the basis of livestock diets and interferes the digestion and utilization of nutrients. Supplementation of dietary β-mannanase in nursery diet can alleviate the negative effects on nutrient utilization efficiency caused by β-mannan and improve growth and health of pigs. This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, fecal microbiota, and systemic immune responses of weaned pigs. Results: Dietary β-mannanase (MAN) improved average daily gain (P = 0.053), average daily feed intake (P < 0.05), and gain to feed ratio (P = 0.077) of pigs for 3 weeks after weaning and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (P = 0.060) and reduced post-weaning diarrhea (P < 0.05). The MAN did not affect the ileal morphology. Pigs fed with MAN had more diverse fecal microbiota based on the results of alpha diversity [the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs; P = 0.061), Shannon (P = 0.071), and Simpson indices (P = 0.078)] and relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes (P = 0.064) and genus Prevotella (P < 0.05) than pigs fed control diet (CON). As a result of beta diversity, fecal microbiota was clustered (P < 0.05) into two distinct groups between dietary treatments. The MAN decreased (P < 0.05) packed cell volume (PCV), the number of white blood cells (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and cortisol of the pigs for 2 weeks after weaning compared with CON. Conclusion: Dietary β-mannanase reduced post-weaning diarrhea of pigs by positively modulating gut microbiota and attenuating systemic immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the colonization and change patterns of gut microbiota is pivotal for comprehending host health. As a newly cultured breed, the studies on the gut microbiota of Tianfu goats remain limited. This study aimed to address this gap by analyzing the microbial composition and colonization patterns of fecal samples collected from goat kids from birth to weaning. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 53, 55, 57, and 64, and the changes and colonization patterns of microorganisms were analyzed through high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that the abundance of fecal microbiota in goat kids gradually increased over time, followed by a decrease after weaning and stabilization, with reduced individual differences. The colonization of fecal microorganisms mainly presented three different stages: days 0-14, days 21-49, and days 53-64. During the suckling period, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria (72.34%) was the highest, followed by Firmicutes (21.66%). From 21 days old, the microbiota in goat kids gradually to be diverse, with Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae being dominant. During post-weaning, Ruminococcaceae (30.98-33.34%) was becoming prominence which helpful for cellulose decomposition. LEfSe analyzed three important time points (d0 vs. d7, d7 vs. d14, d49 vs. d53, LDA score > 4 and p < 0.05), 53 microbial communities with stage differences were identified. Functional prediction using PICRUSt revealed that differential microbial communities are mainly related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism pathways. Overall, this study addresses the intricate relationship between ages, diets, and microbiota compositions in Tianfu goat kids, and also offering insights into microorganisms-host interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We took advantage of a single-center cross-sectional study to investigate the effect of different drugs on intestinal microbiota and function in Crohn's disease. Methods: We studied the difference in fecal microbiota of Crohn's disease patients treated with mesalazine, azathioprine, and infliximab, as well as untreated patients, by metagenome and screened for differential microbiota. Further, we investigated functional differences in intestinal microbiota among the four groups. Results: Through metagenomic sequencing, we found that there was no difference between the four groups in ACE and Chao1 indices, but IFX and mesalazine improved species diversity and homogeneity compared to the untreated group, as evidenced by statistically significant differences in the Shannon index, Simpson index, and pielou_evenness. In addition, beta diversity suggested a difference between groups, but the difference was not significant. Non-parametric tests revealed differences between the four groups at the phylum level, class level, and genus level. Further analysis by LEfSe analysis revealed that the level of short-chain fatty acid-producing microbiota was increased in the treated groups, while there was no difference between the treated groups when compared to each other. Finally, the KEGG database and EggNOG database revealed that there were functional differences in intestinal microbiota among the four groups, including microbial metabolism pathway, cysteine and methionine metabolism pathway, cytoskeleton, etc. Conclusions: Mesalazine, azathioprine, and infliximab can all affect the intestinal microbiota and function in patients with Crohn's disease, and the drugs may alleviate intestinal inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease by modulating the intestinal microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal microbiota and gastric cancer (GC) has been extensively studied. However, microbiota alterations in GC patients vary widely across studies, and reproducible diagnostic biomarkers for early GC are still lacking in multiple populations. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the gastrointestinal microbial communities involved in gastric carcinogenesis through a metaanalysis of multiple published and open datasets. Methods: We analyzed 16S rRNA sequencing data from 1,642 gastric biopsy samples and 394 stool samples across 11 independent studies. VSEARCH, QIIME and R packages such as vegan, phyloseq, cooccur, and random forest were used for data processing and analysis. PICRUSt software was employed to predict functions. Results: The α-diversity results indicated significant differences in the intratumoral microbiota of cancer patients compared to non-cancer patients, while no significant differences were observed in the fecal microbiota. Network analysis showed that the positive correlation with GC-enriched bacteria increased, and the positive correlation with GC-depleted bacteria decreased compared to healthy individuals. Functional analyses indicated that pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism were significantly enriched in GC, while biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids was diminished. Additionally, we investigated non-Helicobacter pylori (HP) commensals, which are crucial in both HP-negative and HP-positive GC. Random forest models, constructed using specific taxa associated with GC identified from the LEfSe analysis, revealed that the combination of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus included alone could effectively discriminate between GC patients and healthy individuals in fecal samples (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.7949). This finding was also validated in an independent cohort (AUC = 0.7712). Conclusions: This study examined the intratumoral and fecal microbiota of GC patients from a dual microecological perspective and identified Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium and Phascolarctobacterium as intratumoral and intestinal-specific co-differential bacteria. Furthermore, it confirmed the validity of the combination of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus as GC-specific microbial markers across multiple populations, which may aid in the early non-invasive diagnosis of GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The dietary preferences for pet cats have been a topic of debate, with extruded dry food, cooked meat, and raw meat being the primary contenders. This study aimed to compare the effects of these three diets on growth performance, blood parameters, fecal scores, and fecal microbiota composition in purebred Ragdoll cats (n = 5/group). These data, to some extent, suggest that CM is the most suitable diet for Ragdoll cats, but further research on intestine microbiota is still needed. Our study result provides valuable insights for purebred pet cat breeding. In recent years, there has been ongoing debate about the dietary choices for pet cats, particularly regarding three options: extruded dry food, cooked meat, and raw meat. Determining which diet is most suitable for a cat's healthy growth still requires substantial empirical support. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding Ragdoll cats (n = 5/group) extruded dry food (ED), cooked meat (CM), and raw meat (RM) on their growth performance, apparent digestibility, fur condition, blood parameters, fecal scores, and gut microbiota composition. However, our results indicate that different types of diets did not significantly affect the daily weight gain of Ragdoll cats. The CM group showed a significant improvement in the digestibility of dry matter, fat and protein compared to the ED group (p < 0.05) but no improvement in that of fat compared to the RM group. Compared to the ED group, both the CM and RM groups showed significant improvements in fur condition while exhibiting a significant decrease in fecal scores (p < 0.05). The CM and RM groups exhibited enhanced serum antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) and increased immunity in the cats (p < 0.05). Immunity enhancement in the CM group was significantly higher than that in the RM group(p < 0.05). The ED group showed an increase in the abundance of beneficial bacteria in Ragdoll cat intestines, while the CM and RM groups showed enhancements in the innate microbiota of feline animals. These data, to some extent, suggest that CM is the most suitable diet for Ragdoll cats, but further research on intestine microbiota is still needed. These study findings provide a reference for purebred pet breeding purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Tibetan yellow cattle and dzo are important meat sources for people living on the Tibetan Plateau. As a hybrid offspring of Tibetan yellow cattle and yaks, dzo inherit the advantages of their parent generations. However, the differences in the blood metabolites and ecological adaptability of Tibetan yellow cattle and dzo remain unclear. In this study, we have explored the potential difference in environmental adaptability between these two breeds of animals by analyzing their blood-based physiological and biochemical parameters, serum metabolites, and fecal microorganisms. The results revealed that dzo showed better adaptation to the high-altitude and low-temperature environment of the Tibetan Plateau, as compared to Tibetan yellow cattle. This study provides a basis for understanding the adaptive mechanism of dzo in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This study aimed to investigate the differences in environmental adaptability between dzo and Tibetan yellow cattle by using corresponding assay kits to analyze blood indices, utilizing mass spectrometry for blood metabolite profiling, and performing 16S rDNA sequencing of fecal microbiota. Forty female cattle were randomly divided into a dzomo (female dzo) group (MG, n = 20) and a Tibetan-yellow-cattle group (HG, n = 20). After 150 days of uniform feeding, six cattle from each group were randomly picked for jugular blood sampling and collection of fecal microorganisms. The results showed that the serum albumin, creatinine, total protein, superoxide dismutase, IgG, and IgM concentrations in the MG group were higher (p < 0.05), whereas the serum triglyceride concentration was lower, compared to the HG group (p < 0.05). The higher level of phospholipids containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (PC (18:5e/2:0), PC (20:5e/2:0), LPC 18:2, LPC 20:5) observed in the serum of the dzo suggests that they have an advantage in adapting to the challenging conditions of the plateau environment. The fecal microbiota analysis showed that Akkermansia was significantly enriched in the MG group; this might be the key bacterial genus leading to the strong adaptability of dzo. Our findings indicated the dzo's superior adaptation to the Tibetan Plateau's harsh environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Weaning is a critical and challenging period for piglets, often leading to stress, poor growth, and increased disease incidence. This study investigated using octapeptin as a feed additive for weaned piglets. The results indicated that octapeptin significantly improved diarrhea and enhanced feed conversion ratio by modulating immunity and reducing inflammation compared to standard diets. Octapeptin also decreased TNF-α levels, boosted the immune system, and increased beneficial bacteria, such as Collinsella and Olsenella, positively impacted gut health. These findings suggested that octapeptin is a promising, safe, natural antibiotic alternative that promotes health and growth in weaned piglets. With the prohibition of antibiotics in animal feed, the livestock industry faces significant challenges, including increased morbidity and mortality rates and reduced farming efficiency. Developing green, natural, and safe antibiotic alternatives has become a research hotspot. This study evaluated the effects of octapeptin as a feed additive on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, serum biochemistry, serum immune factors, and gut microbiota of weaned piglets. Seventy-two weaned piglets were randomly assigned to three groups based on body weight and sex, with each group receiving different dietary treatments: a negative control group (CON, basal diet), a positive control group (MC, basal diet + 5 mg/kg Microcin C7), and an octapeptin supplement group (OP, basal diet + 40 mg/kg octapeptin). After 28 days of feeding experimental diets, the results demonstrated that supplementing the diet of weaned piglets with octapeptin significantly improved the feed conversion ratio compared to the control group (p < 0.05) over the entire experimental period. Furthermore, a reduction in diarrhea incidence was observed during the late nursery period (14–28 d), resulting in an overall improvement in diarrhea compared to the other two groups (p < 0.01). Serum biochemical analysis results revealed a trend towards decreased alanine aminotransferase level in the octapeptin group, with no significant differences in other indicators, suggesting potential improvements in liver function without causing liver damage. In addition, compared to the control group, octapeptin enhanced mucosal immunity by decreasing TNF-α level (p < 0.05). Fecal microbiota analysis results showed a significant increase in beneficial bacteria such as Collinsella and Olsenella in the octapeptin group compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05), indicating a positive impact on gut health. These findings supported the potential of octapeptin as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in weaned piglets' diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soy consumption is associated with health benefits, mainly linked to the ability of the intestinal microbiota to metabolize the glycosylated isoflavones into more bioactive compounds, such as equol. Because Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum INIA P815 is able to efficiently deglycosylate daidzin into daidzein, the aim of this work was to confirm the influence of soy beverages fermented by B. pseudocatenulatum INIA P815 for enhancing equol production by fecal microbiota. Firstly, fecal samples from 17 participants were characterized in vitro, and we observed that 35.3% of them were able to produce equol from daidzein. In addition, the kinetics of equol production and degradation by fecal microbiota were evaluated, determining that 30–85% of equol is degraded after 24 h of incubation. Finally, the influence of fermented soy beverage on improving the production of equol by selected equol-producing fecal samples and by the equol-producing strain Slackia isoflavoniconvertens was analyzed through a colonic model. Fermented soy beverage enhanced the equol production from S. isoflavoniconvertens as well as the fecal samples whose microbiota showed high rates of equol degradation. The results obtained confirm that the fermentation of soy beverages with selected bacterial strains improves the functional properties of these beverages in terms of isoflavone metabolism and equol production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background After weaning, nursery pigs have difficulty digesting non-starch polysaccharides in their diets, which can result in growth and health problems. Among non-starch polysaccharides, β-mannan is easily found in various cereal grains that form the basis of livestock diets and interferes the digestion and utilization of nutrients. Supplementation of dietary β-mannanase in nursery diet can alleviate the negative effects on nutrient utilization efficiency caused by β-mannan and improve growth and health of pigs. This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, fecal microbiota, and systemic immune responses of weaned pigs. Results Dietary β-mannanase (MAN) improved average daily gain (P = 0.053), average daily feed intake (P

Abstract Diarrhea is a common issue in domestic yaks (Bos grunniens) that can occur with pasture alterations and significantly impacts growth performance. Previous research has examined the microbiota of diarrhetic yaks; however, the structural changes in gut bacterial community and microbial interactions in yaks with grassland alteration-induced diarrhea remain poorly understood. To explore variations in gut microbiota homeostasis among yaks suffering from diarrhea, fecal microbiota diversity and composition were analyzed using 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Gut fecal microbiota diversity was lower in diarrhetic yaks than in non-diarrhetic yaks. Furthermore, the bacterial community composition (including that of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria) in the feces of diarrhetic yaks displayed significant alterations. Co-occurrence network analysis further underscored the compromised intestinal flora stability in yaks with diarrhea relative to that in non-diarrhetic yaks. Interestingly, the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, were decreased in yaks with diarrhea, and the reductions were negatively correlated with the fecal water content. Collectively, these findings indicate that diminished microbial stability and increased abundance of certain bacteria in the gut may contribute to diarrhea occurrence in yaks.

Abstract Background The guts of mammals are home to trillions of microbes, forming a complex and dynamic ecosystem. Gut microbiota is an important biological barrier for maintaining immune homeostasis. Recently, the use of antibiotics to clear gut microbiota has gained popularity as a low cost and easy-to-use alternative to germ-free animals. However, the effect of the duration of the antibiotic cocktail on the gut microbiome is unclear, and more importantly, the effect of dramatic changes in the gut microbiota on intestinal tissue morphology and local immune response is rarely reported. Results We observed a significant reduction in fecal microbiota species and abundance after 1 week of exposure to an antibiotic cocktail, gavage twice daily by intragastric administration. In terms of composition, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were replaced by Proteobacteria. Extending antibiotic exposure to 2–3 weeks did not significantly improve the overall efficiency of microbiotal consumption. No significant histomorphological changes were observed in the first 2 weeks of antibiotic cocktail exposure, but the expression of inflammatory mediators in intestinal tissue was increased after 3 weeks of antibiotic cocktail exposure. Mendelian randomization analysis showed that Actinobacteria had a significant causal association with the increase of IL-1β (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.23 to 2.21, P = 0.007) and TNF-α (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.26 to 2.61, P = 0.001). Conclusions Our data suggest that treatment with an antibiotic cocktail lasting 1 week is sufficient to induce a significant reduction in gut microbes. 3 weeks of antibiotic exposure can lead to the colonization of persistant microbiota and cause changes in intestinal tissue and local immune responses,

Fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) is an effective method of preserving highmoisture byproducts with higher aerobic stability after fermentation. FTMR has the potential to fulfill the daily nutritional requirements of cattle and enhance their production performance. The objective of this research was to examine the influence of FTMR on lactation performance, total tract apparent digestibility, fecal microbiota communities, and fermentation profiles in lactating dairy cows. A total of 12 cows were randomly assigned into two groups: the TMR group and the FTMR group. The TMR group was fed a total mixed ration (TMR) diet, and the FTMR group was fed an FTMR diet. The FTMR did not impact milk yield in dairy cows despite a decrease in dry matter intake, which increased the efficiency of the feed. In contrast to that in the TMR group, the milk fat content in the FTMR group was greater. The FTMR group showed greater digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), organic matter (OM), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in the total digestive tract than did the TMR group. The FTMR increased the concentration of butyrate in the fecal matter and reduced the pH of the feces. The Chao1, ACE, and Shannon indices of the archaeal community in dairy cow feces were significantly higher in cow fed the FTMR compared to those fed the TMR. LefSe analysis revealed higher levels of Oscillospira, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Dehalobacterium in the feces of dairy cows fed the FTMR than in those fed the TMR. However, the abundances of Roseburia, rc4-4, Bulleidia and Sharpea exhibited the opposite trend. The abundances of Halobacteria, Halobacteriales, and Halobacteriaceae, which are biomarkers for distinguishing fecal archaea in the TMR from the FTMR, were substantially greater in the feces of dairy cows that consumed the TMR than in those that consumed the FTMR. Therefore, FTMR can improve the milk fat content, total tract apparent feed digestibility efficiency, and diversity of archaea in the feces. Additionally, this work provides a theoretical basis for the feasibility of FTMR feeding for dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gut microbiota are associated with the health and performance of ruminant species, and they are affected by altitude, host genetics, and sex. However, there has been little research on comparing the fecal microbiota of indigenous small ruminants such as sheep and goats in Guizhou province, China. In the present study, we revealed the effect of altitude, genetics, and sex on fecal microbiota profiles and enterotypes in indigenous small ruminants of Guizhou province, China. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from Hei and Qianbei Ma goats and Weining sheep in the Chinese province of Guizhou. 16S rRNA gene sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequences were processed using QIIME2, and the qualified sequences were processed using the plugin DADA2 to generate amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). The statistical analysis was performed using R studio. Results: The fecal microbial profile was found to vary by herd (influenced by genetics/altitude) and sex. All samples were categorized into two enterotypes. The first enterotype is dominated by UCG-005, and the second enterotype is dominated by the Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, which may be highly driven by the host's genetics (breed). The predicted functional profiles of the fecal microbiota were also assigned to two clusters that corresponded exactly to the enterotypes. Cluster 1 of the functional profiling was characterized by biosynthesis pathways, and cluster 2 was characterized by energy metabolism pathways. Discussion: Our findings may provide new insights into the fecal microbial community and enterotypes in small ruminants by herds, offering clues for understanding the mechanisms by which the fecal microbiota contribute to divergent host phenotypes in indigenous small ruminants in Guizhou. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diarrhea is a common issue in domestic yaks (Bos grunniens) that can occur with pasture alterations and significantly impacts growth performance. Previous research has examined the microbiota of diarrhetic yaks; however, the structural changes in gut bacterial community and microbial interactions in yaks with grassland alteration-induced diarrhea remain poorly understood. To explore variations in gut microbiota homeostasis among yaks suffering from diarrhea, fecal microbiota diversity and composition were analyzed using 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Gut fecal microbiota diversity was lower in diarrhetic yaks than in non-diarrhetic yaks. Furthermore, the bacterial community composition (including that of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria) in the feces of diarrhetic yaks displayed significant alterations. Co-occurrence network analysis further underscored the compromised intestinal flora stability in yaks with diarrhea relative to that in non-diarrhetic yaks. Interestingly, the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, were decreased in yaks with diarrhea, and the reductions were negatively correlated with the fecal water content. Collectively, these findings indicate that diminished microbial stability and increased abundance of certain bacteria in the gut may contribute to diarrhea occurrence in yaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sow mortality in the U.S. swine industry has increased in recent years, for which pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a major contributor, accounting for 21% of all sow mortality. Dysbiosis of microbial communities has been associated with disease and reproductive dysfunction in several species, and previous studies have shown changes in vaginal microbiota in sows with increased risk for POP during late gestation. However, there is insufficient knowledge surrounding the potential relationship between fecal microbiota and POP in sows. Therefore, the study objective was to identify differences in sow fecal microbiota and determine if fecal and vaginal microbial communities are correlated in relation to POP risk. Methods: Sows were evaluated for POP risk using an established perineal scoring system, with a perineal score (PS) of 1 (PS1) presuming little to no risk of POP to a PS of 3 (PS3) presuming high risk of POP. In the current study, 2,864 sows were scored during gestation week 15, and 1.0%, 2.7%, and 23.4% of PS1, PS2, and PS3 sows, respectively, subsequently experienced POP. Fecal swabs (n = 215) were collected between gestation days 108-115, DNA was extracted, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing libraries were analyzed using mothur, phyloseq and SAS in reference to PS and POP outcome. Additionally, co-occurrence networks were constructed using CoNet to compare fecal and vaginal microbiota from the same cohort of sows and identify correlations between different taxa. Results: Differences in fecal community composition (PERMANOVA; P < 0.05), structure (alpha diversity measurements; P < 0.05), and 13 individual operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were revealed between PS1 and PS3 assigned sows. No differences in fecal microbiota were detected as a result of POP outcome. However, the abundances of several taxa were correlated across sample collection sites, suggesting the fecal and vaginal microbial communities may be related to one another. Discussion: Collectively, fewer differences in the fecal microbiota exist in sows with differing risk for POP compared to the vaginal microbiota, suggesting the vaginal microbiome may be more relevant in relation to POP outcome, although correlations between fecal and vaginal communities may provide insight for strategies to combat POP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Diet significantly influences feline intestinal health, and abrupt dietary changes can disrupt the gastrointestinal balance. Incorporating functional additives, like heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 combined with Fibersol-2, may ameliorate feline gastrointestinal functionality. Heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and intestinal barrier-enhancing properties. Fibersol-2, widely employed in human foods, enhances colonic mucosal barrier function and increases intestinal microbiota diversity. In this study, we investigated the effects of providing or not providing heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 combined with Fibersol-2 on intestinal barrier integrity, intestinal inflammation, and intestinal microbiota composition in cats undergoing abrupt dietary change. Our study demonstrates that supplementing heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 combined with Fibersol-2 improved the intestinal health of adult cats subjected to abrupt dietary change. Abrupt dietary change can disrupt the intestinal balance in felines. This study aimed to assess the impact of heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 combined with Fibersol-2 on the intestinal health of adult cats before and after dietary change. We selected 24 British shorthair cats, dividing them into two groups. From day 1 to day 14, the control group received a lower protein (33%) concentration (LPF) diet, while the treated group received the same LPF diet supplemented with 0.16% functional additives, consisting of Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 combined with Fibersol-2. Subsequently, from day 15 to day 28, the control group transitioned to a higher protein (40%) concentration (HPF) diet, while the treated group received the same HPF diet supplemented with 0.16% functional additives. Blood and fresh feces were collected on day 0, 14, 17, 21, and 28 of the experiment. The results suggest that the use of heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 combined with Fibersol-2 may improve gastrointestinal function in cats by reducing serum LPS levels and fecal pH, while increasing fecal sIgA levels. In addition, the functional additive regulates the fecal microbiota and its function, promoting intestinal homeostasis and colonization with beneficial bacteria such as Blautia. Furthermore, on day 28, there was a significant difference in fecal microbiota beta diversity between the two groups. In summary, the addition of heat-treated Bifidobacterium longum CECT-7384 combined with Fibersol-2 contributes to improving the intestinal health of adult cats affected by abrupt dietary change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research indicates that the microbiome has a significant impact on the progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and that creating therapies that change its composition could positively impact the outcomes of IBD treatment. This review summarizes the results of extensive studies that examined IBD patients undergoing several therapies, including anti-TNF medication, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and the alterations in their gut microbiota's composition and function. The objective was to investigate the variety and effectiveness of microbial species in order to discover new biomarkers or therapeutic targets that could improve the outcome of treatment for these patients. This research aimed to offer useful insights into personalized medicine techniques for managing IBD. Beneficial bacteria such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia have been consistently linked to favorable clinical outcomes, whereas pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Clostridioides difficile are associated with worsening disease conditions. Although many studies have examined the role of gut microbiota in IBD, there is still a need for more targeted research on the connection between specific microbial communities and treatment outcomes. This study sought to address this gap by exploring the intricate relationship between the gut microbiota composition and the effectiveness of IBD medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The long-term use of antibiotics has led to problems such as resistance, with serious implications for global public health. Herbs are considered ideal for new antibiotic alternatives because they are natural, non-resistant, non-toxic, or low in toxicity. Licorice extract has been shown to benefit growth performance and health when added to the diets of pigs, chickens, and sheep. However, the use of licorice extract in beef cattle farming is still relatively rare. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of licorice extract on growth performance, blood index, hindgut microbiome, and metabolome of beef cattle. The results demonstrated that adding licorice extract to the beef cattle diet played a positive role in enhancing the growth performance, blood indexes, and intestinal health of beef cattle. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of licorice extract (LE) on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, serum index (biochemistry, hormones, humoral immunity, and antioxidant function), hindgut fecal microbiota, and metabolism in beef cattle. In total, 12 male yellow cattle aged 12 months were divided into two groups (6 cattle per group): the basal diet (CK group) and the basal diet supplemented with 2 g/kg LE (CHM group). The entire experimental phase lasted for 120 days, including a 30-day pre-feeding period. Compared to the CK group, the average daily gain, crude fiber, calcium, and crude protein nutrient digestibility were greater on d 30 than d 60 (p < 0.05) and the feed meat ratio was lower for LE addition (p < 0.01). In terms of serum indexes, the insulin and nitric oxide contents were enhanced on d 30, the alkaline phosphatase level was improved on d 60, and the levels of albumin, immunoglobulin A, and catalase were increased on d 90 (p < 0.05). In contrast, the cholesterol content was lower on d 60 for LE addition compared with the CK group (p < 0.05). The higher enrichment of [Eubacterium]-oxidoreducens-group, p-2534-18b5-gut-group, and Ileibacterium were observed in the CHM group (p < 0.05), while the relative abundances of Gallibacterium and Breznakia in the CHM group were lower compared with the CK group (p < 0.05). In addition, the differential metabolites related to healthy growth in the CHM group were increased compared with the CK group. And there was a close correlation between hindgut microbiota and metabolic differentials. In general, LE has a promoting effect on the growth performance and health status of beef cattle over a period (30 to 60 days). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The guts of mammals are home to trillions of microbes, forming a complex and dynamic ecosystem. Gut microbiota is an important biological barrier for maintaining immune homeostasis. Recently, the use of antibiotics to clear gut microbiota has gained popularity as a low cost and easy-to-use alternative to germ-free animals. However, the effect of the duration of the antibiotic cocktail on the gut microbiome is unclear, and more importantly, the effect of dramatic changes in the gut microbiota on intestinal tissue morphology and local immune response is rarely reported. Results: We observed a significant reduction in fecal microbiota species and abundance after 1 week of exposure to an antibiotic cocktail, gavage twice daily by intragastric administration. In terms of composition, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were replaced by Proteobacteria. Extending antibiotic exposure to 2–3 weeks did not significantly improve the overall efficiency of microbiotal consumption. No significant histomorphological changes were observed in the first 2 weeks of antibiotic cocktail exposure, but the expression of inflammatory mediators in intestinal tissue was increased after 3 weeks of antibiotic cocktail exposure. Mendelian randomization analysis showed that Actinobacteria had a significant causal association with the increase of IL-1β (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.23 to 2.21, P = 0.007) and TNF-α (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.26 to 2.61, P = 0.001). Conclusions: Our data suggest that treatment with an antibiotic cocktail lasting 1 week is sufficient to induce a significant reduction in gut microbes. 3 weeks of antibiotic exposure can lead to the colonization of persistant microbiota and cause changes in intestinal tissue and local immune responses, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have previously identified increased levels of distinct bacterial taxa within mucosal biopsies from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Following prior research, the aim of this study was to investigate the detection of the same CRC‐associated bacteria in fecal samples and to evaluate the suitability of fecal samples as a non‐invasive material for the detection of CRC‐associated bacteria. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) V4 region was performed to evaluate the detection of the CRC‐associated bacteria in the fecal microbiota of cancer patients, patients with adenomatous polyp and healthy controls. Furthermore, 19 novel species‐specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were established to detect the CRC‐associated bacteria. Approximately, 75% of the bacterial taxa identified in biopsies were reflected in fecal samples. NGS failed to detect low‐abundance CRC‐associated taxa in fecal samples, whereas qPCR exhibited high sensitivity and specificity in identifying all targeted taxa. Comparison of fecal microbial composition between the different patient groups showed enrichment of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, and Gemella morbillorum in cancer patients. Our findings suggest that low‐abundance mucosa‐associated bacteria can be detected in fecal samples using sensitive qPCR assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Live coccidiosis vaccines have mainly been used to reduce Eimeria species infection, which is considered the most economically important disease in the poultry industry. Evaluation data on vaccine effectiveness through large-scale field experiments are lacking, especially in broilers. Thus, the effectiveness of a commercial coccidiosis vaccine was evaluated in approximately 900,000 chicks reared on three open-broiler farms where coccidiosis is prevalent. The vaccine's effectiveness after vaccination of 1-day-old chicks was monitored using three parameters (lesion score, fecal oocyst shedding, and production index, PI) in nine trials performed three times on each farm. Lesion scores were confirmed in three different areas of the intestine because the vaccine contained four Eimeria species. The average lesion scores were 0.36 to 0.64 in the duodenal region, 0.30 to 0.39 in the jejuno-ileal region, and 0.18 to 0.39 in the cecal region. The average fecal oocyst shedding rate ranged from 19,766 to 100,100 oocysts per gram, showing large variations depending on farms and buildings within the farm. Compared with the PI of the previous 9–10 trials on each farm, the PI increased by 2.45 to 23.55. Because of the potential for perturbation of the fecal microbiota by live coccidiosis vaccines, the fecal microbiota was investigated using 16S rRNA microbial profiling. Although the β-diversity was significantly different in distribution and relative abundance among farms (PERMANOVA, pseudo-F = 4.863, p = 0.009), a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis found no significant bacterial invasion of the epithelial cell pathway across farms. This large-scale field trial of a live Eimeria vaccine indicates that coccidiosis vaccines can have meaningful effects on the poultry industry and could be used as an alternative to the prophylactic use of anticoccidial drugs under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of astragalus polysaccharide (APS, an ingredient with hypoglycemic function in a traditional Chinese herbal medicine) on gut microbiota and metabolites of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients using a simulated fermentation model in vitro. The main components of APS were isolated, purified, and structure characterized. APS fermentation was found to increase the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and decrease the Escherichia-Shigella level in the fecal microbiota of T2DM patients. Apart from increasing propionic acid, APS also caused an increase in all-trans-retinoic acid and thiamine (both have antioxidant properties), with their enrichment in the KEGG pathway associated with thiamine metabolism, etc. Notably, APS could also enhance fecal antioxidant properties. Correlation analysis confirmed a significant positive correlation of Lactobacillus with thiamine and DPPH-clearance rate, suggesting the antioxidant activity of APS was related to its ability to enrich some specific bacteria and upregulate their metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of stimbiotic (STB) in broilers with necrotic enteritis (NE). A total of 180 one-day-old Arbor Acres (initial body weight of 34.81 ± 1.04 g) were used in this experiment for 32 days. All broilers were randomly allocated into six treatments, and each experimental group had 10 replicate cages with three broilers per cage. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 3 factorial design consisting of two levels of challenge (challenge and non-challenge) and three levels of STB (0, 0.05, and 0.1%). The NE challenge significantly decreased (P

【Objective】The study aimed to explore the effects of Enterococcus faecium extracellular vesicles (Efm-EV) on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology and fecal microbiota in mice, providing theoretical basis for the application of E. faecium as a microbial feed additive in animal production.【Method】A total of 20 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group and experimental group with 10 replicates per group and 1 mouse per replicate. The experiment lasted for 5 days. Mice in the experimental group were given 500 μg Efm-EV suspension every other day by intragastric administration, with 150 μL for each mouse, and mice in the control group were given the same volume of PBS. Daily feed intake, and body weight at the beginning and end of the experiment of each mouse were recorded, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed/gain (F/G) of mice were calculated accordingly.【Result】Compared with the PBS treatment group, no significant change was observed in the final body weight (FBW), ADG, ADFI and F/G of mice in the Efm-EV treatment group. The serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in the Efm-EV group were significantly decreased compared with those in PBS treatment group (P < 0.05), while the serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) level was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level. Compared with the PBS treatment, Efm-EV treatment significantly increased duodenal villus height/crypt depth ratio (VH/CD) (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD) of duodenum, and VH, CD and VH/CD of jejunum and ileum. Efm-EV intragastric administration increased the number of Firmicutes and decreased the number of Bacteroidetes at the phylum level, increased the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and decreased the abundance of Muribaculaceae at the family level, significantly increased the abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG009 at the genus level (P < 0.05).【Conclusion】Intragastric administration of Efm-EV can improve the anti-inflammatory level, the duodenal morphology and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG009 in mice.

Abstract Background Intestinal botulism is primarily reported in small babies as a condition known as infant botulism. The condition results from the ingestion of environmental or foodborne spores of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) producing Clostridia, usually Clostridium botulinum, and subsequent spore germination into active botulinum neurotoxinogenic cultures in the gut. It is generally considered that small babies are susceptible to C. botulinum colonization because of their immature gut microbiota. Yet, it is poorly understood which host factors contribute to the clinical outcome of intestinal botulism. We previously reported a case of infant botulism where the infant recovered clinically in six weeks but continued to secrete C. botulinum cells and/or BoNT in the feces for seven months. Case presentation To further understand the microbial ecology behind this exceptionally long-lasting botulinum neurotoxinogenic colonization, we characterized the infant fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing over the course of disease and recovery. C. botulinum could be detected in the infant fecal samples at low levels through the acute phase of the disease and three months after recovery. Overall, we observed a temporal delay in the maturation of the infant fecal microbiota associated with a persistently high-level bifidobacterial population and a low level of Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae and Ruminococcaceae compared to healthy infants over time. Conclusion This study brings novel insights into the infant fecal composition associated with intestinal botulism and provides a basis for a more systematic analysis of the gut microbiota of infants diagnosed with botulism. A better understanding of the gut microbial ecology associated with infant botulism may support the development of prophylactic strategies against this life-threatening disease in small babies.

This study investigated how Clostridium butyricum affected rumen fermentation and the microbial communities of rumen and feces in beef cattle. Twenty beef cattle were divided into two groups: the control group (CK) and the C. butyricum group (CB, fed 2.5 x 108 CFU/kg of dry matter intake per day). The results showed that C. butyricum increased rumen pH, ammonia-N concentration, and microbial crude protein (MCP) concentration (P

Exercise plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis, which affects the diversity of the intestinal microbial community in humans and animals. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, few studies have reported the associations between horse gut microbiota along with their predicted metabolic activities and the athletic ability of Jeju horses and Thoroughbreds living in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the association between the gut microbiota and athletic performance in horses. This study sequenced the V3 and V4 hypervariable regions of the partial 16S rRNA genes obtained from racehorse fecal samples and compared the fecal microbiota between high- and low-performance Jeju horses and Thoroughbreds. Forty-nine fecal samples were divided into four groups: high-performance Jeju horses (HJ, n = 13), low-performance Jeju horses (LJ, n = 17), high-performance Thoroughbreds (HT, n = 9), and low-performance Thoroughbreds (LT, n = 10). The high-performance horse groups had a higher diversity of the bacterial community than the low-performance horse groups. Two common functional metabolic activities of the hindgut microbiota (i.e., tryptophan and succinate syntheses) were observed between the low-performance horse groups, indicating dysbiosis of gut microbiota and fatigue from exercise. On the other hand, high-performance horse groups showed enriched production of polyamines, butyrate, and vitamin K. The racing performance may be associated with the composition of the intestinal microbiota of Jeju horses and Thoroughbreds in Korea.

ABSTRACT: Calf diarrhea, a common disease mainly induced by Escherichia coli infection, is one of the main reasons for nonpredator losses. Hence, an effective nonantibacterial approach to prevent calf diarrhea has become an emerging requirement. This study evaluated the microalgae Schizochytrium sp. (SZ) and lactoferrin (LF) as a nutrient intervention approach against E. coli O101:K99-induced preweaning calve diarrhea. Fifty 1-d-old male Holstein calves were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10): (1) control, (2) blank (no supplement or challenge), (3) 1 g/d LF, (4) 20 g/d SZ, or (5) 1 g/d LF plus 20 g/d SZ (LFSZ). The experimental period lasted 14 d. On the morning of d 7, calves were challenged with 1 × 1011 cfu of E. coli O101:K99, and rectum feces were collected on 3, 12, 24, and 168 h postchallenge for the control, LF, SZ, and LFSZ groups. The rectal feces of the blank group were collected on d 14. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc.). The E. coli K99 challenge decreased the average daily gain (ADG) and increased feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) and diarrhea frequency (control vs. blank). Compared with the control group, the LFSZ group had a higher ADG and lower F:G, and the LFSZ and SZ groups had lower diarrhea frequency compared with the control group. In addition, the LFSZ and SZ groups have no differences in diarrhea frequency compared with the blank group. Compared with the control group, the blank group had lower serum nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1, d-lactic acid (D-LA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations, as well as serum IgG, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels on d 7 and 14. On d 7, compared with the control group, all treatment groups had lower serum NO level, the SZ group had a lower serum D-LA concentration, and the LF and LFSZ groups had lower serum LPS concentration. On d 14, compared with the control group, the fecal microbiota of the blank group had lower Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, and ACE indexes, the LFSZ group had lower Shannon and Simpson indexes, the SZ and LFSZ groups had a higher Chao1 index, and all treatment groups had a higher ACE index. In fecal microbiota, Bifidobacterium and Actinobacteria were negatively associated with IL-10 and d-lactate, while Akkermansia was negatively associated with endothelin-1 and positively correlated with LPS, fecal scores, and d-lactate levels. Our results indicated that LF and SZ supplements could alleviate E. coli O101:K99-induced calf diarrhea individually or in combination. Supplementing 1 g/d LF and 20 g/d SZ could be a potential nutrient intervention approach to prevent bacterial diarrhea in calves.

Introduction: Depression, affecting 1 in 8 individuals with a 27.6% rise during COVID-19, prompts an exploration of the gut-brain-microbiota axis's role in mental health, focusing on depression. State of Knowledge: The gut microbiota regulates the brain-gut axis, impacting neurotransmitter production. Dysbiosis correlates with depressive behaviors. Factors like short-chain fatty acids and neurotrophins play roles in gut-brain communication. Materials and method: A literature review was conducted using the "PubMed" and "Google Scholar" databases with the keywords "Gut microbiota", "Fecal microbiota", "Depression and microbiota", "Depression", „Probiotics role", „Mental health and priobiotics", „Probiotics and prebiotics", „Prebiotics and brain". Summary: Altered gut microbiota links to psychiatric disorders, disrupting composition stability by age three through antibiotic use. Imbalances impact neurotransmitters and inflammation, crucial in depression pathophysiology. Treatment and Impact on Gut Microbiota: Antidepressants affect gut microbiota diversity bidirectionally, offering potential tailored therapies. The Mediterranean diet correlates with lower depression risk. Excessive sugar intake triggers neuroinflammation. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: FMT emerges as a promising depression treatment, reshaping gut microbiota and modulating the gut-brain axis. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. show potential in mitigating depression symptoms. FOS and GOS positively influence gut microbiota. Conclusion: This review underscores the intricate gut-brain-microbiota axis in depression, suggesting personalized therapeutic approaches for effective management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The study aimed to explore the effects of Enterococcus faecium extracellular vesicles (EfmEV) on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology and fecal microbiota in mice, providing theoretical basis for the application of E. faecium as a microbial feed additive in animal production.【Method】A total of 20 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group and experimental group with 10 replicates per group and 1 mouse per replicate. The experiment lasted for 5 days. Mice in the experimental group were given 500 μg Efm-EV suspension every other day by intragastric administration, with 150 μL for each mouse, and mice in the control group were given the same volume of PBS. Daily feed intake, and body weight at the beginning and end of the experiment of each mouse were recorded, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed/gain (F/G) of mice were calculated accordingly.【Result】Compared with the PBS treatment group, no significant change was observed in the final body weight (FBW), ADG, ADFI and F/G of mice in the Efm-EV treatment group. The serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in the Efm-EV group were significantly decreased compared with those in PBS treatment group (P ＜ 0.05), while the serum interleukin-10 (IL10) level was significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05), and there was no significant difference in serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level. Compared with the PBS treatment, Efm-EV treatment significantly increased duodenal villus height/crypt depth ratio (VH/CD) (P ＜ 0.05). There were no significant changes in villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD) of duodenum, and VH, CD and VH/CD of jejunum and ileum. Efm-EV intragastric administration increased the number of Firmicutes and decreased the number of Bacteroidetes at the phylum level, increased the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and decreased the abundance of Muribaculaceae at the family level, significantly increased the abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG009 at the genus level (P＜ 0.05).【Conclusion】Intragastric administration of Efm-EV can improve the anti-inflammatory level, the duodenal morphology and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG009 in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intestinal botulism is primarily reported in small babies as a condition known as infant botulism. The condition results from the ingestion of environmental or foodborne spores of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) producing Clostridia, usually Clostridium botulinum, and subsequent spore germination into active botulinum neurotoxinogenic cultures in the gut. It is generally considered that small babies are susceptible to C. botulinum colonization because of their immature gut microbiota. Yet, it is poorly understood which host factors contribute to the clinical outcome of intestinal botulism. We previously reported a case of infant botulism where the infant recovered clinically in six weeks but continued to secrete C. botulinum cells and/or BoNT in the feces for seven months. Case presentation: To further understand the microbial ecology behind this exceptionally long-lasting botulinum neurotoxinogenic colonization, we characterized the infant fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing over the course of disease and recovery. C. botulinum could be detected in the infant fecal samples at low levels through the acute phase of the disease and three months after recovery. Overall, we observed a temporal delay in the maturation of the infant fecal microbiota associated with a persistently high-level bifidobacterial population and a low level of Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae and Ruminococcaceae compared to healthy infants over time. Conclusion: This study brings novel insights into the infant fecal composition associated with intestinal botulism and provides a basis for a more systematic analysis of the gut microbiota of infants diagnosed with botulism. A better understanding of the gut microbial ecology associated with infant botulism may support the development of prophylactic strategies against this life-threatening disease in small babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant healthcare challenge, accounting for nearly 6.1% of global cancer cases. Early detection, facilitated by population screening utilizing innovative biomarkers, is pivotal for mitigating CRC incidence. This study aims to scrutinize the fecal and salivary microbiomes of CRC-positive individuals (CPs) in comparison to CRC-negative counterparts (CNs) to enhance early CRC diagnosis through microbial biomarkers. Material and methods: A total of 80 oral and stool samples were collected from Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, encompassing both CPs and CNs undergoing screening. Microbial profiling was conducted using 16S rRNA sequencing assays, employing the Nextera XT Index Kit on an Illumina NovaSeq platform. Results: Distinct microbial profiles were observed in saliva and stool samples of CPs, diverging significantly from those of CNs at various taxonomic levels, including phylum, family, and species. Saliva samples from CPs exhibited abundance of Calothrix parietina, Granulicatella adiacens, Rothia dentocariosa, and Rothia mucilaginosa, absent in CNs. Additionally, Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae were markedly higher in CPs' feces, while the Fusobacteria phylum was significantly elevated in CPs' saliva. Conversely, the non-pathogenic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila exhibited a significant decrease in CPs' fecal samples compared to CNs. Conclusion: Through meticulous selection of saliva and stool microbes based on Mean Decrease GINI values and employing logistic regression for saliva and support vector machine models for stool, we successfully developed a microbiota test with heightened sensitivity and specificity for early CRC detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's growing pet population is raising sustainability and environmental concerns for the petfood industry. Protein-rich marine by-products might contribute to mitigating negative environmental effects, decreasing waste, and improving economic efficiency. The present study evaluated two marine by-products, squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate, as novel protein sources for dog feeding. Along with the analysis of chemical composition and antioxidant activity, palatability was evaluated by comparing a commercial diet (basal diet) and diets with the inclusion of 150 g kg-1 of squid meal or shrimp hydrolysate using 12 Beagle dogs (2.2 ± 0.03 years). Two in vivo digestibility trials were conducted with six dogs, three experimental periods (10 days each) and three dietary inclusion levels (50, 100 and 150 g kg-1) of squid meal or shrimp hydrolysate in place of the basal diet to evaluate effects of inclusion level on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), metabolizable energy content, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota. Both protein sources presented higher protein and methionine contents than ingredients traditionally used in dog food formulation. Shrimp hydrolysate showed higher antioxidant activity than squid meal. First approach and taste were not affected by the inclusion of protein sources, but animals showed a preference for the basal diet. Effects on nutrient intake reflected the chemical composition of diets, and fecal output and characteristics were not affected by the increasing inclusion levels of both protein sources. The higher ATTD of dry matter, most nutrients and energy of diets with the inclusion of both by-products when compared to the basal diet, suggests their potential to be included in highly digestible diets for dogs. Although not affected by the inclusion level of protein sources, when compared to the basal diet, the inclusion of squid meal decreased butyrate concentration and shrimp hydrolysate increased all volatile fatty acids, except butyrate. Fecal microbiota was not affected by squid meal inclusion, whereas inclusion levels of shrimp hydrolysate significantly affected abundances of Oscillosperaceae (UCG-005), Firmicutes and Lactobacillus. Overall, results suggest that squid meal and shrimp hydrolysate constitute novel and promising protein sources for dog food, but further research is needed to fully evaluate their functional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calf diarrhea, a common disease mainly induced by Escherichia coli infection, is one of the main reasons for nonpredator losses. Hence, an effective nonantibacterial approach to prevent calf diarrhea has become an emerging requirement. This study evaluated the microalgae Schizochytrium sp. (SZ) and lactoferrin (LF) as a nutrient intervention approach against E. coli O101:K99-induced preweaning calve diarrhea. Fifty 1-d-old male Holstein calves were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10): (1) control, (2) blank (no supplement or challenge), (3) 1 g/d LF, (4) 20 g/d SZ, or (5) 1 g/d LF plus 20 g/d SZ (LFSZ). The experimental period lasted 14 d. On the morning of d 7, calves were challenged with 1 × 1011 cfu of E. coli O101:K99, and rectum feces were collected on 3, 12, 24, and 168 h postchallenge for the control, LF, SZ, and LFSZ groups. The rectal feces of the blank group were collected on d 14. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc.). The E. coli K99 challenge decreased the average daily gain (ADG) and increased feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) and diarrhea frequency (control vs. blank). Compared with the control group, the LFSZ group had a higher ADG and lower F:G, and the LFSZ and SZ groups had lower diarrhea frequency compared with the control group. In addition, the LFSZ and SZ groups have no differences in diarrhea frequency compared with the blank group. Compared with the control group, the blank group had lower serum nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1, d -lactic acid (D-LA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations, as well as serum IgG, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels on d 7 and 14. On d 7, compared with the control group, all treatment groups had lower serum NO level, the SZ group had a lower serum D-LA concentration, and the LF and LFSZ groups had lower serum LPS concentration. On d 14, compared with the control group, the fecal microbiota of the blank group had lower Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, and ACE indexes, the LFSZ group had lower Shannon and Simpson indexes, the SZ and LFSZ groups had a higher Chao1 index, and all treatment groups had a higher ACE index. In fecal microbiota, Bifidobacterium and Actinobacteria were negatively associated with IL-10 and d -lactate, while Akkermansia was negatively associated with endothelin-1 and positively correlated with LPS, fecal scores, and d -lactate levels. Our results indicated that LF and SZ supplements could alleviate E. coli O101:K99-induced calf diarrhea individually or in combination. Supplementing 1 g/d LF and 20 g/d SZ could be a potential nutrient intervention approach to prevent bacterial diarrhea in calves. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human gut microbiome richness, diversity, and composition are associated with physical activity and impaired glycemic control; however, the associations with sedentary behavior and screen time are not as well-established. This study evaluated associations of sedentary behavior and screen time with the alpha diversity and composition of the human gut microbiome in adults with and without impaired glycemic control. Sedentary behavior and screen time data were collected via survey from 47 adults (38% with impaired glycemic control). Microbiome composition and alpha diversity were determined in fecal microbial DNA. Sedentary behavior was negatively associated with the number of observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs), Chao 1 Index, and Fisher's Alpha Index. These associations were slightly attenuated but remained significant when controlling for covariates. Screen time was negatively associated with the number of observed OTUs, Shannon Index, and Fisher's Alpha Index; however, only the association with observed OTUs was independent of all covariates. Our findings suggest sedentary behavior and screen time may be significant influencers of compositional changes in human gut microbiota. This may be a potential mechanism linking sedentary behavior and screen time to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the gut microbiome of free-living reptiles in Europe are generally fragmentary and still missing in Bulgaria. We aimed to identify and compare the fecal microbiota profiles of five syntopic lizard species from three families: the European green lizard (Lacerta viridis), the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), the meadow lizard (Darevskia praticola) (Lacertidae), the European snake-eyed skink (Ablepharus kitaibelii) (Scincidae), and the European slow worm (Anguis fragilis) (Anguidae), which coinhabit a low mountainous area in the western part of the country. A high-throughput sequencing of the hypervariable V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, performed on the Illumina HiSeq2500 platform, was used. The core microbiota of lizard hosts seems to be species-specific. A dynamic phyla proportion between hosts was found. The richest alpha diversity was observed in D. praticola, and the lowest alpha diversity was observed in P. muralis and A. fragilis. Within the three lacertids, the microbiota of D. praticola and L. viridis were more closely related to each other than they were to those of P. muralis. Sharing a largely common trophic resource (all species except A. fragilis are mainly insectivorous) was not an indication of similarity in their gut microbial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: It is a big challenge to maintain a healthy state in sows during late gestation and lactation, and it directly impacts the performance of both sows and their offspring. Essential oil, consisting of multiple active compounds, is regarded as a promising feed additive. In this study, maternal diets were supplemented with oregano essential oil during late gestation and lactation to investigate its potential effects. We collected and analyzed serum and fecal samples from sows to evaluate performance, serum metabolites, antioxidant capacity and fecal microbiota, aiming to provide valuable insights into the utilization of oregano essential oil in animal production. A total of 20 healthy white × landrace sows were evenly and randomly divided into two groups, and fed basal diets unsupplemented or supplemented with 500 g/t Meriden-Stim® from day 100 of gestation until day 21 of lactation. Serum and fecal samples were collected from the sows on the final day for subsequent analysis. Compared to the control group, there were no significant differences in the sows' performances; however, an increase was observed in the piglets' weight at weaning (p = 0.08). Moreover, oregano essential oil (OEO) significantly reduced the levels of urea (UREA) (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) (p < 0.05) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p < 0.05) in serum. In terms of antioxidant indexes in serum, the catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels showed significant increases (p < 0.05) while the malondialdehyde (MDA) level exhibited a decrease tendency (p = 0.09). 16S rRNA analysis identified the specific bacteria taxa in feces. OEO significantly decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria at the phylum level (p < 0.05). At the genus level, OEO significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Prevotellaceae UCG 003 and UCG 005, while decreasing that of Escherichia-Shigella (p < 0.05). Taken together, OEO supplementation in maternal diets during late gestation and lactation improved serum metabolites, antioxidant capacity and regulated the intestinal-flora balance of sows, thereby tending to increase the piglets' weight at weaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared gut (fecal) microbiota profiles between pre-term and full-term infants, assuming that pre-term infants without feeding intolerance would have gut microbiota similar to those of full-term infants. A total of 13 pre-term infants (gestational age < 37 weeks, birthweight ≤ 2500 g) and 10 full-term infants were included. The pre-term infants were assigned to the feeding tolerance (FT) group (n = 7) if their daily intake exceeded 100 mL/kg/day at two weeks after birth, or the feeding intolerance (FI) group (n = 6). Microbial DNA from weekly fecal samples was analyzed. The microbiota profiles of the pre-term infants and full-term infants were significantly different (p = 0.0001), as well as the FT and FI groups (p = 0.0009). The full-term group had more diversity, with higher concentrations of facultative anaerobes such as Bifidobacteriaceae and Lactobacteriaceae. The FT group's gut microbiota matured over four weeks, with higher levels of digestion-related bacteria, while the FI group had more pathogens. In the FI group, a significant difference was observed between the first and second weeks, with no significant differences noted between the first week and the third or fourth weeks. The delay in the development of the pre-term infants' gut microbiota may be associated with the FI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Based on a report that Prunus mume fruits affect gut function and microflora, we hypothesized that mumefural (MF), one of the active compounds of processed Prunus mume fruits, could affect intestinal function or gut microbiome. Methods: we investigated the effects of orally administered MF on intestinal function and the intestinal environment by analyzing the changes in the fecal, intestinal, and gut microbiome of a murine model. Results: No changes in the body weight and fecal parameters of C57BL/6 mice were observed following MF administration. However, the quantity of residual feces in the large and small intestines and cecum was considerably reduced. The abundance of specific bacteria, ie, members of the Lactobacillus genus, was markedly increased without any change in the abundance or diversity of the gut microbiota, as determined by 16S rRNA gene-based microbiome taxonomic profiling. Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that oral MF administration could improve the gut microbiota in diseases related to specific bacterial changes because it increases the abundance of certain bacteria known to exhibit probiotic functions without any other obvious effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionSow mortality in the U.S. swine industry has increased in recent years, for which pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a major contributor, accounting for 21% of all sow mortality. Dysbiosis of microbial communities has been associated with disease and reproductive dysfunction in several species, and previous studies have shown changes in vaginal microbiota in sows with increased risk for POP during late gestation. However, there is insufficient knowledge surrounding the potential relationship between fecal microbiota and POP in sows. Therefore, the study objective was to identify differences in sow fecal microbiota and determine if fecal and vaginal microbial communities are correlated in relation to POP risk.MethodsSows were evaluated for POP risk using an established perineal scoring system, with a perineal score (PS) of 1 (PS1) presuming little to no risk of POP to a PS of 3 (PS3) presuming high risk of POP. In the current study, 2,864 sows were scored during gestation week 15, and 1.0%, 2.7%, and 23.4% of PS1, PS2, and PS3 sows, respectively, subsequently experienced POP. Fecal swabs (n = 215) were collected between gestation days 108-115, DNA was extracted, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing libraries were analyzed using mothur, phyloseq and SAS in reference to PS and POP outcome. Additionally, co-occurrence networks were constructed using CoNet to compare fecal and vaginal microbiota from the same cohort of sows and identify correlations between different taxa.ResultsDifferences in fecal community composition (PERMANOVA; P < 0.05), structure (alpha diversity measurements; P < 0.05), and 13 individual operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were revealed between PS1 and PS3 assigned sows. No differences in fecal microbiota were detected as a result of POP outcome. However, the abundances of several taxa were correlated across sample collection sites, suggesting the fecal and vaginal microbial communities may be related to one another.DiscussionCollectively, fewer differences in the fecal microbiota exist in sows with differing risk for POP compared to the vaginal microbiota, suggesting the vaginal microbiome may be more relevant in relation to POP outcome, although correlations between fecal and vaginal communities may provide insight for strategies to combat POP.

ABSTRACT The development and growth of animals coincide with the establishment and maturation of their microbiotas. To evaluate the respiratory and fecal microbiotas of beef calves from birth to weaning, a total of 30 pregnant cows, and their calves at birth, were enrolled in this study. Deep nasal swabs and feces were collected from calves longitudinally, starting on the day of birth and ending on the day of weaning. Nasopharyngeal, vaginal, and fecal samples were also collected from cows, and the microbiotas of all samples were analyzed. The fecal microbiota of calves was enriched with Lactobacillus during the first 8 weeks of life, before being displaced by genera associated with fiber digestion, and then increasing in diversity across time. In contrast, the diversity of calf respiratory microbiota generally decreased with age. At birth, the calf and cow nasal microbiotas were highly similar, indicating colonization from dam contact. This was supported by microbial source-tracking analysis. The structure of the calf nasal microbiota remained similar to that of the cows, until weaning, when it diverged. The changes were driven by a decrease in Lactobacillus and an increase in genera typically associated with bovine respiratory disease, including Mannheimia, Pasteurella, and Mycoplasma. These three genera colonized calves early in life, though Mannheimia was initially transferred from the cow reproductive tract. Path analysis was used to model the interrelationships of calf respiratory and fecal microbiotas. It was observed that respiratory Lactobacillus and fecal Oscillospiraceae UCG-005 negatively affected the abundance of Mannheimia or Pasteurella.IMPORTANCEIn beef cattle production, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) accounts for most of the feedlot morbidities and mortalities. Metaphylaxis is a common management tool to mitigate BRD, however its use has led to increased antimicrobial resistance. Novel methods to mitigate BRD are needed, including microbiota-based strategies. However, information on the respiratory bacteria of beef calves prior to weaning was limited. In this study, it was shown that the microbiota of cows influenced the initial composition of both respiratory and fecal microbiotas in calves. While colonization of the respiratory tract of calves by BRD-associated genera occurred early in life, their relative abundances increased at weaning, and were negatively correlated with respiratory and gut bacteria. Thus, microbiotas of both the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts have important roles in antagonism of respiratory pathogens and are potential targets for enhancing calf respiratory health. Modulation may be most beneficial, if done prior to weaning, before opportunistic pathogens establish colonization.

ABSTRACT Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) is a traditional non-culture technique that can provide a fingerprint of the microbial community. In the field of gut microbiota analysis, PCR-DGGE still holds potential for development. In the present study, we utilized an improved nested PCR-DGGE approach targeting the V3 region of 16S ribosomal DNA to investigate the impact of whole grain highland hull-less barley (WHLB), a cereal known for its significant hypocholesterolemic effect, on the gut microbiota profiles of high-fat diet rats. Seventy-two male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups and fed a normal control diet, a high-fat diet, or a high-fat diet supplemented with a low or high dose of WHLB for 4 or 8 weeks. The results revealed that the dominant bands varied among different dose groups and further changed with different treatment times. The compositions of bacterial communities in feces and cecal content were similar, but the dominant bacterial bands differed. After performing double DGGE, extracting the bands, sequencing the DNA, and aligning the sequences, a total of 19 bands were classified under the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla, while two bands were identified as unclassified uncultured bacteria. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus gasseri, Uncultured Prevotella sp., and Clostridium sp. increased following the administration of WHLB. Illumina-based sequencing was employed to assess the reliability of DGGE, demonstrating its reliability in analyzing the dominant taxonomic composition, although it may have limitations in accurately detecting the alpha diversity of bacterial species.IMPORTANCEWhile next-generation sequencing has overshadowed polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), the latter still holds promise for advancing gut microbiota analysis due to its unique advantages. In this study, we used optimized nested PCR-DGGE to investigate the gut microbiota profile of high-fat diet rats after administering whole grain highland hull-less barley. High-throughput sequencing was employed to validate the DGGE results. Our results proved the reliability of PCR-DGGE for analyzing the dominant taxonomic composition while also providing visual evidence of a notable relationship between the composition of cecal and fecal microbial communities, highlighting substantial differences in both richness and abundance.

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant healthcare challenge, accounting for nearly 6.1% of global cancer cases. Early detection, facilitated by population screening utilizing innovative biomarkers, is pivotal for mitigating CRC incidence. This study aims to scrutinize the fecal and salivary microbiomes of CRC-positive individuals (CPs) in comparison to CRC-negative counterparts (CNs) to enhance early CRC diagnosis through microbial biomarkers. Material and methods A total of 80 oral and stool samples were collected from Taleghani Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, encompassing both CPs and CNs undergoing screening. Microbial profiling was conducted using 16S rRNA sequencing assays, employing the Nextera XT Index Kit on an Illumina NovaSeq platform. Results Distinct microbial profiles were observed in saliva and stool samples of CPs, diverging significantly from those of CNs at various taxonomic levels, including phylum, family, and species. Saliva samples from CPs exhibited abundance of Calothrix parietina, Granulicatella adiacens, Rothia dentocariosa, and Rothia mucilaginosa, absent in CNs. Additionally, Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae were markedly higher in CPs' feces, while the Fusobacteria phylum was significantly elevated in CPs' saliva. Conversely, the non-pathogenic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila exhibited a significant decrease in CPs' fecal samples compared to CNs. Conclusion Through meticulous selection of saliva and stool microbes based on Mean Decrease GINI values and employing logistic regression for saliva and support vector machine models for stool, we successfully developed a microbiota test with heightened sensitivity and specificity for early CRC detection.

Studies on the gut microbiome of free-living reptiles in Europe are generally fragmentary and still missing in Bulgaria. We aimed to identify and compare the fecal microbiota profiles of five syntopic lizard species from three families: the European green lizard (Lacerta viridis), the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), the meadow lizard (Darevskia praticola) (Lacertidae), the European snake-eyed skink (Ablepharus kitaibelii) (Scincidae), and the European slow worm (Anguis fragilis) (Anguidae), which coinhabit a low mountainous area in the western part of the country. A high-throughput sequencing of the hypervariable V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, performed on the Illumina HiSeq2500 platform, was used. The core microbiota of lizard hosts seems to be species-specific. A dynamic phyla proportion between hosts was found. The richest alpha diversity was observed in D. praticola, and the lowest alpha diversity was observed in P. muralis and A. fragilis. Within the three lacertids, the microbiota of D. praticola and L. viridis were more closely related to each other than they were to those of P. muralis. Sharing a largely common trophic resource (all species except A. fragilis are mainly insectivorous) was not an indication of similarity in their gut microbial communities.

Abstract Background The role of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease combined with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is gaining widespread interest. Aims This study was conducted to investigate the clinical and fecal microbiota characteristics of patients with both ulcerative colitis (UC) and axSpA. Methods Clinical data were collected from patients with UC. Patients were divided into the axSpA and non-axSpA groups according to human leukocyte antigen-B27 serology and sacroiliac joint imaging results. We obtained fecal specimens from 14 axSpA and 26 non-axSpA patients. All samples underwent 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Results Seventy-three patients with UC were included in this study, and the axSpA incidence was 19.2%. This incidence was significantly higher in patients with C-reactive protein > 10 mg/L. Firmicutes and Faecalibacterium abundances were decreased, and Proteobacteria and Escherichia_Shigella abundances were increased in the axSpA group compared with those of the non-axSpA group. Indicator analysis showed that Escherichia_Shigella was more likely to be an indicator species of axSpA. Additionally, many biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, including glutathione metabolism, fatty acid degradation, geraniol degradation, and biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides, were upregulated in the axSpA group. Conclusion Patients with UC have a high axSpA incidence, which may be related to the relative abundances of Escherichia_Shigella in these patients. The abundances of various biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of the fecal flora were upregulated in patients with axSpA.

Objective: We took advantage of a single-center cross-sectional study to investigate the effect of different drugs on intestinal microbiota and function in Crohn’s disease. Methods: We studied the difference in fecal microbiota of Crohn’s disease patients treated with mesalazine, azathioprine, and infliximab, as well as untreated patients, by metagenome and screened for differential microbiota. Further, we investigated functional differences in intestinal microbiota among the four groups. Results: Through metagenomic sequencing, we found that there was no difference between the four groups in ACE and Chao1 indices, but IFX and mesalazine improved species diversity and homogeneity compared to the untreated group, as evidenced by statistically significant differences in the Shannon index, Simpson index, and pielou_evenness. In addition, beta diversity suggested a difference between groups, but the difference was not significant. Non-parametric tests revealed differences between the four groups at the phylum level, class level, and genus level. Further analysis by LEfSe analysis revealed that the level of short-chain fatty acid-producing microbiota was increased in the treated groups, while there was no difference between the treated groups when compared to each other. Finally, the KEGG database and EggNOG database revealed that there were functional differences in intestinal microbiota among the four groups, including microbial metabolism pathway, cysteine and methionine metabolism pathway, cytoskeleton, etc. Conclusions: Mesalazine, azathioprine, and infliximab can all affect the intestinal microbiota and function in patients with Crohn’s disease, and the drugs may alleviate intestinal inflammation in patients with Crohn’s disease by modulating the intestinal microbiota.

This study aimed to investigate the differences in environmental adaptability between dzo and Tibetan yellow cattle by using corresponding assay kits to analyze blood indices, utilizing mass spectrometry for blood metabolite profiling, and performing 16S rDNA sequencing of fecal microbiota. Forty female cattle were randomly divided into a dzomo (female dzo) group (MG, n = 20) and a Tibetan-yellow-cattle group (HG, n = 20). After 150 days of uniform feeding, six cattle from each group were randomly picked for jugular blood sampling and collection of fecal microorganisms. The results showed that the serum albumin, creatinine, total protein, superoxide dismutase, IgG, and IgM concentrations in the MG group were higher (p < 0.05), whereas the serum triglyceride concentration was lower, compared to the HG group (p < 0.05). The higher level of phospholipids containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (PC (18:5e/2:0), PC (20:5e/2:0), LPC 18:2, LPC 20:5) observed in the serum of the dzo suggests that they have an advantage in adapting to the challenging conditions of the plateau environment. The fecal microbiota analysis showed that Akkermansia was significantly enriched in the MG group; this might be the key bacterial genus leading to the strong adaptability of dzo. Our findings indicated the dzo’s superior adaptation to the Tibetan Plateau’s harsh environment.

In recent years, there has been ongoing debate about the dietary choices for pet cats, particularly regarding three options: extruded dry food, cooked meat, and raw meat. Determining which diet is most suitable for a cat’s healthy growth still requires substantial empirical support. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding Ragdoll cats (n = 5/group) extruded dry food (ED), cooked meat (CM), and raw meat (RM) on their growth performance, apparent digestibility, fur condition, blood parameters, fecal scores, and gut microbiota composition. However, our results indicate that different types of diets did not significantly affect the daily weight gain of Ragdoll cats. The CM group showed a significant improvement in the digestibility of dry matter, fat and protein compared to the ED group (p < 0.05) but no improvement in that of fat compared to the RM group. Compared to the ED group, both the CM and RM groups showed significant improvements in fur condition while exhibiting a significant decrease in fecal scores (p < 0.05). The CM and RM groups exhibited enhanced serum antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) and increased immunity in the cats (p < 0.05). Immunity enhancement in the CM group was significantly higher than that in the RM group(p < 0.05). The ED group showed an increase in the abundance of beneficial bacteria in Ragdoll cat intestines, while the CM and RM groups showed enhancements in the innate microbiota of feline animals. These data, to some extent, suggest that CM is the most suitable diet for Ragdoll cats, but further research on intestine microbiota is still needed. These study findings provide a reference for purebred pet breeding purposes.

With the prohibition of antibiotics in animal feed, the livestock industry faces significant challenges, including increased morbidity and mortality rates and reduced farming efficiency. Developing green, natural, and safe antibiotic alternatives has become a research hotspot. This study evaluated the effects of octapeptin as a feed additive on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, serum biochemistry, serum immune factors, and gut microbiota of weaned piglets. Seventy-two weaned piglets were randomly assigned to three groups based on body weight and sex, with each group receiving different dietary treatments: a negative control group (CON, basal diet), a positive control group (MC, basal diet + 5 mg/kg Microcin C7), and an octapeptin supplement group (OP, basal diet + 40 mg/kg octapeptin). After 28 days of feeding experimental diets, the results demonstrated that supplementing the diet of weaned piglets with octapeptin significantly improved the feed conversion ratio compared to the control group (p < 0.05) over the entire experimental period. Furthermore, a reduction in diarrhea incidence was observed during the late nursery period (14–28 d), resulting in an overall improvement in diarrhea compared to the other two groups (p < 0.01). Serum biochemical analysis results revealed a trend towards decreased alanine aminotransferase level in the octapeptin group, with no significant differences in other indicators, suggesting potential improvements in liver function without causing liver damage. In addition, compared to the control group, octapeptin enhanced mucosal immunity by decreasing TNF-α level (p < 0.05). Fecal microbiota analysis results showed a significant increase in beneficial bacteria such as Collinsella and Olsenella in the octapeptin group compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05), indicating a positive impact on gut health. These findings supported the potential of octapeptin as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in weaned piglets’ diets.

Fecal microbiota is essential for host health because it increases digestive effectiveness. The crane species Grus nigricollis (G. nigricollis) is considered to be near threatened. The fecal microbial composition of crane is less understood, particularly in the Tibet, China. This study was performed to investigate the differences in fecal microbial composition and diversity of crane in different wintering areas using third-generation single-molecule real-time sequencing technology in the Tibet, China. According to the findings, 20 samples were used to generate 936 bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and 1,800 fungal ASVs, only 4 bacterial ASVs and 20 fungal ASVs were shared in four distinct locations. Firmicutes were the dominant bacterial phylum in all samples, and Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant fungal phylum. At the genus level, Lactobacillus was the dominant genus in Linzhi City (LZ), Shannan City (SN), and Lasa City (LS), whereas Megamonas was the dominant genus in Rikaze City (RKZ). Naganishia and Mycosphaerella were the dominant fungal genera in SN and RKZ. Mycosphaerella and Tausonia were the dominant fungal genera in LZ. Naganishia and Fusarium were the dominant fungal genera in LS. And the fecal microbial composition varied between the four groups, as shown by the underweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means and principal coordinates analysis. This study offers a theoretical basis for understanding the fecal microbial composition of crane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]