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Background Daily decisions to exercise may be influenced by day-to-day changes in affective attitudes (AA) and instrumental attitudes (IA) toward exercise. However, the within-day association between AA, IA, and exercise behavior has received little attention. Purpose To examine the effects of more temporally proximal (daily) AA and IA on daily exercise behavior beyond traditionally assessed distal (at the beginning of an exercise program) AA and IA. Methods In the context of a 3-month exercise promotion program (N = 50), distal AA and IA were assessed at baseline. Ecological momentary assessment was used to assess proximal AA, IA, and exercise each day. Results Between-subject differences in distal AA (OR = 1.28, p = .03) and distal IA (OR = 1.34, p = .01) were predictive of average likelihood of exercise each day over the 3-month period. Within-subject differences in proximal AA (OR = 1.19, p = .007), but not proximal IA (OR = 1.11, p = .18), predicted exercise each day beyond the between-subjects effects of distal AA and IA. Exploratory analysis revealed an interaction, such that the within-subjects impact of proximal AA on daily exercise was most evident among individuals who held more negative distal AA at baseline (OR = 0.80, p < .0001). Conclusions Attitude type (affective versus instrumental) and temporality (distal versus proximal) are important to consider in attempts to predict and understand exercise behavior. In addition to targeting change in distal attitudes, exercise interventions should target changes in daily AA to impact exercise later in the same day.

Problématique : Une femme enceinte sur deux est sédentaire au Québec. La sédentarité a des effets néfastes pour la santé des femmes enceintes et peut entraîner des conditions nuisibles au fœtus. Pourtant, l'activité physique est bénéfique pour la femme enceinte et le fœtus. But : Ce projet pilote avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’acceptabilité et la faisabilité du déroulement de l’étude et d’une intervention de promotion de l’activité physique auprès de femmes enceintes et d’estimer les effets sur leur sentiment d’auto-efficacité perçue et sur leur pratique d’activité physique. Méthode : Le devis consistait en une étude pilote composée d’un seul groupe avec un échantillonnage non-probabiliste de convenance. Les questionnaires du pré-test étaient remplis après le premier cours prénatal. Après le deuxième cours prénatal, l’intervention était administrée. Après le troisième cours prénatal, les questionnaires du post-test étaient remplis. Résultats : Dix femmes ont reçu l’intervention et ont complété le post-test pour un taux de 100% en ce qui a trait à la faisabilité de l’étude. L’analyse des données révèle qu’il n’y a pas de différence significative entre les moyennes obtenues lors du pré-test et le post-test en ce qui a trait aux deux sous-échelles de l’auto-efficacité (p=0.09 et 0.20) ainsi que celles de la pratique d’activité physique (p=0.15). Conclusion : L'acceptabilité et la faisabilité du déroulement de l’étude et de l’intervention sont soutenues par ce pilote. Un essai clinique randomisé à plus large échelle à l’aide d’une mesure objective en ce qui a trait à la mesure de l’activité physique est recommandé., Problem: One out of two pregnant women in Quebec is sedentary. A sedentary lifestyle has negative effects on the health of pregnant women and can lead to harmful conditions for the fetus. However, physical activity offers many benefits for a pregnant woman and the fetus. Aim: The objective of this pilot project was to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of the conduct of the study and an intervention promoting physical activity among pregnant women and to estimate the effects on their feelings of self-efficacy and their practice of physical activity. Methodology: The design consisted of a pilot study with a single group with convenient non-probabilistic sampling. Pre-test questionnaires were filled out after the first prenatal class. After the second prenatal class, the intervention was conducted. After the third prenatal class, the post-test questionnaire was filled out. Results: Ten women received the intervention and completed the post-test for a 100% feasibility rate of this study. Analysis of the results revealed that there is no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test regarding the two subscales of self-efficacy (p=0.09 et 0.20) and the average practice of physical activity (p=0.15). Conclusion: The acceptability and feasibility of course of the study and intervention are supported by this pilot. A randomized clinical trial on a larger scale with objective measures is recommended.

Previous studies have investigated the impact of exercisers’ perceptions of health professionals’ interpersonal behaviors on exercisers’ exercise adherence. From these studies, there is increased interest in developing and evaluating programs to improve health professionals’ communication skills and interpersonal behavior. In this narrative review, we provide examples of self-determination theory and newer modifications to it, discuss the empirical conditions that foster optimal exerciser motivation, consider the antecedent factors influencing health professionals’ behaviors, and offer practical suggestions to health professionals seeking to promote regular exercise practice. Since exercisers perceive and differentiate health professionals’ need-supportive, need-thwarting, and need-passive behaviors, health professionals who can critically and consciously distinguish these different types of behavior are more likely to foster supportive climates and suppress the use of need-thwarting and need-indifferent behaviors. The interpersonal interaction between health professionals and exercisers strongly influences how exercisers will regulate their behavior toward persistent exercise.

There is sound scientific evidence that regular physical activity enhances physical, psychological, and mental health. Specific physical activity guidelines for target groups make an essential contribution to the promotion of physical activity behavior at a population level. In this article, we introduce the updated Austrian physical activity guidelines for adults and older adults with and without physical, sensory, or mental disabilities, as well as for adults with chronic diseases. We have also added comments to key elements of the guidelines. The scientific basis of the physical activity guidelines is the scientific report by the US advisory committee, as well as the 2Es ist wissenschaftlich überzeugend belegt, dass durch regelmäßige Bewegung die körperliche, psychische und geistige Gesundheit positiv beeinflusst wird. Zielgruppenspezifisch formulierte Empfehlungen sind ein erster wesentlicher Baustein zur Förderung von Bewegung in der Bevölkerung. In diesem Beitrag werden die aktualisierten Österreichischen Bewegungsempfehlungen für Erwachsene und ältere Erwachsene ohne und mit Körper-, Sinnes- oder Mentalbehinderung sowie für erwachsene Menschen mit chronischen Erkrankungen vorgestellt und deren Inhalte kommentiert. Als wissenschaftliche Grundlage und Vorlage dafür wurden die umfangreiche Literaturaufbereitung aus den USA sowie die daraus resultierenden Bewegungsempfehlungen verwendet. Neu in Österreich wurden Bewegungsempfehlungen für die Zielgruppe „Menschen mit chronischen Erkrankungen“ erstellt. Weiter werden keine separaten Bewegungsempfehlungen für Menschen mit Behinderung verfasst, sondern die Bewegungsempfehlungen wurden für Erwachsene und ältere Erwachsene ohne und mit Behinderung formuliert. Statt der Nennung eines Schwellenwertes zur Unterscheidung zwischen Bewegungsempfehlungen erfüllt/nicht erfüllt, wird neu empfohlen, zwischen 150 bis 300 Minuten Bewegung mit mittlerer Intensität auszuüben. Mit der Nennung der Empfehlungen für muskelkräftigende Übungen vor den ausdauerorientierten Bewegungsempfehlungen wird auf die Wichtigkeit muskelkräftigender Aktivitäten aufmerksam gemacht. Nachdrücklich wird darauf hingewiesen, sitzende Tätigkeiten immer wieder zu unterbrechen. Die Veröffentlichung von Bewegungsempfehlungen ist eine von vielen Strategien zur Gesundheitsförderung durch Bewegung. In der Umsetzung erfolgreich werden wir nur sein, wenn alle Bevölkerungsgruppen faire Möglichkeiten bekommen, Bewegungskompetenz zu erwerben und bewegungsfreundliche Rahmenbedingungen zur regelmäßigen Ausübung von Bewegung geschaffen werden.

Lifestyle-related diseases are a major problem all over the world although exercising can prevent them. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage users to exercise regularly and to support their exercises. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the estimation of behavior change stages can be predicted from the gait information obtained from wearable devices, and whether message interventions created based on the behavior change stages are effective in improving the amount of walking. As for the estimation of the behavior change stages, we investigated whether the behavior change stages could be correctly estimated compared with the ones obtained from the questionnaire. As for the effect of the message, we compared the period of no intervention with that of intervention to examine whether there was any change in the amount of walking. As a result of the experiment, we could not properly estimate the behavior change stage of users, but we found that the message intervention improved the amount of walking for many subjects. This suggests that further research is needed to estimate the stage of behavior change. However, message intervention is confirmed as an effective means to improve walking volume.

In sport and exercise promotion, it is important to consider goals because achieving these goals leads to a sense of well-being and behaviour adherence. Individuals often pursue multiple goals simultaneously. Therefore, it is also important to not only consider each individual���s combination of goals but also to identify so-called ���goal profiles���. Taking a developmental-psychological perspective, the goal profiles of adolescents may differ from those of young adults. Furthermore, goal profiles might differ concerning the self-determined motivation, sport and exercise behaviour, and gender. Therefore, both age groups, 966 adolescents and 636 young adults, were questioned by self-report on their goals in sport and exercise, self-determined motivation, sport and exercise behaviour, and gender. A multiple-group-analysis for latent-profile-solutions was conducted resulting in six goal profiles for both age groups. As expected, the shape of these profiles differed qualitatively for the majority of adolescents and young adults: In adolescents, goals such as contact and the perception of challenge were more prominent, whereas in young adults, health, figure/appearance, and distraction/catharsis were dominant. Validation analyses support the profiles identified as they differ in self-determined motivation, sport and exercise behaviour, and gender. To more efficiently tailor interventions, an age-specific focus on goal profiles seems promising.

This review hypothesizes that the neurologist represents the linchpin of exercise behavior change within comprehensive multiple sclerosis (MS) care settings. This is based on a series of recent articles that developed actionable practice models for accomplishing such behavior change through the neurologist as the primary agent. This provides tangible, next steps for exercise promotion in MS.

Background Regular physical activity and exercise provide many health benefits. These health benefits are mediated in large part through cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength. As most individuals have not had an assessment of their personal cardiorespiratory fitness or muscular strength we investigated if measurements of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength would influence an individual’s subsequent self-reported exercise and physical activity. Methods Volunteer subjects at a State Fair were randomized in 1:1 parallel fashion to control and intervention groups. The baseline Exercise Vital Sign (EVS) and type of physical activity were obtained from all subjects. The intervention group received estimated maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) using a step test and muscular strength using a hand grip dynamometer along with age-specific norms for both measurements. All subjects were provided exercise recommendations. Follow up surveys were conducted at 3, 6 and 12 months regarding their EVS and physical activity. Results One thousand three hundred fifteen individuals (656 intervention, 659 control) were randomized with 1 year follow up data obtained from 823 subjects (62.5%). Baseline mean EVS was 213 min/week. No change in EVS was found in either group at follow-up (p = 0.99). Subjects who were less active at baseline (EVS p p p Conclusion Providing VO2max estimates and grip strength did not produce an increase in overall physical activity. The EVS and exercise recommendations did however produce an increase in physical activity in less active individuals. In a very active population the VO2max estimate and measured grip strength did increase lifestyle activity and resistance training. Wider adoption of these measures could be effective in promoting physical activity and resistance training. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT03518931 Registered 05/08/2018 -retrospectively registered.

According to the Self-Determination Theory, perceived job pressures can coerce professionals to develop more controlled motivations towards their work, and consequently increase the probability of using controlling motivational strategies. This study sought to analyze work-related motivations as mediators between two types of perceived job pressures: organizational constraints and perceptions of clients&rsquo, controlled motivation and the use of controlling motivational strategies by exercise professionals. Using a cross-sectional design, involving 366 exercise professionals (172 women), mediation paths were assessed following Preacher and Hayes statistical procedures. Models were adjusted for gender, work experience (years), and the internal tendency to feel events as pressuring. Organizational constraints were associated with lower autonomous motivation for work and the use of controlling strategies. Perceptions of clients&rsquo, controlled motivation were associated with work-related amotivation and the use of controlling strategies. Amotivation mediated the association between organizational constraints and controlling strategies. Overall, results support theoretical predictions and previous research, extending it to the exercise domain, highlighting the interplay between job pressures, work-related motivations, and the use of controlling strategies. The understanding of what influences exercise professionals&rsquo, motivation, and consequently the motivational strategies they use, is of paramount importance for exercise promotion and the benefit of those who seek their expert guidance.

Objectives\ud To explore factors associated with maintenance of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years after completing a 24-week exercise programme.\ud \ud Study design\ud This is a cohort study nested within a randomised controlled trial evaluating group- and home-based exercise programmes for older people in England.\ud \ud Methods\ud MVPA levels and factors potentially associated with physical activity (PA) were self-reported at recruitment, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after exercise programme. Multilevel logistic regression estimated odds ratios (ORs) for achieving target MVPA level (150 min/week) 6–24 months after exercise programmes ended.\ud \ud Results\ud Older people (OR per year increase: 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86, 0.93) and women (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.33, 0.67) were less likely to achieve target MVPA. Those physically active at recruitment (OR 11.28, 95% CI 7.95, 16.01), with wider social networks (OR per unit increase in Lubben Social Network Scale: 1.06, 95% CI 1.03, 1.10) and performing more sit-to-stands in 30 s (OR for quartile 3 compared with quartile 1: 1.87, 95% CI 1.12, 3.10), were more likely to achieve target MVPA. Negative exercise expectations increased the odds of achieving target MVPA but only among the less active at recruitment (OR per unit increase in Outcome and Expectation for Exercise negative subscale: 1.90, 95% CI 1.39, 2.60). Associations did not differ significantly across the follow-up period.\ud \ud Conclusion\ud A range of factors are associated with maintenance of PA 6–24 months after exercise programmes. Factors are not more strongly associated with shorter vs longer term PA maintenance. Commissioners and providers should consider targeting maintenance interventions to those least likely to maintain PA.

To evaluate the association between participation in the Saúde Ativa Rio Claro (SARC) program and physical activity (PA) levels among adult women. A case control study was conducted in seven primary health care settings in Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil. The sample included 111 women participating in the intervention (mean age: 58±13 years). For each participant, we selected a non participant, matched to the intervention participant by age (± 5 years) and neighborhood. e program provides 1-hour multimodal exercise twice a week as well as general advice about health self-care. PA was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) long version. While 18.0% of the non participants reported practicing 150 min/wk of leisure-time PA (LTPA) or more, 61.3% of the participants achieved such threshold (OR= 7.2; IC95%: 3.8-13.3). Participants performed more minutes compared to non-participants, even omitting the 100 min/wk of PA pro- vided by the intervention (p

Individuals with severe mental illness engage in significantly less amounts of physical activity than the general population. A secure mental health setting can exacerbate barriers to exercise, and facilitate physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour. Healthcare assistants are intimately involved in the daily lives of patients and, therefore, should be considered integral to exercise promotion in secure mental health settings. Our aim was to explore healthcare assistants' perceptions of exercise and their attitudes to exercise promotion for adult patients in a secure mental health hospital. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 healthcare assistants from a large UK-based secure mental health hospital. Topics included healthcare assistants' personal experiences of exercise within a secure facility, their perceptions of exercise as an effective treatment tool for mental health, and their perceived roles and responsibilities for exercise promotion. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Three main themes were identified: (i) exercise is multi-beneficial to patients, (ii) perceived barriers to effective exercise promotion, and (iii) strategies for effectives exercise promotion. Healthcare assistants considered exercise to hold patient benefits. However, core organizational and individual barriers limited healthcare assistants' exercise promotion efforts. An informal approach to exercise promotion was deemed most effective to some, whereas others committed to more formal strategies including compulsory sessions. With education and organizational support, we propose healthcare assistants are well placed to identify individual needs for exercise promotion. Their consultation could lead to more efficacious, person-sensitive interventions.

Objectives Researchers explore considerations for studying exercise promotion in women with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Design Researchers evaluated current studies on exercise promotion and PTSD. Method Presents critical reflections on (1) the underrepresentation of women in health promotion and PTSD research, and (2) the impact women’s trauma histories may have on exercise behavior. Results The underrepresentation of women in exercise trials leaves unanswered questions as to the generalizability of findings in women. Feasibility and acceptability of these programs among women with PTSD remains untested. Preliminary data indicate unique considerations may exist across the design and implementation domains. Conclusions Increased studies examining population-specific considerations for women with PTSD are needed.

Background There is increasing recognition of the benefits of exercise in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), yet the MS population does not engage in sufficient amounts of exercise to accrue health benefits. There has been little qualitative inquiry to establish the preferred format and source for receiving exercise information from health-care providers among persons with MS. Objective We sought to identify the desired and preferred format and source of exercise information for persons with MS that can be delivered through health-care providers. Setting and participants Participants were adults with MS who had mild or moderate disability and participated in a range of exercise levels. All participants lived in the Midwest of the United States. Methods Fifty semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. Results Two themes emerged, (i) approach for receiving exercise promotion and (ii) ideal person for promoting exercise. Persons with MS want to receive exercise information through in-person consultations with health-care providers, print media and electronic media. Persons with MS want to receive exercise promotion from health-care providers with expertise in MS (ie neurologists) and with expertise in exercise (eg physical therapists). Conclusions These data support the importance of understanding how to provide exercise information to persons with MS and identifying that health-care providers including neurologists and physical therapists should be involved in exercise promotion.

Background: Physical therapists have unique expertise in planning, prescribing, and supporting exercise for patients with rheumatic diseases. Promoting exercise can be a challenge, but descriptions...

Objectives: To explore factors associated with maintenance of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in community-dwelling adults aged ?65 years after completing a 24-week exercise programme.Study design: Cohort study nested within a randomised controlled trial evaluating group and home-based exercise programmes for older people in England.Methods: MVPA levels and factors potentially associated with physical activity (PA) were self-reported at recruitment, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post exercise programme. Multilevel logistic regression estimated odds ratios for achieving target MVPA level (150 minutes/week) 6-24 months after exercise programmes ended.Results: Older people (OR per year increase: 0.89, 95%CI 0.86, 0.93) and women (OR 0.47, 95%CI 0.33, 0.67) were less likely to achieve target MVPA. Those physically active at recruitment (OR 11.28, 95%CI 7.95, 16.01), with wider social networks (OR per unit increase in Lubben Social Network Scale: 1.06, 95%CI 1.03, 1.10) and performing more sit-to-stands in 30 seconds (OR for quartile 3 compared to quartile 1: 1.87, 95%CI 1.12, 3.10) were more likely to achieve target MVPA. Negative exercise expectations increased the odds of achieving target MVPA, but only amongst the less active at recruitment (OR per unit increase in Outcome and Expectation for Exercise Negative Subscale: 1.90, 95%CI 1.39, 2.60). Associations did not differ significantly across the follow-up period.Conclusion: A range of factors are associated with maintenance of PA 6-24 months after exercise programmes. Factors are not more strongly associated with shorter versus longer term PA maintenance. Commissioners and providers should consider targeting maintenance interventions to those least likely to maintain PA.

Background Physical therapists have unique expertise in planning, prescribing and supporting exercise programs for patients with chronic diseases. Promoting exercise can be a challenge and include a range of strategies, but descriptions of physical therapists’ experiences within the field of rheumatology are limited. Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore and describe ways of understanding exercise promotion among physical therapists working with patients having rheumatic diseases. Methods A phenomenographic approach was used to analyse semi-structured interviews with 25 physical therapists, working primarily within the field of rheumatology, from eight different physical therapy departments at hospitals in various cities of Sweden. Results Four categories related to the promotion of exercise were identified: to tell and monitor; to identify and pilot; to discuss and enable; and to listen and inspire. Key aspects were responsibility, setting and supervision, tools to support change and the role as an educator. The findings are interpreted as a hierarchically organised structure, where the understandings of the PTs differ in respect to comprehensiveness regarding some aspects of interaction and collaboration with the patients. Conclusions Physical therapists working with patients having rheumatic diseases understand exercise promotion in different ways and these understandings differ in respect to comprehensiveness, which might lead to unequal promotion. A more comprehensive repertoire would probably make physical therapists more prepared to meet patients’ needs for different strategies in the adoption and maintenance of exercise behaviours. Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background: A general presumption is that any advice from physicians would likely be taken seriously by patients, and patients are more likely to see their doctors in the event of any health complaints than any other health professionals. The perceptions and practice of Nigerian physicians on their role in physical activity promotion are not well known. This study aimed to determine the knowledge of physical activity message, confidence, role perceptions, barriers and feasibility of physical activity promotion among physicians in two tertiary health institutions in North-Eastern Nigeria. Method: A total of 153 (84.5% response) physicians at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital and Federal Medical Center Yola completed a previously developed questionnaire that elicited information on their knowledge, barrier, feasibility, role and confidence in physical activity promotion. Results: Physicians in this study reported fairly good knowledge (mean score=14.7±2.2/20), minimal or little barrier to physical activity promotion (mean score=24.4±3.5/30), perceived physical activity promotion as their role (mean score=12.9±1.6/15), were confident in their ability to discuss and recommend exercises for physical activity promotion (mean score=7.9±1.3/ 10) and believed promoting physical activity was feasible for them (mean score=15.0±2.5/20). The physicians had good disposition to physical activity promotion (Mean score=78.5±6.7/100), but male physicians showed better disposition than their female counterparts. Conclusion: Overall these cohorts of physicians are somewhat knowledgeable on physical activity promotion and are positively disposed to promoting physical activity among their patients. These findings can be leveraged upon to optimize outcome of campaigns or interventions to change physical activity behaviour in Nigerian populace.

Fellow clinical gerontologists, various technology platforms are promoted for self-managed health for medication self-management, exercise promotion, activity engagement, cognition, and other areas...

Physically active students are more likely to be fit and learn better in school than sedentary ones. For school-aged children, it is unclear whether physical fitness level is an important determinant for student’s activity afterschool. This study examined the association between health-related physical fitness test performance and afterschool physical activity during weekdays. Participants (n = 97, 11−13 years old) completed health-related fitness tests. They wore Actigraph GT3X accelerometers for five consecutive days, recording physical activity participation during after school hours. Descriptive statistics for both afterschool physical activity and health-related fitness were summarized. Regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between variables. Participants spent most of their afterschool hours participating in sedentary behaviors (274.27 ± 66.89 min) and light physical activity (73.68 ± 51.66 min), and only 11.35 ± 16.92 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), accumulating approximately 2058.52 ± 1690.56 steps each day afterschool. The regression model explained 22.8% of the variance in afterschool MVPA, and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) scores were the only statistically significant predictor (β = 0.47, p < 0.01). Fit students do tend to exercise more after school. Promoting physical fitness in school is an important factor for students’ afterschool physical activity participation during weekdays.

Previous research into the role of exercise motives (what people want from exercise) has overlooked the possible role of gains (what people get) and hence the possible benefits of motive fulfillment (when people get what they want). To redress this imbalance, we examined the additive and interactive effects of motives and subjective gains on exercise-specific outcomes. Young adults (N = 196) completed measures of exercise motives and gains, and exercise behavioral regulation, amount, satisfaction, and intention. Four representative motives/gains were selected: appearance, positive health, challenge, and affiliation. Path analysis was used to test the effects of motives, gains, and their products (the interactive effects) on behavioral regulations, and thereby exercise amount, satisfaction, and intention. Controlled regulation increased with appearance motive, unless appearance gain was high. Controlled regulation had a negative effect on exercise satisfaction. Autonomous regulation increased with positive health motive, provided positive health gain was high; with challenge motive and gain; and with affiliation motive. Autonomous regulation had positive effects on exercise amount, satisfaction, and intention. The study corroborates previous findings about the effects of motives. It establishes the value of also studying gains, as moderators of the effects of motives, and in their own right. The findings are interpretable in terms of self-determination theory. Exercise promotion could be more effective if it focused on gains in conjunction with motives.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a form of exercise that involves brief, intermittent bouts of high-intensity exercise, interspersed by periods of rest or low-intensity exercise. Athletes competing in sports such as running and cycling have traditionally used this form of training to enhance athletic performance (Billat, 2001). However, over the past decade a vast amount of research has been conducted into HIIT in non-athletic populations. Traditional cardiorespiratory exercise recommendations have been based on the continuous exercise training (CET) method (World Health Organization, 2010). Whilst this form of training is highly effective at enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), it can be time intensive. Indeed, up to 250 minutes physical activity/week has been recommended to prevent increases in body mass (American College of Sports Medicine [ACSM], 2009). Conversely, HIIT involves short duration exercise sessions, with some studies utilising protocols as short as 15 minutes (Gibala & McGee, 2008). The short duration format of HIIT is attractive from an exercise promotion perspective, as one of the commonly cited barriers to engaging in regular exercise is ‘lack of time’ (Trost et al., 2002).

Self-regulation is an important component of psychosocial theories of exercise behaviour and lack of self-regulatory skills are associated with low adherence to health-related exercise. This review presents a strength-energy model of self-control as an explanation of self-regulation in exercise contexts. The review will provide impetus for original research aimed at understanding exercise behaviour and help develop recommendations for exercise promotion. In the model, self-control is conceptualized as a global but limited resource. Engaging in actions requiring self-control depletes resources leading to self-regulatory failure. Self-control resource depletion is reduced through rest and frequent training on self-control. The expectation of the need to exert self-control in future leads to a conservation of self-control resources. Proposed mechanisms for self-control resource depletion include changes in physiological markers and blood glucose levels. Based on our review, we propose an integrated model of ...

application/pdf, Journal of rehabilitation and health sciences. 2008, 6, p.5-10

The present study was designed to examine the efficacy of a standard, print-based intervention for older adults living at home. Five hundred forty older adults randomly assigned to either (a) an intervention group (males: 113, females: 149) or (b) a control group (males: 141, females: 157) participated. Four standard, printed self-help exercise promotion materials were mailed to the intervention group for six months at 1.5-month intervals. Participants were assessed for stages of exercise behavior change and five psychological constructs posited to influence participation in physical activity (e.g., exercise self-efficacy).The main findings were as follows:1) Chi-squared analyses showed that, compared to the control group, the standard, print-based intervention significantly promoted the upper stages of exercise behavior change in females.2) ANOVA showed that the standard, print-based intervention significantly affected the scores for Perceived Benefits of Exercise in females. The intervention group had a significantly higher score than the control group.These results suggest that intervention using printed self-help exercise promotion materials is effective for guiding physical activity change in older female adults, but has little effect in older male adults. Controlled studies are needed to determine the types of print-based messages that are most effective, and the frequency or duration with which such intervention should be delivered.

Background:Physical education (PE) can be considered an instrument for active lifestyle promotion, and PE teachers can motivate youths to continue their studies in the field of Movement Sciences (MS).Methods:To evaluate the role of PE in higher secondary school in promoting physical activity (PA) and MS careers, previous PE experiences and current PA practice were investigated in a sample of Italian freshmen enrolled in different university degree courses.Results:A total of 7033 questionnaires were completed by students from 14 universities (41.3% males, mean age 20 ± 2.76 years). Recreation seemed to be the principal aim (42.2%) pursued during PE lessons, which are based mainly on practical activities (51.7%). Of all respondents, 67.2% were satisfied with the PE received during higher secondary school, and 51.6% participated in extracurricular PA. Current practice of PA was reported by 58.1% of the sample. Extracurricular activities were associated with choice of MS curricula (odds ratio: 2.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.85–2.50) and with current practice of PA (odds ratio: 1.68, 95% confidence interval, 1.51–1.87). Geographical differences concerning lessons organization and satisfaction were registered (P < .01).Conclusions:To enhance its role in health promotion, PE teaching should be improved by increasing the time allocated to PE and by strengthening the provision of school-based extracurricular PA.

Evidence of the benefits of exercise for people with cancer from diagnosis through survivorship is growing. However, most cancers occur in older adults and little exercise advice is available for making specific recommendations for older adults with cancer. Individualized exercise prescriptions are safe, feasible, and beneficial for the geriatric oncology population. Oncology providers must be equipped to discuss the short- and long-term benefits of exercise and assist older patients in obtaining appropriate exercise prescriptions. This review provides detailed information about professionals and their roles as it relates to functional assessment, intervention, and evaluation of the geriatric oncology population. This review addresses the importance of functional status assessment and appropriate referrals to other oncology professionals.