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In this paper, a novel data-driven control algorithm based on model-free adaptive control is presented, addressing general discrete-time single-input single-output nonlinear systems, approximated by an equivalent dynamic linearization model using pseudo-partial derivatives. The closed loop stability is proved, showing that the tracking error asymptotically vanishes. Moreover, the proposed approach has been applied to a 5 MW wind turbine, considering as control target the efficiency optimization issue when the turbine operates under medium wind speed conditions. Validation of the technique has been performed, testing the overall control system by simulation using the tool FAST developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Because the elastic scattering cross sections of medium-mass nuclides have very strong elastic scattering resonance phenomenon in the fast neutron region, which will lead to the self-shielding effect of energy scale and make distortions of the neutron flux distribution to zigzagging. In order to accurately describe the distribution of neutron flux in the energy scale, the deterministic one-step method needs to divide a large number of energy intervals for description, and the number of energy groups is generally thousands. Deterministic one-step transport calculation has large memory and low computational efficiency with thousands of groups. In the traditional calculation of the whole-core non-uniform transport calculation for the thousands of groups, the section generation software was mainly used to prepare the self-shielding cross section by using the ultra-fine groups, and then the broad-group cross section was prepared offline by the transport calculation of the equivalent model of cells or components. Finally, the deterministic one-step program was used to calculate the whole-core non-uniform transport. The broad-group cross sections prepared off-line cannot reflect the characteristics of materials of different reactor locations and bring the approximations. In order to solve the problem that the thousand-group energy structure of fast reactors leads to the high computational cost of the deterministic one-step method, an online energy group condensation method with fine group energy spectrum based on SHARK was developed. For the fuel cells of fast reactors, it can keep the composition of fuel and other materials unchanged and search the radius of the fuel to make the escape cross section conserved. It has the capability of online equivalent model establishment, online calculation of fine group energy spectrum and broad group cross sections condensation. For non-fuel cells, the broad group cross section was condensed using the fine group energy spectrum calculated by the one-dimensionalal constant volume model of practical problems. Based on the MOX1000 material of the benchmark for neutronic analysis of sodium-cooled fast reactor cores, a two-dimensional 5×5 rectangular single-assembly problem and a two-dimensional 3×3 multi-assembly problem were constructed and calculated. The numerical results show that compared with the calculation results of the group in 1 968, the acceleration ratio of the online energy group condensation method in the two-dimensional 5×5 rectangular single-assembly problem is 8 to 18 and that in the two-dimensional 3×3 multi-assembly problem is 12 to 17, which can significantly improve the calculation efficiency. In terms of calculation accuracy, the relative deviation of pin power distribution is less than 1%, and the maximum deviation of eigenvalue is about 360 pcm. It is of great significance to deterministic one-step method for fast reactor transport calculation.

Increasing attention has been paid to the efficiency improvement of the induction traction system of high-speed trains due to the high demand for energy saving. In emergency self-propelled mode, however, the dc-link voltage and the traction power of the motor are significantly reduced, resulting in decreased traction efficiency due to the low load and low speed operations. Aiming to tackle this problem, a novel efficiency improved control method is introduced to the emergency mode of high-speed train traction system in this paper. In the proposed method, a total loss model of induction motor considering the behaviors of both iron and copper loss is established. An improved iterative algorithm with decreased computational burden is then introduced, resulting in a fast solving of the optimal flux reference for loss minimization at each control period. In addition, considering the parameter variation problem due to the low load and low speed operations, a parameter estimation method is integrated to improve the controller's robustness. The effectiveness of the proposed method on efficiency improvement at low voltage and low load conditions is demonstrated by simulated and experimental results.

Objective Contactless power supply method, leveraging the advantages of no direct electrical contact between the primary and secondary side coils, is currently being explored in the rail transit industry. The high-power, high-frequency application scenarios pose challenges in the design of the contactless traction power supply system, component selection, and coupling mechanism design. It requires optimization of the design scheme and system efficiency. Method For rail transit application scenarios, the system structure of a contactless traction power supply system based on the LCC-S (inductance-capacitor-capacitor-series) compensation topology is introduced. A 250 kW contactless power supply system is designed, utilizing double D-shaped coils for the primary track coils and secondary receiving coils. The impact of factors such as mutual inductance of coupling coils and losses in magnetic materials on system efficiency is studied. System circuit model and coupling coil model are established. The system is simulated based on the model, and parameters for the magnetic core thickness in different regions of the secondary coils are optimized. An experimental platform for contactless traction power supply system is built, and tests are conducted at a power level of 250 kW to validate the effectiveness of the design optimization method. Result & Conclusion The simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness and feasibility of the design optimization method. Optimization of the core layout ensures coil mutual inductance and reduces core losses. The system demonstrates the capability of delivering a rated output power of 250 kW. Under air gap heights of 70 mm and 80 mm, the static and dynamic operating efficiencies of the system are both greater than 90%.

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In pursuit of improving energy efficiency in the industry, this paper proposes two model-based loss-minimization techniques for synchronous reluctance motors (SynRM): the model-based loss-minimization robust method (MLR) and the simplified model-based loss-minimization robust method (SMLR). Both techniques belong to the broader category of model-based methods, which are known for their fast dynamic convergence, low torque ripple, and reduced computational load compared to search-based and hybrid methods. Results reveal that both MLR and SMLR exhibit appropriate performance against motor parameter variations, particularly in the components of stator inductance ( $L_{dq}$ ), while maintaining high efficiency and minimal power loss. The study paves the way for the integration of these techniques into control strategies that use active flux to further enhance the efficiency of SynRM in industrial applications. The paper presents a comprehensive and thorough sensitivity analysis, along with detailed experimental results, that effectively verify the proper and consistent performance of the proposed methods across various operating points.

The increasing popularity of electric drives employing an isolated dual-inverter (DI) topology is motivated by their superior DC-link voltage and power utilization, fault-tolerant operation, and potential for multilevel operation. These attributes are significant in battery-powered transportation, such as electric vehicles and aviation. Given the considerable freedom in modulation and control of the DI topology, this paper researches the impact of reference voltage vector distribution between the two individual inverters. The study also evaluates the influence of two well-established asynchronous modulation strategies—Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) and Depenbrock's Discontinuous Modulation (DPWM1). Since simulation tools nowadays play a crucial role in power electronics design and concept verification, the results are based on extensive and detailed models in Matlab/Simulink. Employing the basic field-oriented control of a 12 kW induction motor with precisely parameterized SiC switching devices for accurate loss calculation, this research reveals the possibility of significant energy savings at multiple operating points. Notably, optimal efficiency is achieved when one inverter operates up to half of the nominal speed while the other solely establishes a neutral point for the winding. Moreover, the results highlight DPWM1 as a superior strategy for the DI topology, showcasing reduced converter losses. Overall, it is shown that the system's losses can be significantly reduced just by the design of the voltage vector distribution in the drive's operating range and the modulation strategy selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The controlled-type soft-switching technology based on critical conduction mode (CRM) is an effective way to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS) of switches. However, the high reverse inductor current of the conventional constant boundary conduction mode (CBCM) method leads to high conduction losses. In this paper, the single-phase three-level neutral point clamped (3L-NPC) inverter is taken as an example for analysis, and a minimum reverse inductor current control is proposed. Firstly, the requirement for achieving ZVS of switches is quantitatively analyzed, and the model of the equivalent resonance circuit is built. Accordingly, the theoretical minimum reverse inductor current for achieving ZVS in the fundamental period is derived, which lowers the conduction losses of switches. Then, by establishing the power losses analysis model of the 3L-NPC inverter, the power losses of the proposed scheme and the conventional CBCM method are calculated and compared in detail. Finally, a 1 kW single-phase 3L-NPC inverter prototype is built, and experimental results verify that the proposed method features lower conduction losses than that of the CBCM method. The maximum efficiency of the 3L-NPC inverter is increased by 0.5 percentage point.

Six-degrees of freedom (6-DOF) parallel mechanisms driven by switched reluctance motors (SRMs) can realize flexible control with high precision. Efficiency is an important indicator to measure the speed control system of SRMs. There are many characteristic factors affecting efficiency and strong nonlinear relationships between different characteristic parameters, which makes it difficult for analytical models and traditional neural network models to express their spatial correlation. For this reason, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM) efficiency regression prediction model (CNN-BiLSTM-SENet) that integrates the attention mechanism (SENet) is proposed. Firstly, customize a formula for sensitivity analysis to screen characteristic parameters of efficiency. Secondly, build the CNN-BiLSTM-SENet model and use sparrow search algorithm (SSA) for hyperparameter optimization, input data to CNN to extract high-dimensional feature vectors that reflect complex changing relationships between features and efficiency while establishing feature channels. Embed the SENet to adaptively perceive and assign different weights to the feature channels, enhancing the influence of key features. Input the feature vectors outputted by the front-end network to BiLSTM to bidirectionally learn coupling relationships between sequences and complete regression prediction. Finally, propose improved northern goshawk optimization (MNGO) to solve the regression model to obtain the maximum efficiency and corresponding characteristic parameters. The results proved that the SSA-optimized CNN-BiLSTM-SENet model has higher fitting exactness and better prediction effect for efficiency regression prediction, and the MNGO also has stronger search ability and faster convergence.

In today's dynamic and complex global business landscape, effective supply chain network (SCN) management is critical for achieving competitive advantage and sustainability. This study presents an innovative methodology that leverages the fuzzy CRITIC (CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) and EDAS (Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution) techniques to enhance the efficiency of SCNs. By integrating both quantitative and qualitative factors, the approach effectively navigates uncertainties and imprecise data in supply chain operations. The fuzzy CRITIC-EDAS method's application in a case study showcases its utility in optimizing SCN configurations for improved efficiency, cost savings, and risk reduction. The results offer a valuable decision support tool for supply chain management, promising to boost competitiveness and sustainability in an unpredictable market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the proposal for the performance optimization of the wireless power transfer (WPT) system is given. The solution is based on the alternative configuration of the secondary-side rectifier. It is represented by a diode rectifier with a current doubler. Compared to the bridge rectifier, two diodes are replaced by the inductors. Initially, a system analysis was performed to investigate the electrical behavior and find the most optimal conditions referred to as terms of efficiency performance at nominal power. Due to this requirement, the rectifier inductors must be designed accordingly to meet this condition. The experimental verification was realized as well, while the proposed solution was compared to other common alternatives of the secondary-side rectification. The load sensitivity analysis in terms of efficiency performance was realized as well to observe the system behavior for a wide operation range. From the results, it is seen that the proposed alternative of the secondary-side rectification of the WPT system gives promising results in terms of high operating efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Power Engineering Technology is the property of Editorial Department of Electric Power Engineering Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the integration of advanced power management systems and learning techniques in the field of robotics. It identifies the critical roles these areas play in reshaping the capabilities of robotic systems across diverse applications. To begin, it highlights the significance of efficient power usage in modern robotics. The paper explains how advanced power converters effectively control voltage, manage current and shape waveforms, thereby optimizing energy utilization. These converters ensure that robotic components receive the precise voltage levels they require, leading to improved motor performance and enabling precise control over motor behavior. Consequently, this results in extended operational times and increased design flexibility. Furthermore, the review explores the integration of learning approaches, emphasizing their substantial impact on robotic perception, decision-making and autonomy. It discusses the application of techniques such as reinforcement learning, supervised learning and unsupervised learning, showcasing their applications in areas like object recognition, semantic segmentation, sensor fusion and anomaly detection. By utilizing these learning methods, robots become more intelligent, adaptable and capable of autonomous operation across various domains. By examining the interaction between advanced power management and learning integration, this review anticipates a future where robots operate with increased efficiency, adapt to various tasks and drive technological innovation across a wide range of industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Customize a formula for sensitivity analysis to screen characteristic parameters. • Use an improved hybrid neural network with high fitting exactness and great prediction effect to establish efficiency regression prediction of SRM. • Propose improved northern goshawk optimization with strong search ability and fast convergence to optimize the objective function of the model, achieving an increase of 2.975% in efficiency. Six-degrees of freedom (6-DOF) parallel mechanisms driven by switched reluctance motors (SRMs) can realize flexible control with high precision. Efficiency is an important indicator to measure the speed control system of SRMs. There are many characteristic factors affecting efficiency and strong nonlinear relationships between different characteristic parameters, which makes it difficult for analytical models and traditional neural network models to express their spatial correlation. For this reason, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM) efficiency regression prediction model (CNN-BiLSTM-SENet) that integrates the attention mechanism (SENet) is proposed. Firstly, customize a formula for sensitivity analysis to screen characteristic parameters of efficiency. Secondly, build the CNN-BiLSTM-SENet model and use sparrow search algorithm (SSA) for hyperparameter optimization, input data to CNN to extract high-dimensional feature vectors that reflect complex changing relationships between features and efficiency while establishing feature channels. Embed the SENet to adaptively perceive and assign different weights to the feature channels, enhancing the influence of key features. Input the feature vectors outputted by the front-end network to BiLSTM to bidirectionally learn coupling relationships between sequences and complete regression prediction. Finally, propose improved northern goshawk optimization (MNGO) to solve the regression model to obtain the maximum efficiency and corresponding characteristic parameters. The results proved that the SSA-optimized CNN-BiLSTM-SENet model has higher fitting exactness and better prediction effect for efficiency regression prediction, and the MNGO also has stronger search ability and faster convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the case that the fleet of ships threatens the safety of the sea area, the scenarios of red side penetration attack, blue side air defense and antimissile, as well as three kinds of anti aircraft carrier combat strategies of land, sea and air are designed. Based on the Mozi system, the multi scheme combat simulation is carried out, and the battle damage data of both sides are obtained. On this basis, an index system based on the performance parameters of decoy and attack is established, and the operational effectiveness of the three strategies is analyzed with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Furthermore, a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithm based on AHP weight is proposed, which optimizes the sea based strategy and improves the combat effectiveness by 5.36%. The research results show that the method of scenario design, combat strategy simulation, and AHP-DQN for operational efficiency optimization based on such combat simulation software as Mozi system can provide reference for anti-ship warfare.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) for portable electronic applications has been gaining a lot of interest over the past few decades. This study provides a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in WPT technology, along with the challenges faced in its practical implementation. The modeling and design of WPT systems, including the effect of cross-coupling in multiple receivers, have been discussed and the techniques for efficiency improvement have been highlighted. The challenges of coil design, EMI shielding, and foreign object detection have been pointed out and various cutting-edge solutions have been presented. With improvements in wide bandgap technology, there is a push to operate WPT systems at mega-hertz frequencies. The reason for this is twofold: the miniaturization of the system and the ability to achieve a better magnetic link efficiency. However, with higher frequency comes the challenge of operating the power electronic components efficiently by using soft-switching techniques. Hence, an in-depth discussion on soft-switched topologies such as the Class D and Class E converters and their variations has been provided. Finally, the effects of magnetic field exposure on humans along with safety standards have been discussed.

Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motors (AFPMSMs) have been widely used in wind-power generation, electric vehicles, aircraft, and other renewable-energy applications owing to their high power density, operating efficiency, and integrability. To facilitate comprehensive research on AFPMSM, this article reviews the developments in the research on the design and control optimization of AFPMSMs. First, the basic topologies of AFPMSMs are introduced and classified. Second, the key points of the design optimization of core and coreless AFPMSMs are summarized from the aspects of parameter design, structure design, and material optimization. Third, because efficiency improvement is an issue that needs to be addressed when AFPMSMs are applied to electric or other vehicles, the development status of efficiency-optimization control strategies is reviewed. Moreover, control strategies proposed to suppress torque ripple caused by the small inductance of disc coreless permanent magnet synchronous motors (DCPMSMs) are summarized. An overview of the rotor-synchronization control strategies for disc contra-rotating permanent magnet synchronous motors (CRPMSMs) is presented. Finally, the current difficulties and development trends revealed in this review are discussed.

Hydropower development is an important strategic measure for the reform of our country's energy supply side structure, but its development often brings a large number of population migrations. Whether the resettlement funds can be used to properly resettle the reservoir resettlement is related to the sustainable development of the region and the harmony and stability of the society. The use of resettlement funds at this stage is mainly based on compensation standards and experience, without considering the efficiency of fund use. This paper introduces the principles of market economy, and considers the use of immigration funds as an investment from the perspective of immigration fund planners. According to our country's current land acquisition compensation resettlement policy, the use of funds is divided into land acquisition compensation, resettlement and follow-up livelihood assistance, and a judgment matrix is constructed according to the benefits of the resettlers to quantify the benefits and risks of different investment directions. On the premise that the three types of investment can meet the minimum needs of immigrants, the Sharpe ratio is used as a measure to calculate the fund use plan with the greatest benefit when the risk level is certain, which provides a new research paradigm for improving the efficiency of the use of immigration funds. Case analysis shows that the investment direction of the resettlement funds of the GB water conservancy project is generally in line with the resettlement wishes, but the follow-up livelihood assistance is low, and the direction of the use of funds should be adjusted to ensure the resettlement's livelihood recovery and follow-up development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid grids with low voltage direct current (LVdc) distribution are an attractive opportunity for the integration of electric vehicle charging stations and photovoltaic power plants. With dc connectivity reduced power losses are possible, however, multiple conversion stages can impair an efficient operation. A solution can be the use of an “interconnected” architecture that allows the integration of multiple insulated dc and ac grids. The reconfiguration of this modular topology allows optimization for different design objectives. This work investigates the system efficiency-optimized reconfiguration. Two approaches for deriving the reconfiguration of the hybrid grid connecting converter architecture based on mission profiles are proposed. A validation of the analysis via laboratory results is given.

The increasing popularity of electric drives employing an isolated dual-inverter (DI) topology is motivated by their superior DC-link voltage and power utilization, fault-tolerant operation, and potential for multilevel operation. These attributes are significant in battery-powered transportation, such as electric vehicles and aviation. Given the considerable freedom in modulation and control of the DI topology, this paper researches the impact of reference voltage vector distribution between the two individual inverters. The study also evaluates the influence of two well-established asynchronous modulation strategies—Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) and Depenbrock’s Discontinuous Modulation (DPWM1). Since simulation tools nowadays play a crucial role in power electronics design and concept verification, the results are based on extensive and detailed models in Matlab/Simulink. Employing the basic field-oriented control of a 12 kW induction motor with precisely parameterized SiC switching devices for accurate loss calculation, this research reveals the possibility of significant energy savings at multiple operating points. Notably, optimal efficiency is achieved when one inverter operates up to half of the nominal speed while the other solely establishes a neutral point for the winding. Moreover, the results highlight DPWM1 as a superior strategy for the DI topology, showcasing reduced converter losses. Overall, it is shown that the system’s losses can be significantly reduced just by the design of the voltage vector distribution in the drive’s operating range and the modulation strategy selection.

This study examines the improvement of electric vehicle (EV) economy by using Model Predictive Control (MPC) in power electronics, with the goal of optimizing system performance. Experimental assessments done on different battery parameters have identified a spectrum of capacities, ranging from 55 kWh to 75 kWh, and voltages, ranging from 380V to 450V, that impact the total energy storage and power production capabilities. The efficiency percentages recorded in the battery systems ranged from 90% to 95%, suggesting differences in energy losses throughout the operations of charging and discharging. Furthermore, examinations of power electronics control configurations highlighted the significance of PWM frequencies (varying from 8 kHz to 12 kHz) and modulation indices (0.75 to 0.85) on the efficiency of power conversion. The results indicated efficiency rates ranging from 94% to 97%, emphasizing the efficacy of MPC-based techniques in improving power flow. The assessment of electric vehicle (EV) performance parameters demonstrated driving ranges ranging from 140 km to 180 km, with energy consumption rates ranging from 50 kWh to 60 kWh. The efficiency metrics ranged from 2.5 km/kWh to 3.0 km/kWh, and were directly affected by the battery properties and improvements in power electronics. Moreover, there was a little change in the link between temperature variations (ambient temperature ranging from 23°C to 29°C and battery temperature from 32°C to 40°C) and efficiency. This highlights the system's sensitivity to external variables. In summary, this relationship between battery characteristics, power electronics control, and environmental conditions in determining the efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs). The results emphasize the importance of customized setups and control techniques based on model predictive control (MPC) in optimizing energy use and increasing the distance electric cars can travel. These findings provide valuable knowledge for the development of sustainable transportation solutions in the electric vehicle industry.

In view of the case that the fleet of ships threatens the safety of the sea area, the scenarios of red side penetration attack, blue side air defense and antimissile, as well as three kinds of anti aircraft carrier combat strategies of land, sea and air are designed. Based on the Mozi system, the multi scheme combat simulation is carried out, and the battle damage data of both sides are obtained. On this basis, an index system based on the performance parameters of decoy and attack is established, and the operational effectiveness of the three strategies is analyzed with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Furthermore, a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithm based on AHP weight is proposed, which optimizes the sea based strategy and improves the combat effectiveness by 5.36%. The research results show that the method of scenario design, combat strategy simulation, and AHP-DQN for operational efficiency optimization based on such combat simulation software as Mozi system can provide reference for anti-ship warfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless power transfer (WPT) for portable electronic applications has been gaining a lot of interest over the past few decades. This study provides a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in WPT technology, along with the challenges faced in its practical implementation. The modeling and design of WPT systems, including the effect of cross-coupling in multiple receivers, have been discussed and the techniques for efficiency improvement have been highlighted. The challenges of coil design, EMI shielding, and foreign object detection have been pointed out and various cutting-edge solutions have been presented. With improvements in wide bandgap technology, there is a push to operate WPT systems at mega-hertz frequencies. The reason for this is twofold: the miniaturization of the system and the ability to achieve a better magnetic link efficiency. However, with higher frequency comes the challenge of operating the power electronic components efficiently by using soft-switching techniques. Hence, an in-depth discussion on soft-switched topologies such as the Class D and Class E converters and their variations has been provided. Finally, the effects of magnetic field exposure on humans along with safety standards have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axial flux permanent magnet synchronous motors (AFPMSMs) have been widely used in wind-power generation, electric vehicles, aircraft, and other renewable-energy applications owing to their high power density, operating efficiency, and integrability. To facilitate comprehensive research on AFPMSM, this article reviews the developments in the research on the design and control optimization of AFPMSMs. First, the basic topologies of AFPMSMs are introduced and classified. Second, the key points of the design optimization of core and coreless AFPMSMs are summarized from the aspects of parameter design, structure design, and material optimization. Third, because efficiency improvement is an issue that needs to be addressed when AFPMSMs are applied to electric or other vehicles, the development status of efficiency-optimization control strategies is reviewed. Moreover, control strategies proposed to suppress torque ripple caused by the small inductance of disc coreless permanent magnet synchronous motors (DCPMSMs) are summarized. An overview of the rotor-synchronization control strategies for disc contra-rotating permanent magnet synchronous motors (CRPMSMs) is presented. Finally, the current difficulties and development trends revealed in this review are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the integration of advanced power management systems and learning techniques in the field of robotics. It identifies the critical roles these areas play in reshaping the capabilities of robotic systems across diverse applications. To begin, it highlights the significance of efficient power usage in modern robotics. The paper explains how advanced power converters effectively control voltage, manage current and shape waveforms, thereby optimizing energy utilization. These converters ensure that robotic components receive the precise voltage levels they require, leading to improved motor performance and enabling precise control over motor behavior. Consequently, this results in extended operational times and increased design flexibility. Furthermore, the review explores the integration of learning approaches, emphasizing their substantial impact on robotic perception, decision-making and autonomy. It discusses the application of techniques such as reinforcement learning, supervised learning and unsupervised learning, showcasing their applications in areas like object recognition, semantic segmentation, sensor fusion and anomaly detection. By utilizing these learning methods, robots become more intelligent, adaptable and capable of autonomous operation across various domains. By examining the interaction between advanced power management and learning integration, this review anticipates a future where robots operate with increased efficiency, adapt to various tasks and drive technological innovation across a wide range of industries.

In this paper, an optimal design of a high-efficiency DC-DC boost converter is proposed for RF energy harvesting Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. Since the output DC voltage of the RF-DC rectifier for RF energy harvesting varies considerably depending on the RF input power, the DC-DC boost converter following the RF-DC rectifier is required to achieve high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in a wide input voltage range. Therefore, based on the loss analysis and modeling of an inductor-based DC-DC boost converter, an optimal design method of design parameters, including inductance and peak inductor current, is proposed to obtain the maximum PCE by minimizing the total loss according to different input voltages in a wide input voltage range. A high-efficiency DC-DC boost converter for RF energy harvesting applications is designed using a 65 nm CMOS process. The modeled total losses agree well with the circuit simulation results and the proposed loss modeling results accurately predict the optimal design parameters to obtain the maximum PCE. Based on the proposed loss modeling, the optimally designed DC-DC boost converter achieves a power conversion efficiency of 96.5% at a low input voltage of 0.1 V and a peak efficiency of 98.4% at an input voltage of 0.4 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a shielding scheme based on ferrite magnetic antennas (SS-FMA) is proposed. The scheme can effectively provide a path for the magnetic field lines of three-dimensional couplers to be concentrated and conducted. The SS-FMA is considered to be applied for long range inductive power transfer (IPT) systems of post insulators to powering smart grid sensors and improve the efficiency under the influence of metal components. The negative influence of the aluminum flanges on the magnetic field distribution is analyzed. The suppression effects of the shielding scheme on the abovementioned influence have been analyzed. Parameters of the SS-FMA are optimized. The equivalent circuit model is established, and the abovementioned process is explained from the perspective of the circuit model. A prototype of a post insulator that includes IPT system and SS-FMA has been built. When the coils of the IPT system are attached to the flanges, the efficiency can still reach 47.8% under the influence of SS-FMA, which is an increase of 13.7% compared with no shielding scheme. When the coils are slightly away from the flanges, efficiency of the system including SS-FMA can be quickly improved to 54.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a real-time dynamic maximum efficiency tracking algorithm for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems with multiple receivers. The algorithm sequentially varies the net reactance of each of the receivers using switched capacitor circuits (SCCs) to reach the maximum efficiency point (MEP). The MEP in multiple-receiver systems varies in the presence of cross-coupling. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the effects of cross-coupling and proves that cross-coupling could be beneficial or detrimental to efficiency, depending on circuit conditions such as the load resistances and coupling factors among the coils. Hence, unlike previous research, this article emphasizes the improvement of the link efficiency in the presence of cross-coupling rather than the complete elimination of its effects. Experimental results have been included for a single-transmitter and two-receiver system to validate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the unipolar-duty-cycle (UDC) modulation technique, this article presents a hybrid control strategy for a series–series compensated inductive power transfer (IPT) system. By adjusting the duty cycle and the operating frequency, zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and constant-current output (CCO) can be achieved with varying coupling coefficients and load. Furthermore, as the proposed strategy enables the IPT system to lower the frequency of operation, it provides higher efficiency in the overall output power range than the conventional variable-frequency control methods. The basic principle of the UDC control strategy and its characteristics are introduced, and the system performance under UDC is analyzed and compared with the performance achieved by conventional control methods. Based on this, the UDC closed-loop control scheme, which combines PI control and hysteresis control, is proposed for the dynamic tracking of the ZVS and the CCO under a wide range of coupling coefficients and load. To validate the practicability of the proposed control strategy, a 500-W experimental prototype is configured. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme can stably and accurately track the ZVS and the CCO under varying parameter conditions, and it significantly improves the system efficiency. Especially, the system efficiency is improved by approximately 1.75% under light-load conditions as compared with that of the conventional control method. In addition, since the proposed method employs only one control loop, the cost and complexity of the IPT system are reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative study between the traditional phase shift (also referred to as the Single-Phase Shift (SPS)) and the Dual-Phase Shift (DPS) controlled Triple Active Bridge (TAB) converter. Being a multi-port DC-DC converter with flexible power flow control and characterized by high power density, the TAB converter is applicable in almost any situation where a DC-DC converter is needed. With the availability of multiple control schemes, this work highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the most employed control scheme used on the TAB converter, in comparison with the DPS control scheme that has so far been applied only on Dual-Active Bridge (DAB) converters. As an example, for a TAB converter with a 14 kW maximum power capacity, the work sees the comparison of the backflow power, the maximum possible current, the processed power at the different ports of the converter, the transformer voltage and current waveforms, and the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Based on the results obtained, we found that the DPS-controlled TAB converter was more efficient when applied to the TAB converter compared to the traditional phase shift control algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power electronic transformer (PET) is the key equipment to realize the power conversion and routing of AC/DC hybrid distribution network, which can greatly enhance the flexibility and controllability of power grid. At present, PET with cascaded H-bridge (CHB) and series resonant dual active bridge (SRDAB) is widely used because of its modular structure and high efficiency. In this paper, a 1.5 MW 10 kV AC-750 V DC PET uesd in practical engineering is analyzed. Firstly, the different switching transient characteristics under the forward and reverse power flow direction are described, and the reasons for the difference are analyzed. Secondly, the current on the rectifier side of SRDAB only flows through the diode. Therefore, the switching loss of SRDAB can be reduced by locking the power semiconductor device on the rectifier side, so as to improve the efficiency of PET. Finally, the experimental test on the PET project site proves the correctness of the loss analysis and the effectiveness of the efficiency optimization method. Using the proposed method, the PET operation efficiency can be improved by about 0.2%.

This paper presents a constant-frequency multi-variable coordinated control strategy based on a series-series compensated dual-active-bridge wireless-power-transfer converter to eliminate real-time wireless feedback communication (RTWFC) and optimize efficiency. The use of switch-controlled capacitors as the primary and secondary resonant capacitors allows the continuous change of the compensation capacitance for the inverter soft-switching and reactance matching, respectively. The output voltage is regulated by tuning the phase-shift angle in the active rectifier bridge. The optimal load resistance for efficiency improvement is matched by adjusting the phase difference between the rectifier voltage and current based on the load and mutual inductance estimation. Moreover, the phase shift of the inverter, which is load-independent, and the coupling coefficient between the coils are positively correlated. Nevertheless, the drawbacks of the proposed control strategy are that optimal load matching is only valid for heavy load and constant current cannot be realized while keeping the constraint of the decoupled control. The proposed control strategy is experimentally validated on a prototype. The efficiency improvement is 5% compared to the conventional voltage tuning with a diode rectifier at the rated output power and in the normal position, and the peak efficiency reaches 93.6% at a 24 V output under the coupling coefficient of 0.3. In addition, a faster transient response was demonstrated in the proposed control strategy without RTWFC for output regulation.

The building space cooling is accounting for a significant portion of global energy use, and it is essential to enhance chiller efficiency for energy reduction and climate change mitigation. Chiller systems with multiple compressors provide the flexibility to meet varying cooling demands. The load-sharing strategy controls how the cooling load is distributed among the compressors. The load-sharing strategy optimization can significantly affect the chiller overall power consumption. This paper presents a mathematical analysis of the power consumption of centrifugal compressors under specific ambient temperatures. The influence of the inlet guide vane and the variable frequency drive efficiency on the compressor power consumption are considered and discussed briefly. An optimal load-sharing strategy for commonly used systems with identical compressors is proposed. Additionally, the scenarios involving a mix of different compressors are investigated. To validate the proposed strategies, a case study using the established performance data of a commercial centrifugal compressor is conducted. The case study results align with the mathematical analysis and the proposed strategy. This study provides valuable insights for designing and managing efficient chiller systems. • A mathematical study on the load-sharing strategy for chillers with multiple centrifugal compressors is presented. • Equal load-sharing strategy is found to be the most energy-efficient for chiller with identical compressors. • A simple and practical method, named DTPCOP, is proposed to determine the optimal number of active compressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: 3-phase industrial PFC converter. In this paper, the main aim of the study was the investigation of the possibilities of power inductor design, reflecting the performance of the component itself, as well as the operational efficiency of the power factor correction (PFC) converter. PFC inductors represent a key component of the converter, while within the design of any magnetic component, several design rules must be considered to provide proper operational performance. Here we discuss skin-effect, while the proximity effect and formation of fringing flux pose a more serious problem in terms of mitigating their negative impact. Therefore, in this study, the space is devoted exclusively to the analysis of the impact of the fringing flux of the PFC inductor and subsequently to the possibilities of its suppression. The resulting optimizations are reflected in the investigation of the operational efficiency of the PFC converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topology and parameter characteristics of the wireless energy transmission system are the main factors affecting the system's performance. A series–parallel–series–parallel (spsp) topology for magnetically coupled wireless energy transmission is proposed to address the problems of low efficiency and low output power when transmitting electrical energy in the conventional magnetically coupled topology. The spsp topology is compared with the conventional topology based on circuit theory, and the two structures are modeled, characterized, and verified in detail. Simulations and tests are performed for the transmission conditions, an improved Gray Wolf optimization algorithm is proposed, and a physical system is built. Experiments show that the spsp structure is superior near the designed circuit parameters when the network works in a resonant state. The improved Gray Wolf optimization algorithm is then used to find the optimal parameters, and the transmission efficiency reaches 90.53%, which effectively improves the transmission performance of the system. The established physical system utilizes the optimized parameters for coil structure and coil offset experiments, and the average transmission efficiency is 83.75%, with an error of 6.78% calculated by data measurement. The rationality of the proposed structure and the correctness of the simulation parameter design method are verified, and it is hoped that the proposed system and circuit structure in this paper will provide a reference for the design of a magnetically coupled wireless energy transmission system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the three-stage DEA method to measure the input–output efficiency of China's 23 listed power generation companies (mainly thermal power generation) in 2019, and uses the SFA regression model to eliminate environmental elements and random disturbances. The results show that in a non-homogeneous environment, the scale efficiencies of most power generation companies are greater than or equal to their pure technical efficiencies. These companies should first improve management and technical levels, and then optimize the scale of investment. Furthermore, after removing environmental variables, half of the companies should turn to increasing economies of scale instead of diminishing economies of scale. It can be seen that environmental factors, such as the degree of regional development and IPO time, have reduced the economies of scale of enterprises, so they should strengthen the communication between different regions, and the government should provide assistance to companies that are listed late. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) operation, aside from improving the rapid response of torque and reducing the rippling of torque and flux to guarantee the operational reliability, the loss of the PMSG itself cannot be ignored either. Aiming at this problem, an improved model predictive direct torque control (MPDTC) method is proposed, which suppresses the torque ripple and achieves PMSG efficiency optimization. Firstly, based on the conventional MPDTC and the loss model of PMSG, the predicted stator active current is determined, which is utilized for obtaining the predicted torque. Secondly, combined with the generator loss model, the set value of the stator energetic current is obtained; combined with the wind power system maximum power point tracking method, the set value of generator torque is obtained. Thirdly, by converting the torque control error and current control error into a per unit value, the influence of the weight coefficient in the cost function on the control effect is reduced. Finally, the key results verified the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme by simulation and experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an improved online particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to optimize the traditional search controller for improving the operating efficiency of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). This algorithm combines the advantages of the attraction and repulsion PSO and the distributed PSO that can help the search controller to find the optimal d - axis air gap current quickly and accurately under non-stationary operating conditions, thereby minimizing the air gap flux and then improving the motor efficiency. To verify the effectiveness and stability of this proposed algorithm, the operating efficiency of PMSM as using this proposed algorithm is compared with that of traditional search controller under non-stationary operating conditions. The results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the operating efficiency of PMSM by 6.03% on average under non-stationary operation conditions. This indicates that the search controller based on the improved PSO has a better adaptation to the variation of external operating conditions, and can improve the operation efficiency of PMSM under non-stationary condition.

Global maximum power point tracking (GMPPT) refers to the extraction of the maximum power from photovoltaic (PV) modules in real time under changing ambient conditions. Due to the installation of PV systems in densely built-up areas, partial shading scenarios are commonplace. Commercially established GMPPTs suffer from low tracking speeds and inefficiency. A novel GMPPT algorithm is proposed here based on the rectangular power comparison (RPC), which exploits the fundamental relationship between the shading factor, the bypass diode voltage and the global maximum power point. The entire theoretical formulation of RPC is presented systematically for the first time. This method boasts of increased conversion speeds owing to the precomputation of the module voltage versus the shading factor correlations using the regression of diode model from the experimentally obtained bypass diode characteristics. The proposed method is simple to implement with the computational complexity of order $n$ , which represents the number of uniquely shaded PV modules in a series string. The proposed approach addresses the much-needed intersection problem between the distributed and centralized PV systems and therefore targets PV strings which are most common in residential and small to medium scale commercial PV installations world over. The proposed approach is validated with the in-house developed prototype hardware set-up and software control implementation giving a 99% tracking efficiency with a recorded tracking time of 10 ms. The experimental results show 50 times improvement in speed and 95% increase in power gain as compared to the other popular existing methods namely scanning based GMPPT and local MPPT methods respectively, with negligible computational burden and less than 0.5% added cost to the conventional PV energy conversion system.

Input parallel output parallel (IPOP) DC/DC system is widely utilized in many occasions like data center and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). However, the efficiency characteristics of different converters usually differs from each other, and the conventional control strategy has difficult to realize efficient conversion of overall power of the system. To address this issue, Buck converter is taken as the module and whose efficiency model under current continuous conduction mode (CCM) is presented. Meantime, parameter identification method based on least square (LS) algorithm is proposed as well. In order to realize the efficiency optimization of the whole parallel system, the constraint conditions of each module are analyzed, and the current distribution calculation method based on sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm for the parallel system is introduced. On this basis, a control strategy of proportional current distribution (PCD) is proposed, which not only ensures that the parallel system can always run as efficiently as possible under different loads, but also realizes the flexible switching between the current-sharing mode and current distribution mode. Finally, the simulation and experimental results prove that the proposed method can achieve 4.46% higher efficiency than conventional method within the given power range of each converter, and realize the efficiency optimization of the IPOP DC/DC system to the greatest extent.

To solve motor heating and life shortening of parallel switched reluctance generator (SRG) induced by uneven output currents due to different external characteristics, we generally adopt current sharing control (CSC) to make each parallel generator undertake large load currents on average to improve the reliability of parallel power generation system. However, the method usually causes additional loss of power because it does not consider the efficiency characteristics of each parallel generator. Therefore, with the efficiency expression for the parallel system of SRG established and analysed, the control strategy based on differential evolution (DE) algorithm is proposed as a mechanism by which to enhance generating capacity and reliability of multi-machine power generation from the perspective of efficiency optimisation. We re-adjust the reference current of each parallel generator to transform the working point of each generator and implement the efficiency optimisation of parallel system. The performance of the proposed control method is evaluated in detail by the simulation and experiment, and comparison with traditional CSC is carried out as well.

This paper addresses the critical task of hacker identification within the cyber traceability system. While the latest hacker group identification method based on the heterogeneous graph attention network (HGHAN) holds promise in discovering hacker groups, its potential is hindered by the underutilization of node information and poor training efficiency. Particularly, attribute information dilution during node feature extraction and lengthy training for node embedding vector reassignment when new nodes are added have been observed. To rectify these shortcomings, the paper presents an improved model for hacker group identification. This novel approach leverages dynamic heterogeneous graph node updating to significantly boost efficiency without compromising the original model's classification accuracy. The key aspects of the method involve pre-learning for node attribute training vectors, LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) and attention mechanisms for node feature vector refinement, and introducing a sparse matrix and dynamic node update scheme. The experimental results demonstrate marked improvements in training efficiency and graph update processes while maintaining classification accuracy. This advancement signifies the improved HGHAN model's capacity to adeptly navigate real-world network dynamics, assisting researchers in pinpointing malicious attackers amid cyber incidents. [Display omitted] • Implement heterogeneous graph node embedding vector updates in dynamic scenarios to replace retraining. • Adopt pre-training in the node feature extraction process to enhance feature utilization. • Introduce a triplet sparse matrix in the node embedding process to save space and improve efficiency. • The experiments show that the proposed model can greatly reduce the time consumption without affecting the identification effect of the basic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an efficiency-oriented control strategy is proposed for LCC–LCC-compensated wireless power transfer (WPT) system to achieve zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) operation over a wide current regulation range, in which full-bridge (FB) and half-bridge (HB) modes are combined and switchable based on requirements from load. The harmonic-considered time-domain models for FB and HB modes are first built to calculate current through the switches at the turn-off moment accurately. Then, focused on the constant voltage charge stage with variable output current, the ZVS boundaries are identified in HB and FB modes as the preferable control trajectories, which determines the desired current output with joint considerations of frequency, phase-shift angle, and duty ratio. Next, a least squares optimization method is introduced to fit the theoretical control trajectories into a smooth curve that is practical for implementation on microcontrollers. Finally, a 4.4-kW WPT prototype is built to verify the feasibility and validity of the proposed control strategy. Results show that a high system efficiency can be achieved over a wide output current range, with an efficiency of 94.68% even at 20% rated power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive synchronous rectification (SR) is a good solution to solve duty cycle loss for LLC resonant converter. Usually, whether the synchronous rectifier is turned off prematurely or late can be detected by whether the body diode is conducted on or not. However, when the switching frequency is below the resonant frequency, both SR turning-off prematurely and late may generate body diode conduction (BDC), which will cause logic errors in the conventional adaptive SR strategy. Then, a large reverse current from load to source will occur, which damages the efficiency. To solve the problem, the time-domain modeling of the SR drain-to-source voltage is established to analyze the mechanism of BDC caused by SR turning-off late. Moreover, an improved adaptive SR driving scheme is proposed, which can identify the two different types of BDC and tune SR to be turned off exactly. Finally, a 280 W LLC prototype is built to verify the established model and the proposed SR method. The prototype proves that both the duty cycle loss and the reverse current are eliminated and efficiency improvement of 0.54% is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming to improve the efficiency of the water-filled submersible motor, the method of optimizing the ratio of diameter to shaft length and air-gap length of the motor is proposed to reduce the water friction loss of the water-filled submersible motor. By analyzing the composition of the mechanical loss and the research status of the water friction loss of the water-filled submersible motor, the optimization methods of the water-filled submersible motor efficiency are determined. For the accurate estimation of electromagnetic performance of the submersible motor, 2-D time-harmonic field solutions are employed, which cost less time and computational resources compared to the transient solution. By fitting the curves of water friction loss and electromagnetic losses with the optimized parameters, the influence of the ratio of diameter to shaft length and the length of the air-gap on the efficiency of the motor is analyzed. Finally, the parameters of the motor are determined, with the consideration of the influence of the radial to axial ratio and the air-gap length on the performance parameters of the motor and the requirements of actual working conditions. The results show that the two methods can effectively reduce the water friction loss of the water-filled submersible motor and improve the efficiency of the water-filled submersible motor in the motor design stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CubeSats are miniature satellites used to carry experimental payloads into orbit, where it is often critical to precisely control their attitude. One way to do this is through the use of magnetorquers, which can be integrated into PCBs. This technique saves considerable space and capital when compared with more common torquerod magnetorquer systems. Here we derive a method of analyzing different PCB-integrated magnetorquer geometries, parametrizing them such that the magnetic moment and efficiency are optimized. Furthermore, by modulating the trace width, the trace number, and other electrical characteristics of the magnetorquer coil, this article optimizes the generated magnetic moment. Both constant voltage and constant current sources are analyzed as inputs. These optimizations are then simulated in COMSOL for multiple geometries, and it is found that there exists an optimal geometry, given a specified power dissipation. Simulations verify the general trend and maxima of these derivations, barring small, consistent rescaling in the magnitude of the coil resistance. It is also found that these PCB-integrated magnetorquers provide a sufficient alternative to commercial coil magnetorquers, particularly in volume-restricted configurations. This article extends such analysis to larger CubeSat configurations, and finds that these larger implementations increase magnetorquer efficiency. Optimizations for common PCB-implementable geometries on small satellites are tabulated in the Appendix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a two-stage automotive LED driver architecture delivering independently regulated output currents to multiple LED strings. The system consists of a multiphase noninverting buck–boost front-end stage, which allows for a wide battery voltage range, followed by high-frequency immittance-network-based LCL-T resonant converters, which operate as current sources over wide output voltage ranges. The two-stage buck–boost + resonant (BB+resonant) architecture takes advantage of the buck and boost capability of both stages, and the flexibility in setting the intermediate bus voltage to minimize losses. Advantages of the BB+resonant architecture include the use of lower voltage rated devices and soft switching in the resonant stage, leading to reduced losses and size. Experimental results are provided for a prototype consisting of a 250-kHz two-phase front-end stage and 2-MHz LCL-T resonant stages delivering independently regulated 1 A currents to four LED strings with $N = 1$ $-$ 18 LEDs. The measured system efficiency is greater than 88% over wide input (8 $-$ 18 V) and output (3–50 V) voltage ranges, with a peak efficiency of 93%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an improved discharging circuit was proposed to quicken the decay of the current in the drive coil in a reluctance accelerator when the armature reaches the center of the coil. The aim of this is to prevent the suck-back effect caused by the residual current in drive coil. The method is adding a reverse charging branch with a small capacitor in the traditional pulsed discharging circuit. The results under the traditional circuit and the improved circuit were compared in a simulation. The experiment then verified the simulations and they had good agreement. Simulation and experiment both demonstrated the improved circuit can effectively prevent the suck-back effect and increase the efficiency. At the voltage of 800 V, an efficiency increase of 36.34% was obtained.

The equivalent resistance of the battery will change during charging in practical applications, so it is difficult to design a wireless power transfer (WPT) system with accurate constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) output characteristics. In addition, the WPT system efficiency is also affected by the change of equivalent resistance. Therefore, this paper studies the charging control and efficiency optimization strategy for the WPT system with dynamic loads. The WPT system with a structure of double-sided LCC compensation topology and containing controllable rectifier circuit at the secondary side is established, and the working process of full-bridge controllable rectifier circuit is analyzed. Then the output characteristics of the WPT system are analyzed. The expressions of the optimal transmission efficiency and the optimal equivalent impedance of the full-bridge rectifier are derived. The relationships between the equivalent impedance of the capacitor-filtered full-bridge controllable rectifier circuit and the phase shift angle, the charging current and the phase shift angle are also obtained. In this paper, the CC and CV charging strategies based on phase shift control of controllable rectifier circuit and efficiency optimization strategy based on dynamic equivalent impedance matching are proposed, which can improve the WPT system transmission efficiency while realizing CC and CV charging. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified by simulation and experiment. The WPT system realizes CC charging mode and CV charging mode in turn when the load resistance changes from $5~\Omega $ to $30~\Omega $ , and the overall efficiency is up to 90.71% at the transmission distance of 15cm.