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The Russian Federation has a great number of land plots to be used for a particular purpose, which depends on the category and type of the land. Agricultural land plots are of particular importance for the regional economy because they are subject to the local tax, established by the municipalities, i.e., land tax makes up a significant share of local budget revenues. Prompt and correct accounting of agricultural land improves the local budget. The authors determined the area of agricultural land in the Kemerovo Region and calculated the budget effect from their use. They also identified the potential income to the regional budget. The appropriate land measurement and classification proved to have a positive impact on the budget of the Kemerovo Region. The article contains an assessment of potential tax fees to the budget of the Kemerovo Region, as well as the amount of fines for irrational or improper use of agricultural lands.

This paper is devoted to the assessment of the size and spatial distribution of economic effects caused by the introduction of sanctions on the export of Russian fuel and energy resources. Leontief’s intra-national balance model with a transparent system of assumptions and relatively low requirements for information support is used in the calculations. The factors of changes in the demand for Russian energy resources in the world markets in the perspective up to 2030 have been analyzed. The paper estimates the reaction of the Russian regional economies in the last year of the forecast period (2030) to a number of successive export restrictions of different nature - from compromise (when the terms of trade remain relatively favorable and the reduction of supplies in the western direction is largely compensated by the activation of supplies in the eastern direction) to extreme/radical (when the practice of trade barriers and sanctions is actively applied, blocking the potential for market maneuvers). It is shown that the spatial distribution of losses from export restrictions is uneven and depends significantly on the geography of new markets for fuel and energy resources. From the point of view of leveling the adverse effects of export restrictions, the following directions of structural transformation of the Russian fuel and energy complex that are currently under active discussion are evaluated: 1) development of the electricity system, 2) creation of new LNG production facilities, 3) modernization of oil refineries and 4) development of oil and gas chemistry. It is concluded that the available proposals allow to compensate for the losses of the national economy arising due to export restrictions, but in general do not change the inertial direction of its dynamics

Introduction. The review of existing ideas of artificial intelligence implementation in the construction industry is carried out. On the basis of the studied data the applicability of the technologies was analyzed and their economic efficiency was evaluated, as well as the feasibility of investment in potential projects was substantiated. Construction is a fundamental area of human life, in which the use of information technology innovations, especially artificial intelligence should be associated with a balanced decision and thorough testing. For this reason, it is required to choose the most appropriate method to evaluate the feasibility of implementation. By the chosen method it is possible to reveal the possibilities of a new project and to correlate it with all costs and risks.Materials and methods. Russian and foreign studies, Internet resources and conference materials were studied. As a result, the current trends of technologies of artificial intelligence application in construction were found. The integrated method allowed to consider technologies from the point of view of ideology, reality of embodiment, practical application and economic feasibility. The method of scoring of projects was applied and the list of technologies was compiled. This list includes technologies that are favourable for application and promising for development. Multilevel study of the selected projects was carried out according to the system modelling approach.Results. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are made about the best method for assessing the economic efficiency of innovative projects based on artificial intelligence, which are applicable to the construction industry. The theoretical model is aimed at considering the project as a process of cause-and-effect relationships. This project reveals the list of necessary steps and their sequence.Conclusions. This study on the effectiveness of the implementation of AI in construction of some ideas revealed an optimal and sufficiently informative method of assessing the economic efficiency of projects, as well as the degree of relevance and compliance with the interests and needs of the construction industry. A list of recommendations for the process of implementation of a new project with the use of artificial intelligence is presented. A vector for further research in the field of practical calculations of efficiency and forecasting is proposed.

Forests are both an irreplaceable natural resource and a vital economic asset for all humankind. Based on the data of counties in mainland China from 2007 to 2020, the article explores the direct impact and spatial spillover effects of the policy implementation on the economic growth of counties with the help of the forest city pilot policy and the policy evaluation model. The results reveal that policy implementation can have a positive economic growth effect on the pilot counties, which, in turn, can significantly increase the size of the county's GDP, the level of GDP per capita, and the total amount of nighttime lighting brightness. The implementation of forest city construction can bring about 2.74% of total GDP size, about 2.63% of per capita GDP development level, and about 7.25% of nighttime light brightness to the county on average. Cost–benefit analysis also indicates that forest city construction can bring about a comprehensive economic benefit of approximately CNY 686.453 million (approximately USD 96.82 million) to the counties. The rapid improvement in labor productivity, significant influx of high-end factors, and continuous expansion of market potential are important mechanisms through which policy implementation promotes economic growth in pilot counties. While promoting economic growth in the pilot counties, forest city construction can also have positive spatial spillover effects on neighboring areas in the pilot counties. Furthermore, when the deficits in atmospheric vapor pressure and annual evapotranspiration are used as instrumental variables for forest city construction, the empirical estimates are not significantly altered. In the process of building forest cities, county governments should be wary of issues such as the high cost of forest maintenance. This study provides a Chinese model and policy reference for other countries and regions in the world to deal with the relationship between forest city construction and county economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The potato holds the distinction of being the world's largest non-cereal food crop and ensuring its sustainable production is imperative for global food security. Notably, China leads in both the planting area and output of potatoes globally, cementing its crucial role in the nation's agricultural economy. A scientific assessment of the effectiveness of organic fertilizers on potato cultivation can significantly contribute to the promotion of sustainable agriculture. Methods: This study utilizes a Propensity Score Matching (PSM) model and introduces a novel cost-efficiency approach to analyze and evaluate the production efficiency and economic impact of organic fertilizer application among 546 potato growers in Shandong. Results: The research findings reveal the following: Firstly, compared to the control group without organic fertilizer application, it is evident that the use of organic fertilizers enhances production technology efficiency, labor productivity, land productivity, and net profit per unit by 3.6%, 1588.47 kg/ person, 16346.77 kg/ha, and 16135.32 yuan/ha, respectively. Secondly, an examination of cost efficiency among growers with different production scales indicates that those with a planting scale of 0.667-1.333 hectares demonstrate relatively high production efficiency across multiple factors. Additionally, there is an observable inverted U-shaped trend in the relationship between planting scale and production efficiency. Thirdly, the continuous application of organic fertilizers proves advantageous in mitigating inefficiencies in investment techniques, leading to cost savings and efficiency improvements in potato cultivation. Discussion: Consequently, it is recommended that the government and relevant departments enhance technical support, elevate professional training programs, and optimize the allocation of input factors. These measures aim to encourage farmers to adopt organic fertilizers, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Reducing passenger journey duration at the current stage of transport development is a prerequisite for high-quality passenger service giving railways higher competitive advantage. In order to avoid significant investments, Russian Railways opted to develop mixed high-speed train traffic on the existing infrastructure. The author considered an existing double-track section of mainline railway transport with high-speed passenger train traffic. The research focuses on the effects of putting high-speed passenger trains into circulation on the existing railway infrastructure. The solution to the problem requires a formalised and adapted methodological toolkit for assessing the resulting effects from the introduction of high-speed passenger trains into circulation.Materials and methods. The effects of putting high-speed passenger trains into circulation were assessed using the theory of train traffic control, economic efficiency indicators and the calculation of a specific indicator expressing the ratio of the absolute economic criterion under consideration to the reduction in journey time. The researcher used formulas to calculate performance and cost metrics adapted to the challenges of high-speed passenger traffic on the existing railway infrastructure. Results. The author considered the conditional railway direction O–H chosen as the object of approbation of the developed toolkit and obtained the values of effects from the introduction of high-speed passenger trains for passengers, infrastructure owner and carriers.Discussion and conclusion. This toolkit, after some adaptation, may be used for calculations for railway lines with different equipment (single-track and multiple-track lines) under mixed traffic conditions (passenger and goods trains of different categories, as well as high-speed passenger trains). The results obtained for the O–H direction allow to assess and understand the multifaceted effects arising from the introduction of high-speed trains into circulation on the existing double-track railway infrastructure.

The article deals with the peculiarities of formation and implementation of the enter­prise development innovation strategy. The research substantiates the demand for adapting inno­vation processes to modern challenges, including the use of digital platforms and the transition to a corporate or open innovation model. The fundamental principles of an effective enterprise devel­opment strategy based on a new management paradigm are highlighted. A new understanding re­garding the essence of the category “innovation strategy” is proposed. The conditions for successful implementation of the enterprise innovation strategy are determined: defining the mission, goals and objectives of the enterprise innovation activity; breaking the process into stages and determin­ing the expected results; applying flexible models of the innovation process; developing indicators for objective evaluation of the innovation activity results; improving the innovation culture; identi­fying and developing creative talents; introducing and implementing innovative initiatives; main­taining customer feedback; inter-organizational cooperation. An algorithm for building inter-organ­izational cooperation in the innovation activities of enterprises is designed. The experience of devel­oping and applying innovative strategies is highlighted on the example of well-known innovative companies. It is proved that the success of their implementation depends on the concentration of financial, material, informational and intellectual resources in the context of innovation develop­ment priorities. It is emphasized that in the process of forming an innovative strategy for the devel­opment of enterprises, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors, such as the enter­prise’s market position, its technical and technological potential, management system, ethics and business culture, as well as research capabilities. A properly chosen and justified innovation strate­gy has shown itself to be the key to the successful development of an enterprise in the future. The authors’ research findings and practical recommendations contribute to the effective use of the enterprise’s innovation strategy for the sustainable development of business organizations and their network associations.

Agricultural producers are increasingly using plant-based feed additives in the diets of livestock and poultry as a way to increase animal productivity and stabilize the protective functions of the body. The purpose of the research was to study the effectiveness of using Astragalus cicer feed supplement in the diets of laying hens of the Lohmann Brown-Light cross at the age of 25-51 weeks. The composition of the compound feed included a phytoadditive made from Astragalus cicer in the volume: I experimental group – 3.60 %, II experimental – 7.20 % by the weight of the compound feed. The duration of the scientific and production experiment was 183 days. The analysis of the content of biologically active substances in the Astragalus cicer phytoadditive has revealed a high content of dihydroquercetin – 336.25 mg/100g of absolutely dry substance.image As the result of the research, it was found that laying hens of the II experimental group, which received 7.20 % of Astragalus cicer phytoadditive in the compound feed, had more intensive metabolic processes in the body, which contributed to obtaining a greater effect from them. Laying hens of the II experimental group compared with the control and I experimental groups had 2.19 and 2.18 % higher values of nitrogen utilization out of taken feed, egg production was higher by 2.81 and 1.10 %, the cost of compound feed decreased by 10 pcs. eggs, that was by 4.76 and 2.38 %, respectively. The profitability level of egg production in the II experimental group was higher compared with the control and I experimental groups by 3.83 and 5.16%, respectively.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the economic effect of foliar treatment with biostimulants: chitosan, vermicompost and vermicompost + nature-identical growth regulator on organic production of spring rape on organic production of spring rape. Two-years field trials were conducted using a block method with foliar treatment in 2 phenological phases (in rosette and flowering phase). The biological response of the culture at different doses of the biostimulators was investigated. The obtained primary results were used as input data for the construction of an economic-mathematical model for economic evaluation The treatment of spring rape with biostimulators has a positive effect on the yield of the crop. After that, a specific agricultural holding in the region is selected, which will serve as a model on which to construct the optimization model for evaluating the economic efficiency. In this farm, along with the intended crops in the production structure, spring canola is added - controls and treated with BS. The results are optimal after using chitosan in a dose of 500 mL daa-1 . The results of this research show the economic benefits of using biostimulants, which are extremely important for farmers. They are an alternative to the requirements of the European Union's Green Deal At the heart of the Green Deal is the Farm to Fork (F2F) and the ‘Biodiversity Strategy’ (BS) strategy, which was launched by the European Commission in May 2020 to achieve a fair, healthy and sustainable food system by 2030. Under the F2F strategy, there is a need to reduce reliance on pesticides and antimicrobials, reducing excess fertilization, increasing areas for organic farming, improving animal welfare and reducing biodiversity loss. With the announcement of the goals and intentions of the Green Deal and its manifestations in agriculture, preparations also began for preliminary assessments of the consequences and impact that it will have on the entire food chain and for its transposition into the Common Agricultural Policy. At the same time, science research on alternatives to traditional conventional technologies is increasing. The results of the studies also took into account a set of assumptions for simulations of farm incomes, production and product prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for electricity, driven by factors such as the shift to carbon neutrality and economic growth, is a challenge shared by South Korea and Japan. South Korea, a peninsula nation, and Japan, an island country, which are both heavily dependent on foreign energy sources and have manufacturing-based industrial structures, are actively working to secure stable power supplies for their economic development. This article carries out a quantitative analysis of the roles of the South Korean and Japanese electric power sectors (EPSs) in their respective economies, seeking to identify differences and generate actionable insights for decision making and policy formulation. Utilizing the input–output (IO) technique with the latest available data, the analysis includes a demand-side model, a supply-side model, and a price-side model to examine various effects of the EPSs. The key findings reveal differences in the production-inducing, value-added creation, and job-creation effects between the two countries, highlighting operational disparities in their electricity sectors. Additionally, South Korea exhibits higher wage-inducing, supply shortage, and price-side effects than Japan, because of its public enterprise-oriented high-wage structure and a substantial manufacturing sector. These quantitative results provide valuable reference material for future government decisions and policy development in the EPS and emphasize the significant role and impact of the power sector in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose technological principles for determining rational parameters of the supply chain in order to establish a balance between demand and supply for goods in the chain links under conditions of variable demand and optimisation of total costs for all cargo delivery participants, which will affect the final cost of goods to customers. For the experimental research of the supply chain functioning, the forecast values of demand were determined based on the study of demand trends. As a result of the research conducted using mathematical modelling, regularities of the influence of supply chain parameters on the total costs of delivery participants have been established and rational parameters of the supply chain for consumer goods customers in international connections have been determined, minimising additional costs and ensuring a minimum level of total costs. The positive results of the economic effect estimate demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.

This article discusses one of the ways to increase the economic efficiency of the Gazprom Transgaz Kazan Limited Liability Company (Gazprom Transgaz Kazan LLC) in the operation of gas heaters at a gas distribution station by replacing the gas heating unit. The advantages of the equipment «ISTOK-60» over PTPG-30 are described, the calculation of the economic effect from the introduction of new equipment is given. The object of the study is the process of operating gas heaters at the gas distribution station of OOO Gazprom Transgaz Kazan, the subject is a method for increasing the economic efficiency of gas heaters. As a result of the study, the expediency of replacing old equipment with new one is proved and the economic effect is calculated. The article also raises questions about the possibility of using the concept of «Lean production» in the process of gas distribution. One of the methods of lean manufacturing — SMED is proposed as the main one.

Production digitalisation is a significant factor in the development of mechanical engineering that triggers countries and regions’ economic growth. Implementing digital integration at industrial enterprises implies that production operations are linked through a corporate information system. The paper aims to develop and test a method for assessing the economic effect from digital integration at mechanical engineering enterprises. Methodologically, the study rests on the theories of production organisation and integration as well as the main postulates of the concept of industrial digitalisation. The study applies methods of econometric modelling. The evidence base is the information about the activities of one of the Ural macroregion’s largest mechanical engineering enterprise – Production Association “Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant named after E. S. Yalamov” (UOMZ). The paper systemitises ideas about the essence of the economic effect from digital integration. The case of the enterprise is used to identify the level of specific costs in this process and to forecast their changes depending on different factors using econometric modelling. The value of the findings consists in broadening the scientific and practical understanding of the economic effects brought about by industrial digitalisation.

In modern heavy-loaded friction units, various types of antifriction coatings are used on the surface of the bearing profile of the bearing sleeve to ensure high load-bearing capacity and increase the duration of the hydrodynamic regime, and consequently, the economic effect of sliding bearings. In the study, the creation and development of mathematical models of a radial sliding bearing with an antifriction polymer coating of the support surface containing a groove is carried out. The key role here is played by the method of analytical forecasting, which determines the mechanism of friction and the conditions for its transition from boundary to liquid. The aim of the study is to develop a mathematical model of a radial sliding bearing with a polymer coating of the bearing sleeve bearing surface containing an axial groove to predict the economic effect. The objective of the study is to develop new mathematical models and analyze the movement of lubricant in the working gap of a radial sliding bearing, taking into account design features to predict the economic effect. The difference from the existing models of tribosystems with antifriction coatings is the presence of a groove, which ensures stable ascent of the shaft on the hydrodynamic wedge and reduces wear during start-up and run-outs, hence increasing the service life of tribosystems. Using the lubricant motion equation and the continuity equation, new mathematical models are obtained that take into account the design features of the bearing sleeve surface – polymer coating, groove width, rheological properties of the lubricant used. Based on the results of an experimental study on the AI 5018 friction machine, the economic efficiency of net discounted income was calculated on samples in the form of partial inserts. As a result of the research, new mathematical models for engineering calculations have been developed that allow predicting the efficiency, reliability and duration of the hydrodynamic lubrication regime, as well as determining the main tribotechnical parameters. Net discounted income based on the results of theoretical and experimental research is estimated at 0.36 million rubles per year.

The winter and spring varieties of peas (Pisum sativum) require careful study of the entire range of technological measures, including seeding rates, as the basis for optimal sowing density and the formation of phytocenose crops. This issue has not been resolved to date, not only in the context of agrobiological justification but also in everyday practice in Ukraine. This research was carried out in a field experiment in a three-way factorial experiment: factor “A” was the type of development – winter and spring; factor “B” was the variety – spring peas (Svit and Darunok Stepu) and winter peas (Moroz, Enduro and Baltrapp); and factor “C” was the seeding rate. According to the field studies, differences in the physiological and biochemical parameters of the P. sativum test culture characterised the photosynthetic activity of the plants, considering the type of development and variety. The winter varieties of P. sativum were characterised by a higher chlorophyll content (by 35–40%) compared to the spring varieties, which had an economic effect with an increase in the yield of dry biomass of the experimental crop and a decrease in seeding rates, with the formation and increase in grain yield by 14–18%. The intensity of chlorophyll in the process was not a determining factor in the accumulation of organic biomass. The extensive nature of the integration complex was noted (the amount of chlorophyll – the amount of biomass). At the optimal seeding rate, a certain specificity was observed in different types of P. sativum: for spring varieties, the sufficient rate was 0.9 million seeds/ha, and for winter varieties, it was 0.7 million seeds/ha. For varieties with a low productivity level (spring – Svit and winter – Moroz), the optimum sowing rate was around 0.7 million seeds/ha. The increase in the seeding rate was accompanied by a decrease in the content of various chlorophyll fractions from 10–12% to 20–26%.

This paper presents an analysis of existing methods and models designed to solve the problem of planning the distribution of financial flows in the operational management cycle of the enterprise; it also offers tools for process management of enterprise financial flows based on the method of dynamic programming, which allows for determining the optimal combination of factors affecting the financial flow of the enterprise, taking into account existing restrictions on changes in the influencing parameters of the model. The current study develops an innovative model that maximizes the economic efficiency of investment in the sale of food products through retail chains and the practical implementation of the developed model based on the data from the financial reports of LLC "Kraft Heinz Vostok". The theoretical and methodological basis of the research includes the works of Russian and foreign experts in the fields of methodology of economic and mathematical modeling and decision-making, dynamic programming, system analysis, information approach to the analysis of systems, process management of enterprise financial flows, and human resource management. The author's methodology makes it possible to increase the company's profitability in key clients and categories in the range of 4 to 6 million dollars and to increase the return on investment by 10–17%. The scientifically innovative aim is to develop a toolkit for process management of enterprise financial flows, characterized by a systematic combination of methods of dynamic programming, social financial technologies, and economic evaluation of investments, which allows for the creation of mechanisms for managing the development of enterprises of all organizational and legal forms and the development of model projects of decision support systems with the prospects of their incorporation into existing information and analytical systems. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-03-017 Full Text: PDF

The livestock sector plays a crucial role in sustaining the livelihoods of millions of families across the world, especially in developing countries. However, farming households that rely on agriculture and livestock are particularly susceptible to the impacts of various infectious diseases and natural disasters. This study focuses on estimating the economic burden imposed on households by lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Pakistan and explores the effect of various socioeconomic factors on mortality ratio. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey from 406 farmers and were analyzed through descriptive statistics to calculate the monetary losses. In addition, the study employed fractional probit regression to identify factors affecting mortality ratio. The results demonstrate significant economic impacts of LSD on farm households in Pakistan, leading to direct and indirect losses and reduced milk productivity. Exotic cows were found to be more susceptible to mortality compared to indigenous cows. The study also found that farmers’ education, experience, household income per month, vaccination, domestic-commercial, commercial animals, and access to information were negatively associated with mortality. The findings of this study emphasize the need for preventative measures such as affordable vaccines, treatment, and improved livestock health and welfare to mitigate the negative effects of LSD on farmers’ income and the local economy.

The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned by the existing difficulties of operating the wastewater treatment system of large modern cities and the need to make qualitative changes in the structure of their functioning. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the economic effect of restructuring the municipal wastewater treatment system in the city of San Francisco in the context of analysing the promising possibilities of applying this experience in Ukrainian realities. The basis of the methodological approach is a combination of methods of systematic analysis of the experience gained in San Francisco during the restructuring of the wastewater treatment system, with an analytical investigation of the factors influencing the assessment of the economic effect of the implementation of this event. The study revealed the need for comprehensive investment into the restructuring of the wastewater treatment system existing in a large modern city to obtain a sustainable economic effect from the implementation of such programmes and improve the quality of water use services provided to residents of modern Ukrainian cities. The results obtained and the conclusions formulated on their basis are of significant practical importance from the standpoint of prospects for improving the functioning of wastewater treatment facilities in large modern Ukrainian cities and stabilising the overall environmental situation in these cities, as well as obtaining a tangible economic effect from the modernisation of wastewater treatment systems to improve the quality of services provided to city residents

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the feasibility of an integrated approach to the implementation of measures for the restoration and modernization of housing stock and heat supply objects. On the conditional example of heat supply of a heated quarter (which means a small number of residential buildings to be heated, a local boiler room and local distribution heat networks), various modernization options are considered: separate thermal modernization of buildings, modernization of heating networks, modernization of the boiler room, and options for simultaneous modernization of all elements of the chain: production-supply-consumption of heat energy (complex modernization of the heated district). It is proved that precisely a comprehensive modernization, which involves a simultaneous production, coordinated in terms of time and volumes, supply and consumption of heat, is an effective instrument for improving efficiency in the sphere of heat supply and heat consumption. The complexity of modernization in this example involves thermal modernization of buildings in the heated district (with a decrease in heat consumption by 40%) with the simultaneous modernization of heat transmission networks (with a decrease in heat loss when supplied from 20% to 5%) and modernization of the boiler room (with an increase in the efficiency quotient of boiler equipment from 88% to 93%). The implementation of such a project is economically feasible for all participants: consumers reduce the cost of paying for heat supply services by 49%, and the supplier and producer of heat with a slight (up to 6%) increase in heating tariffs provide break-even activities and receive a larger investment resource in the form of a larger amount of depreciation. At the national level, the proposed mass complex modernization of heated districts can almost halve the consumption of natural gas by municipal heat and power engineering and to the same extent reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. In addition, it becomes possible to significantly reduce the amount of subsidies from the budget for the payment of housing and communal services by the population.

In modern conditions, cost minimisation for business entities is the main condition for existence in the market. One of the tools for such minimisation is outsourcing accounting. In addition to minimising costs, accounting outsourcing ensures the correctness of accounting, provides high-level advice, and protects against possible fines. The purpose of the study was to investigate accounting outsourcing as a tool for optimising the activities of entities in modern business conditions. The study applied methods of induction and deduction, cause-and-effect communication, tabular and graphic methods, description and concretisation, and logical generalisation. A single definition of the concept of accounting outsourcing was developed, which revealed the characteristic features of outsourcing. The SWOT analysis of accounting outsourcing services demonstrated accounting outsourcing as an effective tool for minimising costs. It is determined that all shortcomings and threats can be eliminated with careful selection of an outsourcer and signing a contract. The stages of accounting for accounting outsourcing consist in developing a document flow schedule that would ensure timely receipt of information for the customer and quality control of the services provided. A unified methodology for determining the economic effect of accounting outsourcing is proposed, which considers the disadvantages and advantages of existing methods, which would allow revealing the economic, organisational, and managerial aspects of outsourcing accounting. The main proposals received by the author based on the findings of the study can be used in accounting based on outsourcing. Further study of the problems of outsourcing as a tool for optimising the activities of enterprises in Ukraine should be directed to the development of laws and regulations to encourage companies to make managerial decisions regarding the use of accounting outsourcing

The article examines the problems of knowledge capitalization in the innovation economy paradigm. The modern globalized world is characterized by the commercialization of educational and scientific activities, the formation of educational ecosystems, as well as the capitalization of knowledge as a resource. The paper describes the theoretical basis of knowledge capitalization and defines the stages of the formation of academic capitalism. It is defined that the capitalization of knowledge is an increase, the maximization of the value of own and engaged intellectual assets, as a result of the increase in the influence of higher education institutions and scientific institutions on the scientific-technical and socio-economic development of society, and commercialization is the process of turning knowledge into a commodity. A system of statistical indicators of capitalization of knowledge within the economy has been established (expenditures on education; the number of patents; share of costs for scientific research and development; costs for innovative activities; share of innovative enterprises in the total number of enterprises; share of income from the sale of innovative products to the total volume of products sold ). The methodology for calculating the model of the change in GDP per capita has been developed, taking into account the indicators of knowledge capitalization, and the algorithm of necessary actions regarding its application has been described. The hypothesis about the impact of capitalization of knowledge on the economic development of the state, namely the change in macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP (gross domestic product) per capita, has been confirmed. The author’s formula for determining the coefficient of the economic effect from the capitalization of knowledge is proposed, which reflects the ratio of investments in knowledge-creating (innovative activity) to the income received from the implementation of an innovative product. Investments in knowledge-creating activities are the number of expenses for scientific research and development, so the innovative product is a patent, as a formalized unit of knowledge. The calculation of the coefficient of the economic effect of knowledge capitalization for Ukraine and the Republic of Poland was carried out, which clearly showed the expediency of implementing the knowledge capitalization experience of Poland and the need for a balanced internal policy to stimulate educational, scientific and innovative activities with the attraction of appropriate investments in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the essence of Marxist consumer economy theory, this paper argues that the innovations of digital technology can effectively facilitate the integration of economies of scale, economies of scope, and long-tail economies. Through careful analysis of the practical case of Xiaomi's business ecosystem, this paper highlights the notion that data serve as both a key production factor and a critical consumption carrier within the context of digital consumption. We thoroughly investigated the influence of the digital economy on transforming consumption behavior among residents by analyzing a range of typical business cases and the latest data that triggered this transformation. Based on the analysis, this paper argues that such transformation can lead to the platform agglomeration effect, the inclusive diffusion effect, and the push-pull effect by highlighting the specific ways in which the digital economy disrupts the consumption-production model and contributes to the upgrading and transformation of traditional industries. Additionally, this paper demonstrates how the digital economy can expand and promote emerging business forms, providing insights into the ways in which digital innovation is reshaping the contemporary economic landscape. This study intends to provide several policy suggestions that can expand domestic demand, promote consumption, drive the high-quality and integrated development of China's digital and real economy, and position China as a strong cyber and consumer nation by using digitalized consumption as a starting point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading threat to the population health in the Russian Federation (RF), ranking first in the mortality structure. Demonstration of the economic impact of CVD is a rationale for investing in prevention and treatment. The economic damage caused by CVD in 2016 in the RF amounted to RUB 2,7 trillion, which is equivalent to 3,2% of gross domestic product (GDP). In the structure of damage by diseases, coronary artery disease occupies a leading position — RUB 1 trillion or 1,3% of GDP, while cerebrovascular diseases, stroke and myocardial infarction — RUB 560, 424 and 213,2 billion, respectively. Evaluation of cardiovascular prevention measures is not an easy task because the effect develops over a significant period of time. At the same time, various processes can affect the effect. The RF analysis showed that the potential economic effect from anti-tobacco and anti-alcohol measures, reducing salt consumption and increasing physical activity will be RUB 8,1 trillion in labor productivity increase over 15 years (equivalent to 7,8% of GDP in 2018), with most of the effect from the prevention of CVD deaths. Analyzing the economic impact of CVDs, preventive and curative measures provide a rationale for investment and is an important step in making informed decisions.

The article examines the problems of knowledge capitalization in the innovation economy paradigm. The modern globalized world is characterized by the commercialization of educational and scientific activities, the formation of educational ecosystems, as well as the capitalization of knowledge as a resource. The paper describes the theoretical basis of knowledge capitalization and defines the stages of the formation of academic capitalism. It is defined that the capitalization of knowledge is an increase, the maximization of the value of own and engaged intellectual assets, as a result of the increase in the influence of higher education institutions and scientific institutions on the scientific-technical and socio-economic development of society, and commercialization is the process of turning knowledge into a commodity. A system of statistical indicators of capitalization of knowledge within the economy has been established (expenditures on education; the number of patents; share of costs for scientific research and development; costs for innovative activities; share of innovative enterprises in the total number of enterprises; share of income from the sale of innovative products to the total volume of products sold ). The methodology for calculating the model of the change in GDP per capita has been developed, taking into account the indicators of knowledge capitalization, and the algorithm of necessary actions regarding its application has been described. The hypothesis about the impact of capitalization of knowledge on the economic development of the state, namely the change in macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP (gross domestic product) per capita, has been confirmed. The author’s formula for determining the coefficient of the economic effect from the capitalization of knowledge is proposed, which reflects the ratio of investments in knowledge-creating (innovative activity) to the income received from the implementation of an innovative product. Investments in knowledge-creating activities are the number of expenses for scientific research and development, so the innovative product is a patent, as a formalized unit of knowledge. The calculation of the coefficient of the economic effect of knowledge capitalization for Ukraine and the Republic of Poland was carried out, which clearly showed the expediency of implementing the knowledge capitalization experience of Poland and the need for a balanced internal policy to stimulate educational, scientific and innovative activities with the attraction of appropriate investments in Ukraine.

With high carbon emission, the low-carbon transition of power sector will be critical for China to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. The power transition will have an impact on the economy and employment through the value chain. Quantifying the impact is important for China's future energy and welfare policies. This study adopts input‒output model to analyze the impact on economy and employment based on accelerated and slow power transition scenarios. The results show that the low-carbon power transition will have a negative impact on coal power and coal mining and washing sectors, while a positive impact on machine manufacturing and equipment sector. Low-carbon power transition will have a positive economic and employment effect to promote inclusive growth. By 2060, economic output will increase by about 8.50 trillion CNY, value-added by about 3.39 trillion CNY, and employment will increase by about 3.74 million. Although slower coal power transition can stabilize the economic and employment effect in the short and medium run, accelerating the power transition will produce more positive effect and lower job losses by coal power in the long run. By 2060, accelerating transition will boost output by 8.21%, value-added by 8.20% and jobs by 7.97%. Accordingly, the government should establish an all-round just low-carbon transition mechanism.

Introducing the results of innovative activity into economic circulation is one of the essential characteristics of an effective industrial enterprise. Commercializing intellectual property objects involves coordinated production and commercial activity, adopting and implementing scientifically based decisions. This is necessary to successfully pass an intellectual product through all stages of its life cycle.The purpose of this study is to form market processes for commercializing intellectual property objects at industrial enterprises, finding the most effective option for their introduction into economic circulation.The theoretical investigation of the problem made it possible to identify and analyze various possible conceptual approaches to commercializing intellectual property in an industrial enterprise. Among them are market push, market pull, engineering, and reengineering commercialization models.Separate stages of forming the market model for commercializing intellectual property in an industrial enterprise are highlighted. First, the methodological principles of the vertical, horizontal, and vertical-horizontal market processes of intellectual property commercialization have been developed. The peculiarities of an intellectual product’s life cycle are determined; based on this, a market model of intellectual property’s life cycle (model of successive changes) is proposed. Finally, for each of the proposed market processes, the main advantages and disadvantages of their practical use are determined, as well as the areas of their most effective usage.

The trade-off between environment and economy has been one of the hot topics discussed in academia, but there are many disputes among them. Based on the micro data of Chinese listed companies from 2016 to 2020, this paper uses the shock of the Environmental Protection Tax Law (EPTL) in 2018 as a quasi-natural experiment. Our Differences-in-Differences (DID) method is used to study the impact of the environmental governance pressure caused by the EPTL on firms’ total factor productivity (TFP). The conclusions suggest that: 1) The EPTL has significantly improved heavily polluting enterprises’ TFP, and this finding remains stable after a range of robustness checks. 2) The subgroup analysis shows that. The smaller the size of the administrative expenses paid by the enterprises, the larger the effect of the EPTL on firms’ TFP; the positive effect of the EPTL on the TFP of heavily polluting enterprises is not pronounced in the sample of small-scale enterprises; when the degree of financial slack is small, the effect of the EPTL on firms’ TFP is greater; the effect of the EPTL is greater when the enterprises are located in provincial capital and municipalities. 3) Meanwhile, we also find that promoting firm value and stimulating green innovation may be the potential mechanisms of the EPTL affecting firms’ TFP. This paper provides experience summary for the firms’ high-quality development under the background of government environmental governance.

The winter and spring varieties of peas (Pisum sativum) require careful study of the entire range of technological measures, including seeding rates, as the basis for optimal sowing density and the formation of phytocenose crops. This issue has not been resolved to date, not only in the context of agrobiological justification but also in everyday practice in Ukraine. This research was carried out in a field experiment in a three-way factorial experiment: factor "A" was the type of development - winter and spring; factor "B" was the variety - spring peas (Svit and Darunok Stepu) and winter peas (Moroz, Enduro and Baltrapp); and factor "C" was the seeding rate. According to the field studies, differences in the physiological and biochemical parameters of the P. sativum test culture characterised the photosynthetic activity of the plants, considering the type of development and variety. The winter varieties of P. sativum were characterised by a higher chlorophyll content (by 35-40%) compared to the spring varieties, which had an economic effect with an increase in the yield of dry biomass of the experimental crop and a decrease in seeding rates, with the formation and increase in grain yield by 14-18%. The intensity of chlorophyll in the process was not a determining factor in the accumulation of organic biomass. The extensive nature of the integration complex was noted (the amount of chlorophyll - the amount of biomass). At the optimal seeding rate, a certain specificity was observed in different types of P. sativum: for spring varieties, the sufficient rate was 0.9 million seeds/ha, and for winter varieties, it was 0.7 million seeds/ha. For varieties with a low productivity level (spring - Svit and winter - Moroz), the optimum sowing rate was around 0.7 million seeds/ha. The increase in the seeding rate was accompanied by a decrease in the content of various chlorophyll fractions from 10-12% to 20-26%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon have significant impacts on human activities, against which it is necessary to develop effective coping strategies. Based on the local climate zone (LCZ) system, this study used the land-cover and surface temperature data on the Chang–Zhu–Tan (CZT) urban agglomeration in China in 2006, 2010, 2016, and 2020 to analyze the impact of climate change on the land surface temperature (LST) under different land-cover types. The results illustrate that the LCZ map generated on the basis of the improved World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) is more accurate and efficient than the traditional method. The accuracy is increased by more than 15%. From 2006 to 2020, the main built-up types in the CZT urban agglomeration were the sparsely built, the large low-rise, and the compact mid-rise types. The low-plant type represents the most significant proportion of the natural types, followed by the water and the dense-tree types. The built-up types in the CZT urban agglomeration tend to be the high-rise, dense, and industrial types. Urban construction land is taken mainly from the sparsely built type of land. The average LST of the large low-rise and heavy-industry zones is significantly higher than the average LST of the three cities. The average LST values for the water and dense-tree zones are significantly lower than the other average LST values. The LST is stable in each LCZ, showing little correlation with the size of the LCZ area. Compact low-rise land use is ineffective against climate warming and inhibits economic growth. Compact high-rise and open high-rise land can not only effectively deal with climate warming but can also significantly stimulate economic growth. This paper helps us to understand the effect of land cover on climate warming and the economic benefits of LCZs in the CZT urban agglomeration and provides strategies to optimize the use of land resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This work assesses and compares the respective economic effects of the same amount of production or investment in the natural gas supply sector in South Korea and Japan. This study examines the role of the natural gas supply sector in the national economy by applying input–output analysis to South Korea and Japan. Specifically, the production-inducing effect, value-added creation effect, wage-inducing effect, employment-inducing effect, supply shortage effect, and price-inducing effect were analyzed using an input–output table of South Korea and Japan. As a result, the production-inducing effect, value-added creation effect, and employment-inducing effect of same investment amount in the natural gas supply sector were greater in Japan than in South Korea. On the other hand, the wage-inducing effect of an investment of USD 1 in the natural gas supply sector was found to be greater in South Korea than in Japan. In addition, the supply shortage effect and price-inducing effect in the natural gas supply sector were greater in South Korea than in Japan. The causes of differences in analysis results for each country and their implications were discussed. The results of this study could be a useful reference for the government to establish policies related to natural gas supply in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE PURPOSE. Development of a methodology for conducting a feasibility study when using a soft start system based on a current inverter for high-voltage electric motors of pumping units of irrigation pumping stations of the first lift.METHODS. Research and calculations were carried out in accordance with the algorithm for compiling the energy balance of pumping units, as well as using the analysis of statistical data.RESULTS. A feasibility study is presented for the feasibility of introducing soft start systems for irrigation pumping stations of the first lift, where, as a rule, powerful synchronous electric motors are installed. A method for determining the economic efficiency of systems or soft starters for electric drives of pumping stations is proposed. The rational use of an alternative soft starter based on a current inverter is substantiated.CONCLUSION. Determining the economic efficiency of introducing soft starters remains a difficult task, since the operating conditions of facilities require taking into account various influencing factors that are not always amenable to accurate assessment. This is the problem of developing a universal methodology for assessing the economic efficiency of introducing soft starters. The proposed methodology for determining the economic efficiency of such systems, based on known methods, complements and simplifies the process of calculations and computational algorithms.

Voluntary carbon market has become a key mechanism of stimulating carbon emission mitigation actions globally. In this study, we calculate the emission reduction potential of Carbon Generalized System of Preferences (CGSP), a dominated voluntary carbon trading mechanism in China, including on-going projects of forestry carbon sinks, waste clothes reuse, installation of distributed photovoltaic power generation system, and usage of energy-conserving devices, as well as other extended methods for their future mitigation potentials. We employ a computable general equilibrium model to delve into the effects of CGSP mechanism on carbon price, economic growth and household consumption, assessing its impact on the equitability of social welfares between urban and rural residents during 2021–2060. Our results indicate that employing the current methods for CGSP would lead to around 5.0 Mt CO 2 reduction annually. since 2018, whereas adopting the extended methods would yield reductions of 157.1 Mt. Promoting forestry carbon sinks and energy-conserving appliances offers the most prominent emission reduction, while low-carbon travel shows the biggest potential going forward. CGSP will loosen carbon constraints on industries in the market and result in a lower carbon price, reducing the economic cost of carbon trading without compromising China's carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Supplementing CGSP could reduce the GDP loss by up to 0.2 trillion Yuan by 2030 and 0.9 trillion Yuan by 2060, compared to the sole operation of compliance carbon trading market. Provided fiscal stimulus policies, CGSP will further reduce GDP loss by 1.1 trillion Yuan in 2060. Different fiscal stimulus scenarios have a strong implication on welfares of urban and rural residents, wherein monetary equivalent incentive will reduce urban-rural income gap by up to 718 Yuan/capita in 2060. [Display omitted] • China's voluntary carbon trading (CGSP) brings 157.1 Mt. carbon reduction per year • Supplementing CGSP into carbon market reduces GDP losses and mitigates costs of industries • CGSP of forestry carbon sinks and energy-conserving appliances offers the biggest emission reduction so far. • Implementing fiscal stimulus policies boosts residents' income and narrow the urban-rural gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce energy losses in Iraq's networks with a voltage of 400-132 kV, simulation of modes and optimization of voltage and reactive power in the RastrWin3 software package were performed according to the data of the SCADA. As a result of optimization of the maximum load flow, the total active power losses decreased by 12,7 % - from 517 to 451 MW, and of the minimum load flow by 7,04 % - from 229.7 to 213.5 MW, which corresponds to an annual reduction in energy losses by 385 million kWh or annual savings of 21 million US dollars. It is shown that the main effect is achieved by reducing losses in 132 kV lines. It is established that the network Q/V optimization module in the RastrWin3 does not take into account the change in transformer no-load losses and corona losses in overhead lines in the optimized function, which requires additional research to study their impact on optimization results.

High-speed rail (HSR) is an important form of transportation that affects the economic development of the regional spatial structure. However, there is less discussion about the impact of economically underdeveloped regions and the rapid construction of HSR on the region. This study uses a spatial econometric model to explore whether a rapidly formed high-speed rail network with changes in the network structure can bring economic effects based on the spatio-temporal panel data on high-speed rail construction and economic development in western China from 2015 to 2020. First, data of the daily departures between high-speed rail cities were used to analyze the western high-speed rail network's spatial and temporal evolution characteristics. Second, we analyzed the changes in the centrality, external and internal connectivity, and transfer potential of the economic gap of the western HSR network. Finally, we analyzed the different economic effects of the HSR network structure by combining the Cobb–Douglas production function with the spatial econometric model. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The HSR network in western China is dense at the intra-provincial HSR network; then it expands along the cross-provincial region; and is gradually embedded in the national HSR network, forming a figure-8-shaped spatial structure. (2) In the rapid expansion and densification of the HSR network in western China, connectivity takes precedence, and dominance and control are then increased. The external connectivity of the western HSR city network develops first and shows fluctuating growth, while the internal connectivity improves relatively slowly. (3) The connectivity, convenience of transit, transshipment capacity, and internal and external connection structure of the HSR network all contribute to the economic development of western cities. The transfer potential of economic gaps is detrimental to their economic development but has a positive effect on adjacent cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors have determined the economic effect of the introduction of computer-aided design systems for technological preparation processes in the machine-building industry. The research methodology is based on scientific heuristic methods and methods of functional analysis. The consolidated technical and economic indicators of the implementation of CAD TP were obtained, such as the average operating time of the system, the cost of CAD, capital investments, annual operating costs, the expected annual economic effect, the coefficient of economic efficiency, payback period. A methodology has been developed for calculating the economic effect from the introduction of CAD of technological processes, which differs from the methods by the lack of comparability of options for the identity of the results in the form of specific products. The author's vision of the terms of the economic effect from the introduction of CAD TP at mechanical engineering enterprises is proposed. The presented calculation method can be used in practice to determine the effectiveness of the creation and implementation of applied software products. The practical significance of the study lies in the adaptation of the software developed by the authors at machine-building enterprises. In the course of the research, the software was successfully tested and adapted, which is confirmed by the received certificates of implementation and title deeds. The duration of work during the technological preparation of those solved manually is 3.5 times longer than when working on a computer.

In the context of today’s society, intellectual property rights are an important source of economic benefits. When the infringement of these rights is done with regard to products or substances that also potentially endanger the environment and human health, research on these infringements becomes imperatively necessary. This paper highlights the dual effect of infringing intellectual property rights in the field of pesticides (both in economic and environmental terms, and on human health) and it draws attention to the need for multidisciplinary research to raise awareness among potential producers and users of such products.

Digital transformation is a way of doing business that uses information and digital technologies. Readiness of companies for internal and external changes related to digitalization is called digital maturity. The research is devoted to the dynamics of growth of digital maturity of organizations in the Russian Federation and current methods of its assessment. The concept of assessing the digital maturity of economic systems as a stage in the implementation of digital transformation of the economy is revealed. The main directions of digital transformation in the country are highlighted and characterized. The dynamics of the level of digitalization and innovation implementation in Russian business in 2018-2020 are evaluated. A comparative analysis of methods for assessing digital maturity is carried out. Based on the results of the study, the prospects for further research in the field of digital maturity assessment are identified, and the main directions and obstacles to the digital transformation of the economy are formulated.

This paper presents technological innovations based on new hydraulic insulating materials, the use of which in reservoir construction will essentially reduce construction costs by up to half. New polymer-mineral based waterproofing materials N1 and PMM can be used to construct inexpensive reservoirs. In particular, a thoroughly mixed mixture of soil taken from the bottom of a reservoir or other substrate with PMM material at a ratio of 30 grams PMM to one kg of the substrate, laid on the bottom of the reservoir with a thickness of at least 10 cm, and tamped down to a layer of 7 cm or less, will withstand at least 2.5-3 atm pressure of water column. A similar result can be obtained if a 5 cm thick layer of N1 material is laid on the reservoir bottom, together with pebbles to reduce the cost of the proposed solution.

The growing demand for freight and passenger transportation and the growing interest of the population in improving the speed, quality and safety of transportation require a new approach to the development of the railway complex, taking into account systemic trends in Russia and the global economy. In the longer term, it is necessary to reduce the transport costs of the national economy, ensure the accessibility of transport to entities, increase the competitiveness of transport services and solve the systemic problem of increasing the speed of freight and passenger trains. In recent years Russia has been discussing the development of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, which in Soviet times was a grandiose construction project of the era and an embodiment of the country’s power. However, there are a number of problems related to the weak socio-economic development of the regions. The Baikal-Amur Mainline was a grandiose construction project of the era and the epitome of the country’s power. The article pays particular attention to the further development of the Baikal-Amur Mainline.

Addressing issues related to the economic efficiency of biostimulants in agriculture meets the needs of farmers and consumer requirements. The urgency of this study is also determined by its compliance with the priorities of the European Union for the new CAP 2021+, in accordance with the national priorities for healthy food. Increasing plant productivity can be achieved, on the one hand, through genetics and selection, as well as through the management of physiological and biochemical processes through the use of growth regulators, on the other hand. The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic efficiency of biostimulants used in agriculture. The economic efficiency of the various biostimulants is established by solving the problem with the production structure of the agricultural holding. To establish the economic efficiency of the various biostimulants, an economic-mathematical model based on linear optimization has been developed. The results of preliminary studies show that in assessing the impact of biological substances it is necessary to take into account not only the increase in profitability and profit of a particular crop but also whether the profit of the farm as a whole has increased.

The aim of the work was to study the influence of rhizobacteria, arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi and their combination on alfalfa seed productivity and the economic effect of their use. The research was conducted during 2018−2020 in a three-factor field experiment under different conditions of moisture (irrigated and non-irrigated) and three varieties of alfalfa under inoculation with bacterial and fungal preparations at the experimental field of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of the NAAS, located in the steppe zone of Southern Ukraine. In the first year of the life of the herbaceous plant, the seed yield under irrigation was 187.0 kg/ha, which was 83.5 kg/ha more than under natural irrigation conditions. Alfalfa cultivars also differed in seed yield. The minimum seed yield was obtained on the control variant (without inoculation) with irrigation - 147.9 kg/ha in the Unitro variety, 180.6 kg/ha in the Elehiya variety and 161.8 kg/ha in the Luyiza variety, while without irrigation 79 .9, 106.5 and 89.0 kg/ha, respectively. The highest seed yield was obtained by complex (AMF and Sinorhizobium) seed inoculation with Drugs 2 and 4. In the sum of two years, the lowest seed yield was also obtained by the control option (without inoculation) and amounted to 588.5 kg/ha when irrigated in the Unitro variety, of the Elehiya variety - 695.9 and 631.9 in the Luyiza variety, under natural moisture conditions - 386.5, 463.8 and 417.3 kg/ha, respectively. The highest seed productivity under complex inoculation (Drug 2 and Drug 4), which amounted to 715.7–725.7 kg/ha with irrigation in the Unitro variety, 842.2–864.0 kg/ha in the Elehiya variety and 769.9– 780.5 kg/ha in the Luyiza variety, while under conditions of natural moisture – 451.5–454.1 kg/ha, 534.9–547.2 and 485.4–488.0 kg/ha, respectively. The best indicators of economic efficiency were obtained with irrigation, namely the cost price was 1.30 €/kg, conditional net profit – 1,775.40 €/ha. The highest seed productivity was characterized by the Elehiya variety, which, when irrigated, had a seed cost of 1.19 €/kg, conditional net profit of 2,008.36 €/ha, under conditions of natural moisture 1.21 and 1,297.60, respectively. Among the inoculants, the lowest cost price and the largest conditional net profit were obtained with the use of drug 2, which amounted to 1.30 €/kg and 1,779.09 €/ha for irrigation in the Unitro variety, 1.10 €/kg and 2,288.00 for the Elehiya variety €/ha and 1.21 €/kg and 1,980.88 €/ha in the Luyiza variety. Under conditions of natural moisture, the values of these indicators in alfalfa varieties were: 1.39 and 1,074.06, 1.16 and 1,416.63 and 1.29 €/kg and 1,198.69 €/ha, respectively. Inoculation of seeds with fungal and bacterial drugs contributed to the increase of seed productivity, regardless of the year of life of the grass stand, variety and moisture conditions. However, the highest seed yield, and correspondingly the lowest cost and the highest profit, was obtained by complex (AMF and Sinorhizobium) seed inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the feasibility of an integrated approach to the implementation of measures for the restoration and modernization of housing stock and heat supply objects. On the conditional example of heat supply of a heated quarter (which means a small number of residential buildings to be heated, a local boiler room and local distribution heat networks), various modernization options are considered: separate thermal modernization of buildings, modernization of heating networks, modernization of the boiler room, and options for simultaneous modernization of all elements of the chain: production-supply-consumption of heat energy (complex modernization of the heated district). It is proved that precisely a comprehensive modernization, which involves a simultaneous production, coordinated in terms of time and volumes, supply and consumption of heat, is an effective instrument for improving efficiency in the sphere of heat supply and heat consumption. The complexity of modernization in this example involves thermal modernization of buildings in the heated district (with a decrease in heat consumption by 40%) with the simultaneous modernization of heat transmission networks (with a decrease in heat loss when supplied from 20% to 5%) and modernization of the boiler room (with an increase in the efficiency quotient of boiler equipment from 88% to 93%). The implementation of such a project is economically feasible for all participants: consumers reduce the cost of paying for heat supply services by 49%, and the supplier and producer of heat with a slight (up to 6%) increase in heating tariffs provide break-even activities and receive a larger investment resource in the form of a larger amount of depreciation. At the national level, the proposed mass complex modernization of heated districts can almost halve the consumption of natural gas by municipal heat and power engineering and to the same extent reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. In addition, it becomes possible to significantly reduce the amount of subsidies from the budget for the payment of housing and communal services by the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For farmers, the more fragile the state of the ecology becomes, the more their awareness of the need for environmental protection grows. China’s Grain for Green Project (G.G.P.) policy of returning farmland to forests and grassland, as an external shock to the environment, has sparked people’s ecological aspirations. Many people have noticed the phenomenon of ecosystem degradation and overlapping poverty. Analyzing the environmental and income changes brought about by the G.G.P., and this study considers farmers’ self-selection problems due to their lack of subjective thinking regarding this initiative. Our study aims to fill this gap by using a forest–grass model to assess the level of farmers’ ecological aspirations in ecologically vulnerable areas of Xinjiang, China. This article is based on aspiration theory and a theoretical model assessing the economic impact of ecological aspiration on the G.G.P. in China. The results show that farmers’ ecological aspirations can increase their enthusiasm to participate in the G.G.P. Under counterfactual conditions, participation in the G.G.P. initially reduces farmers’ total income to a certain extent; however, in the long run, it can significantly increase the total income of farmers. When the intermediary effect is used to analyze the economic effect of ecological aspiration on returning farmland to forest, it is found that farmers’ ecological aspirations affect household income by influencing income expectations. Our findings have essential practical implications and provide an important reference for consolidating poverty alleviation efforts and effectively promoting rural revitalization. In addition, the results suggest a way to achieve the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, and it is necessary for building environmental-friendly regions.

The article proposes an effective mechanism for managing the renewal of fixed assets of textile industry enterprises, taking into account the industry features of the production of digital textiles on the basis of an information and analytical platform.The theoretical and methodological foundations of the system approach have been tested on the processes of managing the renewal of fixed assets and their financing in Public Joint Stock Company “Mogotex”. The innovation and investment project for the renovation of finishing production is based on the results of an analytical study, reasonable parameters and criteria, which makes it possible to create the framework of Industry 4.0 and the basis for industrial scientific and technological integration within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Mart 2011’de Suriye’de meydana gelen savaş neticesinde ülkelerini terk edip komşu ülkelere sığınan Suriyelilerin en çok tercih ettiği ülkelerden biri de Türkiye’dir. Savaşın uzun süre devam etmesinin de etkisiyle ülkemizde hızla artan Suriyeli sayısı sosyal, siyasal, ekonomik ve kültürel olarak birçok açıdan ülkemizi etkilemiştir. Bu çalışmamızda tekstil şehri olarak bilinen Denizli iline sığınan geçici koruma altındaki Suriyelilerin Denizli’ye etkileri ekonomik yönden analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmamızın sonucunda, Suriyelilerin olumsuz vergi algısına neden olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bununla beraber kamu harcamalarını, kayıt dışılığı ve işsizliği artırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca kadınların ve eğitim seviyesi yüksek olan katılımcıların Geçici Koruma Altındaki Suriyelilerin çalışma hayatına katılımlarını daha çok destekledikleri tespit edilmiştir.

The current paper has presented the results of the estimation of productivity of the winter wheat varieties ‘Krasa Dona’, ‘Polina’ and ‘Yubiley Dona’ when using liquid complex fertilizers ‘Strada N + Mono Sulfur (S)’, ‘Strada P + Mono Sulfur (S)’ and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’. The treatment of winter wheat plants was carried out in the form of foliar top-dressings in the stages of tillering and stem extension. The study was carried out on the basis of the FSBSI “Agri- cultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2019-2020. The trials were laid in the crop rotation of the laboratory for primary seed production and seed study. The purpose was to study the effect of liquid complex fertilizers on the productivity of the studied winter wheat varieties. When using fertilizers for all varieties, there was a tendency to an increase in the density of the productive stand on 18-61 pcs/m2 in comparison with the control. The variety ‘Krasa Dona’ showed the best indicators of the traits ‘number of grains per head’, ‘grain weight per head’ and ‘1000 grain weight’ being fertilized with ‘Strada N + S’ (43 pcs., 2.19 g and 45.7 g) and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (46 pcs., 2.30 g and 46.5 g). The variety ‘Polina’ showed good results after being treated with ‘Strada P + S’ (48 pcs., 2.30 g and 42.1 g) and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (51 pcs., 2.43 g and 42.4 g). The variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ showed the greatest increase of the trait ‘number of grains’ with the fertilizer ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’. The trait ‘1000 grains weight’ had an increase of 2.3 g, and ‘grain weight per head’ was 0.29 g. The treatment with fertilizers did not affect the trait ‘plant height’. The highest productivity of the variety ‘Krasa Dona’ was obtained when being fertilized with ‘Strada N + S’ (9.4 t / ha) and ‘Diforma Silicon-potassium’ (9.5 t/ha); the productivity of the variety ‘Polina’ increased after ‘Strada P + S’ (8.8 t/ha) and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (9.1 t/ha), and the productivity of the variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ increased after ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (8.9 t/ha). The maximum economic effect (19080 rubles/ha) with 9.5 t/ha of productivity was obtained from the variety ‘Krasa Dona’ after the treatment with the fertilizer ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’. The experimental results have shown that the use of complex fertilizers has a positive effect on the productivity of winter wheat plants.

The purpose of the paper is to develop a system of indicators and parameters for assessing the quality of business strategy in international trade based on analysis of the effectiveness of export-import operations, which are evaluated and analysed by managers in developing and implementing business strategies for effective management decisions to expand foreign markets. Methodology. There were used general scientific and special research methods. Assessing the quality of the company’s business strategy in international trade when planning to enter or expand foreign markets was based on economic comparative analysis and grouping, synthesis and formalization. Using the method of coefficients, structural analysis and analytical comparison, groups of indicators are proposed for analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of business strategy in export and import operations. Economic and mathematical modelling, scientific abstraction, systems analysis contributed to the development of economic parameters for assessing the quality of business strategy in international trade. Results. It is established that the assessment of the quality of the business strategy of the enterprise in international trade should be calculated not only taking into account absolute, relative, structural indicators, but also efficiency indicators. Groups of indicators for analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of export and import operations that can be used in management activities are proposed. To determine the quality of business strategy in international trade, the feasibility of using the main block of efficiency indicators such as: direct effect of exports/imports, comparative effect of exports/imports, the level of efficiency of exports/imports, and supplementing the block of indicators characterizing economic efficiency (end result) of the business strategy in international trade. An individual approach to the formation of each enterprise’s own system of economic parameters for assessing the quality of business strategy in international trade, taking into account such basic parameters as assessing the scope of achieving business strategy goals, the importance of information data on business strategy assessment, timing of business assessment - strategies, technical and methodological level of evaluation, novelty of the received information for adjustment of business strategy. Practical implications. Formation of a methodological approach to the assessment of such qualitative characteristics of business strategy in international trade as efficiency and effectiveness, determination of basic economic parameters of its evaluation system. Value / originality. The proposed groups of indicators and parameters for assessing the quality of business strategy in international trade can be used in management to confirm the effectiveness of strategic directions of business development and to counteract the making of intuitive decisions by top management in this area.

Using additives with water absorbing characteristics enables us to increase the amount of water in natural basins and significantly decrease the amount of water for agricultural usage. Despite various additives already existing, they are yet to be commonly used due to high cost price, complex technology, toxic impact and instability in biological and atmospheric conditions. However, the «Natlen» composite, which is anaturally based additive, is ecologically safe. It has a long shelf life, is cheap and provides high antifiltering rates. The composite is eruptive with dispersity of any type and is jelly when boosted. In an antifiltering layer it never cracks under static and dynamic influences. It has no seam and is resistant to aggressive liquids. It is ecologically safe. «Natlen» composite is recommended for building water basins in pastures, where it can particularly be used to satisfy the demand for drinking water for cattle.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic ripple effects caused by the supply-side reforms on China's steel industry. To this end, using the 2012 and the 2017 China Input–Output Tables, this study analyzes the economic ripple effect of the Chinese steel industry caused by its supply-side reform. In this study, the influence coefficients (rear-linked effect) and the sensitivity coefficients (forward-linked effect), conceptualized by Leontief, are used as research tools to analyze the ripple effects of the Chinese steel industry. The analysis results are as follows. First, the fact that 2012 ranked high in professional equipment and meter manufacturing shows that the Chinese government's supply-side reforms are effective and creating the required shift from traditional manufacturing to qualitative growth. Second, in terms of the sensitivity coefficient, in 2012, most of the top industries contributed significantly to the development of the Chinese economy. The originality of this study is as follows. The input production analysis used in this paper is a methodology mainly used in the steel, coal, automobile, and petrochemical industries, which clearly distinguishes the front and rear industries. Additionally, this study is a novel attempt at comparative research on the Chinese steel industry between 2012 and 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]