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The Julia Creek dunnart, Sminthopsis douglasi, is a small, threatened carnivorous marsupial occurring in scattered populations in the grasslands of central and northwestern Queensland, Australia. The distribution of the species is largely unknown due to sporadic survey efforts and its historically low detection using traditional live trapping methods. There is an urgent need to determine the best methods of detection to optimise survey methodologies and more effectively manage species conservation efforts. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of live (Elliott) traps, baited white flash camera traps and thermal imagery binocular surveying for detecting S. douglasi. We deployed 40 white flash camera traps at two sites in Bladensburg National Park (south of Winton), where the species is known to occur, for three consecutive periods between June and November 2022. Four comparative sessions of live trapping were undertaken between April and August 2022 at the same locations. During the live trapping periods, a total of 12 nights of surveying were conducted with thermal imagery binoculars in a preliminary assessment of the technique. The total live trapping effort was 3600 trap nights (approximately 700 trap nights per site in each trapping event). Live trapping resulted in 12 detections of individual S. douglasi from 19 total captures. The highest trap success on a given trapping session was 1.71%, and overall trap success from both sites across all sessions was 0.53%. In comparison, baited camera traps (deployed facing the ground at 70 cm range) took 1,269,884 images over 5383 trap nights. There were 11 confirmed images of S. douglasi, on three individual occasions, which represented 2.10% of all small mammal captures and just 0.0009% of the total images. Four species of small mammals were detected using camera traps, whereas live trapping detected only two species. No small mammals were detected on any of the 12 thermal binocular surveys. Overall, our study highlights the comparative high utility of traditional live trapping for detecting S. douglasi. This research provides a framework for ongoing monitoring of the Bladensburg National Park population. It will be more broadly beneficial for informing the best detection techniques of S. douglasi in ongoing work investigating the overall distribution of the species. Similar studies assessing multiple detection methods for small terrestrial mammals have shown an advantage of white flash camera traps compared to other traditional detection techniques. Our contrasting results serve as a reminder that the utility of different techniques for detecting small mammals is best assessed on a species‐by‐species basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a variety of diagnostic approaches, including RT-qPCR, RAPID, and LFA, have been adopted, with RT-qPCR emerging as the gold standard. However, a significant challenge in COVID-19 diagnostics is the wide range of symptoms presented by patients, necessitating early and accurate diagnosis for effective management. Although RT-qPCR is a precise molecular technique, it is not immune to false-negative results. In contrast, CRISPR-based detection methods for SARS-CoV-2 offer several advantages: they are cost-effective, time-efficient, highly sensitive, and specific, and they do not require sophisticated instruments. These methods also show promise for scalability, enabling diagnostic tests. CRISPR technology can be customized to target any genomic region of interest, making it a versatile tool with applications beyond diagnostics, including therapeutic development. The CRISPR/Cas systems provide precise gene targeting with immense potential for creating next-generation diagnostics and therapeutics. One of the key advantages of CRISPR/Cas-based therapeutics is the ability to perform multiplexing, where different sgRNAs or crRNAs can target multiple sites within the same gene, reducing the likelihood of viral escape mutants. Among the various CRISPR systems, CRISPR/Cas13 and CARVER (Cas13-assisted restriction of viral expression and readout) are particularly promising. These systems can target a broad range of single-stranded RNA viruses, making them suitable for the diagnosis and treatment of various viral diseases, including SARS-CoV-2. However, the efficacy and safety of CRISPR-based therapeutics must be thoroughly evaluated in pre-clinical and clinical settings. While CRISPR biotechnologies have not yet been fully harnessed to control the current COVID-19 pandemic, there is an optimism that the limitations of the CRISPR/Cas system can be overcome soon. This review discusses how CRISPR-based strategies can revolutionize disease diagnosis and therapeutic development, better preparing us for future viral threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 is an RNA virus belonging to the SARS family of viruses and includes a wide range of symptoms along with effects on other body organs in addition to the respiratory system. The high speed of transmission, severe complications, and high death rate caused scientists to focus on this disease. Today, many different investigation types are performed on COVID-19 from various points of view in the literature. This review summarizes most of them to provide a useful guideline for researchers in this field. After a general introduction, this review is divided into three parts. In the first one, various transmission ways COVID-19 are classified and explained in detail. The second part reviews the used biological samples for the detection of virus and the final section describes the various methods reported for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in various biological matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), caused by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), is a prevalent infectious disease in swine. Timely detection and isolation of pigs infected with this virus are among the most effective strategies to prevent the disease's spread and mitigate potential economic damage. We have established a set of RT-qPCR detection methods for FMDV, which offer significant advantages. Notably, this detection method can effectively identify foot-and-mouth disease virus even in the presence of both exogenous and endogenous interfering substances. Furthermore, it exhibits high sensitivity, strong specificity, and good repeatability, enabling 100% detection of FMDV. The global livestock industry is facing a serious threat from a widespread foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) epidemic. The timely detection of FMDV can significantly mitigate its harmful effects. This study aimed to establish and evaluate a TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR assay to assess its sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and stability. The standard curve equation range is 6.43 × 109–6.43 × 101 copies/µL, with an R2 value of 0.996 and a standard curve equation of y = −3.586x + 36.245. The method successfully detected 64.3 copies/µL of the target gene for FMDV and exhibited high specificity for FMDV. Repeatability tests demonstrated low coefficients of variation within and between groups (<2%), indicating good reproducibility. The clinical samples analyzed using this method showed results consistent with those of the SYBR Green I RT-qPCR assay, confirming the reliability of the method. Overall, the developed test method displayed high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and stability, making it suitable for the rapid diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that depends on the interaction of light, photosensitizers, and oxygen. The photon absorption and energy transfer process can lead to the Type II photochemical reaction of the photosensitizer and the production of singlet oxygen (1O2), which strongly oxidizes and reacts with biomolecules, ultimately causing oxidative damage to the target cells. Therefore, 1O2 is regarded as the key photocytotoxic species accountable for the initial photodynamic reactions for Type II photosensitizers. This article will provide a comprehensive review of 1O2 properties, 1O2 production, and 1O2 detection in the PDT process. The available 1O2 data of regulatory-approved photosensitizing drugs will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Hepatitis E is recognized as a significant zoonotic disease burden in China, with the hepatitis E virus (HEV) identified as the etiological agent responsible for this disease. HEV exhibits no specific host tropism, which facilitates its transmission among various mammalian species, including humans, pigs, cattle, goats, and others. Currently, the availability of effective therapeutic agents and vaccines for HEV infection is limited. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of HEV, and the existing detection methods, is crucial for disease prevention and control. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on HEV in China, mainly focusing on detection strategies, molecular characteristics, and the prevalence of this pathogen in the human population and other susceptible species. This review will be useful to enhance public awareness of HEV and to accelerate disease control efforts in the future.

Whole-wheat foods are rich in various nutrients. Long-term consumption of whole-wheat foods can prevent chronic metabolic diseases, which has become a new trend in the healthy transformation of the grain industry. However, a standard system for whole-wheat foods is currently lacking, so product quality in the market is uneven. Consequently, developing a rapid and accurate method for authenticity identification and quantitative detection of whole-wheat foods is important for standardizing the market order. In this review, we briefly introduce the definition, standards and current detection status of whole-wheat foods, set forth the basis for the use of the whole wheat marker alkylresorcinols for the quality evaluation of whole-wheat foods, and summarize the quantitative detection methods of alkylresorcinols. Finally, we give an outlook on the future prospects and advantages of nanomaterials and bionics technology in the detection of whole-wheat foods, aiming to provide scientific references for the authenticity discrimination and quantitative analysis of whole-wheat foods.

Flavor substances endow foods with unique characteristics, which determine the aroma and taste sensory attributes of foods, directly affect food quality and reflect the characteristic quality and quality requirements of foods. Flavor substances play an important role in the research, production and consumption of foods, and deep research, development and utilization of flavor substances are important for the development of the food industry. In this paper, the definition and classification of flavor substances in foods are introduced, the synthesis mechanism of flavor substances through the fatty acid, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolic pathways are elucidated, and the detection methods of flavor substances and their applications in the food processing industry are reviewed. Finally, the limitations of flavor substance detection are discussed and an outlook on future directions in this field is given. We hope that this review will provide directions for the development and utilization of food flavor substances.

Abstract Salmonella, the prevailing zoonotic pathogen within the Enterobacteriaceae family, holds the foremost position in global bacterial poisoning incidents, thereby signifying its paramount importance in public health. Consequently, the imperative for expeditious and uncomplicated detection techniques for Salmonella in food is underscored. After more than two decades of development, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has emerged as a potent adjunct to the polymerase chain reaction, demonstrating significant advantages in the realm of isothermal amplification. Its growing prominence is evident in the increasing number of reports on its application in the rapid detection of Salmonella. This paper provides a systematic exposition of the technical principles and characteristics of LAMP, along with an overview of the research progress made in the rapid detection of Salmonella using LAMP and its derivatives. Additionally, the target genes reported in various levels, including Salmonella genus, species, serogroup, and serotype, are summarized, aiming to offer a valuable reference for the advancement of LAMP application in Salmonella detection. Finally, we look forward to the development direction of LAMP and expect more competitive methods to provide strong support for food safety applications.

Milk is an ideal environment for the growth of microorganisms, especially psychrotrophic bacteria, which can survive under cold conditions and produce heat-resistant enzymes. Psychrotrophic bacteria create the great problem of spoiling milk quality and safety. Several ways that milk might get contaminated by psychrotrophic bacteria include animal health, cowshed hygiene, water quality, feeding strategy, as well as milk collection, processing, etc. Maintaining the quality of raw milk is critically essential in dairy processing, and the dairy sector is still affected by the premature milk deterioration of market-processed products. This review focused on the recent detection and control strategies of psychrotrophic bacteria and emphasizes the significance of advanced sensing methods for early detection. It highlights the ongoing challenges in the dairy industry caused by these microorganisms and discusses future perspectives in enhancing milk quality through innovative rapid detection methods and stringent processing controls. This review advocates for a shift towards more sophisticated on-farm detection technologies and improved control practices to prevent spoilage and economic losses in the dairy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To classify and detect the type and content of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the soil surface layer, fluorescence spectrometry is commonly used. The experimental oils were selected from three common engine oils available in the market: Loxson L-CKC220 gear oil, APSIN 10W-40 engine oil and Jaguar 200 SF MA 15W-40 motorcycle oil. The fluorescence spectra of the oils were obtained using the fluorescence-induced technique, the spectral wavelengths were selected using a genetic algorithm (GA), and the detection models were constructed by combining RF (Random Forest), AdaBoost, and Gradient Enhanced Decision Tree (GBDT) regression algorithms for classification, identification, and concentration prediction analysis. The experimental results show that the average accuracy of classification and identification of gear oil, engine oil and motorcycle oil reach 83.9, 97.8, and 92.2%, respectively. Comparative analysis of the prediction results of the three concentration regression models shows that while all algorithms have high model prediction accuracy, GA combined with GBDT regression model has the best prediction performance for gear oils, engine oils and motorcycle oils, and improves the prediction accuracies by 62.7, 42.3, and 48.3% compared to the prediction accuracies of the wavelength selection without the use of GA, respectively. In summary, GA-based spectral wavelength selection combined with machine learning algorithms has high prediction accuracy and precision for the classification and prediction of motor oil contaminants in selected specific soils, and can be used as an effective detection method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) provide optimal conditions for the environmental spread of Legionella. As part of the Evaluation of Sanitary Risk Related to the Discharge of Wastewater to the Ground (SCA.Re.S) project, this study was conducted to evaluate the presence of Legionella in WWTP effluent and in groundwater samples collected from two wells located downstream from the plant. The samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of Legionella spp using the standard culture-based method and molecular techniques, followed by genomic sequencing analysis. Legionella was detected only with the molecular methods (except in one sample of effluent positive for L. pneumophila serogroup 6), which showed viable Legionella pneumophila and L. non-pneumophila through the use of free DNA removal solution in both the effluent and groundwater, with concentrations that progressively decreased downstream from the plant. Viable L. pneumophila appeared to be slightly more concentrated in warm months. However, no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) in concentrations between cold and warm months were observed. A genotypic analysis characterized the species present in the samples and found that uncultured Legionella spp, as yet undefined, constituted the prevalent species in all the samples (range 77.15–83.17%). WWTPs play an important role in the hygienic and sanitary quality of groundwater for different uses. The application of Legionella control systems during the purification of effluents is warranted to prevent possible outbreaks of legionellosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a highly potent and widely distributed ion-channel marine neurotoxin; it has no specific antidote and poses a great risk to human health. Therefore, detecting and quantifying TTX to effectively implement prevention strategies is important for food safety. The development of novel and highly sensitive, highly specific, rapid, and simple techniques for trace TTX detection has attracted widespread attention. This review summarizes the latest advances in the detection and quantitative analysis of TTX, covering detection methods based on biological and cellular sensors, immunoassays and immunosensors, aptamers, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. It further discusses the advantages and applications of various detection technologies developed for TTX and focuses on the frontier areas and development directions of TTX detection, providing relevant information for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Salmonella, the prevailing zoonotic pathogen within the Enterobacteriaceae family, holds the foremost position in global bacterial poisoning incidents, thereby signifying its paramount importance in public health. Consequently, the imperative for expeditious and uncomplicated detection techniques for Salmonella in food is underscored. After more than two decades of development, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has emerged as a potent adjunct to the polymerase chain reaction, demonstrating significant advantages in the realm of isothermal amplification. Its growing prominence is evident in the increasing number of reports on its application in the rapid detection of Salmonella. This paper provides a systematic exposition of the technical principles and characteristics of LAMP, along with an overview of the research progress made in the rapid detection of Salmonella using LAMP and its derivatives. Additionally, the target genes reported in various levels, including Salmonella genus, species, serogroup, and serotype, are summarized, aiming to offer a valuable reference for the advancement of LAMP application in Salmonella detection. Finally, we look forward to the development direction of LAMP and expect more competitive methods to provide strong support for food safety applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The concept of gene fusion describes the process of fusing two genes into one, which is closely linked to tumour occurrence and development and may even be the direct cause of some tumours. Due to their tumour‐specific expression and ability to drive tumour occurrence and development, there is great potential for fusion genes to be used as diagnostic markers and targets for specific types of tumours. Main body: Although many fusion genes have been detected so far, they mainly focus on a small number of highly recurrent fusion genes detected in patients' tumours. There are few studies on the functional mechanism and clinical relevance of rare gene fusions. Our review discusses the generation mechanisms, detection methods, biological functions, and mechanisms of action of fusion genes. Additionally, we discuss the clinical significance of fusion gene detection in some tumour types. Conclusion: The function mechanism research of rare gene fusion is very necessary, and more functions of fusion genes independent of unfused/normal genes can be explored in future studies. There is still a long way to go in implementing precision tumour therapy targeting gene fusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased interest in the development and integration of navigation and positioning services into a wide range of receivers makes them susceptible to a variety of security attacks such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) jamming and spoofing attacks. The availability of low-cost devices including software-defined radios (SDRs) provides a wide accessibility of affordable platforms that can be used to perform these attacks. Early detection of jamming and spoofing interferences is essential for mitigation and avoidance of service degradation. For these reasons, the development of efficient detection methods has become an important research topic and a number of effective methods has been reported in the literature. This survey offers the reader a comprehensive and systematic review of methods for detection of GNSS jamming and spoofing interferences. The categorization and classification of selected methods according to specific parameters and features is provided with a focus on recent advances in the field. Although many different detection methods have been reported, significant research efforts toward developing new and more efficient methods remain ongoing. These efforts are driven by the rapid development and increased number of attacks that pose high-security risks. The presented review of GNSS jamming and spoofing detection methods may be used for the selection of the most appropriate solution for specific purposes and constraints and also to provide a reference for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globally increasing contents of microplastics (MP) in ecosystems have become a serious environmental problem with far-reaching and at present unpredictable consequences for both aquatic life and human well-being. Until recently, most research on MP focused on marine ecosystems. Research on the occurrence of MP has lately started to focus on freshwater environments. This comprehensive and critical review examines the multifaceted problem of MP pollution in freshwater ecosystems, delving into its diverse sources, transport mechanisms, environmental impacts, detection methods, and mitigation strategies. The environmental impacts of MP pollution span a spectrum of impacts on aquatic life, food webs, and biodiversity in general. In addition, human health concerns have arisen due to potential exposures resulting from the consumption of contaminated freshwater and biological resources. The review summarizes analytical methods and technologies used to detect and quantify MP in freshwater samples, while recognizing the challenges and new innovations in this area. Mitigation and management strategies are explored, ranging from waste management and recycling initiatives to engineering solutions such as wastewater treatment and stormwater management. Legislative measures aimed at curbing MP pollution are also reviewed. Reviewed case studies highlight regional differences, and the unique challenges faced by different freshwater ecosystems. The review concludes by highlighting the urgent need for global awareness, further research, and coordinated action to address the growing problem of MP pollution in freshwater. As humanity faces this complex environmental challenge, interdisciplinary approaches, and international collaboration are essential for sustainable solutions and protection of freshwater ecosystems and health of the planet.

ABSTRACT The Julia Creek dunnart, Sminthopsis douglasi, is a small, threatened carnivorous marsupial occurring in scattered populations in the grasslands of central and northwestern Queensland, Australia. The distribution of the species is largely unknown due to sporadic survey efforts and its historically low detection using traditional live trapping methods. There is an urgent need to determine the best methods of detection to optimise survey methodologies and more effectively manage species conservation efforts. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of live (Elliott) traps, baited white flash camera traps and thermal imagery binocular surveying for detecting S. douglasi. We deployed 40 white flash camera traps at two sites in Bladensburg National Park (south of Winton), where the species is known to occur, for three consecutive periods between June and November 2022. Four comparative sessions of live trapping were undertaken between April and August 2022 at the same locations. During the live trapping periods, a total of 12 nights of surveying were conducted with thermal imagery binoculars in a preliminary assessment of the technique. The total live trapping effort was 3600 trap nights (approximately 700 trap nights per site in each trapping event). Live trapping resulted in 12 detections of individual S. douglasi from 19 total captures. The highest trap success on a given trapping session was 1.71%, and overall trap success from both sites across all sessions was 0.53%. In comparison, baited camera traps (deployed facing the ground at 70 cm range) took 1,269,884 images over 5383 trap nights. There were 11 confirmed images of S. douglasi, on three individual occasions, which represented 2.10% of all small mammal captures and just 0.0009% of the total images. Four species of small mammals were detected using camera traps, whereas live trapping detected only two species. No small mammals were detected on any of the 12 thermal binocular surveys. Overall, our study highlights the comparative high utility of traditional live trapping for detecting S. douglasi. This research provides a framework for ongoing monitoring of the Bladensburg National Park population. It will be more broadly beneficial for informing the best detection techniques of S. douglasi in ongoing work investigating the overall distribution of the species. Similar studies assessing multiple detection methods for small terrestrial mammals have shown an advantage of white flash camera traps compared to other traditional detection techniques. Our contrasting results serve as a reminder that the utility of different techniques for detecting small mammals is best assessed on a species‐by‐species basis.

Phospholipid is widely found in eggs, poultry, legume seeds and aquatic products, which is prone to oxidation degradation during food processing and storage. Moderate oxidation gives food a special flavor, while excessive oxidation will cause food quality deterioration and a decrease in food flavor. The oxidation of phospholipid could be influenced by light, temperature, and oxygen. Phospholipid oxidation is complex and gives rise to a wide range of products. When used singly, existing analytical techniques cannot accurately evaluate the level of phospholipid oxidation, and the regulation techniques for phospholipid oxidation have limitations from safety and economical perspectives. This paper gives an overview of the mechanism, detection and regulation techniques for the oxidative degradation of phospholipids, which will facilitate a systematic understanding of the oxidative degradation of phospholipids during the processing and storage of meat and aquatic products and may also provide a theoretical basis for regulating food flavor and improving food quality.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are carbon–fluorine compounds with widespread industrial and domestic use, posing potential toxicological risks to humans and ecosystems. Several analytical methods have been developed to assess the occurrence of PFASs in the environment, but a standardized method, applicable to all matrices, is still lacking. This paper reviews the extraction and chromatographic detection methods for PFAS assessment in environmental samples, considering parameters such as the LOD, LOQ, and recoveries. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is commonly used, showing high recovery rates for water, soil, and sediment samples using HBL and WAX polymeric sorbents (85–100% and 93–111.5%, respectively). LC-MS has demonstrated low LODs and LOQs in seawater (0.01–0.08 ng L−1; 0.03–0.24 ng L−1), marine sediment (0.002–0.018 ng g−1; 0.004–0.054 ng g−1), and dust (0.08–0.68 pg g−1; 0.26–2.25 pg g−1), indicating its sensitivity when detecting trace PFAS levels. Evaluating PFASs is crucial for the development of future removal strategies and risk assessments. Potential solutions including the use of PFAS substitutes and innovative adsorption techniques for their adsorption could present promise in reducing their environmental presence.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are carbon–fluorine compounds with widespread industrial and domestic use, posing potential toxicological risks to humans and ecosystems. Several analytical methods have been developed to assess the occurrence of PFASs in the environment, but a standardized method, applicable to all matrices, is still lacking. This paper reviews the extraction and chromatographic detection methods for PFAS assessment in environmental samples, considering parameters such as the LOD, LOQ, and recoveries. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is commonly used, showing high recovery rates for water, soil, and sediment samples using HBL and WAX polymeric sorbents (85–100% and 93–111.5%, respectively). LC-MS has demonstrated low LODs and LOQs in seawater (0.01–0.08 ng L−1; 0.03–0.24 ng L−1), marine sediment (0.002–0.018 ng g−1; 0.004–0.054 ng g−1), and dust (0.08–0.68 pg g−1; 0.26–2.25 pg g−1), indicating its sensitivity when detecting trace PFAS levels. Evaluating PFASs is crucial for the development of future removal strategies and risk assessments. Potential solutions including the use of PFAS substitutes and innovative adsorption techniques for their adsorption could present promise in reducing their environmental presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveillance data published since 2010, although limited, showed that there is no evidence of zoonotic parasite infection in market quality Atlantic salmon, marine rainbow trout, gilthead seabream, turbot, meagre, Atlantic halibut, common carp and European catfish. No studies were found for greater amberjack, brown trout, African catfish, European eel and pikeperch. Anisakis pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) and Cryptocotyle lingua were found in European seabass, Atlantic bluefin tuna and/or cod, and Pseudamphistomum truncatum and Paracoenogonimus ovatus in tench, produced in open offshore cages or flow‐through ponds or tanks. It is almost certain that fish produced in closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) or flow‐through facilities with filtered water intake and exclusively fed heat‐treated feed are free of zoonotic parasites. Since the last EFSA opinion, the UV‐press and artificial digestion methods have been developed into ISO standards to detect parasites in fish, while new UV‐scanning, optical, molecular and OMICs technologies and methodologies have been developed for the detection, visualisation, isolation and/or identification of zoonotic parasites in fish. Freezing and heating continue to be the most efficient methods to kill parasites in fishery products. High‐pressure processing may be suitable for some specific products. Pulsed electric field is a promising technology although further development is needed. Ultrasound treatments were not effective. Traditional dry salting of anchovies successfully inactivated Anisakis. Studies on other traditional processes – air‐drying and double salting (brine salting plus dry salting) – suggest that anisakids are successfully inactivated, but more data covering these and other parasites in more fish species and products is required to determine if these processes are always effective. Marinade combinations with anchovies have not effectively inactivated anisakids. Natural products, essential oils and plant extracts, may kill parasites but safety and organoleptic data are lacking. Advanced processing techniques for intelligent gutting and trimming are being developed to remove parasites from fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varying from other identified cell death pathways, cuproptosis is a new type of regulated cell death characterized by excess Cu ions, abnormal aggregation of lipoylated proteins in TCA cycle, loss of Fe-S cluster proteins, upregulation of HSP70, leading to proteotoxic and oxidative stress. Cuproptosis is highly concerned by scientific community and as the field of cuproptosis further develops, remarkable progress has been made in the verification and mechanism of cuproptosis, and methods used to detect cuproptosis have been continuously improved. According to the characteristic changes of cuproptosis, techniques based on cell death verification, Cu content, morphology, molecular biology of protein levels of cuproptosis-related molecules and biochemical pathways of cuproptosis-related enzyme activity and metabolites of oxidative stress, lipoic acid, TCA cycle, Fe-S cluster proteins, oxidative phosphorylation, cell respiration intensity have been subject to cuproptosis verification and research. In order to further deepen the understanding of detecting cuproptosis, the principle and application of common cuproptosis detection methods are reviewed and categorized in cellular phenomena and molecular mechanism in terms of cell death, Cu content, morphology, molecular biology, biochemical pathways with a flow chart. All the indicating results have been displayed in response to the markers of cuproptosis, their advantages and limitations are summaried, and comparison of cuproptosis and ferroptosis detection is performed in this study. Our collection of methods for cuproptosis detection will provide a great basis for cuproptosis verification and research in the future.

Abstract Background The concept of gene fusion describes the process of fusing two genes into one, which is closely linked to tumour occurrence and development and may even be the direct cause of some tumours. Due to their tumour‐specific expression and ability to drive tumour occurrence and development, there is great potential for fusion genes to be used as diagnostic markers and targets for specific types of tumours. Main body Although many fusion genes have been detected so far, they mainly focus on a small number of highly recurrent fusion genes detected in patients' tumours. There are few studies on the functional mechanism and clinical relevance of rare gene fusions. Our review discusses the generation mechanisms, detection methods, biological functions, and mechanisms of action of fusion genes. Additionally, we discuss the clinical significance of fusion gene detection in some tumour types. Conclusion The function mechanism research of rare gene fusion is very necessary, and more functions of fusion genes independent of unfused/normal genes can be explored in future studies. There is still a long way to go in implementing precision tumour therapy targeting gene fusion.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a highly potent and widely distributed ion-channel marine neurotoxin; it has no specific antidote and poses a great risk to human health. Therefore, detecting and quantifying TTX to effectively implement prevention strategies is important for food safety. The development of novel and highly sensitive, highly specific, rapid, and simple techniques for trace TTX detection has attracted widespread attention. This review summarizes the latest advances in the detection and quantitative analysis of TTX, covering detection methods based on biological and cellular sensors, immunoassays and immunosensors, aptamers, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. It further discusses the advantages and applications of various detection technologies developed for TTX and focuses on the frontier areas and development directions of TTX detection, providing relevant information for further investigations.

IntroductionThe emergence and resurgence of pathogens have led to significant global health challenges. Wastewater surveillance has historically been used to track water-borne or fecal-orally transmitted pathogens, providing a sensitive means of monitoring pathogens within a community. This technique offers a comprehensive, real-time, and cost-effective approach to disease surveillance, especially for diseases that are difficult to monitor through individual clinical screenings.MethodsThis narrative review examines the current state of knowledge on wastewater surveillance, emphasizing important findings and techniques used to detect potential pathogens from wastewater. It includes a review of literature on the detection methods, the pathogens of concern, and the challenges faced in the surveillance process.ResultsWastewater surveillance has proven to be a powerful tool for early warning and timely intervention of infectious diseases. It can detect pathogens shed by asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic individuals, providing an accurate population-level view of disease transmission. The review highlights the applications of wastewater surveillance in tracking key pathogens of concern, such as gastrointestinal pathogens, respiratory pathogens, and viruses like SARS-CoV-2.DiscussionThe review discusses the benefits of wastewater surveillance in public health, particularly its role in enhancing existing systems for infectious disease surveillance. It also addresses the challenges faced, such as the need for improved detection methods and the management of antimicrobial resistance. The potential for wastewater surveillance to inform public health mitigation strategies and outbreak response protocols is emphasized.ConclusionWastewater surveillance is a valuable tool in the fight against infectious diseases. It offers a unique perspective on the spread and evolution of pathogens, aiding in the prevention and control of disease epidemics. This review underscores the importance of continued research and development in this field to overcome current challenges and maximize the potential of wastewater surveillance in public health.

Amide alcohol drugs have a long half-life and are difficult to excrete through the metabolic process after entering the human body. Excessive amide alcohol drugs will cause serious harm to human organs. Therefore, China has formulated a strict maximum residue limit standard for amide alcohol drugs, in which chloramphenicol can’t be detected in all edible tissues. This review introduces the application of chromatography, mass spectrometry, electrochemical method, electrochemiluminescence method, immunoassay, fluorescence method and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy method in the detection of amide alcohol drugs in animal-origin foods, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are analyzed and new techniques for the detection of amidol alcohol drugs in the future are prospected.

Carp oedema virus (CEV) is a relatively understudied poxvirus. It exhibits an affinity for gill and skin epithelial cells. Investigations were conducted into selected aspects of CEV biology, with a focus on determining cell and tissue tropism of CEV, acquiring gene sequences and updating CEV tests in fish tissues.

Abstract Cronobacter sakazakii (Cz) infections linked with powdered milk/flour (PMF) are on the increase in recent times. The current study aimed at assessing worldwide and regional prevalence of Cz in PMF. Cz-PMF-directed data were conscientiously mined in four mega-databases via topic-field driven PRISMA protocol without any restriction. Bivariate analysis of datasets was conducted and then fitted to random-intercept logistic mixed-effects regressions with leave-one-study-out-cross-validation (LOSOCV). Small-study effects were assayed via Egger’s regression tests. Contributing factors to Cz contamination/detection in PMF were determined using 1000-permutation-bootstrapped meta-regressions. A total of 3761 records were found out of which 68 studies were included. Sample-size showed considerable correlation with Cz positivity (r = 0.75, p = 2.5e−17), Milkprod2020 (r = 0.33, p = 1.820e−03), and SuDI (r = − 0.30, p = 4.11e−03). The global prevalence of Cz in PMF was 8.39% (95%CI 6.06–11.51, PI: 0.46–64.35) with LOSOCV value of 7.66% (6.39–9.15; PI: 3.10–17.70). Cz prevalence in PMF varies significantly (p

The global livestock industry is facing a serious threat from a widespread foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) epidemic. The timely detection of FMDV can significantly mitigate its harmful effects. This study aimed to establish and evaluate a TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR assay to assess its sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and stability. The standard curve equation range is 6.43 × 109–6.43 × 101 copies/µL, with an R2 value of 0.996 and a standard curve equation of y = −3.586x + 36.245. The method successfully detected 64.3 copies/µL of the target gene for FMDV and exhibited high specificity for FMDV. Repeatability tests demonstrated low coefficients of variation within and between groups (

Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV) and melon yellow spot virus (MYSV) (Tospoviridae, Orthotospovirus) are responsible for silver mottle mosaic and yellow spot symptoms, posing threats to melon (Cucumis melo), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), and cucumber and leading to significant economic losses in China. Early disease detection and monitoring of these two viruses are necessary for disease management, for which a rapid, reliable, and adaptable diagnostic method is required. In this study, using a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) method, the conserved region of the nucleocapsid gene (N gene) sequence was detected in WSMoV and MYSV. The probes and primers for WSMoV and MYSV did not detect other relevant cucurbit viruses, and the specificity reached 100%. Although both qPCR and ddPCR exhibited good reproducibility, the reproducibility of ddPCR was better than that of qPCR. The reproducibility of ddPCR was proved to be 100%. Moreover, ddPCR exhibited a good linear correlation with varying concentrations of targets. The detection limits of WSMoV and MYSV in ddPCR were 18 and 9 copies/μL and were approximately 12- and 18-times more than those in qPCR, respectively. Finally, 62 samples collected from the field (including infected melon, watermelon, and weeds) were further evaluated for the presence of WSMoV and MYSV. The field samples exhibited 91.94% and 51.61% positivity rates in ddPCR assays for WSMoV and MYSV, respectively; the rates were higher than those in qPCR (59.68% and 43.39%, respectively). The results indicated that ddPCR has a higher accuracy than qPCR. Therefore, ddPCR could be used in the clinical diagnosis of early infections of WSMoV and MYSV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to establish a ddPCR method for the detection of WSMoV and MYSV. The application of this method for differential detection of MYSV and WSMoV will help in understanding the epidemics caused by these two important viruses and provide important information for the early detection, monitoring, and rapid extermination of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal environment is crucial for livestock production. Accurately detecting thermal environmental conditions enables the implementation of appropriate methods to control the thermal environment in livestock buildings. This study reviewed a comprehensive survey of detection and control methods for thermal environments in livestock buildings. The results demonstrated that temperature, humidity, velocity, and radiation are major elements affecting the thermal comfort of animals. For single thermal environmental parameters, the commonly employed detection methods include field experiments, scale models in wind tunnels, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, and machine learning. Given that thermal comfort for livestock is influenced by multiple environmental parameters, the Effective Temperature (ET) index, which considers varying proportions of different environmental parameters on the thermal comfort of livestock, is a feasible detection method. Environmental control methods include inlet and outlet configuration, water-cooled floors, installation of a deflector and perforated air ducting (PAD) system, sprinkling, etc. Reasonable inlet configuration increased airflow uniformity by more than 10% and decreased ET by more than 9 °C. Proper outlet configuration improved airflow uniformity by 25%. Sprinkling decreased the temperature by 1.1 °C. This study aims to build a comprehensive dataset for the identification of detection and control methods in research of the thermal environment of livestock buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal (HM)-induced stress can lead to the enrichment of HMs in plants thereby threatening people's lives and health via the food chain. For this reason, there is an urgent need for some reliable and practical techniques to detect and analyze the absorption, distribution, accumulation, chemical form, and transport of HMs in plants for reducing or regulating HM content. Not only does it help to explore the mechanism of plant HM response, but it also holds significant importance for cultivating plants with low levels of HMs. Even though this field has garnered significant attention recently, only minority researchers have systematically summarized the different methods of analysis. This paper outlines the detection and analysis techniques applied in recent years for determining HM concentration in plants, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), laser ablation-inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT) and omics and molecular biology approaches. They can detect the chemical forms, spatial distribution, uptake and transport of HMs in plants. For this paper, the principles behind these techniques are clarified, their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted, their applications are explored, and guidance for selecting the appropriate methods to study HMs in plants is provided for later research. It is also expected to promote the innovation and development of HMdetection technologies and offer ideas for future research concerning HM accumulation in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of buildings experiencing humidity problems and fungal growth appears to be increasing as energy-saving measures and changes in construction practices and climate become more common. Determining the cause of the problem and documenting the type and extent of fungal growth are complex processes involving both building physics and indoor mycology. New detection and identification methods have been introduced, and new fungal species have been added to the list of building-related fungi. However, the lack of standardised procedures and general knowledge hampers the effort to resolve the problems and advocate for an effective renovation plan. This review provides a framework for building inspections on current sampling methods and detection techniques for building-related fungi. The review also contains tables with fungal species that have been identified on commonly used building materials in Europe and North America (e.g., gypsum wallboard, oriented strand board (OSB), concrete and mineral wool). The most reported building-associated fungi across all materials are Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus versicolor. Chaetomium globosum is common on all organic materials, whereas Aspergillus niger is common on all inorganic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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People are increasingly turning to the use of herbal medicines (HMs) due to the growing trend of embracing nature and concerns about the adverse effects of conventional treatments. HMs provide a sense of safety because they are natural and intended for long-term use. However, herbal medicines are also associated with adverse effects. Furthermore, the use of these medicines poses dangers associated with the deliberate inclusion of synthetic substances, the intentional or accidental substitution of plant species, or simply the risk of mislabeling. While reports of illegal synthetic or pharmaceutical substances being added often involve herbal weight-loss and weight gain preparations, aphrodisiacs, treatments for rheumatic and inflammatory diseases, antidiabetic medications, and antihypertensive preparations, it appears that the substitution of plant species occurs across various categories of herbal medicines. This narrative aims to review the types of adulteration in herbal medicine, the analytical techniques used for detecting adulteration. In conclusion, more studies on the adulteration of HMs are required to inform health authorities and limit the use of these substances. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate and encourage regulatory policies on HMs on a worldwide scale. Relevant regulatory agencies all over the world must be proactive and keep enforcing the necessary safeguards to protect public health by ensuring that all herbal medications approved for sale are secure and of a high enough standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe study assessed the correlation and concordance of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in capillary and venous plasma collected simultaneously after vitamin D3 supplementation in 42 healthy adults. They were randomly divided into three groups by random number table method. Group A took 1,000 IU vitamin D3 daily, group B took 10,000 IU vitamin D3 every 10 days, and group C took 30,000 IU vitamin D3 every 30 days until the end of the 12th month. Venous blood serum 25(OH)D level was detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) at day 1, day 14, day 28, month 6, and month 12 respectively, the capillary blood serum 25(OH)D level was detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) at the same time. Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were employed to investigate the relationship and transformation equation between the findings of the two samples and the results obtained from different detection methods within the same sample. The Bland-Altman method, Kappa analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were utilized for assessing consistency, sensitivity, and specificity.ResultsThe three groups all reached a stable peak at 6 months, and the average levels of the three groups were 49.21, 42.50 and 43.025 nmol/L, respectively. The average levels of group A were higher than those of group B and group C (P < 0.001). The mean values of serum 25(OH)D measured by LC-MS and CLIA in 42 healthy adults were 45.32 nmol/L and 49.88 nmol/L, respectively, and the mean values of 25(OH)D measured by LC-MS in capillary blood were 52.03 nmol/L, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the linear fitting formula of scatter data was as follows: venous 25(OH)D concentration (nmol/L) = 1.105 * capillary 25(OH)D concentration −7.532 nmol/L, R2 = 0.625. Good agreement was observed between venous and corrected capillary 25(OH)D levels in clinical diagnosis (Kappa value 0.75). The adjusted serum 25(OH)D in capillary blood had a high clinical predictive value.ConclusionsThe agreement between the two methods is good when the measured 25(OH)D level is higher. Standardized capillary blood chemiluminescence method can be used for 25(OH)D detection.

Emerging contaminants (ECs) are a diverse group of unregulated pollutants increasingly present in the environment. These contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors, and industrial chemicals, can enter the environment through various pathways and persist, accumulating in the food chain and posing risks to ecosystems and human health. This comprehensive review examines the chemical characteristics, sources, and varieties of ECs. It critically evaluates the current understanding of their environmental and health impacts, highlighting recent advancements and challenges in detection and analysis. The review also assesses existing regulations and policies, identifying shortcomings and proposing potential enhancements. ECs pose significant risks to wildlife and ecosystems by disrupting animal hormones, causing genetic alterations that diminish diversity and resilience, and altering soil nutrient dynamics and the physical environment. Furthermore, ECs present increasing risks to human health, including hormonal disruptions, antibiotic resistance, endocrine disruption, neurological effects, carcinogenic effects, and other long-term impacts. To address these critical issues, the review offers recommendations for future research, emphasizing areas requiring further investigation to comprehend the full implications of these contaminants. It also suggests increased funding and support for research, development of advanced detection technologies, establishment of standardized methods, adoption of precautionary regulations, enhanced public awareness and education, cross-sectoral collaboration, and integration of scientific research into policy-making. By implementing these solutions, we can improve our ability to detect, monitor, and manage ECs, reducing environmental and public health risks.

This review focuses on changes in nutrition and functional properties of protein-rich foods, primarily attributed to alterations in protein structures. We provide a comprehensive overview and comparison of commonly used laboratory methods for protein structure identification, aiming to offer readers a convenient understanding of these techniques. The review covers a range of detection technologies employed in food protein analysis and conducts an extensive comparison to identify the most suitable method for various proteins. While these techniques offer distinct advantages for protein structure determination, the inherent complexity of food matrices presents ongoing challenges. Further research is necessary to develop and enhance more robust detection methods to improve accuracy in protein conformation and structure analysis.

Abstract Surveillance data published since 2010, although limited, showed that there is no evidence of zoonotic parasite infection in market quality Atlantic salmon, marine rainbow trout, gilthead seabream, turbot, meagre, Atlantic halibut, common carp and European catfish. No studies were found for greater amberjack, brown trout, African catfish, European eel and pikeperch. Anisakis pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) and Cryptocotyle lingua were found in European seabass, Atlantic bluefin tuna and/or cod, and Pseudamphistomum truncatum and Paracoenogonimus ovatus in tench, produced in open offshore cages or flow‐through ponds or tanks. It is almost certain that fish produced in closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) or flow‐through facilities with filtered water intake and exclusively fed heat‐treated feed are free of zoonotic parasites. Since the last EFSA opinion, the UV‐press and artificial digestion methods have been developed into ISO standards to detect parasites in fish, while new UV‐scanning, optical, molecular and OMICs technologies and methodologies have been developed for the detection, visualisation, isolation and/or identification of zoonotic parasites in fish. Freezing and heating continue to be the most efficient methods to kill parasites in fishery products. High‐pressure processing may be suitable for some specific products. Pulsed electric field is a promising technology although further development is needed. Ultrasound treatments were not effective. Traditional dry salting of anchovies successfully inactivated Anisakis. Studies on other traditional processes – air‐drying and double salting (brine salting plus dry salting) – suggest that anisakids are successfully inactivated, but more data covering these and other parasites in more fish species and products is required to determine if these processes are always effective. Marinade combinations with anchovies have not effectively inactivated anisakids. Natural products, essential oils and plant extracts, may kill parasites but safety and organoleptic data are lacking. Advanced processing techniques for intelligent gutting and trimming are being developed to remove parasites from fish.

The carcinogenic and teratogenic risks of nitrofurazone (NFZ) led to its restriction in aquatic products. Semicarbazide (SEM), one of its metabolites, is a primary focus of modern monitoring techniques. However, the SEM residue in aquatic products is believed to be formed through endogenous mechanisms, especially for aquatic crustaceans. In this article, we will discuss the source of SEM, including its usage as an antibiotic in aquatic products (nitrofurazone), its production during food processing (azodicarbonamide and hypochlorite treatment), its occurrence naturally in the body, and its intake from the environment. SEM detection techniques were divided into three groups: derivatization, extraction/purification, and analytical methods. Applications based on liquid chromatography and its tandem mass spectrometry, immunoassay, and electrochemical methods were outlined, as were the use of various derivatives and their assisted derivatization, as well as extraction and purification techniques based on liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. The difficulties of implementing SEM for nitrofurazone monitoring in aquatic products from crustaceans are also discussed. Possible new markers and methods for detecting them are discussed. Finally, the present research on monitoring illicit nitrofurazone usage through its metabolites is summarised, and potential problems that need to be overcome by continuing research are proposed with an eye toward giving references for future studies.

Electrophoresis-derived techniques for anti-SSA/Ro60 KDa (anti-SSA) antibodies detection have been progressively replaced by methods using non-native antigens. We aimed to compare the patients' phenotypes and the occurrence of extraglandular manifestations in primary Sjögren's syndrome according to the method used to detect anti-SSA antibodies. Sera from patients with a diagnosis of pSS according to ACR/EULAR 2016 criteria between 2008 and 2017 were tested for anti-SSA antibodies using methods with non-native antigens (magnetic bead multiplex assay; line immunoassays) and one with native antigens (counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE)). The population was split into three groups according to anti-SSA antibodies status: absence (SSA-), presence in any method except for CIE (SSA+CIE-), and presence in CIE (SSA+CIE+). The patients in the SSA+CIE+ group (n = 70, 42.7%) were ten years younger and presented more immunological activity compared with both the SSA- (n = 80, 48.8%) and SSA+CIE- groups (n = 14, 8.5%). The SSA- and SSA+CIE- groups were poorly distinct. The presence of anti-SSA antibodies solely in CIE was significantly associated with the occurrence of extraglandular manifestations of pSS (HR = 4.45 (2.35-8.42)). Contrary to CIE, methods using non-native antigens to detect anti-SSA antibodies were unable to predict the occurrence of systemic expression of pSS.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that depends on the interaction of light, photosensitizers, and oxygen. The photon absorption and energy transfer process can lead to the Type II photochemical reaction of the photosensitizer and the production of singlet oxygen (1O2), which strongly oxidizes and reacts with biomolecules, ultimately causing oxidative damage to the target cells. Therefore, 1O2 is regarded as the key photocytotoxic species accountable for the initial photodynamic reactions for Type II photosensitizers. This article will provide a comprehensive review of 1O2 properties, 1O2 production, and 1O2 detection in the PDT process. The available 1O2 data of regulatory-approved photosensitizing drugs will also be discussed.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) provide optimal conditions for the environmental spread of Legionella. As part of the Evaluation of Sanitary Risk Related to the Discharge of Wastewater to the Ground (SCA.Re.S) project, this study was conducted to evaluate the presence of Legionella in WWTP effluent and in groundwater samples collected from two wells located downstream from the plant. The samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of Legionella spp using the standard culture-based method and molecular techniques, followed by genomic sequencing analysis. Legionella was detected only with the molecular methods (except in one sample of effluent positive for L. pneumophila serogroup 6), which showed viable Legionella pneumophila and L. non-pneumophila through the use of free DNA removal solution in both the effluent and groundwater, with concentrations that progressively decreased downstream from the plant. Viable L. pneumophila appeared to be slightly more concentrated in warm months. However, no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) in concentrations between cold and warm months were observed. A genotypic analysis characterized the species present in the samples and found that uncultured Legionella spp, as yet undefined, constituted the prevalent species in all the samples (range 77.15–83.17%). WWTPs play an important role in the hygienic and sanitary quality of groundwater for different uses. The application of Legionella control systems during the purification of effluents is warranted to prevent possible outbreaks of legionellosis.