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Depressão é uma condição associada í rebaixamento de humor, que tenha duração maior que duas semanas. Objetivo: Investigar através da literatura os fatores de risco que promovem o desenvolvimento de depressão em crianças. Método: Trata-se de uma Revisão Integrativa, realizada com 6 artigos, com os seguintes descritores: Depressão. Criança. Fatores de risco, articulado com o operador booleano AND, na LILACS, com corte temporal dos últimos cinco anos. Resultados: Os principais conteúdos abordados estão relacionados aos sintomas da depressão infantil e aos fatores causais da doença. À vista disso, identificou-se duas categorias baseadas nesses conteúdos, assim organizadas: Depressão na infância e os fatores e Ambientes que predispõem seu desenvolvimento e Sintomatologia habitual em crianças com transtorno depressivo. Conclusão: Apesar da quantidade limitada de artigos encontrados na literatura, a pesquisa conseguiu alcançar o propósito almejado, proporcionando uma discussão acerca dos fatores de riscos e dos sintomas da depressão no público infantil.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of fish oil (FO), a source of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on emotion-generated corticolimbic functional connectivity in depressed youth at high risk for developing bipolar I disorder. METHODS Thirty-nine antidepressant-free youth with a current depressive disorder diagnosis and a biological parent with bipolar I disorder were randomized to 12-week double-blind treatment with FO or placebo. At baseline and endpoint, fMRI (4 Tesla) scans were obtained while performing a continuous performance task with emotional and neutral distractors (CPT-END). Seed-to-voxel functional connectivity analyses were performed using bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and amygdala (AMY) seeds. Measures of depression, mania, global symptom severity, and erythrocyte fatty acids were obtained. RESULTS Erythrocyte EPA+DHA composition increased significantly in the FO group (+47%, p ≤ 0.0001) but not in the placebo group (-10%, p = 0.11). Significant group by time interactions were found for functional connectivity between the left OFC and the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) and between the right AMY and right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). OFC-STG connectivity increased in the FO group (p = 0.0001) and decreased in the placebo group (p = 0.0019), and AMY-ITG connectivity decreased in the FO group (p = 0.0014) and increased in the placebo group (p

In this work, I present the construct of depression based on the childhood and adolescence, as well as the relation to it, and the different styles of coping. The information developed, comes from various scientific reports, before and during the pandemic. Last but not least, it is important to mention disorders such as depression in the child and adolescent framework which was located among the first results of the statistics. En el presente trabajo se aborda el constructo de depresión basado en la etapa de la niñez y adolescencia, como así también en relación a ello, los diferentes estilos de afrontamientos. La información desarrollada, proviene de diversos informes científicos realizados, previos a la pandemia y durante la pandemia, en esta última etapa, cabe destacar que los trastornos como la depresión en el marco infanto juvenil, se ubicó entre los primeros resultados de las estadísticas.

Recent meta-analyses reveal a moderate effect of physical activity (PA) in the treatment of adolescent depression. However, not only the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, also the influences of placebo-related motivational factors (beliefs and expectancies in sporting, enjoyment and prior sports experiences), are still unclear. Based on the data of our prior study “Mood Vibes”, we hypothesized that placebo-inherent factors like positive prior sports experiences and motivational factors, (positive beliefs, expectancies, and enjoyment related to PA), would increase the effects of an add-on exercise-therapy in juvenile depression. From 64 included depressed adolescents, 41 underwent an intensive add-on PA-therapy. Motivational factors were assessed using sport-specific scales. The changes in depression scores under treatment were rated by self-rating scale (German “Childhood Depression Inventory”, (DIKJ)). A mixed model for repeated measures (MMRM) was used to analyze the effects of the different motivational variates on DIKJ. While prior sports experiences had no impact, motivational factors showed a significant effect on PA-induced changes in DIKJ scores (p = 0.002). The demotivated participants improved less, whereas it was sufficient to be neutral towards sporting to benefit significantly more. Motivational placebo-related factors (beliefs, expectancies and enjoyment regarding PA) affected the outcomes of an exercise treatment in depressed adolescents. Yet, a neutral mindset was sufficient to profit more from PA. Prior sporting in the sense of positive conditioning and as a protective factor did not play a role. Knowledge about these influences could in a second step help to develop tailored therapies.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre los estilos de crianza, el estado emocional de los padres, y la ideación suicida y la depresión, en niños de instituciones educativas públicas y privadas de la ciudad de Sincelejo-Sucre, Colombia. Participaron 190 niñas (35.8%) y 340 niños (64.2%), y sus padres. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que no hay riesgo de depresión en la mayoría de la muestra; el estilo de crianza más frecuente fue el autoritativo, seguido del negligente; la depresión infantil se asoció con el sexo femenino, con la depresión de los padres y con el estilo de crianza negligente, y la ideación suicida infantil se asoció significativamente con el estilo de crianza negligente y autoritario.

Currently, mental health professionals say that there is no doubt about the existence of depression in children, who can even be affected at preschool age. Therefore, the perception of the family, school and educators is important to assist in early diagnosis, as well as in treatment. This article aims to carry out a literature review on depression in children, seeking statistical data published in Brazil, between 1995 and 2018, a period of 23 years. Scientific articles were investigated through the databases, Scielo, PubMed, PePSIC and Academic Google, resulting in 18 articles found. It is concluded that there is little research on the subject in Brazil, emphasizing the importance of the perception of the family, school and educators.

Depression affects all age groups and has been increasingly observed in children and adolescents. The symptoms most observed in this population are the drop in school performance, sadness and isolation, which intensify, impairing development and contributing to human disability. Thus, the present study aims to identify the possible causes for the occurrence of childhood depressive disorder, looking for influencing factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic to children and adolescents. For this, an integrative review was carried out, based on data available in PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar, using the MeSH terms from PubMed: “Depressive disorder”, “Depressive symptoms”, “Children”, “Adolescents” in which 23 articles were selected. There are several risk factors that can lead children and adolescents to develop depressive disorder. The lack of affection from family members, living with a depressive parent, environmental stressors such as sexual and physical abuse and the loss of a loved one are some of these factors. Identifying childhood depressive syndrome is essential due to the need for interventions, use of treatment techniques and prevention of later problems, thus enabling a better quality of life for this future adult. La depresión afecta a todos los grupos de edad y se ha observado cada vez más en niños y adolescentes. Los síntomas más observados en esta población son el descenso del rendimiento escolar, la tristeza y el aislamiento, que se intensifican, perjudicando el desarrollo y contribuyendo a la discapacidad humana. Así, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar las posibles causas para la aparición del trastorno depresivo infantil, buscando factores que influyan, tanto intrínsecos como extrínsecos a los niños y adolescentes. Para ello, se realizó una revisión integradora, con base en los datos disponibles en PubMed, SciELO y Google Scholar, utilizando los términos MeSH de PubMed: “Depressive Disorder”, “Depressed syndrome”, “Children”, “Adolescents”. Existen varios factores de riesgo que pueden llevar a los niños y adolescentes a desarrollar un trastorno depresivo. La falta de afecto por parte de los familiares, vivir con un padre depresivo, estresores ambientales como el abuso sexual y físico y la pérdida de un ser querido son algunos de estos factores. Identificar el síndrome depresivo infantil es fundamental por la necesidad de intervenciones, uso de técnicas de tratamiento y prevención de problemas posteriores, posibilitando así una mejor calidad de vida de este futuro adulto. A depressão afeta todas as faixas etárias e vem sendo cada vez mais observada em crianças e adolescentes. Os sintomas mais observados nessa população são a queda do rendimento escolar, tristeza e isolamento, que se intensificam prejudicando o desenvolvimento e contribuindo para a incapacidade humana. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar os principais fatores para a ocorrência do transtorno depressivo infantil, buscando fatores influenciadores, tanto intrínsecos quanto extrínsecos a criança e ao adolescente. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa, realizada a partir de dados disponíveis no PubMed, SciELO e Google Acadêmico, utilizando os termos MeSH do PubMed: “Depressive disorder”, “Depressive symptoms”, “Children”, “Adolescents” na qual foram selecionados 23 artigos. Existem diversos fatores de riscos que podem levar a criança e o adolescente a desenvolver o transtorno depressivo. A falta de afeto dos familiares, convivência com um dos pais depressivos, os estressores ambientais, como o abuso sexual e o físico e a perda de um ente querido são alguns desses fatores. Identificar a síndrome depressiva infantil é fundamental devido à necessidade de intervenções, emprego de técnicas de tratamentos e prevenção de problemas posteriores possibilitando assim, uma qualidade de vida maior para esse futuro adulto.

Depression is a debilitating disorder that often starts manifesting in early childhood and peaks in onset during adolescence. Neurocognitive impairments have emerged as clinically important characteristics of depression, but it remains controversial which domains specifically index pre-existing vulnerability, state-related or trait-related markers. Here, we disentangled these effects by analysing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development dataset (n = 4626). Using information of participants’ current and past mental disorders, as well as family mental health history, we identified low-risk healthy (n = 2100), high-risk healthy (n = 2023), remitted depressed (n = 401) and currently depressed children (n = 102). Factor analysis of 11 cognitive variables was performed to elucidate latent structure and canonical correlation analyses conducted to probe regional brain volumes reliably associated with the cognitive factors. Bayesian model comparison of various a priori hypotheses differing in how low-risk healthy, high-risk healthy, remitted depressed and currently depressed children performed in various cognitive domains was performed. Factor analysis revealed three domains: language and reasoning, cognitive flexibility and memory recall. Deficits in language and reasoning ability, as well as in volumes of associated regions such as the middle temporal and superior frontal gyrus, represented state- and trait-related markers of depression but not pre-existing vulnerability. In contrast, there was no compelling evidence of impairments in other domains. These findings—although cross-sectional and specific to 9–10-year-old children—might have important clinical implications, suggesting that cognitive dysfunction may not be useful targets of preventive interventions. Depressed patients, even after remission, might also benefit from less commonly used treatments such as cognitive remediation therapy.

Background Depression in childhood frequently involves significant impairment, comorbidity, stress, and mental health problems within the family. Family-Focused Treatment for Childhood Depression (FFT-CD) is a 15-session developmentally-informed, evidence-based intervention targeting family interactions to enhance resiliency within the family system to improve and manage childhood depression. Methods We present the conceptual framework underlying FFT-CD, the treatment development process, the intervention strategies, a case illustration, and efficacy data from a recent 2-site randomized clinical trial (N = 134) of 7–14 year old children randomly assigned to FFT-CD or individual supportive psychotherapy (IP) conditions. Results Compared to children randomized to IP, those randomized to FFT-CD showed higher rates of depression response (≥50% Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised reduction) across the course of acute treatment (77.7% vs. 59.9%, t = 1.97, p = .0498). The rate of improvement overall leveled off following treatment with a high rate of recovery from index depressive episodes in both groups (estimated 76% FFT-CD, 77% IP), and there was an attenuation of observed group differences. By final follow-up (9 months post-treatment), one FFT-CD child and six IP children had suffered depressive recurrences, and four IP children attempted suicide. Limitations Without a no treatment control group it is not possible to disentangle the impact of the interventions from time alone. Conclusions While seldom evaluated, family interventions may be particularly appropriate for childhood depression. FFT-CD has demonstrated efficacy compared to individual supportive therapy. However, findings underscore the need for an extended/chronic disease model to enhance outcomes and reduce risk over time.

Background: Understanding the prevalence of a psychiatric disorder among children is essential for formulating sound public health policy. Aim: This study is aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression in urban school-going adolescents and its association with age, sex, and birth order. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 participants in the age group 12–16 years from a working-class community, studying in an urban school, were selected for the study. The children with a score greater than or equal to 19 on the CDI scale were taken for the second phase, and diagnosis of depression was confirmed by a psychiatric consultant through a clinical interview. In clinically diagnosed cases, all help was rendered, including follow-up. Results: The prevalence of clinical depression among school-going children of age group 12–16 years was 8.4%. There was no significant gender difference in the prevalence of clinical depression. Significantly, more children had clinical depression in the age group of 14–16 years than in the 12–14 years of age group. Depressive symptoms were more among children with first birth order. Conclusions: These results show that depression is common in school going urban adolescents in India and highlight the need for screening school-age children for depression so that early intervention can be provided.

Purpose Adolescent depression can have a chronic course; hence, the importance of adherence to antidepressant medication for successful treatment outcomes is emphasized. This study aimed to examine different adherence measures and identify clinical factors that influence adherence in adolescent depression. Patients and Methods A prospective study was conducted for patients diagnosed with depressive disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition from outpatient psychiatric settings at Korea University Medical Center, Guro Hospital. Patient demographics were obtained from a questionnaire, interview, and review of chart records. Adherence was assessed by four methods (Medication Event Monitoring System [MEMS], pill count, clinical rating scale, and patient's self-report). The Toronto Side Effect Scale was used to evaluate side effects, and specific depressive symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Childhood Depression Inventory-Korean version. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support was administered to analyze social support, and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form was used to evaluate parental stress levels. We used concordance correlation analysis to evaluate the relationship among the four adherence measures and the relationship between adherence level and clinical factors. Results Overall, the study enrolled 48 outpatients (mean age 16.33±1.93 years). The mean duration of illness was 1.27±2.17 years. Adherence rates for MEMS, clinician rating scale, pill count, and self-report after conversion to dichotomous measures were 67.5%, 48.9%, 60.0%, and 56.3%, respectively. Only the duration of illness remained significantly correlated with MEMS (r = 0.510, p =0.001). Conclusion Pill count exhibited a higher degree of agreement with MEMS adherence than the other two adherence measures, possibly indicating that pill count may be a considerably reliable measure of adherence. Furthermore, MEMS adherence was positively correlated with disease duration, suggesting that the longer the duration of illness, the higher the adherence.

Depression is a worldwide public health problem that affects the quality of life in general at humans, especially children. This study aims to discuss the aspects in which this disorder compromises neuropsychomotor development and child learning. A narrative bibliographic review of the last 10 years (2010- 2020) was carried out in the Medline, Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs, Psycinfo and Periodical CAPES databases, using the keywords depression, depressive disorder, depressive episode, childhood, cycle vital, learning, learning and the Boolean AND. From the study, it is concluded that childhood depression reduces the capacity for logical reasoning, concentration and memory, delaying or interrupting the development of cognitive, psychomotor and learning skills. For this reason, it is essential that a correct diagnosis is made (e.g., using diagnostic manuals, such as Child Depression Inventory, International Classification of Diseases and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), but also an effective treatment (both psychological and pharmacological).

This study aimed to identify associations between daily lifestyle characteristics and latent depressive symptoms in young children by analyzing self-reported questionnaire data. In 2011, in Nagasaki Japan, a cross-sectional survey of 1961 children aged between 10 and 12 years was conducted. Children answered questionnaires that collected demographic information, along with daily lifestyle characteristics, and were administered the Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRSC-J). The mean age of the participants was 10.98 years (±0.83 standard deviation [SD]) with a mean DSRSC-J raw score of 11.61 (±6.34 SD). In total, 24.7% of participants reported depressive symptoms. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that depressive symptoms were associated with female gender (odds ratio [OR]:1.86; 95% CI: 1.48?2.33), experiencing growth (OR: 1.25; 1.07-1.44), a bedtime later than 11 pm (OR: 1.25; 1.01-1.66), skipping breakfast (OR: 1.55; 1.15-2.10), and not having a set dinner time (OR: 1.65; 1.32?2.07). Conversely, absence of depressive symptoms was associated with involvement in school-related athletic clubs (OR: 0.60, 95% Cl: 0.48?0.76) and at home studying for at least one hour per day (OR: 0.67, 95% Cl: 0.54?0.84). Depressive symptoms in young children were associated with social contact and their parent’s lifestyles. Non-experts in the field of mental health who interact with young children should carefully note the presence of factors associated with depressive symptoms as this would help children with latent depressive symptoms receive prompt and timely care., 長崎大学学位論文 学位記番号:博(医歯薬)甲第1287号 学位授与年月日:令和2年12月2日, Author: Imamura Yayoi, Honda Sumihisa, Takaesu Yoshikazu, Karita Kanae, Kikuchi Toshiaki, Watanabe Koichiro, Ozawa Hiroki, Citation: Acta Medica Nagasakiensia, 64(2), pp.53-59; 2020

En este estudio se propone un método pedagógico innovador para niños diagnosticados con depresión infantil basado en el juego educativo, diseñado para incrementar el interés de los niños de tal manera que participen en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. La metodología empleada es la cualitativa, concretada en un estudio de caso basado en los datos obtenidos después de cinco años de interacción entre tres niños que sufren depression y que, inicialmente, mostraron indiferencia educativa, fracaso escolar y falta de socialización en el contexto escolar. Los instrumentos empleados basados en la observación participante fueron el diario de clase, las entrevistas y las evaluaciones del alumnado. Se espera que, a través de studio, se cree un nuevo enfoque pedagógico dirigido al despertar intelectual de los niños deprimidos, ya que demuestra que el aprendizaje puede ser una motivación especialmente poderosa para la vida, combatiendo la melancolía, la agresividad y la negación general que presentan este tipo de niños. Al mismo tiempo, les ayuda a recuperar la confianza en sí mismos, a integrarse en el grupo social del aula, a ganar interés educativo y a evitar el fracaso escolar. This study proposes an innovative pedagogical method for children diagnosed with childhood depression based on educational play, designed to increase the children's interest so that they participate in the teaching and learning process. The methodology employed is qualitative, concretized in a case study based on data obtained after five years of interaction between three children suffering from depression who initially showed educational indifference, school failure and lack of socialization in the school context. The instruments used based on participant observation were the class diary, the interviews and the evaluations of the students. It is hoped that, through the study, a new pedagogical approach aimed at the intellectual awakening of depressed children will be created, since it shows that learning can be a particularly powerful motivation for life, combating the melancholy, aggressiveness and general denial that this type of child presents. At the same time, it helps them to regain self-confidence, to integrate into the social group of the classroom, to gain educational interest and to avoid school failure.

Depression creates more burden globally than nearly any other physical or mental disorder, yet surprisingly, little is known about what can be done to prevent its onset and, as Duarte et al.,1 in this issue of JAACAP, address, what the long-term outcomes of youth depression are. The existing medical literature on outcomes of child and adolescent depression is large enough for 2 recent reviews,2,3 which point out the key gaps in our understanding. Does childhood depression actually worsen adult outcomes, or is the driver really all the associated childhood adversity and comorbidity? Although we know women suffer disproportionately from depression, are childhood predictors specific to girls or boys? Is it worse to have many episodes of depression in one's youth than a few? Do subthreshold depressive symptoms impact adulthood too? Finally, is it important, in adulthood, whether depression began in childhood or adolescence?

Pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a chronic illness that affects the overall quality of life of patients during childhood. This article highlights the psychological and social burden of CKD in patients and their families. Patients with CKD and their families require comprehensive treatment for psychosocial problems. Therefore, it is crucial for pediatricians to screen for these issues and refer patients and their families for therapy. Tools that are short, easy to administer, and easy to score, such as the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory or the Childhood Depression Inventory, can be utilized during routine clinical appointments. Reducing the negative impact of CKD on the family will improve the well-being and coping skills of patients and their families.

La depresión es un problema de salud pública, con una prevalencia del 15,8% en niños y adolescentes entre 10 y 14 años; este trastorno está directamente relacionado con conductas autolesivas no suicidas. Diversas investigaciones han demostrado que los síntomas depresivos y las autolesiones aumentan, se estabilizan y disminuyen de manera conjunta en individuos que presentan ambos trastornos. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue establecer la relación existente entre las conductas autolesivas con fines no suicidas y la depresión en adolescentes escolarizados de la ciudad de Pereira, Colombia. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se evaluaron 44 adolescentes de los grados sexto, séptimo y octavo de la Institución. Educativa Santa Rosa de Lima mediante los cuestionarios CDI, SHQ-E y una encuesta sociodemográfica. Los datos se analizaron con el programa SPSS v.22, y el Coeficiente de Pearson, tanto para el nivel descriptivo, como correlacional. Los resultados muestran correlaciones altas y positivas entre depresión infantil y conductas autolesivas. Se concluye que existe una relación significativa entre sintomatología depresiva y conductas autolesivas.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of anxiety sensitivity in adolescents on childhood depression and anxiety disorder. Mood disorders and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents can be given examples of important research topics in recent years. The participants of the study consist of 670 students in Erzurum city. The data were collected through anxiety sensitivity index and anxiety and depression index for children and adolescents. For data analysis, correlation analysis and structural equation model were used. The results revealed that anxiety sensitivity impacts anxiety disorder and childhood depression through direct and indirect effects in a positive way. The results are discussed in line with the relevant literature. Key words: Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, anxiety disorder, depression, structural equation.

Depression in children is a major health concern. This needs special attention: firstly, as this has been an area that has been understudied and secondly, due to the long-term consequences that follow. This entity has also been known to negatively affect the child's development and overall quality of life. This article aims at describing the concept and evolution of unipolar depression. The etiology, clinical features, sequelae and management of childhood depression have been discussed in detail. To conclude, childhood depression is an entity that is recurrent, associated with co-morbidity and results in long-term adverse sequelae. Hence, early identification and intervention are the core strategies.

Maltreatment among school-aged children is associated with negative impacts on development and can contribute to the onset of psychological difficulties, including early depressive symptoms. Maltreatment can have devasting consequences, thus it is important to better understand the mechanisms contributing to children’s psychological outcomes. Purpose: The objective of this study was to examine children’s personality functioning (ego control and ego resiliency) as mediators of the association between substantiated maltreatment and depression. Methods: A total of 300 school-aged children were followed over the course of 3 years in the context of a summer camp (168 maltreated children; 132 non-maltreated children). Maltreatment status was determined through cases referred by the Monroe County Department of Social Services, New York. Ego control and ego resiliency at year 2 (T2), as measured by camp counselors using the California Child Q-Set, were tested as mediators. Children’s depressive symptoms were self-reported using the Childhood Depression Inventory at year 3 (T3). A parallel mediation model was tested using Mplus. Results: Maltreatment was not directly associated with depression at either time point, but significantly predicted both mediators. Ego undercontrol significantly predicted increased depressive symptoms at T3, while there was no significant prediction by ego resiliency. Conclusions: These findings point to the longitudinal paths to early depressive symptoms in maltreated children and the mediating effect of children’s ego control which could be a target for intervention.

Background In response to the WHO recommended measures of physical and social distancing to mitigate person-to-person transmission, most countries decided to close schools as part of a physical distancing policy to slow transmission of COVID-19 and to ease the burden on health systems. Schools were closed in more than 160 countries by mid-July 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures taken to prevent the spread of the pandemic can potentially impact the mental health of children. Not much is known about the long-term impact of large-scale disease outbreaks on the mental health of children and adolescents. Objectives To assess the prevalence and risk factors of childhood depression during the Covid-19 lock-down among school children. Methods After 100 days of lock-down, a voluntary, anonymous survey questionnaire was sent by WhatsApp to parents of school-aged children (5–16 years) in Chennai. The Short Mood and Feelings questionnaire was employed as an objective screening tool to assess depression, with a score of 12 used as the cut-off which is recommended by the Child Outcomes Research Consortium, United Kingdom. All data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, version 17) for Microsoft Windows. A chi-squared test was used for comparison between two attributes with OR 95% CI. Multiple logistic regression was used. A two-sided p value Results There were 874 responses. Our survey revealed the incidence of childhood depression to be 13.7%, indicating that children are likely to be experiencing increasing depression exacerbated by the pandemic and the lock-down. Boys were less likely to be depressed than girls (OR 0.495, P value 0.000). Eleven- to 16-year-olds were more likely to be depressed than 5- to 10-year-old children (OR 1.519, P 0.035). Children who had more than 4 hours online education were more likely to have depression (OR 1.757, P= 0.037). Children who used a cell phone for online classes were more likely to have depression compared to other devices, such as tabs or laptops (OR 2.142, P 0.000). Children who slept less than 8 hours a day were more likely to have depression (OR 2.441, P 0.000). Children who either did not sleep in the afternoon or slept less than 1 hour were less likely to have depression (OR 0.522, P 0.010). Children who were interacting with family over 1 hour per day were less likely to have depression (OR 2.985, P 0.000). Conclusions Overzealous online education, lack of adequate sleep and failure to spend quality time with family and can negatively impact the mental health of school children. Public health policy makers and health care professionals need to acknowledge that pandemics (especially when associated with lock-down) can potentially negatively impact the psychological well-being of school-age children. In the event of similar future pandemics, strategies need to be in place to safeguard the psychological well-being of individuals by offering them timely and appropriate psychological support, as well as taking the appropriate steps in the effective management of those already affected psychologically.

Objective: This study examined the validity of childhood depression diagnoses in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register (DPCRR) and identified predictors of validity. Methods: A nationwide random sample of 500 children (6–17 years) diagnosed with depression between 1996 and 2016 was identified in the DPCRR. Psychiatric hospital records were reviewed and rated using an online checklist. The primary outcome was whether depressive symptoms and functional impairment documented in hospital records justified a depressive disorder diagnosis based on ICD-10 or DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Diagnostic validity was calculated as the positive predictive value. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify potential predictors of diagnostic validity, and these were included in a multiple logistic regression. Results: Psychiatric hospital records were available for 393 patients (78.6%). The documentation in the records justified an ICD-10 depressive episode diagnosis in 72.8%, and DSM-5 major depressive disorder in 73.3% of the patients registered with a depression diagnosis. We identified three predictors of diagnostic validity: (i) The validity increased almost linearly from 2000 to 2016 (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.07–1.20, p

Studies of developmental trajectories of depression are important for understanding depression etiology. Existing studies have been limited by short time frames and no studies have explored a key factor: differential patterns of responding to life events. This article introduces a novel analytic technique, growth mixture modeling with structured residuals, to examine the course of youth depression in a large, prospective cohort (N = 11,641, ages 4-16.5, 96% White). Age-specific critical points were identified at ages 8 and 13 where depression symptoms spiked for a minority of children. Most depression risk was due to dynamic responses to environmental events, drawn not from a small pool of persistently depressed children, but a larger pool of children who varied across higher and lower symptom levels.

Funder: Medical Research Council; FundRef: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000265, Objective: There has been widespread concern that so-called lockdown measures, including social distancing and school closures, could negatively impact children’s mental health. However, there has been little direct evidence of any association due to the paucity of longitudinal studies reporting mental health before and during the lockdown. This present study provides the first longitudinal examination of changes in childhood mental health, a key component of an urgently needed evidence base that can inform policy and practice surrounding the continuing response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Mental health assessments on 168 children (aged 7.6–11.6 years) were taken before and during the UK lockdown (April–June 2020). Assessments included self-reports, caregiver reports, and teacher reports. Mean mental health scores before and during the UK lockdown were compared using mixed linear models. Results: A significant increase in depression symptoms during the UK lockdown was observed, as measured by the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) short form. CIs suggest a medium-to-large effect size. There were no significant changes in the RCADS anxiety subscale and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire emotional problems subscale. Conclusions: During the UK lockdown, children’s depression symptoms have increased substantially, relative to before lockdown. The scale of this effect has direct relevance for the continuation of different elements of lockdown policy, such as complete or partial school closures. This early evidence for the direct impact of lockdown must now be combined with larger scale epidemiological studies that establish which children are most at risk and tracks their future recovery.

Introduction: Recent studies confirm the association of literacy difficulties with higher risk of both childhood behavioral and mental disorders. When co-morbid problems occur, it is likely that each will require separate treatment. The management of major depressive disorder (MDD) for a 9.5 years old girl with specific learning difficulties (SLD), a protracted clinical course, and a family history of affective disorders, was challenging for the interdisciplinary team of our clinic, dealing with learning disabilities. Aim: The research and examination of the first-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) in a child with specific learning disabilities and its impact on school performance. This case report examines the potential contributory factors, but also the recent evidence on the co-morbidity between literacy difficulties and mental illnesses in children. Method: Reporting a two years follow-up of a 9.5 years old child with SLD suffering from childhood depression. Results: A 9.5 years old child with no history of affective disorders, but with a family history of first-degree and second-degree relative suffering from childhood-onset, recurrent, bipolar or psychotic depression. The child was assessed by a child psychiatrist during a period of 2 years, with an average of follow-ups between 1 or 2 weeks. The discussion highlights diagnostic and treatment pitfalls, as well as developmental issues. Practical interventions are suggested. Conclusion: A psychiatrically charged familial environment, including a mother suffering from anxiety disorder and behavioral disorder, contribute significantly to the development of depression in early age. An early medical intervention would be the key for successful treatment. The combination of psychotherapy and antidepressants (mostly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)) is the suggested therapy for childhood MDD.

Children&rsquo, s flourishing is likely to be associated with achieving a positive mental and physical quality of life, which is considered as an important factor for helping children to overcome psychological adversity during the critical stage of emotional development. This study examined the relationships between children&rsquo, s flourishing and childhood depression. This was a cross-sectional study using the 2011&ndash, 2012 National Children&rsquo, s Health Survey in the U.S. The conceptual framework that guided this study was a modified ecological system theory model. Multiple regressions were performed to investigate the associations between flourishing and pediatric depression, controlling for demographics, physical activity-related behaviors, family and environmental conditions. A total of 45,309 children (representing 33,293,823 children at the population level) were identified in this study (mean age: 13.63 years, female: 48.7%). Children&rsquo, s childhood depression was highly related to direct parenting functions, individual needs and environmental availabilities and accessibilities from a socioecological perspective. This study revealed multiple dimensions of how sociological factors influence children&rsquo, s flourishing and mental health. Parents&rsquo, involvement in children&rsquo, s physical activities and family and social support are crucial for children&rsquo, s flourishing and mental health status. More attention needs to be paid to provide children with family and social support to help them to overcome and reduce childhood depression.

My journey in the field of stress and coping began in the mid 1980s when I was researching the rather new field of childhood depression. It was a relatively under-explored field, and as a clinical and educational psychologist it was becoming increasingly apparent that there were concerns of young people, with some of these reflected in their experiences of sadness and despair. However, as I researched and measured the depression construct, I became aware of despair as a growing phenomenon, with an increased focus and emphasis on stress, anxiety and depression. In time, the statistics would bear out the concerns, as one in four young people have identified as being or are likely to be depressed in their lifetime in some Western communities like Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom (WHO, 2018). Given the growing 'ill health' of our Western communities, something had to change. In the 1980s, young people were concerned about their future with the fear of nuclear war. As I was writing this invited retrospective in late 2019, there were widespread concerns about global warming, and in the first half of 2020 concerns arising from the pandemic of COVID-19 are dominating. Coping theory research and practice can make a significant contribution to how we cope with our world in general and the specifics of our lives in particular. This article reports a body of work in the field of coping to illustrate the value of the core constructs and their applications in diverse settings providing opportunities for helpful adaptation and development in the face of whatever circumstances arise.

Background Deficiency of vitamin D and depression are commonly occurring in patients with chronic liver diseases. This study aimed to determine the association between 25-OH-vitamin D status and depressive symptoms among children with chronic liver diseases. Eighty children were enrolled and divided into 2 groups: the patients’ group (60 children with chronic hepatitis) and the control group (20 healthy children). All children have been analyzed for their clinical, biochemical features, histological profile, serum 25-OH-vitamin D levels, and assessment of childhood depression using Arabic form based on Kovacs Children’s Depression Inventory. Results Serum level of 25(OH) D was significantly lower in the hepatic group than the control group [17 (5–52) ng/ml, 45 (13–95) ng/ml, p = p = 0.04 respectively]. There were statistically significant differences between the serum level of 25(OH) D and depression as it decreases with increasing severity of depression. Conclusion Children with chronic liver disease who had depressive symptoms showed significantly lower levels of vitamin D when compared with those without depressive symptoms; also, vitamin D had an inverse correlation with depression scores in these children.

In recent decades, the prevalence of childhood depression and obesity has increased worldwide. African American (AA) children are more obese than White peers and experience many factors that can influence the onset of depressive symptoms. While depression and obesity have been examined in adolescents, there is a paucity of research in AA children. This study examined the relationships among depressive symptoms, obesity, and physical activity self-efficacy in AA children. A community sample of 65 AA children completed questionnaires for depressive symptoms and physical activity self-efficacy and also had body mass index (BMI) and BMI Z-scores calculated. Correlational statistics were used to examine associations between variables. Clinically significant total depression scores were present in 22% of children, while 48% were overweight or obese. Overall, children reported high physical activity self-efficacy. Higher depressive symptoms were associated with higher BMI Z-scores. Results also indicated significant correlations between the children’s physical activity self-efficacy and depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that the associations between depressive symptoms, BMI, and physical activity self-efficacy in AA children merit additional examination. Early identification of depression in children may inform future approaches to treatment of psychological and physiological problems within the clinical setting. Screening for childhood depressive symptoms in primary care settings, especially those that specifically treat childhood obesity, can be instrumental in early identification of children with depression. Healthcare providers should be knowledgeable of the clinical presentation of depression and engaged in depression screening., Highlights Twenty-two percent of children reported clinically significant depressive symptoms.Negative mood/physical symptoms occurred in 25% of children.Higher BMI Z-scores were associated with greater interpersonal problems.Physical activity self-efficacy was high among the children at every BMI.

Background : In this study we sought to determine the prevalence of depression in children, identify the contributing factors, the clinical signs and describe the various therapeutic behaviors Methods: It is a retrospective, descriptive and transversal study of ten years duration (from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2019). It focused on 40 cases of depression in children aged from 1 to 12 years old and whose files included the different parameters of our study. Results: The prevalence of depression was 10.25%. The 20 cases collected were between 6 and 12 years old, 60% were male and 70% were referred by the nursing staff. The symptomatology described in the literature has been found in the majority of our patients. Ambulatory follow-up was the most predominant follow-up method, 95%; the combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy was the most used type of treatment, equivalent to 85%. The evolution was marked by complete remission (95%) of the symptomatology. Depression is a psychopathological disorder whose consequences are numerous, often identified at the relational and school level. This clinical reality is still unknown by the majority of the population and even by the Guinean medical community. Conclusion An awareness work on psychopathological disorders in children in general and depression in particular would be necessary.

Elena Bernaras,1 Maite Garaigordobil,2 Joana Jaureguizar,3 Marian Soroa1 1Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, Philosophy and Anthropology, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain; 2Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain; 3Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country, Lejona, Spain Purpose: The study had two goals as follows: 1) to identify the prevalence of children with mild and severe depression (MD and SD), exploring sex differences; and 2) to determine possible significant differences in adaptive and clinical variables between children with different levels of depression (absence of depression, MD, and SD). Materials and methods: We used a sample of 420 participants aged 7–10 years (53.3% boys) enrolled in third and fourth grade of primary education, from schools in the Basque Country (Spain). The Children’s Depression Scale (CDS, self-assessment) was administered as well as six more assessment instruments. Results: It was found that 84.2% of children had no depression, 10% had MD, and 5.8% had SD. Compared with children with depressive symptoms, participants without depression had significantly: 1) lower levels of maladjustment, stress, emotional symptoms, internalizing problems, and behavioral problems; and 2) higher levels of personal adjustment, resilience, social skills, and self-concept. In addition, children with MD had significantly lower levels of clinical maladjustment, emotional symptoms, and stress than children with SD. However, no differences were found in school maladjustment, internalizing problems, behavioral problems, personal adjustment, resilience, social skills, and self-concept between children with MD and SD. Conclusion: The discussion emphasizes the importance of identifying children with MD and implementing universal prevention programs from an early age. Keywords: clinical maladjustment, school maladjustment, social skills, self-concept, resilience, stress

Objective Childhood-onset depression is associated with increased risk of recurrent depression and high morbidity extending into adolescence and adulthood. This multisite randomized controlled trial evaluated two active psychosocial treatments for childhood depression: family-focused treatment for childhood depression (FFT-CD) and individual supportive psychotherapy (IP). Aims were to describe effects through 52 weeks postrandomization on measures of depression, functioning, nondepressive symptoms, and harm events. Methods Children meeting criteria for depressive disorders (N = 134) were randomly assigned to 15 sessions of FFT-CD or IP and evaluated at mid-treatment for depressive symptoms and fully at roughly 16 weeks (after acute treatment), 32 weeks, and 52 weeks/one year. See clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01159041. Results Analyses using generalized linear mixed models confirmed the previously reported FFT-CD advantage on rates of acute depression response (≥50% Children's Depression Rating Scale reduction). Improvements in depression and other outcomes were most rapid during the acute treatment period, and leveled off between weeks 16 and 52, with a corresponding attenuation of observed group differences, although both groups showed improved depression and functioning over 52 weeks. Survival analyses indicated that most children recovered from their index depressive episodes by week 52: estimated 76% FFT-CD, 77% IP. However, by the week 52 assessment, one FFT-CD child and six IP children had suffered recurrent depressive episodes. Four children attempted suicide, all in the IP group. Other indicators of possible harm were relatively evenly distributed across groups. Conclusions Results indicate a quicker depression response in FFT-CD and hint at greater protection from recurrence and suicide attempts. However, outcomes were similar for both active treatments by week 52/one year. Although community care received after acute treatment may have influenced results, findings suggest the value of a more extended/chronic disease model that includes monitoring and guidance regarding optimal interventions when signs of depression-risk emerge.