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Partizipation ist vor allem aus dem politischen Bereich bekannt. Dabei spielt Partizipation auch im sozialen Bereich eine essenzielle Rolle. Trotzdem wird das Prinzip der Partizipation in der Sozialen Arbeit mit Kindern mit Behinderungen oft gar nicht oder nicht ausreichend umgesetzt. Es ist aber ein Menschenrecht, welches auch in der Kinderrechtskonvention und in der Behindertenrechtskonvention in Österreich gültig ist. Die vorgelegte Arbeit erörtert Herausforderungen und Chancen von Partizipation bei der Arbeit mit Menschen mit Behinderungen und legt den Fokus auf die aktuelle Situation von Kindern mit Beeinträchtigung in Österreich und ihre Möglichkeiten, auf die verschiedenste Formen von Partizipation, auf das vorherrschende Machtverhältnis in der Sozialen Arbeit und auf die Menschenrechtstheorie nach Silvia Staub – Bernasconi. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass Freiwilligkeit von allen Beteiligten eine wichtige Rolle spielt, wenn es zu partizipativen Prozessen kommt. Participation in work with Children with disabilities in Vienna Participation is known primarily from the political field. However, participation also plays an essential role in social work. The principle of participation is often not or not sufficiently implemented in social work with children with special needs. But it is a human right, which is also valid in the Convention of the Rights of the Child and in the Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Austria. The presented thesis discusses challenges and chances of participation in work with people with disabilities and focuses on the current situation of children with disorders in Austria and their possibilities, on the different forms of participation, on the dominant power relationship in social work and on the human rights theory according to Silvia Staub - Bernasconi. It has been shown that voluntariness from all stakeholders plays an important role when it comes to participatory processes.

Pela presente pesquisa busca-se entender em que medida são ajuizadas e julgadas procedentes as Ações Diretas de Inconstitucionalidade protocoladas pela Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil com interesse meramente corporativo. Aplicando-se o método científico hipotético-dedutivo, a investigação se inicia com a aplicação da técnica de regressão logística (logit) para as ADIs protocoladas pela OAB entre 1988 e 2020. Demonstrou-se, ao final, além de outros resultados, que as ações de interesse corporativo obtêm julgamento de mérito com mais frequência que as demais ações propostas pela entidade.

The purpose of this study was to find the factors responsible for winning in the men’s and women’s beach volleyball championship. Materials and methods. The study sample consisted of a total of 212 matches for men and 214 matches for women of the 2017 & 2019 FIVB Men and Women Beach Volleyball World Championships held at Vienna & Hamburg from 28 July to 6 Aug 2017 and 28 June to 7 July 2019. The matches were played by 192 teams (both men and women combined) consisting of 384 numbers (both men and women combined) of players from different nations. The data were analyzed using Binary Logistic Regression (Forward: LR Method) with the result of the game as the dependent variable and predictor variables as covariates. β, standard error β, Wald’s χ2, odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were calculated. Model evaluation was conducted using the likelihood ratio test, Cox & Snell (R2), and Nagelkerke (R2) tests. The goodness of fit test for the models was conducted using the Hosmer & Lemeshow test. Results. The analysis revealed seven factors related to winning in men’s and women’s competition. While in league rounds, six factors in men’s and seven factors in women’s competition were related to winning. Besides, in knockout rounds, four factors in men’s and six factors in women’s competition were related to winning. Conclusion. The study shows that there is a significant association of important factors with respect to winning a match in an elite beach volleyball championship. The coaches and players can take note of the important factors responsible for winning in the elite beach volleyball championship, with different factors playing an important role in men’s and women’s competition during league and knockout rounds as well.

In der vorliegenden Masterarbeit wird das Modell der persönlichen Assistenz für Menschen mit Behinderungen in den Fokus gerückt. Das Thema ist nach wie vor brandaktuell und unterstreicht vorhandene politische Forderungen und die Notwendigkeit der Betroffenen. Die Literatur befasst sich mit den theoretischen Grundlagen, der Geschichte und der Entwicklung der persönlichen Assistenz und den verschiedenen Modellen inklusive Kompetenzen und Eigenschaften von den AssistentInnen und den AssistenznehmerInnen. Für eine umfassende Perspektive werden Assistenzorganisationen und Arbeitgebermodelle in die Untersuchung miteinbezogen. Die Forschungsfragen lauten: „Welche Chancen und Herausforderungen ergeben sich aus dem Modell der persönlichen Assistenz?“ und darauf aufbauend „Wie müsste ein Modell aufgebaut sein, sodass ein autonomes Leben gezielt auf die individuellen Unterstützungsbedürfnisse der AssistenznehmerInnen angepasst werden kann?“ Für die Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen werden leitfadengestützte ExpertInneninterviews telefonisch, online und persönlich durchgeführt. Die Auswertungsmethode erfolgt anhand der Grounded Theory. Wesentliche Ergebnisse belegen, dass der Bedarf des Modells der persönlichen Assistenz sehr viele Facetten verbirgt, - sowohl auf der strukturellen Ebene als auch auf der personellen und emotionalen Ebene. Die Chancen eröffnen neue Türen zur Selbstbestimmung und zu einer wesentlich individuelleren Lebens- und Freizeitgestaltung. Herausforderungen finden sich in diversen politischen Forderungen wieder und werden individuell gewertet. Dadurch wird gefordert, dass das Konzept als Mischform zugänglich sein sollte, damit die individuelle Unterstützungsleistung eingesetzt werden kann., Rebeka Koder, Masterarbeit Universität Klagenfurt 2022, in englischer Sprache

The aim of the article is to analyze the content and methodology of the academic course prepared for students of catechetics, entitled "Theology of creation and moral ecology". The course is inspired primarily by Pope Francis’ encyclical Laudato si', which provides a deeper foundation for ecological ethics than secular ethics, also briefly recalled in the article. The argumentation leads to the conclusion that new initiatives of ecological catechesis are needed to shape the Christian attitude towards the natural environment, which at the same time is consistent with the state of modern scientific knowledge. The course presented in the paper may help in preparing future catechists for this task., Celem artykułu jest analiza treści i metod akademickiego kursu przygotowanego dla studentów kierunków katechetycznych, zatytułowanego „Teologia stworzenia i etyka ekologiczna”. Teoretyczną inspiracją kursu jest przede wszystkim encyklika Laudato si’ Papieża Franciszka, która daje głębszą podstawę dla etyki ekologicznej niż etyka świecka, również pokrótce przypomniana w artykule. Wywód prowadzi do wniosku, że nowe inicjatywy katechezy ekologicznej są potrzebne dla kształtowania chrześcijańskiego, a zarazem zgodnego ze stanem współczesnej wiedzy naukowej, stosunku do środowiska naturalnego, zaś przedstawiony kurs może pomóc w przygotowaniu przyszłych katechetów do realizacji tego zadania.

Celem artykułu jest analiza treści i metod akademickiego kursu przygotowanego dla studentów kierunków katechetycznych, zatytułowanego „Teologia stworzenia i etyka ekologiczna”. Teoretyczną inspiracją kursu jest przede wszystkim encyklika Laudato si’ Papieża Franciszka, która daje głębszą podstawę dla etyki ekologicznej niż etyka świecka, również pokrótce przypomniana w artykule. Wywód prowadzi do wniosku, że nowe inicjatywy katechezy ekologicznej są potrzebne dla kształtowania chrześcijańskiego, a zarazem zgodnego ze stanem współczesnej wiedzy naukowej, stosunku do środowiska naturalnego, zaś przedstawiony kurs może pomóc w przygotowaniu przyszłych katechetów do realizacji tego zadania.

Für internationale Konzerne ist es essenziell, eine Organisationsstruktur zu wählen, die sich unterstützend auf ihre Unternehmensabläufe auswirkt und die Erfüllung ihrer Ziele gewährleistet. Organisationsformen bringen ihre spezifischen Chancen und Risiken mit sich, die Unternehmen analysieren müssen, um den größtmöglichen Mehrwert zu erzielen. Die interne Revision ist eine unabhängige und objektive Prüfungs- und Beratungsfunktion, die für die Verbesserung von Prozessen und Unternehmensabläufen verantwortlich ist. Um ihrer Zielerfüllung gerecht zu werden, wurden die Chancen und Risiken der Hybridorganisation der internen Revision in internationalen Konzernen analysiert. Im Zuge dieser Forschungsarbeit wurden die Chancen und Risiken zentraler und dezentraler Strukturelemente, sowie die Kombination dieser beiden Elemente in einer hybriden Organisationsform ermittelt und beschrieben. Im Anschluss wurden sechs Experten und Expertinnen interviewt und über die Chancen, Risiken befragt. Die Interviews wurden mittels qualitativer, strukturierter Inhaltsanalyse untersucht und die Ergebnisse für die Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage zusammengefasst. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass sowohl eine Zentralisierung als auch eine Dezentralisierung ihre Vor- und Nachteile mit sich bringt und dass durch eine Hybridorganisation neue, spezifische Chancen und Risiken entstehen können. Chancen der Zentralrevision sind eine höhere Unabhängigkeit und Einheitlichkeit, die Risiken hingegen sind die fehlende Nähe zum lokalen Betriebsstandort und höhere Reisekosten. Dezentrale Revisionen haben eine höhere Fachkenntnis über lokale Gegebenheiten und können ihrer Beratungsfunktion besser nachgehen. Als Risiken haben sich der mögliche Kontrollverlust des Konzerns über die lokalen Einheiten und mögliche Interessenskonflikte und Beeinflussung durch das lokale Management herausgestellt. Auf eine Hybridorganisation können die Chancen und Risiken zentraler und dezentraler Elemente zutreffen, es wurden aber auch für diese Strukturierung spezifische Chancen und Risiken ermittelt. Der hohe Koordinations- und Ressourcenaufwand, das effiziente Zusammenarbeiten, die Einführung oder Bewahrung einheitlicher Standards und die Kommunikation sind nur ein paar der speziellen Risiken der Hybridorganisation. Chancen sind die Expertise über lokale Anforderungen, die schnellere Kommunikation, die höhere Anzahl der Themen und Prüfungen, die durchgeführt werden können und die Wahrnehmung ihrer Beratungsfunktion, die einen höheren Mehrwert für die Konzerne darstellt. It is essential for international group companies, to choose an organizational form, which supports their business operations and ensures the accomplishment of their business goals. Organizational forms have their specific chances and risks, which must be analyzed by the companies, to achieve their highest possible added value. Internal audit is an independent and objective assurance and consulting activity, which is responsible for the improvement of processes and organizational operations. To achieve these goals, the chances and risks in hybride organizations of internal audit in international group companies have been analyzed. As part of this research the chances and risks of centralized and decentralized structures and the combination of these two elements in a hybride organizational form have been established and described. Following this, six experts have been interviewed and surveyed about the chances and risks. The interviews have been realized through qualitative, structured content analysis and the outcomes have been consolidated to answer the research question. It has become apparent, that both the centralization and the decentralization bring along their chances and risks and that, as a result of hybride organization, new, specific chances and risks can occur. Chances of centralized internal audit are higher indenpendence and objectivity, whereas the risks are the lack of closeness to the local operating site and higher travel expenses. Decentralized internal audit has a higher expertise about local circumstances and can better pursue their advisory function. The risks are potential loss of control of the group company over the local divisions and potential conflicts of interest and influence through the local management. There can be chances and risks of central and decentral elements, that can apply to a hybride organization, there are also specific chances and risks in this structure. The high amount of coordinational effort and resource costs, the efficient collaboration, the implementation and preservation of coherent standards and the communication are only a few oft he specific risks of hybride organization. Chances are the expertise on local requirements, the faster communication, the higher amount of themes and audits, which can be pursued and the perception of the advisory function, which constitutes a higher added value for international group companies.

Summary: The association between adherence to Mediterranean diet (MD) and hip fracture incidence is not yet established. In a diverse population of elderly, increased adherence to MD was associated with lower hip fracture incidence. Except preventing major chronic diseases, adhering to MD might have additional benefits in lowering hip fracture risk. Introduction: Hip fractures constitute a major public health problem among older adults. Latest evidence links adherence to Mediterranean diet (MD) with reduced hip fracture risk, but still more research is needed to elucidate this relationship. The potential association of adherence to MD with hip fracture incidence was explored among older adults. Methods: A total of 140,775 adults (116,176 women, 24,599 men) 60 years and older, from five cohorts from Europe and the USA, were followed-up for 1,896,219 person-years experiencing 5454 hip fractures. Diet was assessed at baseline by validated, cohort-specific, food-frequency questionnaires, and hip fractures were ascertained through patient registers or telephone interviews/questionnaires. Adherence to MD was evaluated by a scoring system on a 10-point scale modified to be applied also to non-Mediterranean populations. In order to evaluate the association between MD and hip fracture incidence, cohort-specific hazard ratios (HR), adjusted for potential confounders, were estimated using Cox proportional-hazards regression and pooled estimates were subsequently derived implementing random-effects meta-analysis. Results: A two-point increase in the score was associated with a significant 4% decrease in hip fracture risk (pooled adjusted HR 0.96; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.92–0.99, pheterogeneity = 0.446). In categorical analyses, hip fracture risk was lower among men and women with moderate (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.87–0.99) and high (HR 0.94; 95% CI 0.87–1.01) adherence to the score compared with those with low adherence. Conclusions: In this large sample of older adults from Europe and the USA, increased adherence to MD was associated with lower hip fracture incidence. © 2018, International Osteoporosis Foundation and National Osteoporosis Foundation.

Folgende Forschungsfrage ist die Grundlage für das Thema dieser Gruppenbachelorarbeit: Erwachsenenvertretungsrecht - Was kann Familie leisten? Welche Risiken und Chancen bestehen bei Übernahme der Erwachsenenvertretung durch nahestehende Personen, insbesondere durch Familienmitglieder? Um die Frage vielschichtig zu bearbeiten, beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit Grundlagenwissen und der Beschreibung des 2. Erwachsenenschutzgesetzes, welches die Weichen für vermehrte Unterstützung und Selbstbestimmung für Vertretene stellt. Der Begriff der „nahestehenden Personen” taucht hier zum ersten Mal auf und wird aus rechtlicher Sicht beleuchtet. Es folgt die Betrachtung der Gesetzesänderungen aus sozialpolitischer Perspektive, wobei die Verstärkung der Angehörigenvertretungen kritisch hinterfragt wird und mögliche Gründe dafür diskutiert werden. Durch die Fokussierung auf nahestehende Personen und Familienmitglieder in der Forschungsfrage, werden außerdem verschiedene Familienkonstellationen und innerfamiliäre Prozesse und Dynamiken erklärt und mit der Vertretungsarbeit in Verbindung gebracht, wodurch bereits hier klar wird, dass durchaus potenzielle Chancen, aber auch Risiken vorhanden sind. Ein sozialarbeiterischer Blick in Bezug auf mögliche Unterstützungsleistungen für Angehörigenvertreter*innen, sowie das Herausstreichen von Qualitäten der Sozialen Arbeit in Belangen der Erwachsenenvertretung, runden den theoretischen Teil dieser Arbeit ab. Primäres Forschungsinteresse in der Empirie liegt nun in der Erkenntnisgewinnung, wie Expert*innen und Angehörigenvertreter*innen die Chancen und Risiken in einer nicht-professionellen Erwachsenenvertretung einschätzen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse geben Einsicht in die Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten einer innerfamiliären Vertretungsbeziehung, wodurch diverse Schlüsse und Annahmen zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage gezogen und getätigt werden. Abschließend wird eine Projektskizze vorgestellt, die sich mit dem Thema der Informationsbereitstellung für neue Angehörigenvertreter*innen und mit der Implementierung eines solchen Informationsangebot auseinandersetzt. The bachelor thesis deals with the topic adult guardianship and is about the following question: Adult Protection Law – What can family accomplish? What are the risks and the chances when adults with incapacities are represented by closely related persons, especially by family members? To be able to give a proper answer to that question, this work is facing up the Second Protection of Adult Act as a basis. The law has set the course for support self-determination of the ones who are affected. In the first chapter the term of closely related persons is turned up and the legal meaning is explained. Due to that the expression is reviewed. Also the socio-political aspect plays a role in the new law and is precisely highlighted. The presumable increase of representation exercised by closely related persons is questioned and possible reasons are expressed. Since the focus lies now on closely related persons and family members regarding the adult guardianship, different kinds of family constellations and family processes as well as dynamics in relationships to close people are explained. As a result some chances and risks of this constellations are getting disclosed. Furthermore a closer look was taken to the current situation regarding support for the ones who are exercising the representation. In adult guardianship social work has its own place and tasks. This work points out of what social work provides and what it can contribute to the whole topic. The empirical approach is about gaining qualitative information about the risks and the chances that are given by exercising adult guardianship through closely related persons and family members. Various persons who work in this field have been interviewed. The gathered information makes clear what challenges and what opportunities can occur in the mentioned constellation. As a result it was possible to make assumptions and to answer the initial question. In conclusion to that work, the lack of support for closely related persons has been searched out and represents the reason for the project sketch. It is described in the end and explains an opportunity, how the needed information could be provided to the ones concerned.

Folgende Forschungsfrage ist die Grundlage für das Thema dieser Gruppenbachelorarbeit: Erwachsenenvertretungsrecht - Was kann Familie leisten? Welche Risiken und Chancen bestehen bei Übernahme der Erwachsenenvertretung durch nahestehende Personen, insbesondere durch Familienmitglieder? Um die Frage vielschichtig zu bearbeiten, beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit Grundlagenwissen und der Beschreibung des 2. Erwachsenenschutzgesetzes, welches die Weichen für vermehrte Unterstützung und Selbstbestimmung für Vertretene stellt. Der Begriff der „nahestehenden Personen” taucht hier zum ersten Mal auf und wird aus rechtlicher Sicht beleuchtet. Es folgt die Betrachtung der Gesetzesänderungen aus sozialpolitischer Perspektive, wobei die Verstärkung der Angehörigenvertretungen kritisch hinterfragt wird und mögliche Gründe dafür diskutiert werden. Durch die Fokussierung auf nahestehende Personen und Familienmitglieder in der Forschungsfrage, werden außerdem verschiedene Familienkonstellationen und innerfamiliäre Prozesse und Dynamiken erklärt und mit der Vertretungsarbeit in Verbindung gebracht, wodurch bereits hier klar wird, dass durchaus potenzielle Chancen, aber auch Risiken vorhanden sind. Ein sozialarbeiterischer Blick in Bezug auf mögliche Unterstützungsleistungen für Angehörigenvertreter*innen, sowie das Herausstreichen von Qualitäten der Sozialen Arbeit in Belangen der Erwachsenenvertretung, runden den theoretischen Teil dieser Arbeit ab. Primäres Forschungsinteresse in der Empirie liegt nun in der Erkenntnisgewinnung, wie Expert*innen und Angehörigenvertreter*innen die Chancen und Risiken in einer nicht-professionellen Erwachsenenvertretung einschätzen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse geben Einsicht in die Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten einer innerfamiliären Vertretungsbeziehung, wodurch diverse Schlüsse und Annahmen zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage gezogen und getätigt werden. Abschließend wird eine Projektskizze vorgestellt, die sich mit dem Thema der Informationsbereitstellung für neue Angehörigenvertreter*innen und mit der Implementierung eines solchen Informationsangebot auseinandersetzt. The bachelor thesis deals with the topic adult guardianship and is about the following question: Adult Protection Law – What can family accomplish? What are the risks and the chances when adults with incapacities are represented by closely related persons, especially by family members? To be able to give a proper answer to that question, this work is facing up the Second Protection of Adult Act as a basis. The law has set the course for support self-determination of the ones who are affected. In the first chapter the term of closely related persons is turned up and the legal meaning is explained. Due to that the expression is reviewed. Also the socio-political aspect plays a role in the new law and is precisely highlighted. The presumable increase of representation exercised by closely related persons is questioned and possible reasons are expressed. Since the focus lies now on closely related persons and family members regarding the adult guardianship, different kinds of family constellations and family processes as well as dynamics in relationships to close people are explained. As a result some chances and risks of this constellations are getting disclosed. Furthermore a closer look was taken to the current situation regarding support for the ones who are exercising the representation. In adult guardianship social work has its own place and tasks. This work points out of what social work provides and what it can contribute to the whole topic. The empirical approach is about gaining qualitative information about the risks and the chances that are given by exercising adult guardianship through closely related persons and family members. Various persons who work in this field have been interviewed. The gathered information makes clear what challenges and what opportunities can occur in the mentioned constellation. As a result it was possible to make assumptions and to answer the initial question. In conclusion to that work, the lack of support for closely related persons has been searched out and represents the reason for the project sketch. It is described in the end and explains an opportunity, how the needed information could be provided to the ones concerned.

Folgende Forschungsfrage ist die Grundlage für das Thema dieser Gruppenbachelorarbeit: Erwachsenenvertretungsrecht - Was kann Familie leisten? Welche Risiken und Chancen bestehen bei Übernahme der Erwachsenenvertretung durch nahestehende Personen, insbesondere durch Familienmitglieder? Um die Frage vielschichtig zu bearbeiten, beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit Grundlagenwissen und der Beschreibung des 2. Erwachsenenschutzgesetzes, welches die Weichen für vermehrte Unterstützung und Selbstbestimmung für Vertretene stellt. Der Begriff der „nahestehenden Personen” taucht hier zum ersten Mal auf und wird aus rechtlicher Sicht beleuchtet. Es folgt die Betrachtung der Gesetzesänderungen aus sozialpolitischer Perspektive, wobei die Verstärkung der Angehörigenvertretungen kritisch hinterfragt wird und mögliche Gründe dafür diskutiert werden. Durch die Fokussierung auf nahestehende Personen und Familienmitglieder in der Forschungsfrage, werden außerdem verschiedene Familienkonstellationen und innerfamiliäre Prozesse und Dynamiken erklärt und mit der Vertretungsarbeit in Verbindung gebracht, wodurch bereits hier klar wird, dass durchaus potenzielle Chancen, aber auch Risiken vorhanden sind. Ein sozialarbeiterischer Blick in Bezug auf mögliche Unterstützungsleistungen für Angehörigenvertreter*innen, sowie das Herausstreichen von Qualitäten der Sozialen Arbeit in Belangen der Erwachsenenvertretung, runden den theoretischen Teil dieser Arbeit ab. Primäres Forschungsinteresse in der Empirie liegt nun in der Erkenntnisgewinnung, wie Expert*innen und Angehörigenvertreter*innen die Chancen und Risiken in einer nicht-professionellen Erwachsenenvertretung einschätzen. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse geben Einsicht in die Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten einer innerfamiliären Vertretungsbeziehung, wodurch diverse Schlüsse und Annahmen zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage gezogen und getätigt werden. Abschließend wird eine Projektskizze vorgestellt, die sich mit dem Thema der Informationsbereitstellung für neue Angehörigenvertreter*innen und mit der Implementierung eines solchen Informationsangebot auseinandersetzt. The bachelor thesis deals with the topic adult guardianship and is about the following question: Adult Protection Law – What can family accomplish? What are the risks and the chances when adults with incapacities are represented by closely related persons, especially by family members? To be able to give a proper answer to that question, this work is facing up the Second Protection of Adult Act as a basis. The law has set the course for support self-determination of the ones who are affected. In the first chapter the term of closely related persons is turned up and the legal meaning is explained. Due to that the expression is reviewed. Also the socio-political aspect plays a role in the new law and is precisely highlighted. The presumable increase of representation exercised by closely related persons is questioned and possible reasons are expressed. Since the focus lies now on closely related persons and family members regarding the adult guardianship, different kinds of family constellations and family processes as well as dynamics in relationships to close people are explained. As a result some chances and risks of this constellations are getting disclosed. Furthermore a closer look was taken to the current situation regarding support for the ones who are exercising the representation. In adult guardianship social work has its own place and tasks. This work points out of what social work provides and what it can contribute to the whole topic. The empirical approach is about gaining qualitative information about the risks and the chances that are given by exercising adult guardianship through closely related persons and family members. Various persons who work in this field have been interviewed. The gathered information makes clear what challenges and what opportunities can occur in the mentioned constellation. As a result it was possible to make assumptions and to answer the initial question. In conclusion to that work, the lack of support for closely related persons has been searched out and represents the reason for the project sketch. It is described in the end and explains an opportunity, how the needed information could be provided to the ones concerned.

A growth in the number of weather and climate disasters on all continents has become obvious today. It is caused by global climate change due to the globalization of anthropogenic impact on the environment. The economy has to respond adequately to modern climatic calls through the creation of an effective climate risk control system. But the domestic theory and practice of risk management today lags behind the need for this knowledge. The author has therefore set the task to elaborate on the framework of categories and concepts of the methodology of climate risk management. For this purpose, it is necessary to define the concept and content of climate risks, to give their classification, to set the objective of risk management. The subject of this study is climate risks. During the research methods of logical analysis, synthesis, systematization and classification were used. Fundamental scientific works, practical studies and works in the field of science on risks and risk management, including climate ones have provided a theoretical and methodological basis. The main scientifically significant results of the research are: 1. the results of the analysis of modern theoretical and methodological approaches made it possible to propose a more detailed definition of the categories “risk” and “climate risk”; 2. The role of climatic risks in the system of economic risks and their link with environmental risks is shown; 3. a classification of climate risks according to 13 signs is given; 4. the main subjects and the purpose of climate risk management are selected. The results of the work can be used in basic and applied scientific research on the problems of the management of climate risks. The practical importance consists in the possibility of using the results when developing state policy in the studied area. Furthermore, the author plans to use the received results for the development of a methodology of management of innovations for decreasing climate risks. Положительный тренд количества природно-климатических катаклизмов на всех континентах земного шара сегодня стал очевиден. Причиной его является глобальное изменение климата вследствие глобализации антропогенного воздействия на окружающую природную среду. Экономика должна адекватно отвечать на современные климатические вызовы путем создания эффективной системы управления природно-климатическими рисками. Однако отечественная теория и практика риск-менеджмента сегодня отстает от потребности в знаниях в обозначенной области. Поэтому автором была поставлена цель уточнить категориальный аппарат методологии управления природно-климатическими рисками. Для достижения этой цели необходимо раскрыть понятие и содержание природно-климатических рисков, дать их классификацию, обозначить цель управления ими. Предмет – природно-климатические риски. В ходе исследования были использованы методы логического анализа, синтеза, систематизации и классификации. Теоретической и методологической основой послужили фундаментальные научные труды, практические исследования и работы в области рискологии и управления рисками, в том числе природно-климатическими. К наиболее существенным результатам исследования, обладающим новизной, относятся следующие: во-первых, по результатам анализа современных теоретических и методологических подходов уточнена сущность категорий «риск» и «природно-климатический риск»; во-вторых, показано место природно-климатических рисков в системе хозяйственных рисков и их связь с экологическими рисками; в-третьих, даны классификации природно-климатических рисков по 13 признакам; в-четвертых, выбраны основные субъекты и цель управления природно-климатическими рисками. Результаты работы могут быть использованы в фундаментальных и прикладных научных исследованиях по проблемам управления природно-климатическими рисками. Практическая значимость состоит в возможности применения результатов при разработке государственной политики в изучаемой области. В дальнейшем автор планирует использовать полученные результаты для разработки методологии управления инновациями в целях снижения природно-климатических рисков. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (РФФИ) в рамках научного проекта № 18-010-00549

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a leading cause of mortality worldwide, especially in the elderly. Lowering the number of CVD deaths requires preventive strategies targeted on the elderly. Objective: The objective was to generate evidence on the association between WHO dietary recommendations and mortality from CVD, coronary artery disease (CAD), and stroke in the elderly aged =60 y. Design: We analyzed data from 10 prospective cohort studies from Europe and the United States comprising a total sample of 281,874 men and women free from chronic diseases at baseline. Components of the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) included saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, mono- and disaccharides, protein, cholesterol, dietary fiber, and fruit and vegetables. Cohort-specific HRs adjusted for sex, education, smoking, physical activity, and energy and alcohol intakes were pooled by using a random-effects model. Results: During 3,322,768 person-years of follow-up, 12,492 people died of CVD. An increase of 10 HDI points (complete adherence to an additional WHO guideline) was, on average, not associated with CVD mortality (HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.86, 1.03), CAD mortality (HR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.14), or stroke mortality (HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.03). However, after stratification of the data by geographic region, adherence to the HDI was associated with reduced CVD mortality in the southern European cohorts (HR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.96; I2 = 0%) and in the US cohort (HR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.87; I2 = not applicable). Conclusion: Overall, greater adherence to the WHO dietary guidelines was not significantly associated with CVD mortality, but the results varied across regions. Clear inverse associations were observed in elderly populations in southern Europe and the United States.

Aim: To examine the association between a healthy diet, assessed by the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI), and cognitive decline in older adults. Methods: Data from 21,837 participants aged ≥55 years from 3 cohorts (Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly, a Concerted Action [SENECA], Rotterdam Study [RS], Nurses' Health Study [NHS]) were analyzed. HDI scores were based on intakes of saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, mono- and disaccharides, protein, cholesterol, fruits and vegetables, and fiber. The Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status in NHS and Mini-Mental State Examination in RS and SENECA were used to assess cognitive function from multiple repeated measures. Using multivariable-adjusted, mixed linear regression, mean differences in annual rates of cognitive decline by HDI quintiles were estimated. Results: Multivariable-adjusted differences in rates in the highest versus the lowest HDI quintile were 0.01 (95% CI -0.01, 0.02) in NHS, 0.00 (95% CI -0.02, 0.01) in RS, and 0.00 (95% CI -0.05, 0.05) in SENECA with a pooled estimate of 0.00 (95% CI -0.01, 0.01), I2 = 0%. Conclusions: A higher HDI score was not related to reduced rates of cognitive decline in European and American older adults.

Zhu and Gigerenzer (2006) showed that an appreciable number of Chinese children aged between 9 and 12years old made correct quantitative Bayesian inferences requiring the integration of priors and likelihoods as long as they were presented with numerical information phrased in terms of natural frequencies. In this study, we sought to replicate this finding and extend the investigation of children's Bayesian reasoning to a different numerical format (chances) and other probability questions (distributive and relative). In Experiment 1, a sample of Italian children was presented with the natural frequency version of five Bayesian inference problems employed by Zhu and Gigerenzer (2006), but only a tiny minority of them were able to produce correct responses. In Experiment 2, we found that the children's accuracy, as well as the coherence between their probability judgments, depended on the type of question but not on the format (natural frequency vs. chance) in which information was presented. We conclude that children's competence in drawing quantitative Bayesian inferences is lower than suggested by Zhu and Gigerenzer (2006) and, similarly to what happens with adults, it relies more on a problem representation that fosters an extensional evaluation of possibilities than on a specific numerical format.

Objectives To evaluate, among the elderly, the association of self-rated health (SRH) with mortality, and to identify determinants of self-rating health as “at-least-good”. Study design Individual data on SRH and important covariates were obtained for 424,791 European and United States residents, ≥60 years at recruitment (1982–2008), in eight prospective studies in the Consortium on Health and Ageing: Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES). In each study, adjusted mortality ratios (hazard ratios, HRs) in relation to SRH were calculated and subsequently combined with random-effect meta-analyses. Main outcome measures All-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Results Within the median 12.5 years of follow-up, 93,014 (22%) deaths occurred. SRH “fair” or “poor” vs. “at-least-good” was associated with increased mortality: HRs 1.46 (95% CI 1·23–1.74) and 2.31 (1.79–2.99), respectively. These associations were evident: for cardiovascular and, to a lesser extent, cancer mortality, and within-study, within-subgroup analyses. Accounting for lifestyle, sociodemographic, somatometric factors and, subsequently, for medical history explained only a modest amount of the unadjusted associations. Factors favourably associated with SRH were: sex (males), age (younger-old), education (high), marital status (married/cohabiting), physical activity (active), body mass index (non-obese), alcohol consumption (low to moderate) and previous morbidity (absence). Conclusion SRH provides a quick and simple tool for assessing health and identifying groups of elders at risk of early mortality that may be useful also in clinical settings. Modifying determinants of favourably rating health, e.g. by increasing physical activity and/or by eliminating obesity, may be important for older adults to “feel healthy” and “be healthy”. © 2017

eingereicht von Esther Jobst, BA Universität Linz, Masterarbeit, 2017

Poduzetništvo mladih predstavlja takav oblik poduzetništva u kojem osobe mlaĎe od 30 godina ulaze u nove poslove. Na tom putu nailaze na mnoge prepreke, a jedna od najčešćih je nedostatak financijskih sredstava. Za takve slučajeve banka nudi zajmove po posebnim uvjetima kao što je niža kamatna stopa, te duži rok otplate. Banke propisuju stroge mjere korištenja i otplate zajma, traže višestruko osiguranje svojih plasmana ukoliko poslovni plan ne bude uspješno realiziran. Bez obzira na prijetnje, prilike su mnogo veće, te je poželjno da mladi pozitivnim primjerima poslovanja potiču jedni druge na ovakav način zarade. Future business leaders represent a form of enterpreneurship in which persons under 30 years enter in a new business. One of the main obstacles in that path is the lack of financial resources. For that kind of cases banks offer loans under including special conditions such as lower interest rates and longer repayment of the loan. Banks prescribe stringent measures of use and and repayment of the loan, requiering multiple insurance of their loans in case that business plan can not be succesfuly implemented. Despite the threats, opportunities are likeable and it is advisable that young people reinforce each other with positive examples in business.

Recent studies have shown that cancer risk related to overweight and obesity is mediated by time and might be better approximated by using life years lived with excess weight. In this study we aimed to assess the impact of overweight duration and intensity in older adults on the risk of developing different forms of cancer. Study participants from seven European and one US cohort study with two or more weight assessments during follow-up were included (n = 329,576). Trajectories of body mass index (BMI) across ages were estimated using a quadratic growth model; overweight duration (BMI = 25) and cumulative weighted overweight years were calculated. In multivariate Cox models and random effects analyses, a longer duration of overweight was significantly associated with the incidence of obesity-related cancer [overall hazard ratio (HR) per 10-year increment: 1.36; 95 % CI 1.12–1.60], but also increased the risk of postmenopausal breast and colorectal cancer. Additionally accounting for the degree of overweight further increased the risk of obesity-related cancer. Risks associated with a longer overweight duration were higher in men than in women and were attenuated by smoking. For postmenopausal breast cancer, increased risks were confined to women who never used hormone therapy. Overall, 8.4 % of all obesity-related cancers could be attributed to overweight at any age. These findings provide further insights into the role of overweight duration in the etiology of cancer and indicate that weight control is relevant at all ages. This knowledge is vital for the development of effective and targeted cancer prevention strategies. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

Objective: To determine the incidence of couples dropping out of the in vitro fertilization (IVF) waiting list and to describe the couples' reasons.Design: Prospective cohort study.Setting: Fertility center in an academic hospital.Patient(s): 674 women placed consecutively on the IVF waiting list between June 2000 and July 2003.Intervention(s): None.Main Outcome Measure(s): Number of dropouts and reasons for dropping out.Result(s): Follow-up information was collected in 2005 and 2008. Of the 674 couples on the waiting list, 87% started IVF, and 13% dropped out before starting their first IVF cycle. Follow-up data were obtained for 85 of 86 patients (98.8%): 37% dropped out because of spontaneous pregnancy, 36% for personal reasons (passive censoring), and 27% for medical reasons (active censoring). Most of the pregnancies occurred within 3 months after the patient had been placed on the waiting list (30 of 32, 94%). Of the 54 censored couples, four became pregnant.Conclusion(s): On a 6-month waiting list for IVF, 13% of the couples dropped out before starting treatment. The single most important reason for dropout was (spontaneous) pregnancy. Most of these pregnancies occurred within 3 months, which suggests that psychological factors such as stress relief after being placed on the waiting list might be operative. (Fertil Steril (R) 2010; 94:1713-6. (C) 2010 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.)

[EUS] Gradu Amaierako Lan honek eskola inklusibo batean familiek duten parte hartzea aztertzea du helburu, Haur Hezkuntzako etapara mugatuz. Horretarako Bilboko Ikastola zehatz batean ikerketa bat egitea erabaki da. Azterketaren ardatza zentro horretan familiek daukaten parte hartze maila eta aukerak zelakoak diren hurbiletik ezagutzea eta ulertzea izan da. Ikerketan erabilitako metodologia kualitatiboa izan da, dokumentuen analisiak, elkarrizketa zuzenak eta inkestak aurrera eramanez. Teknika horien bitartez lortutako informazioa aztertu ostean, marko teorikoarekin alderatu egin da, ikerketaren ondorioak ateratzeko. Amaieran, ondorioak kontuan izanik hobekuntza proposamen bat aurkeztu da. [ES] Este Trabajo Fin de Grado tiene como finalidad analizar la participación que tienen las familias en una escuela inclusiva, centrándonos en la etapa de Educación Infantil. Para ello, se ha decidido llevar a cabo un caso de investigación en una Ikastola concreta de Bilbao. El eje de este estudio se centra en analizar el nivel de participación y las posibilidades que tienen las familias en el centro, para así poder conocer y entender desde más cerca dicha implicación. La metodología empleada en la investigación ha sido cualitativa, llevando así a cabo análisis de documentos, conversaciones directas y encuestas. Después de haber analizado la información obtenida, a través de estas técnicas, se ha comparado con el marco teórico, para de esa manera poder extraer las conclusiones de la investigación. Finalmente, teniendo en cuenta dichas conclusiones se ha presentado una propuesta de mejora. [EN] The main issue of this End-of-Degree Essay is to carry out an analysis of the participation of families in an inclusive school, focusing on Infant School. To achieve this aim, a research has been done in an Ikastola in Bilbao. The focus of this study is to analyze the level of participation and the chances the families have at school to get it, in order to know and understand more closely that involves. A qualitative methodology has been used through this study carrying out analyzed documents, interviews and surveys. After analyzing the information gathered through these techniques, it has been compared with the theoretical part to draw the conclusions of the investigation. Finally, having the conclusions into account, a proposal of improvement has been developed.

European higher education systems in the last few decades have been in a period of intensive quantitative expansion. Both participation rates and student numbers in most European countries are still growing – but are the chances of young people from lower socioeconomic classes to enter universities higher than before? Under massification conditions, are the chances of young people from poorer backgrounds actually increasing, relative to increasing chances of young people from higher socioeconomic classes and wealthier backgrounds? Are both overall social mobility and relative social mobility of under-represented classes increasing at the same rate? That is a question about changing social mobility relative to the share of particular socioeconomic classes in the population as a whole. Social mobility in increasingly knowledge-driven economies is powerfully linked to equitable access to higher education. And the question of inequality in access to higher education is usually asked today in the context of educational expansion. Educational expansion, in most general terms, and in the majority of European countries studied, seems to be reducing inequality of access. There are ever more students with lower socioeconomic backgrounds, and ever more graduates whose parents had only primary education credentials. The chances of the latter to enter higher education are increasing across Europe but are still very low. The intergenerational patterns of transmission of education are still very rigid across all European systems: the offspring of the low-educated is predominantly low-educated; the offspring of the highly educated is predominantly highly educated. Structurally similar patterns can be shown for occupations: the offspring of those in the best occupations predominantly take best occupations, and the offspring of those in the worst occupations predominantly take the worst occupations, across all European countries (“best” being structurally similar and linked to both middle-class earnings and lifestyles in Europe. Equitable access to higher education is linked in this chapter empirically to the social background of students, viewed from two parallel perspectives: educational background of parents and occupational background of parents, and studied through the large-scale EU-SILC (European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions) dataset.

Celem artykułu jest analiza szans i zagrożeń, które generuje chińskie zaangażowanie inwestycyjne w państwach Unii Europejskiej, a także możliwości przeciwdziałania jego ewentualnym negatywnym konsekwencjom. Ostatnie lata przyniosły ze sobą wyraźny wzrost zainteresowania przedsiębiorstw z Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej podejmowaniem działalności inwestycyjnej w państwach Unii Europejskiej. Można przy tym zakładać utrzymanie się tej tendencji w najbliższym czasie. Poza korzyściami ekonomicznymi, które generuje chińskie zaangażowanie inwestycyjne, wskazuje się także na pewne zagrożenia z tym związane. Problem ten powinien stać się także obiektem zainteresowania polskich decydentów. Mimo relatywnie niewielkiej dotychczas aktywności chińskich przedsiębiorstw w Polsce, Chiny wydają się być zainteresowane zwiększeniem obecności gospodarczej w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej, Polską traktując jako lidera państw regionu. The aim of this article is to analyse the opportunities and threats generated by the Chinese investment activity in the EU (including Poland), and also possibilities to counter its potential negative consequences. In recent years, the interest of Chinese companies to invest in the European market has grown significantly. In all likelihood this tendency can be a constant trend in the near future. Apart from economic benefits generated by the Chinese investment, there are also some possible threats and risks related to this activity. Polish policy-makers should also be more aware of these issues. Although the present activity of Chinese enterprises in Poland has been relatively small, China seems to be interested to increase its economic presence in Central and Eastern Europe, and Poland is considered as a leading country in the region.

This paper discusses the analysis approach when using event trees and fault trees in a quantitative risk assessment context. The basic question raised is when to introduce probability models and frequentist probabilities (chances) instead of using direct probability assignments for the events of the trees. We argue that such models should only be used if the key quantities of interest of the risk assessment are frequentist probabilities and when systematic information updating is important for meeting the aim of the analysis. An example of an event tree related to the analysis of an LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) plant illustrates the analysis and discussion.

Авторами визначено трактування природи ризику, охарактеризовано передумови появи ризиків, виділено етапи ідентифікації ризику маркетингового дослідження та компоненти процесу управління ризиками та розроблено систему управління ризиками товарної політики за критерієм якості обслуговування споживачів та схему аналізу шансів – ризиків підприємства в процесі формування елементів товарної політики. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/24125 Определены авторами трактовки природы риска, охарактеризованы предпосылки появления рисков, выделены этапы идентификации риска маркетингового исследования и компоненты процесса управления рисками и разработана система управления рисками товарной политики по критерию качества обслуживания потребителей и схему анализа шансов - рисков предприятия в процессе формирования элементов товарной политики. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/24125 Defined by the authors interpretation of the nature of risk, described conditions of emerging risks, with emphasis on risk identification phase of marketing research and risk measurement process and the system of commodity risk management policy on the criteria of quality customer service and circuit analysis of chances - risks of the enterprise in the formation of the elements of commercial policy. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/24125