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The article focuses on the conflict between liberal egalitarianism and the principles of liberalism, arguing that the former's commitment to distributive justice undermines the latter's respect for personal property and occupational choice. Topics include a reinterpretation of Robert Nozick's critique of distributive justice, the argument against the notion that Nozick's critique is question-begging, and the implications for the state's role in enforcing egalitarian distribution.

Chemical cues and signals, especially in insects, play a pivotal role in mediating interactions between individuals. Past studies have largely focused on adult semiochemicals and have neglected those of juvenile stages. Especially in the context of parental care, the larval odor might have a profound impact on parenting behavior, guiding parents in how much resources they should allocate to the different developmental stages. However, whether ontogenetic changes occur in subsocial species and whether larval-emitted scents influence parent–offspring interactions is largely unknown. Using 3 different sampling techniques, we analyzed the cuticular and VOC profile of the 3 larval instars of the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides , which is known for its elaborate parental care. We found distinct differences in the cuticular and VOC profiles across the 3 larval stages. Second-instar larvae, which receive more frequent feedings from parents than the other larval stages, released greater amounts of acetophenone, methyl geranate, and octanoic acid isopropyl ester than the first and third instar. Additionally, using a newly developed bioassay with automated video tracking, we found that adding the odor of second-instar larvae to first-instar larvae increased the number of maternal feeding trips. Our results suggest that the odor produced by larvae plays an important role in mediating parent–offspring interactions. Given these findings, burying beetles might emerge as a promising candidate for identifying a potential begging pheromone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, written by Heidi Janz, discusses the expansion of eligibility for Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) in Canada and its impact on ill and disabled individuals. Janz argues that the current MAID regime is resulting in increasing numbers of people with disabilities turning to MAID as their only alternative to poverty or institutionalization. She presents case studies of individuals who chose MAID due to lack of support and accessible housing. Janz calls for policymakers to recognize the injustice of the current MAID regime and take action to address it. [Extracted from the article]

Symptoms of illness offer insights into an organism's condition, altering social signals that affect others' behavior. Nestling birds employ begging signals to solicit parental care, but the extent to which begging reflects nestling health beyond hunger remains controversial. We investigated how experimentally induced changes in health affect begging signals in spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor) nestlings. To alter health status, we challenged nestlings by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -an antigen that elicits an immune response- or a control substance (PBS) and observed begging behavior under controlled food deprivation conditions. LPS-treated nestlings exhibited delayed gaping, reduced stretching, and less begging time compared to control nestlings. Moreover, LPS-treated nestlings produced calls with higher spectral entropy, particularly when deprived of food for longer. Our findings indicate that begging signals are sensitive to induced sickness. However, addressing mechanistic issues is crucial for effectively testing whether begging reflects nestling condition as a signal of quality in future experimental setups. Significance statement: This study demonstrates that begging signals of nestling birds reflect their health status beyond mere hunger, addressing a longstanding debate in behavioral ecology. By experimentally inducing sickness in spotless starling nestlings, we reveal that changes in health affect postural and acoustic begging behavior. However, ascertaining the implications of this finding for current begging theory proves challenging without information about the causal mechanisms underlying sickness behavior. Understanding how nestlings communicate their condition to parents through begging signals holds implications for comprehending parental care dynamics and lays the groundwork for future research in parent-offspring communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse actors, including foreign and national states, international agencies, donors, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and private ventures, demand, fund, and implement anti-trafficking activities worldwide. Bissau-Guinean Quran schoolboys begging in Senegalese cities are defined as victims of child trafficking, and their teachers as traffickers. This article aims to explore the Quran teachers' understanding of begging and their response to being accused of child trafficking. It rests on data collected during anthropological fieldwork in Guinea-Bissau and Senegal since 2009, including interviews and participation in religious events. The Quran teachers, some of whom admit colleagues might exploit their students, highlight four aspects of begging: allowing poor populations economically to study the Quran; contributing to humbleness, humility, and empathy with underprivileged groups; redistributing resources across generations; and allowing the acquisition of knowledge, liberation, and power. They maintain that the NGOs are profiting from funds provided to "rescue" the students and act as real traffickers, and together with funders, they aim to eliminate Islam. Embedded in layers of coloniality, the Quran teachers keep their position as community leaders. Banning begging is bound to fail if the anti-trafficking NGOs ignore their understanding of meaningful suffering and begging, including the economic and religious aspects of alms-seeking and its reciprocal nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the history of Sufism, the Qalandarīs are a group of people who are considered to be outside the mainstream (heterodox) due to their contradictory appearance, the indifferent at - titude of some of them towards the Sharī‘a, and their practices such as begging, celibacy and wandering. The geography of Qalandarīs covers a wide region from India to the Balkans, the Middle East and finally Egypt. Egypt, due to its contacts and proximity to the Middle East, has been a country that has attracted the attention of Qalandarīs from the east since the earliest periods of the history of Qalandariyya. Before the Mamluk rule, Qalandarīs such as al-Hasan b. Muhammad al-’Ukbarī and Jamal al-Dīn al-Sāwī came to Egypt and even died here. Again in this period, some travellers pointed out the Qalandarī groups they witnessed in Egypt. During the Mamluk period, it is observed that the Qalandarīs had a presence in the region by opening zawiyas and attracting various followers. Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtarī, Hasan al-Jawālikī al-Qalan - darī, Kaygusuz Abdal, al-Kutbu al-Irāqī are some of these names. During the Mamluk period, it is seen that the Qalandarīs faced objections from both the ‘ulemā and the administration due to some of their practices and appearances, but they tried to adapt to the demands of society and politics, and thus they were able to continue to survive in the country. Our study analy - ses the main representatives of the Qalandarite presence in Egypt during the Mamluk period, their relations with the administration, the ‘ulemā and the society, primarily based on Mamluk sources. During the Mamluk rule in Egypt, it is shown that the Qalandarīs continued to exist, opened zawiyas in the region, and produced some important representatives, although they occasionally experienced tensions with the administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the Polish police narrative on Roma during the interwar time, unveiling attitudes and potential practices. According to the police journals and handbooks, Roma were mobile and disposed to theft and deceit. Their traditional crafts were merely a smoke screen for illicit activities. As countermeasures, searches of caravans, meticulous checks of identity documents, indiscriminate fingerprinting of Roma suspects, among several measures, were recommended. This narrative constituted part of a larger police professional discourse and is likely to be an indicator of practices on Roma. Polish police followed the contemporary European expertise on Roma produced by the fields of criminalistics and criminology. As there were no discriminatory laws targeting Roma in Poland, it appears that police used legislation against begging and vagrancy, among other tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents often have the opportunity to invest in offspring that offer different returns, with such variation arising from factors intrinsic to the offspring itself (e.g., body condition) or extrinsic (e.g., food availability in the environment). To identify the best targets for investment, parents may directly assess the environment or their offspring, but often also rely on offspring-generated signals when making investment decisions. We first used captive breeding pairs of the poison frog Ranitomeya imitator, a frog that facultatively feeds its young, to experimentally test how parents respond to variation in exogenous food availability in nurseries. We then used two experiments to test the prediction that, as is the case in many animals, the begging display of R. imitator tadpoles contains information about long- and short-term food intake. Parents rearing multiple tadpoles were more likely to feed and fed more to their tadpoles in control nurseries than to those in nurseries we supplemented. However, these control tadpoles completed metamorphosis at a smaller size. Tadpoles hand-reared on diets that drove differences in tadpole size did not differ in their begging at any point during development. Similarly, begging did not differ when tadpoles were food-deprived or fed. While parent R. imitator appear to invest strategically, begging seems unlikely to be parents' source of information, at least about the size and development of their tadpoles. Parental favoritism and offspring begging have evolved in diverse lineages, and studies of animals that differ in their life-histories can continue to offer insights into how and why offspring-parent communication evolves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an introduction to a special issue on international counter-trafficking. It acknowledges that human trafficking is a complex and fluid concept, and that counter-trafficking efforts often prioritize securitarian, moralistic, and neoliberal concerns. The special issue includes articles that provide valuable insights into the experiences of sex workers, Quran teachers, Nigerian migrant women, and women in counter-trafficking programs in Italy and Spain. These articles challenge dominant narratives about trafficking and highlight the need for more critical approaches to counter-trafficking. The author expresses gratitude to the contributors and the journal for their interest in this important topic. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines the use of performative verbs meaning “I beg, I ask” and pragmatic markers meaning “please” in the 6th-century Liber vitae patrum by Gregory of Tours. It discusses the frequency of each verb and the possible factors that may have influenced its selection, such as imitation of previous authors, the social status of the communication agents, the requested things, and any difficulty in fulfilling the request. For example, the fact that the highest frequency was found for quaeso (which was perceived as an archaism already in Cicero’s time) suggests that Gregory followed the model of learned men from the 4th and 5th centuries CE who “resuscitated” this verb after its decline in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE. The paper also examines other additional devices, such as a formula with digneris, and forms of address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine how parental cancer affects the mental health of offspring aged 6-30, and age variations in this effect. METHODS: Individual fixed-effects models were estimated from register data covering the entire Norwegian population in 2010-2018. The outcome variable was whether the individual (offspring) had at least one consultation within a year with a general practitioner (GP) or specialist where a mental health diagnosis or symptom was reported. RESULTS: The consultation probability was higher after a parental cancer diagnosis than before (e.g., 15% higher in the first year after the diagnosis). This was to a large extent driven by subsequent parental deaths, but there was also a small post-diagnosis increase among offspring whose parent survived the observation period. The consultation probability increased by 83% the year a parent died among offspring who were 19-30 at that time, after a smaller increase over a few of the preceding years. A decline occurred later. The death seemed to have a weaker, but more lasting, effect on those who were 8-18 years old at the time of the death, and these did not experience a clear pre-death increase. CONCLUSION Parental cancer death seems to weaken offspring's mental health - and no less among young adults than among children. By contrast, having a parent with cancer who remains alive at least throughout the observation period has relatively little impact. CONTRIBUTION: We show associations between parental cancer and offspring's mental health, paying special attention to whether the parent dies. This may inform discussions about supporting offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human beings are dynamic; our innate faculties beg to engage in activities. To achieve fullness and human dignity, people “convert” personal capabilities into active “functionings,” Amartya Sen explains. This means that staying still is not a normal state. It can feel like punishment. Forced inactivity will generate resentment, resistance, and boredom that can fester until pent-up energy explodes violently, or implodes in depression. Boredom defaults on capabilities and resources in many cases. In other cases, stillness is a gift. It can stimulate the imagination to fill in emptiness with memories and new explorations. Either boredom builds toward doing damage, or it releases energy to think and to create. What people don’t do is stay put, mentally or physically. Authorities-including police, judges, teachers, parents –should take this dynamic human condition into account and reconsider the eects of conventional command and control policies. Then they can choose between violence and creativity as alternative outlets for the energy that boredom generates. Short of facing up to human dynamism, decision-making may continue to favor strong-arm tactics, which trigger the violence and pain that policing is meant to mitigate. Is it surprising that apparently peaceful peoplebecome enraged in lockdown conditions? Do adults wonder why students drop-out of school and suer escalating rates of depression and suicide? Boredom is certainly not the only cause for these disastrous eects, but to ignore it risks remaining complicit with processes that perpetuate personal and collective dysfunctions. Complicity with harmful practices will miss opportunities to channel frustrated energy toward developing human capabilities. Authorities are responsible for promoting peaceful development. We are all responsible.[2] Normally, people stay busy with routine activities. We work, play, attend to family and to friends. Particular activities have even become our public badges of identity, as is evident in surnames (Cooper, Baker, Taylor, Farmer, etc.) that trace back to work that ancestors answered to. Lockdown during COVID-19 meant that many otherwise occupied people had few outlets for energy. Those who knew how to meditate managed to assuage anxiety through contemplation and the pursuit of ideal emptines [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the influx of large numbers of poor people from small towns and rural areas to large cities in the 1940s, various programs and social policies were put on the agenda to deal with these people. However, the main problem in dealing with this needy population was the lack of specific financial resources for this purpose. For this reason, a bill was passed in December 1952 under which a certain amount of tax was levied on every liter of gasoline consumed in the country in order to collect and employ beggars. in 1952, institutions called anti-poverty commissions were created in various cities around the country to take care of these people. Despite these measures, the crisis of the indigent population in the big cities worsened in the 1950s, leading to the dissolution of these commissions in 1959 and their replacement by a newly created institution called the Organization of Labor Camps. In this context, the main question of the present study is why such commissions could not solve the problem of indigent population at the state level. According to these measures, the present study aimed to investigate the formation of these commissions and their changes until 1959. Then, the problems of these commissions during this period are described according to this description, and finally, an attempt was made to show why the structure and performance of such commissions were not able to solve the problem of the poor in the country.

Begging is a social phenomenon that affects society's structure and is a deviation from good behavior and a departure from prevailing customs and traditions because of poverty, unemployment, homelessness, family conflicts and wars. In addition, have serious implications for the beggar, his family and society, which include different ages categories for both genders and are consider a bad habits prevailing in public societies and the study area in particular. Despite of the laws against this habit, the research found that the largest number of beggar's family ranged from 5 to 12 individuals. They do not live in an owned house and adolescent teenagers, parentless and unmarried. Therefore, the phenomenon of begging deserves scientific study of its importance and it has negative repercussions on society.

Simple Summary: Food allocation among nestlings of altricial birds is crucial for understanding the evolution of parent–offspring conflicts within avian families. Empirical studies have yet to reach a consensus on whether parents or offspring determine the food distribution within the brood. In the case of the Plain Laughingthrush (Garrulax davidi), we explore the relationship between parental feeding strategies and nestling begging behaviors. Due to hatching asynchrony, larger nestlings often outcompete their smaller siblings for food, although they do not consistently exhibit higher begging intensity. Generally, nestlings with the highest begging intensity are more likely to be fed first, underscoring the importance of nestling begging in parental food allocation. However, if the initial food recipients are already satiated and do not immediately consume the food, parents reallocate it to other nestlings. This re-feeding tactic reduces the chance of early-hatched nestlings monopolizing food due to their larger size. Our research demonstrates that, while parental food allocation primarily depends on nestling begging intensity, the decision to re-feed hinges on whether the initial recipients promptly ingest the food. Investigation on food allocation among nestlings of altricial birds is crucial in understanding parent–offspring conflicts within avian families. However, there is no consensus in empirical studies regarding whether parents or offspring determine the food allocation pattern within a brood. In the Plain Laughingthrush (Garrulax davidi), we examine the relationship between parental feeding strategies and nestling begging behaviors. Due to hatching asynchrony, larger nestlings have a competitive advantage in food acquisition over their smaller brood-mates; nevertheless, if the initial food-receivers were already satiated and did not immediately consume the food, parents would retrieve the food and re-allocate it to another nestling. This re-feeding tactic employed by parents reduced the likelihood of early-hatched nestlings monopolizing the food solely due to their larger body size. Our findings indicate that parents primarily allocated food based on nestling begging intensity, while their re-feeding tactic is determined by whether the first food-receivers have consumed the food. To date, our research demonstrates that while parental food allocation primarily hinges on the begging intensity of the nestlings, the decision to re-feed is contingent upon whether the initial recipients of the food ingest it immediately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents might use signals of need or of quality to decide food provisioning among their offspring, while the use of one or another signal might depend on food availability. Begging success of nestlings of different quality (i.e. body size) would also depend on food availability, and we here explore the effect of experimental food supply in begging success of nestlings and in provisioning of female hoopoes (Upupa epops), a species with extreme hatching asynchrony and nestlings size hierarchy. We video-recorded food allocation of females, begging success of nestlings of different size, and the social context (i.e. the size category of the other nestlings that were begging for food) during periods when experimental food supply was or was not available in the same nests. We found that when experimental food supplementation was present, begging success of the intermediate, but not that of large or small-sized nestlings, increased. The experiment, however, did not affect the feeding preferences of females toward nestlings of different size. Moreover, when small nestlings were the only ones that were begging for food, their begging success decreased in the experimental period, and females used supplemented prey to feed themselves. Those results, on one hand, confirm the importance of food availability for the begging success of nestlings of particular sizes and, on the other, indicate that females prefer to use extra food for their own rather than for the smallest nestlings. We discuss possible mechanisms explaining the detected experimental effects and the adaptive and nonadaptive explanations of mothers ignoring the small nestlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia's invasion of Ukraine has upended the contemporary world order - and with it the global energy, manufacture, supply, and financial systems in deep distress. In many ways the war recaps the appalling horrors of the two world wars. The conflict between Moscow and Kiev is unfolding against the backdrop of other correspondingly significant crises and cataclysms, for instance the continuing coronavirus pandemic, worsened tensions namely in the U.S. - China relations, U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, uncertainty in the Sahel Region, the unending civil war in Yemen, increased nuclear polarization in North Korea, and lead to a new pattern of European rearmament. The cost of war is having geopolitical and economic ramifications on the rest of the world. The Russian aggression in Ukraine is manifestation of the struggle for a new world order. Russia and China are openly challenging the Pax Americana, far beyond the visible economic realm. The recent Global Security Initiative (GSI) put forward by the Chinese President, in the April 2022 at BOAO forum, the narratives associated to Shangri-La 2022 defense talks, the Global Development Initiative proposed at the UN General Assembly 2021 and the Global Think Tank Network for Democracy Studies, underlined this evidence. As asserted by Kuo, the GSI is "Blueprint for integrating China's security priorities and practices (...) Using the U.N. aegis, Beijing is promoting China as a primus inter pares dispute arbiter, architect of new regional security frameworks, and trainer of security professionals and police forces in developing countries" (Kuo, 2023). But the question how the next world order will look like remains open. The Russian war in Ukraine has fast-tracked a shift in the world order forcing a renewed balance of power. There's an extensive assessment that the "Ukraine effect" could be as sweeping in restructuring global relations as significant as the chain of events following the breakdown of the Soviet Union in 1989 expect that this time the power shift might be away from Washington hegemony. Since President Vladimir Putin attack on Ukraine on 24 February 2022, there is proliferation of research and academic papers about the future shape of world order. Therefore, these developments beg questions: Is the idea of an "end" to history is fallacy? Are there no key difficulties within liberal policies that can fuel struggle and contradictions? Is Ukraine a wakeup call for Western Liberal order? Do liberal democracies need to pay cognizance to rapidly emerging new international order which is less weighed down by old ideological loyalties but is more realist and transactional and driven by national interests? How can we comprehend China-Russia open diplomatic alignment? This paper provides an analytical discussion on New-Cold War developments and the emerging world order in the backdrop of ongoing struggles and power rebalancing. In this regard, the manuscript addresses some of the main features of the new international power configurations system, apparent drifts, and new threats in international relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Namaa Magazine is the property of Namaa for Research & Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyses the problem of urban poverty in Barcelona during the Bourbon Restoration period by focusing on the phenomenon of begging. It uses primary sources from the municipal government to explore policies connected with the prevention and repression of panhandling, as seen on three specific fronts: the models of asylum implemented to contain the problem; the devices and mechanisms of surveillance, financial assessment and background-checking applied to combat it; and the initiatives to reorganize the welfare system developed by civic leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young animals often solicit care from their parents using behaviors and morphologies collectively termed begging. Many nestling altricial birds add to their familiar postures and vocalizations by displaying colorful mouthparts, hypothesized to enhance their visual conspicuousness and/or be favored by choosy parents. We evaluated these two hypotheses with experimental manipulations of the flange tissue of house sparrow (Passer domesticus) nestlings. We allowed parents to interact with nestlings that appeared to have either carotenoid-rich or carotenoid-poor flanges, and then with nestlings that appeared similar in carotenoid-richness but differed in either brightness (total light reflected) or ultraviolet (UV) richness. These three features of flange color comprise much of the variation observed both within and among species. None of our three manipulations shaped parents' ability to transfer prey efficiently to nestlings, a proxy for how visually detectable nestlings were. Parents preferentially allocated prey to nestlings that appeared carotenoid-rich, but did not bias allocation when we manipulated brightness or UV reflectance. These patterns suggest that nestlings displaying carotenoid-rich flanges benefit from parental favoritism, but that variation in brightness and UV reflectance do not independently shape parental care, at least within the range a house sparrow parent might encounter in nature. Efforts to understand mouth color in the context of offspring-parent communication and visual signal evolution may benefit from considering the component parts of color, as they may function, be constrained, and evolve independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Marmara University Journal of Turkology / Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the article, the author discusses the topics in the talk of justice and liberty by Adam Smith, particularly on duties and rights. Also cited are Smith's book "Theory of Moral Sentiments," his call for vengeance and punishment for violations of property, persons, and promises-due, as well as his book "Wealth of Nations."

The 'religion/secular' frame should be retired as a way of characterizing contemporary northern European cultures. The concepts of 'secularity' and 'religion' are both falsifying and question begging. They invisibly and unhelpfully predetermine the conversation about who and where we are now. Further, they are terms which increasingly lack salience in these cultures. If we seek to locate and articulate, in order to reflectively engage, the horizons within which contemporary northern Europeans generally live, the goods that orient people's lives, the ideas and values that move and motivate them, we need to talk not about 'religion' and the lack of it, but about the idea of the human. Within the concept of the human is nested today the sense of orientation, meaning, goodness and importance that notions of 'religion' used to express. This is the conceptual territory on which arguments about 'what really matters' are now conducted. If one wishes to have salience in contemporary culture, one needs to speak to this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visitor effect studies have been of keen interest for decades, but there have been only anecdotal opportunities to investigate the impact of the prolonged absence of visitors on animal welfare in zoos. In some zoos, bears are actively involved in animal–visitors interaction through begging, which gives them some degree of control over gaining food rewards throughout the day when visitors are present. Prolonged visitor absence may, therefore, represent a loss of control and have a negative impact on the bears’ welfare. In this study, we investigate the behavior of four brown bears (Ursus arctos) in three zoos to see how the animals’ behavior changed depending on the presence and absence of the public during zoo closures in 2020 related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The bears’ behavior was assessed using activity budget analysis and novel object tests. The results showed that the bears behavior varied between facilities and that there was no effect of visitor presence for the individuals who had access to indoor holding space. The results of the study are discussed in terms of choice and control and their impact on the wellbeing of bears in zoos.

Simple Summary: In this study, we report particular begging strategies by Andean dogs and by humans on the unsurfaced road between the villages of Parotani and Cahiuasi in Bolivia, recording their position and behavioral displays. Begging locations, for both dogs and humans, were permuted with a score, according to the higher probability of receiving food. The occurrences of the correct positioning at the external and internal parts of the bend were compared using a statistical test. The dogs were always observed to lie down at the border of the road, mainly alone and where the hairpin bends had been formed because of the strong sloping, forcing vehicles to slow down. Humans were observed mainly in groups. The percentage of dogs lying down on the external parts of bends was 81.2%, while humans were observed at external bends in 63.6% of cases. The mean score of dogs was significantly higher than that of humans. In this study, we report a particular begging strategy by Andean dogs and by humans on the unsurfaced road between the villages of Parotani and Cahiuasi in Bolivia. The positions of the dogs and humans begging and their behavioral displays were recorded. In dogs, the distance from each other was also recorded. Begging locations, for both dogs and humans, were permuted with a score, according to the higher probability of receiving food. The highest scores were assigned to the positions where cars had to slow down and the subjects were well visible, thus meriting a score corresponding to the higher probability of receiving a treat. The occurrences of the correct positioning at the external and internal parts of the bend were compared by a chi-square test. On a range of 93.3 km, the dogs were observed to always lie down at the border of the road, mainly alone (96.3%) and on hairpin bends, present due to the steep slope, obliging the vehicles to slow down. Humans were observed mainly in groups. The percentage of dogs lying on the external part of the bends was 81.2%, which was above the level of chance (p < 0.01). Humans were observed at external bends in 63.6% of cases, which was at chance level. Begging locations, for both dogs and humans, were permuted with a score according to the higher probability of receiving food. The mean scores were 1.48 and 0.65 for dogs and humans, respectively, and the difference was highly significant (p < 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mona loved that the chair was mechanical, could change from laid out to sitting up, and had the right kind of arms to grab when Stefan needed to stand. Stefan and Mona dropped their mouths as they took flight. Mona took the stairs while Stefan took the elevator. Trying to get to the nursery proper and all of the blooming plants - bright colors, heady smells, early summer at its best - Mona almost walked past his table. [Extracted from the article]

In contemporary theology, one can find an array of models of God to choose from. There are various types of arguments that one can put forth in order to reject one model, or to defend another model. In this paper, I wish to examine one popular type of argument. This argument typically says that one should reject a model of God that blurs the creator/creature distinction. The problem with this kind of argument is that it usually begs the question by presupposing one's own model of God in the creator/creature distinction. In other words, the argument basically boils down to, 'I reject your model of God because it is not my preferred model of God.' On many other occasions, the arguments beg the question by confusing additional metaphysical doctrines with the concepts of creator and creature. In this paper, I shall examine several different versions of the creator/creature distinction argument in an effort to find a version that is not question begging. I shall begin with articulating what I take to be the basics of a Christian understanding of the creator/creature distinction. Then, I shall consider several recent attempts from classical theists to argue that a rival model of God violates the creator/creature distinction. In each case, I shall find the arguments wanting. First, I shall examine James E. Dolezal's attempt to argue that non-classical models of God violate the creator/creature distinction. I will argue that Dolezal's attempt is question begging because it sneaks in his own model of God and several questionable metaphysical assumptions into the concepts of creator and creature, and thus goes beyond the basic creator/creature distinction without justification. Second, I shall examine a recent attempt by Kevin J. Vanhoozer to argue that Thomas J. Oord's panentheistic model of God violates the creator/creature distinction. I will argue that Vanhoozer's attempt suffers from several conceptual errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governing by indicators has emerged as the predominant mode of global public policy. Consequently, global governance has become a field in which different indicators compete for policymakers' and public attention. This begs a question--what makes some indicators successful when others become irrelevant? This paper explores this problem through the inquiry into the measurement of multidimensional poverty in Sustainable Development Goal 1 ("End poverty in all its forms everywhere"). In the field historically dominated by the World Bank's dollar-per-day metric (currently 1.9$), multidimensional poverty measurement gained prominence, becoming one of the key measures of global poverty. By tracking the pathways to success of multidimensional poverty measurement--through qualitative interviews with actors in International Organisations this paper argues that the key quality of successful indicators is their ability to become parts of the broader epistemic infrastructure, linking political institutions, actors (including experts and policymakers), and data and statistics. The paper brings the focus on a specific set of actors--statistical entrepreneurs--who advocate for innovations in measurement and work toward creating such infrastructures, thus indirectly promoting new policy ideas reflected in the metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Thi Qar Arts Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)