23 results on '"agricultural productions"'
Search Results
2. Estrategia para la concesión de créditos a los productores agropecuarios desde el Banco de Crédito y Comercio.
- Author
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Pacheco Rodríguez, Eliannis and Rodríguez Sosa, Sandy
- Subjects
BANK loans ,AGRICULTURAL credit ,AGRICULTURAL productivity ,BANKING industry ,AGRICULTURE - Abstract
Copyright of Roca: Revista Científico-Educacional de la Provincia de Granma is the property of Universidad de Granma, Departamento Editorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
3. Fire-related carbon emissions from land use transitions in southern Amazonia
- Author
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DeFries, R. S, Morton, D. C, van der Werf, G. R, Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J, Randerson, J. T, Houghton, R. A, Kasibhatla, P. K, and Shimabukuro, Y.
- Subjects
agriculture ,air pollution ,deforestation ,disasters ,land use ,leakage (fluid) ,vegetable oils ,agricultural productions ,amazonia ,atmospheric carbons ,carbon emissions ,cattle ranching ,fire emissions ,forest conversions ,inexpensive means ,mato grosso ,palm oil ,fires ,agricultural land ,agricultural production ,atmospheric modeling ,carbon emission ,carbon flux ,deforestation ,environmental policy ,land use change ,pasture ,prescribed burning ,ranching ,tropical region ,air pollution ,conversion ,curl ,deforestation ,disasters ,emission ,fires ,land use ,leakage ,oil ,Amazonia ,South America ,Bos - Abstract
Various land-use transitions in the tropics contribute to atmospheric carbon emissions, including forest conversion for small-scale farming, cattle ranching, and production of commodities such as soya and palm oil. These transitions involve fire as an effective and inexpensive means for clearing. We applied the DECAF (DEforestation CArbon Fluxes) model to Mato Grosso, Brazil to estimate fire emissions from various land-use transitions during 2001–2005. Fires associated with deforestation contributed 67 Tg C/yr (17 and 50 Tg C/yr from conversion to cropland and pasture, respectively), while conversion of savannas and existing cattle pasture to cropland contributed 17 Tg C/yr and pasture maintenance fires 6 Tg C/yr. Large clearings (>100 ha/yr) contributed 67% of emissions but comprised only 10% of deforestation events. From a policy perspective, results imply that intensification of agricultural production on already-cleared land and policies to discourage large clearings would reduce the major sources of emissions from fires in this region.
- Published
- 2008
4. Las cooperativas agropecuarias en Cuba. La negociación y contratación de sus producciones con las empresas estatales
- Author
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Arias Salazar, Claudio, Jordan Pantoja, Adys, Arias Salazar, Claudio, and Jordan Pantoja, Adys
- Abstract
El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar las principales insuficiencias que limitan el proceso de contratación de las cooperativas agropecuarias en la provincia de Granma, Cuba. Dentro de los métodos empíricos se utilizó la observación científica y dos entrevistas grupales con miembros de las juntas directivas de cooperativas agropecuarias en los municipios de Bayamo y Cauto Cristo; además se aplicaron tres encuestas, la primera a 81 presidentes de cooperativas de Granma en el 2005; la segunda a 37 presidentes de cooperativas en el municipio Bayamo en el 2017 y la tercera a 16 presidentes de cooperativas de Cauto Cristo en el 2020. A las principales conclusiones que arrojó esta investigación son que el marco legal de la contratación de la producción de las cooperativas agropecuarias está bien diseñado en los diferentes documentos que norman ese proceso; que los vaivenes de la política de contratación de la producción de las cooperativas agropecuarias en los últimos 20 años ha permitido que se produzcan insuficiencias en el proceso que repercuten negativamente sobre la gestión económica de las cooperativas agropecuarias; y que las principales insuficiencias del proceso de contratación son el reiterado incumplimiento de los contratos tanto para la venta de insumos a las cooperativas como para la compra de las producciones, la imposición de los contratos a las juntas directivas; la baja preparación de las juntas directivas para enfrentar el proceso de negociación y el grado de insatisfacción que tienen con el proceso de contratación., The objective of the present work is to analyze the main deficiencies that limit the contracting process of the agricultural cooperatives in the province of Granma, Cuba. Within the empirical methods, scientific observation and two group interviews with members of the director boards of agricultural cooperatives in the municipalities of Bayamo and Cauto Cristo were used. In addition, three surveys were applied; the first one was done to 81 Granma´s cooperative presidents in 2005; the second survey was applied to 37 presidents of cooperatives in the Bayamo municipality in 2017 and the third one, to 16 presidents of cooperatives from Cauto Cristo in 2020. The main conclusions of this research are that the legal framework for contracting the production of agricultural cooperatives is well designed in the different documents that regulate this process; the ups and downs of the contracting policy of the production of agricultural cooperatives in the last 20 years has allowed the production of shortcomings in the process that have a negative impact on the economic management of agricultural cooperatives; and the last conclusion is that the main shortcomings of the contracting process are the repeated breach of contracts both for the sale of raw materials to cooperatives and for the purchase of products, the imposition of contracts on the boards of directors; the low preparation of them to face the negotiation process and the degree of dissatisfaction they have with the hiring process., Escuela de Estudios Cooperativos, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub
- Published
- 2023
5. Technological advancements and research prospects of innovative concentrating agrivoltaics
- Author
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Gorjian, Shiva, Jalili Jamshidian, Farid, Gorjian, Alireza, Faridi, Hamideh, Vafaei, Mohammad, Zhang, Fangxin, Liu, Wen, Campana, Pietro Elia, Gorjian, Shiva, Jalili Jamshidian, Farid, Gorjian, Alireza, Faridi, Hamideh, Vafaei, Mohammad, Zhang, Fangxin, Liu, Wen, and Campana, Pietro Elia
- Abstract
Agrivoltaic is a strategic and innovative approach that combines photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion with agricultural production, enabling synergies in the production of food, energy, and water, as well as the preservation of the ecological landscape. Shading management, intensity adjustment, and spectral distribution allow innovative PV systems to generate significant amounts of electricity without affecting agricultural production. Demonstration projects have already been developed around the world and there is a wealth of experience with various design solutions for commercial use. One of these new technologies is concentrator photovoltaics (CPV). The CPV has excellent spectral processing capabilities and highly concentrated power generation efficiency, which makes it a perfect solution for integrating with photosynthesis. This study aims to present the working principle of CPV modules considering agricultural applications and discuss the recent advancements in concentrating agrivoltaics. In this method, the problem of shading is mitigated by two main strategies: (i) parabolic glasses covered with a multilayer dichroic polymer film that reflects near-infrared (NIR) radiation onto the solar cells installed at the focal area and transmits photons in the range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and (ii) highly transparent sun-tracking louvers or Fresnel lenses that concentrate direct sunlight onto the solar cells to generate electricity. In the latter solution, the remaining diffuse sunlight is directed to the ground for use by growing plants. Although the CPV development trend has been slow due to the lower cost of crystalline silicon, the development of CPV for agriculture with accurate spectral separation could revitalize this industry. In this regard, more research and development are needed to evaluate the suitability of materials that split solar radiation and their impacts on the electrical performance of CPV modules, taking into account the physi
- Published
- 2023
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6. Economic Analysis of the Effects of Climate Change Induced by Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Agricultural Productions and Available Water Resources (Case Study: Down Lands of the Taleghan Dam)
- Author
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M.M. Mozaffari, A. Parhizkari, M. Hoseini Khodadadi, and R. Parhizkari
- Subjects
Agricultural productions ,Climate change ,Greenhouse Gases ,Positive Mathematical Programming ,Taleghan Dam ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
Introduction: Greenhouse gases absorb the radiation reflected from the earth surface which would otherwise be sent back into space. The composition and mixture of these gases make life on earth possible. In recent years, human activity has affected both the composition and mixture of the atmosphere, modifying the climate. When climate changes, crop production is affected. There are many studies that consider the type and amount of production changes for particular crops, places and scenarios. Others attempt to expand knowledge about production changes and their impacts on economy and regional welfare. Climate change affects agriculture through direct and indirect affects i.e. temperature, and precipitation changes in the biological and physical environment. Restriction in water availability is one of the most dramatic consequences of climate change for the agricultural sector. Water availability is expected to be even more limited in the future. Scarcity of water is due to potential evapotranspiration increase. It is related to increase in air and earth surface temperatures. This phenomenon is important in low-precipitation seasons, and is even more severe in dry areas. The number of regions with loss of soil moisture is expected to increase, resulting in direct economic consequences on the production capacity. Considering the above decisions, the main objective of this paper is to integrate climate change into agricultural decision-making by using an Economic Modeling System to identify the impacts of climate change induced by greenhouse gas emissions on agricultural sector productions and available water resources in the down lands of the Taleghan Dam. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effects of greenhouse gases on climate variables of temperature and precipitation under emission scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 were evaluated using time series data from 1981- 2008 and General Circulation Models (GCM). Then Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) was used to survey the impacts of climate variables on the selected products yield. Changes in agricultural production, farmer’s gross profit and economic value of irrigation water were analyzed and compared with the base year by the regression analysis results in the Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model. This methodology that was developed by Howitt (1995) to calibrate agricultural supply models has been used to link biophysical and economic information in an integrated biophysical and economic modeling framework and to assess the impacts of agricultural policies and scenarios. These models are also accepted for analyzing the impact of climate change and water resources management policies and scenarios. The PMP model used in this paper is a three-step procedure in which a non-linear cost function is calibrated to observe values of inputs usage in agricultural production. In the basic formulation, the first step is a linear program providing marginal values that are used in the second step to estimate the parameters for a non-linear cost function and a production function. In the third step, the calibrated production and cost functions are used in a non-linear optimization program. The solution to this non-linear program calibrates to observed values of production inputs and output. The required data in this paper were collected from meteorological stations and the relevant agencies in the Qazvin province. Regression functions estimated in Eviews software package and the PMP model were solved in GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) software. Results and Discussion: The results obtained in this paper showed that with emissions of greenhouse gases under the studied scenarios (A1B, A2 and B1), the average annual climate variables of temperature and precipitation changes from 1.64 to 2.28 °C and from20.92 to 1.1 mm, respectively. With these change, the yield of the most selected products decreases in the down lands of Taleghan Dam. Moreover, the obtained results showed that with emissions of greenhouse gases under the scenarios A1B, A2 and B1, the total acreage of the selected products changes from 2.18 to 4.09 percent. Total used water also decreases from 1.67 to 5.18 percent. Moreover, with emissions of greenhouse gas under the above scenarios total farmer’s gross profit decreases from 1.93 to 3.72 percent. However, the economic value of water increases from 4.27 to 13.6 percent in comparison with the base year. Conclusion: In this study finally, in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the vicinity of the down lands of the Taleghan Dam, it is recommended that the government should use punitive tools (green complications) for polluting units and serve the private sectors in forestry projects in the vicinity of the industrial towns. Keywords: Agricultural productions, Climate change, Greenhouse Gases, Positive Mathematical Programming, Taleghan Dam
- Published
- 2016
7. The agricultural cooperatives in Cuba. The negotiation and contracting of their productions with the state companies
- Author
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Arias Salazar, Claudio and Arias Salazar, Claudio
- Abstract
The objective of the present work is to analyze the main deficiencies that limit the contracting process of the agricultural cooperatives in the province of Granma, Cuba. Within the empirical methods, scientific observation and two group interviews with members of the director boards of agricultural cooperatives in the municipalities of Bayamo and Cauto Cristo were used. In addition, three surveys were applied; the first one was done to 81 Granma´s cooperative presidents in 2005; the second survey was applied to 37 presidents of cooperatives in the Bayamo municipality in 2017 and the third one, to 16 presidents of cooperatives from Cauto Cristo in 2020. The main conclusions of this research are that the legal framework for contracting the production of agricultural cooperatives is well designed in the different documents that regulate this process; the ups and downs of the contracting policy of the production of agricultural cooperatives in the last 20 years has allowed the production of shortcomings in the process that have a negative impact on the economic management of agricultural cooperatives; and the last conclusion is that the main shortcomings of the contracting process are the repeated breach of contracts both for the sale of raw materials to cooperatives and for the purchase of products, the imposition of contracts on the boards of directors; the low preparation of them to face the negotiation process and the degree of dissatisfaction they have with the hiring process., El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar las principales insuficiencias que limitan el proceso de contratación de las cooperativas agropecuarias en la provincia de Granma, Cuba. Dentro de los métodos empíricos se utilizó la observación científica y dos entrevistas grupales con miembros de las juntas directivas de cooperativas agropecuarias en los municipios de Bayamo y Cauto Cristo; además se aplicaron tres encuestas, la primera a 81 presidentes de cooperativas de Granma en el 2005; la segunda a 37 presidentes de cooperativas en el municipio Bayamo en el 2017 y la tercera a 16 presidentes de cooperativas de Cauto Cristo en el 2020. A las principales conclusiones que arrojó esta investigación son que el marco legal de la contratación de la producción de las cooperativas agropecuarias está bien diseñado en los diferentes documentos que norman ese proceso; que los vaivenes de la política de contratación de la producción de las cooperativas agropecuarias en los últimos 20 años ha permitido que se produzcan insuficiencias en el proceso que repercuten negativamente sobre la gestión económica de las cooperativas agropecuarias; y que las principales insuficiencias del proceso de contratación son el reiterado incumplimiento de los contratos tanto para la venta de insumos a las cooperativas como para la compra de las producciones, la imposición de los contratos a las juntas directivas; la baja preparación de las juntas directivas para enfrentar el proceso de negociación y el grado de insatisfacción que tienen con el proceso de contratación.
- Published
- 2022
8. Estrategia para la concesión de créditos a los productores agropecuarios desde el Banco de Crédito y Comercio (Original)
- Author
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Pacheco Rodríguez, Eliannis, Rodríguez Sosa, Sandy, Pacheco Rodríguez, Eliannis, and Rodríguez Sosa, Sandy
- Abstract
The assignment of bank credits to the agricultural producers constitutes a line of work of the maximum address of the country for the sake of incrementing the alimentary activity at the different territories. In social practice it has been verified that the productive index will not be increased if producers do not have the technical material necessary base ( tools of the trade, lands, fertilizers and fuels ) as well as the money to acquire them ). The problems to resolve are the following: How do we favor the agricultural productions at the municipality of Buey Arriba? The most important theoretical referents approach are consulted for the identification of the problem and a strategy for the granting of credits is contributed to the agricultural producers from the Credit Bank that refers to the fundamental objective of the shown article. The assessment of the effectiveness of the scientific proposed result and its applicability increasing the power of the production of foodstuff at the locality passes as from the application of the pre-experiment, being feasible and effective., La asignación de créditos bancarios a los productores agropecuarios constituye una línea de trabajo de la máxima dirección del país en aras de incrementar la actividad alimentaria en los diferentes territorios. En la práctica social se ha comprobado que los índices productivos no se incrementarán si los productores no cuentan con la base técnico material necesaria (instrumentos de trabajo, tierras, fertilizantes y combustibles) así como el dinero para adquirirlos). La problemática a resolver es la siguiente: ¿Cómo favorecer las producciones agropecuarias en el municipio Buey Arriba? En el estudio realizado se abordan los referentes teóricos más importantes de la problemática identificada y se aporta una estrategia para la concesión de créditos a los productores agropecuarios desde el Banco de Crédito y Comercio que refiere el objetivo fundamental del artículo presentado. La valoración de la efectividad del resultado científico propuesto transcurre a partir de la aplicación del pre-experimento, siendo factible y efectiva su aplicabilidad potenciando la producción de alimentos en la localidad.
- Published
- 2022
9. The Effect of Conflicts in SafavidEra on the Urban Foundations and Economic Resources (907–1052 AH)
- Author
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Abdollah Motevali Motevali
- Subjects
Urban structures ,Food resources ,Agricultural productions ,Safavid ,Uzbek ,Ottomans ,Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform ,HN1-995 - Abstract
The Safavid regime formed under conditions when the Ottoman Empire in the west and Uzbek Khans in the east of Iran sought to enter into fight. Geographical differences and religious conflicts led to long-time warfare between the Safavid regime and these two regional powers. These conflicts affected a large part of Iran’s geographical regions, leading to economic and social damages for the residents. The main part in this article is to comprehend and reveal the level of damages caused to some economic substructures and urban and rural structures by the wars during the Safavid era in the eastern and western parts. Based on this, the main question in this research is: What are the effects of the enemy’s attacks and the defensive policies of the Safavid government on the economic and population models in Iran? The methodology of this research is based on description, analysis and deduction from historical data. The findings show that continuation of the wars and attacks by the enemies along with the defensive policies by the Safavid government had a major effect on the destruction of economic structures and reduction of the population in the region. As a result, the production process slowed down in Iran.
- Published
- 2014
10. The Mediterranean diet from past to future
- Author
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Vincenzo Fogliano, Francesco Sofi, Simona Giampaoli, Alfonso Siani, Androniki Naska, Rosalba Giacco, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Gabriele Riccardi, Pasquale Strazzullo, Lillà Lionetti, Gian Luigi Russo, Daan Kromhout, Nicoletta Pellegrini, Marilena Vitale, and Licia Iacoviello
- Subjects
Disease prevention ,Intangible cultural heritage ,Mediterranean diet ,Nutrition and Disease ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,education ,Nutritional Status ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Commission ,Mediterranean ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Risk Assessment ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Seven Countries Study ,Political science ,Voeding en Ziekte ,Milestone (project management) ,Food traditions ,Animals ,Humans ,Social science ,VLAG ,Food health ,Healthy ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Agricultural productions ,Biodiversity ,Epidemiological research ,Sustainability ,Evidence-based medicine ,Protective Factors ,Diet ,Food Quality and Design ,Chronic Disease ,Humanity ,Nutritive Value ,Diet, Healthy ,Diet, Mediterranean ,Risk Reduction Behavior ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine - Abstract
The year 2020 celebrated the tenth anniversary of the recognition of the Mediterranean Diet as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee. This event represented a milestone in the history of nutrition, as the Mediterranean diet was the first traditional food practice to receive such award. Since then, a lot has been discussed not only on the beneficial aspects of the Mediterranean diet, but also on its complex role as a lifestyle model that includes a set of skills, knowledge and intercultural dialogue. This process ended up with the recognition in 2019 of Mediterranean diet as a possibly universal model of healthy diet from the EAT-Lancet Commission. These concepts were widely debated at the 2019 "Ancel Keys" International Seminar, held in Ascea (Italy) (for more information see: www.mediterraneandietseminar.org) with the aim to stimulate interest and awareness of a young group of participants on the current problems inherent to the effective implementation of the Mediterranean diet. The present article collects the contributions of several lecturers at the Seminar on key issues such as methodological and experimental approach, sustainability, molecular aspects in disease prevention, future exploitation, without neglecting a historical view of the Seven Countries Study. From the Seminar conclusions emerged a still vibrant and modern role of Mediterranean diet. The years to come will see national and international efforts to reduce the barriers that limit adherence to Mediterranean diet in order to plan for multi-factorial and targeted interventions that would guide our populations to a sustainable healthy living. (C) 2020 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2021
11. The Mediterranean diet from past to future : Key concepts from the second “Ancel Keys” International Seminar
- Author
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Russo, Gian Luigi, Siani, Alfonso, Fogliano, Vincenzo, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Giacco, Rosalba, Giampaoli, Simona, Iacoviello, Licia, Kromhout, Daan, Lionetti, Lillà, Naska, Androniki, Pellegrini, Nicoletta, Riccardi, Gabriele, Sofi, Francesco, Vitale, Marilena, Strazzullo, Pasquale, Russo, Gian Luigi, Siani, Alfonso, Fogliano, Vincenzo, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Giacco, Rosalba, Giampaoli, Simona, Iacoviello, Licia, Kromhout, Daan, Lionetti, Lillà, Naska, Androniki, Pellegrini, Nicoletta, Riccardi, Gabriele, Sofi, Francesco, Vitale, Marilena, and Strazzullo, Pasquale
- Abstract
The year 2020 celebrated the tenth anniversary of the recognition of the Mediterranean Diet as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee. This event represented a milestone in the history of nutrition, as the Mediterranean diet was the first traditional food practice to receive such award. Since then, a lot has been discussed not only on the beneficial aspects of the Mediterranean diet, but also on its complex role as a lifestyle model that includes a set of skills, knowledge and intercultural dialogue. This process ended up with the recognition in 2019 of Mediterranean diet as a possibly universal model of healthy diet from the EAT-Lancet Commission. These concepts were widely debated at the 2019 “Ancel Keys” International Seminar, held in Ascea (Italy) (for more information see: www.mediterraneandietseminar.org) with the aim to stimulate interest and awareness of a young group of participants on the current problems inherent to the effective implementation of the Mediterranean diet. The present article collects the contributions of several lecturers at the Seminar on key issues such as methodological and experimental approach, sustainability, molecular aspects in disease prevention, future exploitation, without neglecting a historical view of the Seven Countries Study. From the Seminar conclusions emerged a still vibrant and modern role of Mediterranean diet. The years to come will see national and international efforts to reduce the barriers that limit adherence to Mediterranean diet in order to plan for multi-factorial and targeted interventions that would guide our populations to a sustainable healthy living.
- Published
- 2021
12. REGARDING AGROECOLOGICAL AGRIBUSINESS ISSUES
- Author
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Zoran Simonović
- Subjects
agroecological issues ,agribusiness ,agricultural productions ,eco food ,eco managers ,the environment protection eco principles ,Agriculture - Abstract
According to actual conditions agricultural production development was achieved by harming the environment. The traditional agricultural methods (the natural farms, and plants and animals using in a rural manner) was bequeath us the ruined environment (erosion, barren fields etc). Modern agriculture which based on technical – technological accomplishments could harms it even more and immeasurable. We couldnt let that development and prosperity of agricultural production does more harm and endanger the environment which could lead to ecological problems with immeasurable consequences. The Agrarian policy should takes into considerations agribusiness agroecological issues in conditions like these. The major goal of a modern agricultural productions and food industry isnt only to produce more food with lowest possible prices but to contribute the environment protection and prosperity by their activities. Production of "Eco food" was presumed by using of proper ecological technology. Normally, the profile of agribusiness managers should be changed in the first place. They should be the modern type of eco – managers. Their primary task should be to manage the control of applying eco principles with agricultural production. According to the modern agricultural enterprises business managing, beside the market realization as the business component, we should take into consideration the applying of eco principles level as well. Its applying should be considered as preventive measures in the environment protection. The point is thats much more expensive to overhaul harming consequences provoked by ignoring of the modern agricultural eco principles than stick with them.
- Published
- 2006
13. Immediate changes in organic matter and plant available nutrients of Haplic Luvisol soils following different experimental burning intensities in Damak Forest, Hungary
- Author
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George P. Petropoulos, Nicola Clerici, and Jack M. Bridges
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Thermal infrared thermometer ,Plant nutrients ,Nutrient ,Soil pH ,Ultraviolet spectroscopy ,Magnesium ,Fireproofing ,Spectroscopy ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Soil organic matters ,Forestry ,Phosphorus ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Understory ,Biogeochemistry ,Organic matter ,Soil test ,UV-spectroscopy analysis ,Luvisol ,Fires ,thermal infrared thermometer ,nutrients ,Thermal infrared thermometers ,experimental fires ,Nutrient dynamics ,Organic carbon ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Hungary ,Experimental study ,Agricultural productions ,Soil organic matter ,Biological materials ,Soil property ,Forest fire ,lcsh:QK900-989 ,Nutrients ,Plant ,Carbon ,Plant-available nutrients ,Quercus frainetto ,Experimental fires ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,soil properties ,Soil water ,lcsh:Plant ecology ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,Litter ,Potassium ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Soils ,Calcium ,Soil properties ,Central European forests - Abstract
One of the major pedological changes produced by wildfires is the drastic modification of forest soil systems properties. To our knowledge, large research gaps are currently present concerning the effect of such fires on forest Haplic Luvisols soils in Central Europe. In this study, the effects of experimental fires on soil organic matter and chemical properties at different burning intensities in a Central European forest were examined. The study was conducted at Damak Forest, in Hungary, ecosystem dominated by deciduous broadleaf trees, including the rare Hungarian oak Quercus frainetto Ten. The experimental fires were carried out in nine different plots on Haplic Luvisol soils transferred from Damak Forest to the burning site. Three types of fuel load were collected from the forest: litter layer, understorey and overstorey. Groups of three plots were burned at low (litter layer), medium intensity (litter and understorey) and high intensity (litter, understorey and overstorey). Pre-fire and post-fire soil samples were taken from each plot, analysed in the laboratory and statistically compared. Key plant nutrients of organic matter, carbon, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were analysed from each sample. No significant differences in soil organic matter and carbon between pre- and post-fire samples were observed, but high intensity fires did increase soil pH significantly. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus availability increased significantly at all fire intensity levels. Soil potassium levels significantly decreased (ca. 50%) for all intensity treatments, in contrast to most literature. Potassium is a key nutrient for ion transport in plants, and any loss of this nutrient from the soil could have significant effects on local agricultural production. Overall, our findings provide evidence that support the maintaining of the current Hungarian fire prevention policy. © 2019 by the authors.
- Published
- 2019
14. L’uniformisation des productions agricoles à l’époque d’Edo : des savoirs géographiques biaisés à l’origine de crises
- Author
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Nicolas Baumert, Nobuhiro Ito, Yuki Hata, BAUMERT, Nicolas, Université de Nagoya, Espaces, Nature et Culture (ENeC), and Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Japon ,épidémies ,Japan ,Edo period ,[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,famines ,agricultural productions ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,productions agricoles ,époque d’Edo ,diseases - Abstract
A partir de l’analyse d’ouvrages édités à l’attention des masses populaires, de listes de productions et de traités agricoles, l’article propose une lecture critique des politiques agricoles mises en œuvre au Japon entre le début du XVIIe siècle et la fin du XIXe siècle. Il apparaît qu’au cours de cette période le pays a encouragé une uniformisation des productions agricoles sur l’ensemble de son territoire suite à l’application de savoirs importés de la Chine des Ming (1368-1644). Or, la capitale de l’empire Ming (Nankin) était située dans une région où les conditions climatiques subtropicales humides correspondaient à celles de l’Ouest du Japon, mais certainement pas à celles du Nord-est où les effets des famines ont été paradoxalement amplifiés. Cette aberration géographique peut s’expliquer à la fois par la sociologie de l’élite politique et par l’importance des représentations alimentaires du Kansai dans l’ensemble de la société d’Edo. Using works published for a popular readership, lists of products and agricultural treaties, this article proposes a critic of the agricultural policies implemented in Japan from the early seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century. It appears that the country practiced at this time a standardized agricultural production throughout its territory following the application of a knowledge imported from Ming China (1368-1644). But the capital of the Ming Empire (Nanking) was located in a region of China where the subtropical climate conditions matched western Japan, but certainly not to the Northeast areas where the effects of famine were amplified. This geographical misunderstanding can be explained by the sociology of the Edo’s political elite and by the importance of Kansai’s food habits representations in the whole Edo society.
- Published
- 2016
15. ESTIMATION OF BIOMASS POTENTIAL BASED ON CLASSIFICATION AND HEIGHT INFORMATION
- Author
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Müller, S., Büscher, O., Jandewerth, M., Heipke, C., Jacobsen, K., Rottensteiner, F., and U. Sörgel, U.
- Subjects
Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::550 | Geowissenschaften ,lcsh:Applied optics. Photonics ,Monitoring ,Satellites ,Renewable energy source ,Multispectral image ,Biomass ,Extraction ,lcsh:Technology ,Spatial infrastructures ,ddc:550 ,Energy supply ,Remote sensing technology ,Spectroscopy ,Konferenzschrift ,Remote sensing ,Energy resources ,Classification (of information) ,Data visualization ,Agricultural productions ,business.industry ,lcsh:T ,Dem ,Hyperspectral imaging ,lcsh:TA1501-1820 ,Agriculture ,Vegetation ,Sustainable ,Renewable energy resources ,Resources ,Field (geography) ,Landscape conservation ,Renewable energy ,Geography ,Satellite ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,business ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,Test data - Abstract
On the way to make energy supply independent from fossil resources more and more renewable energy sources have to be explored. Biomass has become an important energy resource during the last years and the consumption is rising steadily. Common sources of biomass are agricultural production and forestry but the production of these sources is stagnating due to limited space. To explore new sources of biomass like in the field of landscape conservation the location and available amount of biomass is unknown. Normally, there are no reliable data sources to give information about the objects of interest such as hedges, vegetation along streets, railways and rivers, field margins and ruderal sites. There is a great demand for an inventory of these biomass sources which could be answered by applying remote sensing technology. As biomass objects considered here are sometimes only a few meters wide, spectral unmixing is applied to separate different material mixtures reflected in one image pixel. The spectral images are assumed to have a spatial resolution of 5-20m with multispectral or hyperspectral band configurations. Combining the identified material part fractions with height information and GIS data afterwards will give estimates about the location of biomass objects. The method is applied to test data of a Sentinel-2 simulation and the results are evaluated visually. Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) DLR/50EE1212 DLR/50EE1213 DLR/50EE1214
- Published
- 2013
16. Stochastic hydro-economic modeling for optimal management of agricultural groundwater nitrate pollution under hydraulic conductivity uncertainty
- Author
-
Manuel Pulido-Velazquez, Salvador Peña-Haro, and Carlos Llopis-Albert
- Subjects
Mass transport ,INGENIERIA HIDRAULICA ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Groundwater flow ,Stochastic modelling ,INGENIERIA MECANICA ,Diffuse pollution ,Numerical simulation ,02 engineering and technology ,Nitrate ,01 natural sciences ,Reliability level ,Maximum values ,Pollutant concentration ,Groundwater quality ,Hydraulic conductivity ,Spatial allocation ,Maximum permissible concentration ,Mass transfer ,Decision making process ,020701 environmental engineering ,Groundwater ,Reliability (statistics) ,Uncertainty analysis ,Groundwater pollution ,Stochastic systems ,Stochastic management ,Control strategies ,Ecological Modeling ,Uncertainty ,Illustrative examples ,Monte Carlo Simulation ,Agriculture ,Monte Carlo methods ,Stochastic optimizations ,Computer simulation ,Reliability ,Worst case ,Pollution control ,Quality assurance ,6. Clean water ,Physical parameters ,Stochastic formulation ,Water quality ,Agriculture pollution ,Fertilizer use ,Stochastic optimization ,High probability ,Sensitivity analysis ,Optimization ,Fertilizer application ,Standards ,Mathematical optimization ,Environmental Engineering ,0207 environmental engineering ,Nitrate pollution ,Mixed-integer ,Nitrogen reduction ,Nonlinear programming ,Management strategies ,Fertilizers ,Monte Carlo optimization ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Stochasticity ,Nitrates ,Agricultural productions ,Environmental engineering ,Risk aversion ,Fertilizer allocation ,Nitrate concentration ,Optimal management ,Stochastic models ,Agricultural practice ,Probability distributions ,13. Climate action ,Monte Carlo analysis ,Environmental science ,Stochastic management model ,Economic modeling ,Response matrices ,Decision making ,Software ,Deterministic analysis - Abstract
[EN] In decision-making processes, reliability and risk aversion play a decisive role. This paper presents a framework for stochastic optimization of control strategies for groundwater nitrate pollution from agriculture under hydraulic conductivity uncertainty. The main goal is to analyze the influence of uncertainty in the physical parameters of a heterogeneous groundwater diffuse pollution problem on the results of management strategies, and to introduce methods that integrate uncertainty and reliability in order to obtain strategies of spatial allocation of fertilizer use in agriculture. A hydro-economic modeling approach is used for obtaining the allocation of fertilizer reduction that complies with the maximum permissible concentration in groundwater while minimizes agricultural income losses. The model is based upon nonlinear programming and groundwater flow and mass transport numerical simulation, condensed on a pollutant concentration response matrix. The effects of the hydraulic conductivity uncertainty on the allocation of nitrogen reduction among agriculture pollution sources are analyzed using four formulations: Monte Carlo simulation with pre-assumed parameter field, Monte Carlo optimization, stacking management, and mixed-integer stochastic model with predefined reliability. The formulations were tested in an illustrative example for 100 hydraulic conductivity realizations with different variance. The results show a high probability of not meeting the groundwater quality standards when deriving a policy from just a deterministic analysis. To increase the reliability several realizations can be optimized at the same time. By using a mixed-integer stochastic formulation, the desired reliability level of the strategy can be fixed in advance. The approach allows deriving the trade-offs between the reliability of meeting the standard and the net benefits from agricultural production. In a risk-averse decision making, not only the reliability of meeting the standards counts, but also the probability distribution of the maximum pollutant concentrations. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the influence of the variance of the hydraulic conductivity fields on the strategies. The results show that the larger the variance, the greater the range of maximum nitrate concentrations and the worst case (or maximum value) that could be reached for the same level of reliability. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd., The study has been partially supported by the European Community 7th Framework Project GENESIS (226536) on groundwater systems and from the Plan Nacional I+D+I 2008-2011 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (subprojects CGL2009-13238-C02-01 and CGL2009-13238-C02-02). The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions for improving the paper.
- Published
- 2011
17. GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON PAKISTAN’S AGRICULTURE
- Author
-
Syed Husnain SAJID, Marriam FURQANI, Humna IJAZ, Rana NADIR IDREES, Rashid SAEED, and Raziya NADEEM
- Subjects
sustainable development ,Pakistan ,agricultural productions ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,lcsh:S1-972 - Abstract
Globalization is the term used for multidimensional set of transformative processes and outcomes that work together with spaces and people .It is indeed an issue of prime importance in today’s world. Issues of food shortages have been with the mankind from a long time. Owing to a small number of technological advancements, the food requirements of rapid increasing populations were traditionally fulfilled through cultivating more area. The world is experiencing scarcity in fertile and irrigable lands at large, additional development will rely on fallow-based farming and bringing cheaper and lesser yielding land into cultivation (Smith, 1998). The job gave the impression of all the more overpowering as progress in medication and health escorted to longer life anticipation and superior fecundity rates.
- Published
- 2012
18. Climate change and agricultural production in West Central African Republic
- Author
-
Doukpolo, Bertrand, Doukpolo, Bertrand, LACEEDE - LACCEG, Laboratoire Pierre Pagney, Climat, Eau, Ecosystème et Développement (LACEEDE), University of Abomey Calavi (UAC)-University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), Université de Abomey-Calavi, Docteur en Géographie et Géosciences de l'Environnement (Agroclimatologie et Développement), and Pr. Michel BOKO(boko.michel@gmail.com)
- Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,climate changes ,[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,[SDV.SA.STA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture ,West-Central African ,strategies of adaptation ,[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,[SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology ,[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology ,Ouest-centrafricain ,changements climatiques ,[SHS.ENVIR] Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies ,[SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies ,[SDV.SA.STA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture ,[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,agricultural productions ,impacts ,productions agricoles ,stratégies d'adaptation - Abstract
This study treats the problem of current and future climate changes and their impact on agricultural production in western Central African Republic. Observation data, simulation and climate projection were analyzed in order to apply the results to estimate crop yields future time horizons. The methodology is based on the use of agricultural STICS model, which simulates crop yields, describes future climate faces and the gap between climate situations in the future and those known (baseline). Agronomic outputs indicate that climate change is a serious threat to agricultural development in West Central Africa. The analysis of observations and climate projections show a variability of rainfall, higher temperatures and an increase in extreme weather events. The impacts of climate change on agriculture are already evident. Despite their uncertainties, future precipitation trends show a decline of up to 20 to 42 % especially in the Sudanian and Sudano-Sahelian sectors of the study area. The severity of the drought that will follow could lead to a reduction in available water supplies of arable land and changes in the duration of the vegetative growth period. The expected effects of the change will be changes in the length of growing seasons, disruption of biological cycles of crops and other organisms useful to the environment, more intense water and heat stress over longer periods. These dysfunction agricultural seasons have a great influence on the ability of farmers to plan their activities. Yield losses of grain and oilseed crops in the order of 20-50 % are expected in the study area for future horizon near and far. The analysis of simulated and compared to those observed yields indicates , with a pessimistic climate scenario, a sharp decline in yields, thus requiring more appropriate proactive adaptive strategies to reduce food vulnerability. The efforts from now on related to the integration of the adaptation to the climate change in planning at the level as well regional, national as room. In adapting a wide range of existing innovative experiences today is capitalized, especially in the field of sustainable management of land, water and forests. Implementing large scale requires considerable funding from the adaptation fund and regional and sub regional supported., La présente étude traite de la problématique des changements climatiques actuels et futurs et de leur incidence sur les productions agricoles dans l'Ouest de la République Centrafricaine. Les données d'observation, de simulation et de projection climatiques ont été analysées dans le but d'appliquer les résultats à l'estimation des rendements culturaux aux horizons temporels futurs. La démarche méthodologique est basée sur l'utilisation du modèle agronomique STICS, qui simule les rendements agricoles, décrit les physionomies climatiques futures ainsi que l'écart existant entre les situations climatiques de demain et celles connues (situation de référence). Les sorties agronomiques révèlent que les changements climatiques constituent une menace sérieuse pour le développement agricole dans l'Ouest de la Centrafrique. L'analyse des observations et des projections climatiques montre une variabilité des précipitations, une élévation des températures et une recrudescence des phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes. Les impacts des changements climatiques sur les productions agricoles sont d'ores et déjà évidents. En dépit de leurs incertitudes, les tendances futures des précipitations indiquent une baisse pouvant atteindre 20 à 42 % notamment dans les secteurs soudaniens et soudano-sahéliens de la région d'étude. La sévérité de la sécheresse qui s'en suivra pourrait engendrer une diminution des réserves en eau disponibles des terres cultivables et des modifications de la durée de la période de croissance végétative. Les effets attendus de ce changement seront les modifications de la durée des saisons de culture, la perturbation des cycles biologiques des cultures et autres micro-organismes utiles à l'environnement, des stress hydriques et thermiques plus intenses sur des périodes plus longues. Ce dysfonctionnement des saisons agricoles aura une grande influence sur la capacité des agriculteurs à planifier leurs activités. Des baisses de rendement des cultures céréalières et oléagineuses de l'ordre de 20 à 50 % sont attendues dans la région d'étude aux horizons futurs proches et lointains. L'analyse des rendements simulés et comparés à ceux observés indique, avec un scénario climatique pessimiste, une forte baisse des rendements, nécessitant ainsi des stratégies adaptives proactives plus appropriées afin de réduire la vulnérabilité agroalimentaire des populations. Les efforts sont désormais portés sur l'intégration de l'adaptation au changement climatique dans la planification au niveau tant régional, national que local. En matière d'adaptation, un large éventail d'expériences novatrices existant aujourd'hui est capitalisé, en particulier dans le domaine de la gestion durable des terres, des eaux et des forêts. La mise en œuvre à grande échelle nécessite des financements importants provenant des fonds d'adaptation et une coopération régionale et sous régionale soutenue.
- Published
- 2014
19. Estimation of biomass potential based on classification and height information
- Author
-
Heipke, C., Jacobsen, K., Rottensteiner, F., U. Sörgel, U., Müller, S., Büscher, O., Jandewerth, M., Heipke, C., Jacobsen, K., Rottensteiner, F., U. Sörgel, U., Müller, S., Büscher, O., and Jandewerth, M.
- Abstract
On the way to make energy supply independent from fossil resources more and more renewable energy sources have to be explored. Biomass has become an important energy resource during the last years and the consumption is rising steadily. Common sources of biomass are agricultural production and forestry but the production of these sources is stagnating due to limited space. To explore new sources of biomass like in the field of landscape conservation the location and available amount of biomass is unknown. Normally, there are no reliable data sources to give information about the objects of interest such as hedges, vegetation along streets, railways and rivers, field margins and ruderal sites. There is a great demand for an inventory of these biomass sources which could be answered by applying remote sensing technology. As biomass objects considered here are sometimes only a few meters wide, spectral unmixing is applied to separate different material mixtures reflected in one image pixel. The spectral images are assumed to have a spatial resolution of 5-20m with multispectral or hyperspectral band configurations. Combining the identified material part fractions with height information and GIS data afterwards will give estimates about the location of biomass objects. The method is applied to test data of a Sentinel-2 simulation and the results are evaluated visually.
- Published
- 2013
20. Fire-related carbon emissions from land use transitions in southern Amazonia
- Author
-
G. J. Collatz, James T. Randerson, G. R. van der Werf, Louis Giglio, P. K. Kasibhatla, Ruth DeFries, Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro, Douglas C. Morton, Richard A. Houghton, and Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences
- Subjects
air pollution ,leakage (fluid) ,Pasture ,disasters ,Agricultural land ,environmental policy ,emission ,Physical Sciences and Mathematics ,Land use, land-use change and forestry ,Bos ,SDG 15 - Life on Land ,agriculture ,palm oil ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Prescribed burn ,fire emissions ,fires ,ranching ,pasture ,agricultural land ,Geophysics ,agricultural production ,curl ,carbon emission ,land use change ,vegetable oils ,prescribed burning ,leakage ,Atmospheric carbon cycle ,atmospheric carbons ,atmospheric modeling ,oil ,cattle ranching ,Amazonia ,deforestation ,conversion ,tropical region ,Hydrology ,geography ,Land use ,mato grosso ,Tropics ,land use ,Forestry ,South America ,carbon flux ,Greenhouse gas ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,agricultural productions ,carbon emissions ,inexpensive means ,forest conversions - Abstract
Various land-use transitions in the tropics contribute to atmospheric carbon emissions, including forest conversion for small-scale farming, cattle ranching, and production of commodities such as soya and palm oil. These transitions involve fire as an effective and inexpensive means for clearing. We applied the DECAF (DEforestation CArbon Fluxes) model to Mato Grosso, Brazil to estimate fire emissions from various land-use transitions during 2001-2005. Fires associated with deforestation contributed 67 Tg C/yr (17 and 50 Tg C/yr from conversion to cropland and pasture, respectively), while conversion of savannas and existing cattle pasture to cropland contributed 17 Tg C/yr and pasture maintenance fires 6 Tg C/yr. Large clearings (>100 ha/yr) contributed 67% of emissions but comprised only 10% of deforestation events. From a policy perspective, results imply that intensification of agricultural production on already-cleared land and policies to discourage large clearings would reduce the major sources of emissions from fires in this region. Copyright 2008 by the American Geophysical Union.
- Published
- 2008
21. Grouping of municipalities of the Republic of Serbia based on development of small and medium agrobusinesses
- Author
-
Popović, Blaženka and Maletić, Radojka
- Subjects
grupisanje opština ,klaster analiza ,grouping of municipalities ,agricultural productions ,small and medium businesses ,poljoprivredna proizvodnja ,cluster analysis ,mala i srednja preduzeća - Abstract
Agriculture is branch of economy of special importance to the economy of the Republic of Serbia since it creates approximately 20% of gross national product and has realistic potentials for increase of production volume and processing of agricultural products. Economical potential of agriculture imposes the need for analysis of small and medium entrepreneurship which should be carrier of future development of agribusiness. Cluster analysis is method to determine how the municipalities in the Republic of Serbia are grouped according to the level of development of small and medium agribusinesses. Also, in this way we get insight into current condition of regional development of this sector as well as possibility for development of least developed municipalities in Serbia. Poljoprivreda je privredna grana koja ima poseban značaj za privredu Republike Srbije jer stvara oko 20% bruto društvenog proizvoda i poseduje realne mogućnosti za povećanje obima proizvodnje i prerade poljoprivrednih proizvoda. Ekonomski potencijal koji poseduje poljoprivreda nameće potrebu analize stanja u oblasti malog i srednjeg preduzetništva koje treba da bude nosilac budućeg razvoja agrobiznisa. Klaster analiza je metod kojim će se utvrditi kako se grupišu opštine u Republici Srbiji prema nivou razvijenosti malih i srednjih preduzeća iz oblasti poljoprivrede Tako će se dobiti uvid u trenutno stanje regionalne razvijenosti ovog sektora poljoprivrede kao i mogućnosti za razvoj najnerazvijenijih opština u Srbiji.
- Published
- 2008
22. Stochastic hydro-economic modeling for optimal management of agricultural groundwater nitrate pollution under hydraulic conductivity uncertainty
- Author
-
Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente - Departament d'Enginyeria Hidràulica i Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de València. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño - Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria del Disseny, European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Peña Haro, Salvador, Pulido-Velazquez, M., Llopis Albert, Carlos, Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Medio Ambiente - Departament d'Enginyeria Hidràulica i Medi Ambient, Universitat Politècnica de València. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería del Diseño - Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria del Disseny, European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Peña Haro, Salvador, Pulido-Velazquez, M., and Llopis Albert, Carlos
- Abstract
[EN] In decision-making processes, reliability and risk aversion play a decisive role. This paper presents a framework for stochastic optimization of control strategies for groundwater nitrate pollution from agriculture under hydraulic conductivity uncertainty. The main goal is to analyze the influence of uncertainty in the physical parameters of a heterogeneous groundwater diffuse pollution problem on the results of management strategies, and to introduce methods that integrate uncertainty and reliability in order to obtain strategies of spatial allocation of fertilizer use in agriculture. A hydro-economic modeling approach is used for obtaining the allocation of fertilizer reduction that complies with the maximum permissible concentration in groundwater while minimizes agricultural income losses. The model is based upon nonlinear programming and groundwater flow and mass transport numerical simulation, condensed on a pollutant concentration response matrix. The effects of the hydraulic conductivity uncertainty on the allocation of nitrogen reduction among agriculture pollution sources are analyzed using four formulations: Monte Carlo simulation with pre-assumed parameter field, Monte Carlo optimization, stacking management, and mixed-integer stochastic model with predefined reliability. The formulations were tested in an illustrative example for 100 hydraulic conductivity realizations with different variance. The results show a high probability of not meeting the groundwater quality standards when deriving a policy from just a deterministic analysis. To increase the reliability several realizations can be optimized at the same time. By using a mixed-integer stochastic formulation, the desired reliability level of the strategy can be fixed in advance. The approach allows deriving the trade-offs between the reliability of meeting the standard and the net benefits from agricultural production. In a risk-averse decision making, not only the reliability of meeting the
- Published
- 2011
23. Food safety: The farmer first health paradigm.
- Author
-
Rezaei A
- Abstract
International and national organizations responsible for healthy food production and food consumers have too often neglected farmers, who are the producers in this cycle and are directly involved in environmental issues, integrating resources with their skills and producing agricultural crops to offer to civil society. Moreover, the health of farmers has also been neglected, when attending to their health would likely ensure a healthy environment and safe foods. Thus, the Farmer First Health Paradigm is seeking to address the fact that if international community expects a healthy environment and safe foods for future generations, then basic principles for producing healthy food in different countries should be considered and applied in their strategic plans. These principles are presented and discussed in this paper.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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