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Women’s empowerment and the promotion of women’s rights have emerged as significant global movements, continually breaking new ground. This study aims at investigating how women empowerment is visually and verbally codified in advertisements. This study examines two beauty advertisement campaigns launched by Olay and Reebok in 2018: Olay’s “#FaceAnything” campaign and Reebok’s “#BeMoreHuman” campaign. Both campaigns aim to empower women to believe in themselves. These campaigns focus on promoting awareness of women’s individuality rather than asserting women’s superiority over men. Presented in the form of advertisements, these campaigns use discourse crafted by producers to convey persuasive messages. To unveil the empowering messages in these advertisement campaigns, this study employs Kress and Van Leeuwen’s (2006) theory of Visual Grammar and Michelle M. Lazar’s Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (2005, 2007) framework. The findings reveal that both campaigns utilize a variety of linguistic and visual techniques to empower women, challenge traditional gender roles, and promote feminist values. Furthermore, this study explores the inversion of patriarchal discourse within these campaigns as a strategy to empower women. By subverting traditional gender roles and expectations, both Olay and Reebok campaigns challenge patriarchal norms and assert feminist identity and positionality. This analysis sheds light on how advertising language is utilized as a powerful tool to empower women, promote gender equality, and contribute to the ongoing conversation about gender representation in advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: In the UK, nicotine pouches are growing in popularity, particularly among young people. This study investigated the Instagram marketing strategies of one leading brand, Nordic Spirit. Methods: A total of 496 Instagram posts published by Nordic Spirit between 2019 and 2023 were collected and organised into themes using qualitative content analysis to identify recurring patterns. Then, multimodal critical discourse analysis was employed to explore the different linguistic and other semiotic resources at work in posts, their ideological patterns and how they work together to frame nicotine pouches as an essential product for young people. Results: The study identified four key messages that Nordic Spirit uses to target young people: (1) fun and freedom; (2) Nordic happiness; (3) fuss-free and discreet; and (4) healthy and scientifically rational. It found that posts are often misleading, underplay the dangers of nicotine and frame nicotine pouches as trendy lifestyle products rather than as smoking alternatives. Conclusion: The results underline the dangers of such marketing strategies in encouraging nicotine addiction and dependence. Consequently, the UK government and Advertising Standards Authority should do more to clamp down on these social media posts and introduce tighter regulations to protect young people and uphold their freedom from exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend consuming less than 10% of total calories from added sugars. Low-calorie sweeteners, sugar alcohols, and natural low-calorie sweeteners are used to reduce added sugar intake, but there are concerns about their long-term health impacts, especially for children. This paper describes the food and beverage television advertising landscape as it pertains to sweeteners. Methods: This cross-sectional study uses television ratings data licensed from The Nielsen Company for the United States in 2022. Nutrition facts panels and ingredient lists were collected for food and beverage product advertisements seen on television and assessed for the presence of added sugars, low-calorie sweeteners, sugar alcohols, and natural low-calorie sweeteners (forms of stevia and monk fruit), as well as whether products were high in added sugars based on federal Interagency Working Group guidelines for advertising to children. Results: Of the sweeteners examined, added sugars were most commonly found in food and beverage product advertisements seen on television (60–68% of advertisements seen across age groups), followed by low-calorie sweeteners (6–10%), sugar alcohols (2–4%), and natural low-calorie sweeteners (2%). About one-third (32–33%) of advertisements seen by 2–5- and 6–11-year-olds were high in added sugars, similar to the percentage seen by 12–17- and 18+-year-olds (34–35%). Advertisements seen for cereal (86–95%) and sweets (92–93%) were most likely to have added sugars, while those for sweets (89–90%) were most likely to be high in added sugars. Conclusions: Sweeteners are common in food and beverage product advertisements seen on television, including alternatives to added sugars for which there are concerns about long-term impacts on health. Continued monitoring and additional research on other advertising media platforms used by food and beverage companies (e.g., digital media) is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Right-wing think tanks are a major source of partisan knowledge. Their influence is rooted in their strategic hybridity, namely their ability to use the resources of fields outside politics to promote their partisan messages. This strategic hybridity is especially powerful in relation to the academy, as arguments can be framed with the trappings of scholarship without first passing muster in the scholarly community. This article documents how strategic hybridity has deepened online as the organization PragerU embraces a new tactic—the influencer-intellectual—and a new genre—social media ads—to advance its right-wing cause. To illustrate this new complexity, I analyze ads PragerU ran on Meta platforms that attacked the 1619 Project and had at least 20 million impressions. Beyond reconceptualizing hybridity, I review the shortcomings of Meta’s Ad Library while making the case for its value in tracking the spilling of partisanship from formal politics into culture.

Distinguishing an invitation to treat from an offer has long been a subject of discussion among scholars. The main question of this research is what criteria can be used to distinguish an offer and an invitation to a transaction. In response to this question, the authors, with a comparative look at the laws of Iran and England and a descriptive-analytical approach, concluded that it is possible to accept a measurement under the title of "suppliability" in English law and based on the theory of "Lord Herschell" and "Lord Parker". Also, considering Sad Dharai (Blocking Means to Evil)[1], leads to the approval of the mentioned approach and the acceptance of this assessment. This approach briefly states that if the merchant cannot supply goods when presenting the offer, the offer should be considered an invitation to treat and not an offer. It is also true and if the store has a history of mass production and it was as much as the customer's offer or more, regarding that considering such a proposal as an offer does not cause a breach of the contract. Trading customs also strengthens the same conclusion. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine the approach of the legal systems of Iran and England in facing similar instances of offer and invitation to treat. [1] The preemption of the means to evil is one of the fundamental principles of Sharia. It is defined as the prohibition of an otherwise permissible matter but which may be used to commit corruptions or prohibitions.

Previous literature has examined the effect of using a formal or informal second-person pronoun on consumers' appreciation of an advertisement and the advertised product and their purchase intention. This is the first study that additionally examines the effect of the use of either pronoun on product price estimation. In a between-subjects web experiment, Dutch participants evaluated product ads in which either an informal or formal pronoun of address was used, or no pronoun of address at all (the control condition). Dependent variables were attitude towards the ad and the product, purchase intention, and price estimation. The results show that the use of the formal pronoun leads to a higher estimate of the price of the advertised product, while a higher price estimate may increase the purchase intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective: To characterise the nature of digital food and beverage advertising in Singapore. Setting: Food and beverage advertisements within twenty clicks on the top twelve non-food websites and all posts on the Facebook and Instagram pages of fifteen major food companies in Singapore were sampled from 1 January to 30 June 2018. Design: Advertised foods were classified as being core (healthier), non-core or mixed dishes (e.g. burger) using the WHO nutrient profile model and national guidelines. Marketing techniques were assessed using published coding frameworks. Participants: NA Results: Advertisements (n 117) on the twelve non-food websites were largely presented as editorial content. Food companies posted twice weekly on average on social media sites (n 1261), with eatery chains posting most frequently and generating the largest amount of likes and shares. Key marketing techniques emphasised non-health attributes, for example, hedonic or convenience attributes (85 % of advertisements). Only a minority of foods and beverages advertised were core foods (non-food website: 16·2 %; social media: 13·5 %). Conclusions: Top food and beverage companies in Singapore actively use social media as a platform for promotion with a complex array of marketing techniques. A vast majority of these posts were unhealthy highlighting an urgent need to consider regulating digital food and beverage advertising in Singapore.

Background This study conducted an exploratory content analysis of TV food advertisements on the top three most popular channels for Filipino children aged two to 17 during school and non-school days. Methods Data were collected by manually recording of aired advertisements from 16 non-school days (July to September 2020) and 16 school days (January to April 2021). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used to assess children’s rates of exposure to food advertisements (mean ± SD of advertisements aired per channel per hour), the healthiness of promoted foods (as permitted (healthier) or not permitted (unhealthy) according to nutrient profiling models from the World Health Organization), and persuasive techniques used in food advertisements, including promotional characters and premium offers. Results The results show that the rates of exposure to food advertisements were higher during school days (14.6 ± 14.8) than on non-school days (11.9 ± 12.0) (p

The late early modern period witnessed critical consumer transitions across Europe. Yet, while the explosion of the material world and the transition from an 'old luxury' material culture to a 'new luxury' model is well documented, our understanding of the underlying value systems of consumer goods is still under‐developed. Building on a database of eighteenth‐century advertisements for household auctions in the London‐based Daily Advertiser, this article maps the value systems that characterized elite secondary markets in London. We find the language of consumption growing in complexity and sophistication as the eighteenth century progressed, but historiographically, key concepts such as fashion and modernity played minor and sometimes unexpected roles. While silverware is traditionally perceived as a store of wealth and marker of status, and hence a textbook 'old luxury', in the auction advertisements it is often praised for its design value. Chinaware, often attributed a central role in forging an affordable yet fashion‐sensitive 'new luxury model', is paradoxically valued for its age and patina. In fact, the boundaries between 'new' and 'old' luxuries were never clear‐cut. The intrinsic value of material culture continued to matter, and the language of consumption continued to reproduce social inequalities, much as it did in previous centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the digital media age, video advertisements are ubiquitous, including on plat- forms such as YouTube and TikTok. People generally do not like advertisements, especially non-skippable ones, and may prefer to do something else while an ad plays. Following recent research suggesting that faster speeds may increase engage- ment with videos, we examine if speeding up video advertisements will increase people’s attention when watching non-skippable ads as well as improve ad expe- rience and memory. In two experiments, college participants were randomly as- signed to watch an ad (Vrbo in Study 1, Five Star Notebooks in Study 2) at either normal or 25% faster (1.25x) speed. We did not find significant effects of play- back speed in Study 1, perhaps because the ad did not have much informational content. However, in Study 2, we found that participants who watched the ad at 1.25x speed enjoyed it less, remembered it less well, and had lower brand sentiment than those who watched it at normal speed. While these findings need replication and further research to test robustness across a range of ad types and lengths, our results suggest that increase the speed of ads may not be beneficial to advertisers.

As Internet technology continues to advance and as various social media platforms proliferate, consumers have gained the ability to distribute video content across a multitude of online channels. A vlog (video blog) is an online video documentary format used by vloggers (video bloggers) to record their daily lives and share their experiences with various products. In recent years, Vloggers who publish vlogs on social media have gained increasing popularity. The use of vlogs to convey product information has received widespread attention, leading an increasing number of companies to consider them part of their marketing mix and actively incorporate them into their marketing strategies. However, it is still unclear which factors influence consumer attitudes while watching vlogs. Therefore, it has become a focus of attention in both academia and the business world to clarify how vlog promotion content influences consumer attitudes and to use vlog promotion to improve consumer attitudes, thereby increasing consumers’ purchase intentions and achieving brand promotion objectives. The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the factors that influence consumer attitudes towards vlog promotion content. This article is based on the ABC attitude model theory, and data collected through an online questionnaire survey of Chinese consumers were analysed to statistically verify the relationship between consumers' purchase intentions and factors related to vlog content. The predictor variables included trust in vlog, vlogger popularity, vlogger personal appeal, understanding of vlogger advertised products, vlog content, and frequency of interaction between vlogger and fans. Path analysis revealed that two intermediate variables related to vlogger (cognition and emotion) had a positive impact, and a model was constructed to further examine their influence on consumer behaviour (dependent variable). The research findings of this study reveal that three key factors significantly influence consumer attitudes towards vlog promotion. These factors encompass the understanding of vlogger's advertised products, vlog’s content, and the frequency of interaction between vlogger and fans. For future vlog promotions, it is recommended to augment the vlogger's product knowledge and approachability. To create captivating vlog content, emphasis should be placed on enhancing its entertainment value, establishing personal connections with viewers, and encouraging shareability. Moreover, the vlogger should actively engage with dedicated fans, prioritize valuable fan comments, and foster harmonious relationships. Furthermore, the findings of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of vlog promotion for various brands and services, providing valuable insights into the content of promotional activities for different brands and services. This highlights the strategic significance of vlog promotion and its relevance in guiding promotional strategies.

The 2020 census reports that 61.2 million Latinxs live in the US, totaling around 19% of all residents, forming the country's largest minority population. With the growing number of Latinxs, there has been a higher level of contact between Spanish and English leading to language mixing or code-switching (CS) in mainstream American culture. This paper examines the Spanish/English CS in radio advertisements on Los Angeles's 96.3 La Mega, a bilingual radio station geared towards today's youth. Using Derrick' 2015 sentential framework for the linguistic analysis of multilingual sentences, I carry out a sentence-by-sentence analysis of the linguistic nature of the on-air bilingual advertisements. I explore both national advertisements, as well as DJ-endorsed advertisements, to discern whether they follow the patterns previously pointed out in the literature for positive consumer evaluations of Spanish/English bilingual advertisements. Furthermore, I am interested in if these advertisements are in line with the ethos of 96.3 La Mega, which prides itself on being fully bilingual. This research will shed light on the linguistic nature of contemporary strategies being used in bilingual advertisements for the US Latinx community and marketing tactics designed to encourage their consumerism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The APOE-ε4 allele(s) is a strong risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). A significant point of access for this allele testing is through services provided by medical facilities in Japan, which advertise out-of-insurance APOE testing on their websites. There is a concern that website advertisements for APOE testing may influence the ability for individuals to adequately self-determine whether to undergo APOE testing. We conducted a cross-sectional survey on medical facility websites in Japan advertising APOE genetic testing. We predefined desirable features for advertisement descriptions based on legal regulations and guidelines published by relevant professional societies and evaluated each website according to these features. We identified 220 medical facilities that had posted advertisements on their websites for the provision of APOE genetic testing, of which 85% were small clinics. Contact information, details, and costs of testing were described in most of the websites. Meanwhile, features such as "explaining APOE as a risk gene," "notes on interpreting APOE results," or "explaining examination methods" (e.g., blood sampling) were described to a variable degree depending on individual facilities. "Notes on genetic testing" or "referring to genetic counseling" were hardly referred to, and specialists with appropriate expertise were considered to participate in clinical practice in approximately one-third of these facilities providing APOE testing services. These website evaluation results showed moderate to substantial reliability between independent raters. These results suggest that self-determination of pursuing out-of-insurance APOE testing at some medical facilities in Japan may possibly be influenced in an inappropriate manner, at least in its entry route of taking the test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to explore the use of the conceptual metaphor PRODUCTS ARE WARRIORS in Vietnamese advertisements and analyze its nature from the national cultural and historical approach. Three research methods have been used to accomplish these aims, specifically discourse analysis, statistical analysis and categorization on the basis of a linguistic corpus consisting of 200 Vietnamese advertisements collected from different means of media, including newspaper, magazine, TV, radio, billboards, leaflet for 12 categories of products such as food and drinks, electronics and home appliances, mobile phones, cosmetics, real estate and resorts, telecommunications services, etc. The research findings demonstrate that the metaphor PRODUCTS ARE WARRIORS is used extensively in Vietnamese advertisements; its mappings are constructed on the two domains of PRODUCTS and WARRIORS. Not all the aspects of the source domain are mapped but only the most distinctive ones, including missions of warriors, strengths and powers of warriors, weapons used in the fight, tactics used in the battle, victory gained by warriors and battlefields. The six corresponding aspects of the target domain are functions, impacts on users, nature, operations, superior values of products and areas that products function on. The study also provides some general analysis of this metaphor based on the typical historical and cultural characteristics of Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals have always played an important role in the history of humanity. We only have to think of prehistoric cave paintings, or the relationship between our grandparents and animals, or recall the iconic films Alpha or Hachi, A Dog's Tale. However, it is important to note that the nature of the relationship between animals and humans has changed over time. Whereas in the past their relationship was mainly characterised by respect: maintaining their personal independence; nowadays this relationship has taken on a different dimension, as pets - in most families - live in the same household, receiving the same level of attention as the rest of the family. The primary objectives of this study are (1) to identify the product/service categories that are not targeted at dogs and pets, but they appear as the primary communicators in the promotion of the product or service, (2) to identify the characteristics that fundamentally define this type of advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to explore the verbal and visual resources and cultural aspects used in online toy advertisements. The data comprises 142 advertisements sourced from the official international Lego Facebook page. Three analytical frameworks were employed in the study. First, Halliday's (1994) systemic functional linguistics was used to analyze verbal resources. Second, Kress and van Leeuwen's (2006) social semiotics was used to examine visual resources. Third, Hofstede et al.'s (2010) cultural dimensions were applied to the aspects of culture. The investigation of verbal resources reveals three main ideational metafunctions: material, relational, and mental. Also, declarative mood and unmarked topical themes dominantly occurred in the clauses. For the visual analysis, the advertisements tend to use conceptual symbolic images with vibrant and contrasting colors to make the brand memorable and convey positive values. The positions of participants (RP) also reveal the significance of the brand. There is interconnectedness between visual resources and verbal resources for the advertisements to be cohesive. Remarkably, all six cultural dimensions were found aligned with the American cultural aspects, except for masculinity and long-term orientation. This suggests Lego's commitment to promoting equality, unity, and the attempt to construct more effective worldwide marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how consumer behaviour is influenced by music's emotional valence (sad vs. happy) in advertisements. Female participants (N = 134) watched the same four advertisements with either happy or sad background music. The advertisements were split into two advertising breaks which were embedded in a television programme. Participants were tested on their recognition and recall of the advertised material, as well as their intentions to buy the advertised products. As predicted, the results revealed that brand recognition was higher with sad background music in the advertisements, while buying intention was higher when the advertisements were paired with happy background music. Although overall advertisement free recall was found to be better for sad than happy music, musical valence was not found to affect product recall. The findings are discussed in terms of the power of emotions and the possible effects of brand attitudes and music congruity. Limitations and suggestions for future research are presented.

Introduction Exposure to advertising is a determinant of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among young adults. Few studies have explored the underlying mechanisms of advertising exposure on e-cigarette use among young Chinese adults. Methods An online survey was administered to a sample of 2956 young adults (aged 20–34 years) who were never smokers, from April to May 2022, in China. Mediation analyses were used to test the mediating effects of curiosity and harm perception, and moderated mediation models were conducted to examine whether the relationships in mediation modeling vary across different levels of socioeconomic status (household income, education level, and residence). Results Greater advertising exposure was associated with a higher likelihood of e-cigarette use (AOR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.26–1.54) and curiosity about e-cigarettes (AOR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.25–1.42), and the latter mediated the association between advertising exposure and e-cigarette use (proportion mediated=26.9%; 95% CI: 15.8%–40.7%) while harm perception did not. Additionally, the effect of advertising exposure on curiosity was moderated by household income (p=0.03) and residential area (p=0.001), and was stronger among participants with lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions E-cigarette advertising may promote young adults’ experimentation by increasing their curiosity towards the products. Socially disadvantaged groups may be more susceptible to e-cigarette advertising. The study suggests that the government should explore options for better regulation of e-cigarettes to prevent initiation by never smokers and protect vulnerable populations.

Abstract Background Despite its numerous health benefits, consumers’ daily water consumption is below recommend levels while soft drink consumption remains high. Previous research has shown that the degree to which drinks are cognitively represented in terms of consumption and enjoyment (i.e., through simulations of consumption and reward) predicts desire and intake. Here, we examined whether simulation-enhancing advertisements that frame water in terms of consumption and reward change cognitive representations and increase motivation for a fictitious bottled water. Methods In three pre-registered online experiments (N exp1 = 984; N exp2 = 786; N exp3 = 907), UK participants viewed three advertisements that either highlighted the rewarding consumption experience of water (e.g., “Refresh all your senses with this smooth, cool water”; simulation-enhancing ads), the health consequences of drinking water (e.g., “This water takes care of your health”; health-focused ads), or control ads. We assessed cognitive representations of the bottled water with a semantic feature production task, and we coded the words used as consumption and reward features or positive long-term health consequences features. We assessed motivation through ratings of the attractiveness of the water (Exp. 1 only), desire to drink it, and willingness to pay for it (WTP). Results In line with our hypotheses, participants represented the bottled water more in terms of consumption and reward after viewing simulation-enhancing advertisements, and more in terms of positive long-term health consequences after viewing health-focused advertisements. There was no direct effect of advertisement condition on motivation ratings. However, significant indirect effects showed that simulation-enhancing advertisements increased desire and WTP through the proportion of consumption and reward features, whereas health-focused advertisements increased motivation through an increase in the proportion of positive long-term health consequences features. The effects through consumption and reward were stronger. Conclusions These findings are consistent with research suggesting that the experience of immediate reward from drinking water underlies intake. Public health interventions should emphasize the enjoyment of drinking water, rather than the long-term health benefits.

The study investigates service brand loyalty antecedents as evidenced by brand name attributes and attitudes toward services and advertisements. Print advertisements from ten service industries are analyzed using multiple regression. A model is provided examining the influences of service type, brand name attributes, and attitudes toward the services and advertisements on respondent propensity for service brand loyalty. Significant loyalty resulted with all advertisements for attitudes toward the service provided and the advertisement with exception for airlines. Brand name attributes impacted only four services including design, healthcare, insurance, and airline offerings. Across all industries, service attitude had the greatest effect followed by advertisement attitude. Loyalty for design and insurance services was influenced by all three antecedents with the greatest impact demonstrated for health care. In contrast, airlines exhibited the least effects. Services rated as good or likeable, with brand names that sent a message and explained the service, and whose advertisements evoked useful and informative attitudes were the strongest loyalty indicators. Further insight is gained as tailored advertising strategies across industries with recognition for specific service types are recommended. A one-size standardized approach is not effective as service type is proven to have significant impact on brand loyalty. The model findings provide comprehensive support for prior recognition of service type and identified service advertisement antecedents which will then foster increased service brand loyalty.

Gender-fair language challenges and dismantles prevailing societal gender preconceptions. Cosmetic advertisements have been criticized for unfair language choices that perpetuate gender stereotypes. This study is a morphosyntactic examination of gender-fair language in cosmetic advertisements. The social constructionist theory underpins the study. Thirty (30) product packages and labels for the Ghanaian market were used in this qualitative descriptive survey. Gendered terms were analyzed on the morphological level using Quirk et al.’s (1985) functional principle of word categorization. The data collected revealed that Gender-unfair language is prevalent in cosmetic advertisements. Product names, descriptions and claims often use gendered nouns, pronouns, adjectives, phrases of different types and imperative clauses. This reinforces the idea that certain beauty concerns and products are exclusively tailored to specific genders. Gender-unfair language in cosmetic advertisements results in a limited representation of beauty ideals and practices. The use of inclusive language and representations that challenge gender stereotypes and promote diversity was recommended for cosmetic advertisers. The paper provides insight into academic discourse and practical approaches in gender, communication and marketing studies.

Semiotics interprets that how different signs are used in everyday lives to represent different things. Different verbal and non-verbal signs are used to reflect different ideologies and hidden agendas in the field of advertisements. The meanings and hidden agendas of TV commercials can be analysed in a more appropriate and effective way by considering semiotics as an influential tool of investigation. The enterprises of different domains as semiotics, linguistics and sociocultural studies make the current study as a multidisciplinary study. Media has become one of the most influential and feasible tool in the diffusion and representation of information and ideas in this globalised world with the advancement of science and technology. It encompasses strength and power to present different ideologies and agendas with the help of different verbal and non-verbal signs. The current study aims to analyse the demonstration of social class distinctive patterns in Pakistani television commercials. The study examines the representation of different social classes in the commercials by keeping in view the agendas and ideologies of advertisers. The nature of the study is qualitative. The theory of semiotics proposed by Dyer (1982) in the book advertising as Communication is the basis of the theoretical framework of the study. The commercials of renowned Pakistani television channels are collected as the data of the study. Non probability sampling technique is used to collect the data which comprises only those commercials which reflect social class representation. The analysis of the study highlights that different social classes as upper and lower classes are represented in different spheres of lives at symbolic level in the selected advertisements. The social class presentation in commercials represent the domination and superiority of upper class. The images of both upper and lower classes presented in the commercials support ideological beliefs about how social class biased practices are prevailed in the Pakistani society.

Newspapers emerged as a novel phenomenon in Iran during the Qajar Era following the exposure of Iranian intellectuals to European societal developments. Over time, newspaper publication gained popularity across various regions in Iran. The Constitutional Movement marked a pivotal moment in Iranian journalism with an increase in newspaper publication in several cities following the proclamation of the constitutional decree in 1324 AH. These newspapers underwent significant changes in terms of content. One aspect worth exploring constitutional era newspapers in Qajar is the presence of "advertisements" often referred to as "E'lān". These advertisements provided valuable insights into the social and economic conditions of Iranian cities, shedding light on the neglected aspects of social and economic history that were not found in narrative sources. This study focused on evaluating advertisements in "Anjuman-e Tabriz Newspaper", one of the prominent newspapers of the constitutional era. The study aimed to answer the fundamental question: What social and economic information did the advertisements in Anjuman-e Tabriz Newspaper offered about the life in Tabriz during the constitutional era? In other words, what advertising-related data did Anjuman-e Tabriz Newspaper contain and how significant were these data in understanding urban life in Tabriz at that time? The research utilized a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Qualitative research methods were employed in the collection and description of reports, while quantitative statistical methods were utilized for data analysis. Thus, this research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to studying advertisement. By evaluating and summarizing the available data, the study concluded that the advertisements in Anjuman-e Tabriz Newspaper not only shed light on the neglected social and economic aspects of Tabriz society during that time, but also reflected the emerging nationalist tendencies and promoted social action, such as supporting domestic goods and imposing embargoes on foreign goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study conducted an exploratory content analysis of TV food advertisements on the top three most popular channels for Filipino children aged two to 17 during school and non-school days. Methods: Data were collected by manually recording of aired advertisements from 16 non-school days (July to September 2020) and 16 school days (January to April 2021). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used to assess children's rates of exposure to food advertisements (mean ± SD of advertisements aired per channel per hour), the healthiness of promoted foods (as permitted (healthier) or not permitted (unhealthy) according to nutrient profiling models from the World Health Organization), and persuasive techniques used in food advertisements, including promotional characters and premium offers. Results: The results show that the rates of exposure to food advertisements were higher during school days (14.6 ± 14.8) than on non-school days (11.9 ± 12.0) (p < 0.01). Both periods yield a similarly higher proportion of non-permitted food advertisements (e.g. 9.3 ± 9.7 ads/channel/hour for school days and 8.3 ± 8.5 ads/channel/hour for non-school days) than permitted ones. More non-permitted food advertisements during children's peak viewing times were observed than non-peak viewing times (e.g. 11.8 ± 10. vs. 8.3 ± 9.2 ads/channel/hour for school days). Non-permitted food advertisements employed persuasive techniques more frequently, accounting for 64–91% of all food ads during peak viewing times. Conclusion: Children are exposed to a large volume of television advertisements for foods that should not be permitted to be marketed to children based on authoritative nutrient criteria. Paper Context: Main findings: Filipino children experienced a significantly higher rate of food advertisements per hour during school days compared to non-school days, with non-permitted food advertisements being more frequent than permitted ones, especially during peak viewing times. Added knowledge: A large percentage of food advertisements were for non-permitted food products, with common persuasive techniques including the use of images of children, celebrities, and various premium strategies, such as '20% extra' and price discounts, which target both children and their parents. Global health impact for policy and action: The findings support the need for stringent regulations on TV food marketing to children, including the development of clear standards for permitted versus non-permitted food advertisements, redefining children's peak viewing times for more effective monitoring, and extending regulations to other media platforms to curb the influence of unhealthy food marketing on children's dietary choices and overall health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given that signage, messaging, and advertisements (ads) are the gateway to many interventions in suicide prevention, it is important that we understand what type of messaging works best for whom. Objective: We investigated whether explicitly mentioning suicide increases engagement using internet ads by investigating engagement with campaigns with different categories of keywords searched, which may reflect different cognitive states. Methods: We ran a 2-arm study Australia-wide, with or without ads featuring explicit suicide wording. We analyzed whether there were differences in engagement for campaigns with explicit and nonexplicit ads for low-risk (distressed but not explicitly suicidal), high-risk (explicitly suicidal), and help-seeking for suicide keywords. Results: Our analyses revealed that having explicit wording has opposite effects, depending on the search terms used: explicit wording reduced the engagement rate for individuals searching for low-risk keywords but increased engagement for those using high-risk keywords. Conclusions: The findings suggest that individuals who are aware of their suicidality respond better to campaigns that explicitly use the word "suicide." We found that individuals who search for low-risk keywords also respond to explicit ads, suggesting that some individuals who are experiencing suicidality search for low-risk keywords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This discursive study explores the portrayal of empowering women in advertisements, shedding light on the evolving narrative within the realm of marketing and media. The analysis delves into the discursive strategies employed by advertisers to construct empowering representations of women, examining linguistic, visual, and cultural elements. Through a comprehensive review of diverse advertisements, this study investigates how these portrayals shape societal perceptions of women's roles and identities. The research seeks to unravel the underlying discourses that either challenge or perpetuate traditional gender norms, assessing the impact of these representations on both individual and collective consciousness. By critically examining the discursive dimensions of women's empowerment in advertising, this study provides insights into the socio-cultural implications and the potential role of advertisements in fostering positive societal change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature has examined the effect of using a formal or informal second-person pronoun on consumers’ appreciation of an advertisement and the advertised product and their purchase intention. This is the first study that additionally examines the effect of the use of either pronoun on product price estimation. In a between-subjects web experiment, Dutch participants evaluated product ads in which either an informal or formal pronoun of address was used, or no pronoun of address at all (the control condition). Dependent variables were attitude towards the ad and the product, purchase intention, and price estimation. The results show that the use of the formal pronoun leads to a higher estimate of the price of the advertised product, while a higher price estimate may increase the purchase intention.

Throughout history, toys have always represented an essential means to portray societies’ values and cultural identities, passing on morals, expectations, and traditions to the next generations. Gender stereotypes are present even in today’s toys, depicting fixed gender roles and conditioning children’s preferences in playing. The present study investigated three Italian television channels for children, to analyse to what extent gender stereotypes are conveyed through children’s toy advertisements. The findings indicate that gender biases are present in a large number of tv commercials, although a new trend of inclusive toys is gaining momentum, in ways that don’t limit children’s choices and predilection. Giocattoli, pubblicità e ruoli di genere: una ricerca su tre canali televisivi italiani per bambini. Nel corso della storia, i giocattoli hanno sempre rappresentato un mezzo essenziale per rappresentare i valori e le identità culturali delle società, trasmettendo morale, aspettative e tradizioni alle generazioni successive. Gli stereotipi di genere sono presenti anche nei giocattoli di oggi, raffigurando ruoli di genere fissi e condizionando le preferenze dei/lle bambini/e nel gioco. Il presente studio ha indagato tre canali televisivi italiani per bambini/e, per analizzare in che misura gli stereotipi di genere sono trasmessi attraverso le pubblicità dei giocattoli per bambini/e. I risultati indicano che i pregiudizi di genere sono presenti in un gran numero di spot televisivi, anche se una nuova tendenza di giocattoli inclusivi sta acquisendo importanza, in modi che non limitano le scelte e la predilezione dei/lle bambini/e.

Advertising, which is but one link in the value chain of marketing, is the hallmark of the postmodern world, ubiquitous and dominant in all public spaces and spheres of life. A random count of billboards, posters, and electronic and digital advertisements can attest to this without recourse to systematic empirical evidence. However, there is a need to interrogate the basis of this status quo, its ‘superstructure’ and ‘base’, and address the impact of advertising on African peoples and their values; how they are influenced and directed in public sphere in African localities, where their values should be predominant. The impetus that inspired the thematic exploration of this article is that in public spaces where indigenous languages and values should logically be dominant, they are marginalised and patronised, in ways that are cynical and are an instrument of capitalist motives and agenda. This article seeks to explore manifestations of this marginalisation and undermining of values of speakers of Bantu and other African languages in advertisements, a genre that is so ubiquitous that it imposes a subliminal crisis among indigenous languages speakers, who are demographically in the majority on the African continent. The impact of this genre pervades spaces in languages, in style, diction, and undertones that have an ideological impact in environments and settings where African languages and values are expected to be predominant, or at least should indigenously and logically be strongly anchored. This premise is the base of my inquiry. Contribution: This dominance is achieved by means of visual and textual images of advertisements that have sought to ‘sustain alienation’ and establish subordination of the consumer.

Background: Despite its numerous health benefits, consumers' daily water consumption is below recommend levels while soft drink consumption remains high. Previous research has shown that the degree to which drinks are cognitively represented in terms of consumption and enjoyment (i.e., through simulations of consumption and reward) predicts desire and intake. Here, we examined whether simulation-enhancing advertisements that frame water in terms of consumption and reward change cognitive representations and increase motivation for a fictitious bottled water. Methods: In three pre-registered online experiments (Nexp1 = 984; Nexp2 = 786; Nexp3 = 907), UK participants viewed three advertisements that either highlighted the rewarding consumption experience of water (e.g., "Refresh all your senses with this smooth, cool water"; simulation-enhancing ads), the health consequences of drinking water (e.g., "This water takes care of your health"; health-focused ads), or control ads. We assessed cognitive representations of the bottled water with a semantic feature production task, and we coded the words used as consumption and reward features or positive long-term health consequences features. We assessed motivation through ratings of the attractiveness of the water (Exp. 1 only), desire to drink it, and willingness to pay for it (WTP). Results: In line with our hypotheses, participants represented the bottled water more in terms of consumption and reward after viewing simulation-enhancing advertisements, and more in terms of positive long-term health consequences after viewing health-focused advertisements. There was no direct effect of advertisement condition on motivation ratings. However, significant indirect effects showed that simulation-enhancing advertisements increased desire and WTP through the proportion of consumption and reward features, whereas health-focused advertisements increased motivation through an increase in the proportion of positive long-term health consequences features. The effects through consumption and reward were stronger. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with research suggesting that the experience of immediate reward from drinking water underlies intake. Public health interventions should emphasize the enjoyment of drinking water, rather than the long-term health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Advertising, a form of publicity, can pass on a social message so that people understand their sobligation towards society. The purpose of this study was to look into how consumers responded to socially conscious advertisements. This study conceptualizes the antecedents of attitude towards commercial advertisements that incorporate the social message, including advertising creativity, informativeness, and emotional appeal; each one can influence consumers' behavior. This study also examined the relationship between (i) Attitude towards the ad with a social message and purchase intention of the consumer and (ii) Purchase intention of the consumer and subjective well‐being. The interrelationships in the proposed model were investigated using structural equation modeling (SEM). A quantitative survey of university students was conducted in order to gather the data, which was based on an experiment. A field survey of 395 students was conducted to test the hypotheses. The results of the empirical tests confirm that attitude towards the advertisement positively affects the purchase intention of the consumer and that advertising creativity and emotional appeal are the key predictors of attitude towards the advertisement that highlights a social issue. And, purchase intention positively influences the subjective well‐being of the consumers. This paper contributes to the theory by giving new insight into the advertising literature. It also provides the necessary knowledge to marketers and advertisers on commercial advertisements incorporating a social message and the subjective well‐being of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The slogan is of great importance, as it is a message with significance related to a specific goal that refers to the viewer, and its structure may be a form, letter, word, or brief free linear elements, or a mixture between them, as the slogan has symbolic connotations that excite the recipient and affect his sensory perception this research sought to present sculptural proposals for the slogans of the faculties of the university of Basrah, and this study included four chapters. To him: the importance of this study is evident from the importance of designing the sculptural logo and its pivotal role in achieving the visual identity of the faculties of the university of Basrah. As for the limits of the research: the spatial limits: (Iraq - Basrah - Basrah university) the temporal limits (2022). Among the results reached by the researcher: 1. The researcher focused on the topic of simplicity and shorthand in the models of sculptural slogans proposed for the faculties of the university of Basrah, which work to attract the concept of diversity, unity, and symmetry because of the absolute methods they contain that depict the data of the geometric perception, and its dominant aesthetic action in the form of sculptural slogans.

Conceptual or conceptual art considers the idea to be the machine that produces art, and the plan becomes by using artistic tools such as line, space, color, simile and etaphor in the service of the idea communicating with the recipient in an nteresting and non-traditional way and can attract the recipient and provoke his thinking and support the message contained in the design of the idea, so conceptual art played a role Important in these campaigns, through the idea, the art was able to transform the advertisement into a visual image with two dimensions that attracts the mind and arouses attention. Accordingly, the structure of the study was established in four chapters, in which the first chapter (the methodological framework of the research) came from the research problem, which is summarized in the following question : What are the basic steps required for the success of awareness campaigns? The importance of the research and the need for it, and the aim of the research, were determined by defining the intellectual dimension of conceptual art, the objective and temporal limits of research, and the spatial limits, then defining and defining the terms. The role of conceptual art in educating the community) and then came the third chapter (research procedures) and the researcher identified the research community consisting of approximately (17) works of art.

The advent of digital transformation has revolutionized the marketing landscape, presenting both challenges and opportunities for businesses. This scientific paper delves into the realm of marketing communications in the context of this transformative era. The primary objective is to examine the profound impact of various marketing communication tools on consumer perception and response to advertising messages, direct marketing, electronic communication, and other innovative marketing techniques. Utilizing the ANOVA (analysis of variance) statistical evaluation method, comprehensive empirical research data are analysed to uncover key trends and insights. The findings shed light on the dynamic market developments characterized by a notable decline in the effectiveness of traditional mass marketing approaches. Instead, there is a discernible shift towards more specialized marketing strategies, bolstered by the rapid advancement of computer and information technologies. Moreover, this study confirms a hypothesis pertaining to the efficacy of Internet advertising in relation to different age groups of customers. This confirmation underscores the importance of leveraging digital platforms and channels to engage specific target audiences effectively. The practical significance of this research lies in its potential to guide marketers in optimizing their marketing budgets, identifying the most impactful communication channels, and discerning statistically significant variations in consumer responses to diverse marketing communication tools. By understanding these nuances, marketers can design more targeted and persuasive marketing campaigns, leading to enhanced customer engagement and improved business outcomes.

In this paper I intend to offer an adequate interpretation of the volume published by Jean Moscopol, 101 “Sharp” Epigrams, using a faithfull reconstruction of the interwar’s cultural context. It may seem curious that, when writing about a famous diseur, I quote diary pages that do not belong to the subject of this research, newspapers clippings, or even scenes taken from the Eastern European novel. All in order to recreate, as faithfully as possible, the portraits of the addresses. These epigrams are not subjected to an aesthetic judgement, although I’m pretty sure that Literature was lying beneath all the sarcasm, for neither the sense of language, nor the pleasure in observing people he missed. However, the small linguistic acrobatics, the naturalness and even the naivety of his verse are also worth noting. Finally, given the subjective nature of writing, of course we cannot attribute a certain historical value to Moscopol’s volume. Though, I do think that we may see it as one large vintage group picture. My main mission? That of restoring this faded, quite unknown picture.

The rapid development of the era has made changes in various aspects of life, including the way of communication. One of the things the company does to communicate its message to its target audience is through advertising on Instagram social media. This article was created to analyze the signifiers and signified in advertisements, especially those published by Gojek on Instagram on 15 and 17 October 2021 using the Ferdinand de Saussure sign approach. This study uses qualitative methods to conduct research in collecting and analyzing data. The study finds 35 signifiers in 3 ads published on 15 October and 13 signigiers in 2 ads published on 17 October. October 2021.

Television advertisements play a significant role in shaping societal norms and values, particularly regarding gender roles and expectations. In India, where television is a major source of entertainment and information for many people, the portrayal of gender in television advertisements can significantly impact how gender is perceived and performed in society. This study attempts to understand and define the equality of gender roles in advertising, using select discourse analysis tools, including speech acts, deixis, politeness theory, modality, presuppositions, and vocabulary, to study the interplay of the verbal and visual effects. The study explores select advertisements from Indian media and finds that the theme of gender equality is gradually gaining prominence. The paper attempts to highlight that advertisements play a major role in creating and transforming gender stereotypes in society and in constructing a world of acceptability for those women who want to create their own identities. The study reveals that women now stand up for their rights against the societal norms and play a substantial role in influencing society, whereas men also participate in the tasks that are stereotypically assigned to women. The study also highlights that the verbal language in advertisements supports visuals in the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The 2020 census reports that 61.2 million Latinxs live in the US, totaling around 19% of all residents, forming the country’s largest minority population. With the growing number of Latinxs, there has been a higher level of contact between Spanish and English leading to language mixing or code-switching (CS) in mainstream American culture. This paper examines the Spanish/English CS in radio advertisements on Los Angeles’s 96.3 La Mega, a bilingual radio station geared towards today’s youth. Using Derrick’ 2015 sentential framework for the linguistic analysis of multilingual sentences, I carry out a sentence-by-sentence analysis of the linguistic nature of the on-air bilingual advertisements. I explore both national advertisements, as well as DJ-endorsed advertisements, to discern whether they follow the patterns previously pointed out in the literature for positive consumer evaluations of Spanish/English bilingual advertisements. Furthermore, I am interested in if these advertisements are in line with the ethos of 96.3 La Mega, which prides itself on being fully bilingual. This research will shed light on the linguistic nature of contemporary strategies being used in bilingual advertisements for the US Latinx community and marketing tactics designed to encourage their consumerism.

Abstract Background This work is aimed to describe the recent scientific literature developed in the food/beverage sector and social networks aimed at children and adolescents, as well as current regulations. Methods A rapid review of the studies on advertising and social media aimed at children, published from 2010 tp 2020 is carried out, following the established inclusion criteria. In addition, the regulations in the countries in which the studies were carried out were also reviewed. Results Of the 573 articles, 7 met these criteria. The great attraction of unhealthy foods for children is observed, who remembered and recognized a greater number of unhealthy food brands and, by extension, the ability to influence of communication in social networks. Each country has its own self-regulation, two (Ireland and USA) have legislation on children’s food advertising, and Australia has legislation that applies only to open television. However, none of the analyzed countries have specific regulations on food, children and media advertising. Conclusions Given the fact that there is evidence about the great attraction that social networks suppose for the child, that they are a stimulus for the consumption of food and that many of these foods are harmful to their health; we should work in two directions: 1) Promote public policies based on promoting healthy habits among minors; and 2) Monitor and implement regulations in commercial communication social media.

Through the analysis of the Almanak de Piracicaba para 1900, printed by the Hennies Brothers Letterpress Printing Shop, this article seeks to understand how commercial advertisements were made at the turn of the nineteenth to the twentieth century. The collection and cataloging of typefaces used in the composition of these ads has assisted in investigating their visual styles and comparing these ads with each other, as well as contributed to the study of the Hennies Brothers Letterpress Printing Shop and São Paulo graphic memory as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertisements are part of our society and are designed to influence how we perceive the world around us. In the ads there are many ideological elements, such as the social construction of gender. Advertisements promote ideas and gender stereotypes, such as the strong and independent man or the weak and submissive woman. These stereotypical images can have a significant impact on how people form their perceptions and attitudes towards gender. Consequently, advertisements can contribute to the perpetuation of gender inequality by promoting ideas that suggest certain activities or roles are exclusive to one gender or the other. For example, advertisements promoting cleaning products are often targeted towards women, suggesting that they are responsible for their home’s cleanliness, while those promoting cars and motorcycles are mostly directed at men, through the way they are composed (selected characters, choice of colors, discourse). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)