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Zonglei Chong,1,* Xiaoqian Yang,1,* Xiaoxiao Peng,2 Qiang Zong,3 Hongxing Li,3,* Yilei Xiao1,* 1Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 2Dongying District People’s Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 3Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shandong, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yilei Xiao, Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Dongchangfu District, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, 252000, People’s Republic of China, Email yileixiao@163.com Hongxing Li, Department of Neurosurgery, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, No. 31 Jinan Road, Dongying, Shandong Province, 257000, People’s Republic of China, Email lihongxing159@126.comAbstract: We report the case of a 53-year-old man who was diagnosed with Holmes tremor and underwent deep brain stimulation of the ventro-intermediate thalamic nucleus and posterior subthalamic area. We assessed the patients’ tremor with the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after deep brain stimulation. Deep brain stimulation relieved the patient’s tremor during the 24-month follow-up period.Keywords: deep brain stimulation, Holmes’ tremor, posterior subthalamic area, the ventro-intermediate thalamic nucleus, ventro-intermediate thalamic nucleus

Qingqing Zong,1,* Jing Deng,1,* Wanli Ge,2,* Jie Chen,1 Di Xu3 1Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Di XuDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86 25 8371 4511Email 13951805973@126.comPurpose: Axillary lymph node (ALN) involvement is an important prognostic factor of early invasive breast cancer. The objective of this study was to establish simple nomograms for predicting ALN involvement based on ultrasound (US) characteristics and evaluate the predictive value of US in the detection of ALN involvement.Patients and Methods: A total of 1328 patients with cT1-2N0 breast cancer by physical exam were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate analysis was used for the comparison of variables, and multivariate analysis was performed by binary logistic regression analysis. The R software was used to establish simple nomograms based on the US characteristics alone. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the prediction model and the verification group were drawn, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the discrimination of the prediction model. A calibration curve was plotted to assess the nomogram predictions vs the actual observations of the ALN metastasis rate and axillary tumor burden rate.Results: The ALN metastasis rates of the training group and the validation group were 35.1% and 34.1%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that molecular subtype, lymphovascular invasion, mass descriptors (size, margin, microcalcification and blood flow signal) and LN descriptors (shape, cortical thickness and long-to-short ratio) were independent impact factors in early breast cancer. The AUC of ALN metastasis rate of prediction model based on US features was 0.802, the AUC of high tumor burden rate was 0.873, and the AUC of external validation group was 0.731 and 0.802, respectively. The calibration curve of the nomogram showed that the nomogram predictions are consistent with the actual metastasis rate and the high tumor burden rate. The results showed that preoperative US had a sensitivity of 59.4% and a specificity of 88.9% for predicting the ALN metastasis rate.Conclusion: The successfully established nomograms based on US characteristics to predict ALN metastasis rate and high axillary tumor burden rate in early breast cancer can achieve individual prediction. Compared with other nomogram predictions, it is more intuitive, and can help clinical decision-making; thus, it should be promoted. However, at this time US features alone are insufficient to replace sentinel lymph node biopsy.Keywords: axillary lymph node involvement, early breast cancer, ultrasound, nomogram

In situ particle observations provide useful information for determining the significance of nonlinearity in wave‐particle interactions. Here, we examine an electromagnetic Landau resonance event observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission near the dayside magnetopause along this line of thought. During this event, protons with energy ∼ ${\sim} $748 eV and pitch angle ∼25° ${\sim} 25{}^{\circ}$ are observed to resonate with electromagnetic‐ion‐cyclotron waves. Detailed data analysis reveals the existence of a second harmonic signal in proton modulation. Using an observation‐based test particle simulation, this signal is explained as a low‐resolution manifestation of phase space rolled‐up structures, which themselves are not observable due to limited instrument resolution. The presence of these rolled‐up structures suggests that the waves induce significant displacement of the protons in phase space, consequently confirming the nonlinear nature of the observed interaction. Based on the observations, we further discuss the possibility of the nonlinear electromagnetic Landau resonance generating second harmonic waves. Plain Language Summary: The nonlinearity of wave‐particle interactions becomes nonnegligible when wave‐induced phase space displacement of particles is comparable with that caused by the background fields. Nonlinear interactions differ from their linear counterparts in several aspects, including the area of phase space involved in resonance, particle energization efficiency, and the interactions' asymptotic state. This study investigates the nonlinear nature of an electromagnetic Landau resonance event between electromagnetic‐ion‐cyclotron waves and protons observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. Data analysis reveals protons with energy ∼ ${\sim} $748 eV and pitch angle ∼25° ${\sim} 25{}^{\circ}$ resonate with the waves. Further investigation shows the existence of a second harmonic signal in proton modulation. Based on a test particle simulation set according to the observations, this second harmonic signal is explained as a low‐resolution manifestation of phase space rolled‐up structures induced by the waves. The presence of these rolled‐up structures, which indicates significant phase space displacement of protons induced by the waves, suggests that the observed interaction is nonlinear. Drawing from the observations, we further discuss the possibility of this nonlinear interaction generating second harmonic waves. Key Points: Second ‐harmonic modulation is observed in an electromagnetic Landau resonance event between electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves and protonsAn observation‐based test particle simulation attributes this signal to fine rolled‐up structures in phase spaceThe presence of rolled‐up structures confirms the nonlinear nature of the observed electromagnetic Landau resonance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides the cusp, polar cap, and auroral oval, the nightside subauroral zone has also recently been reported as a source region of the ionospheric oxygen outflows. However, the detailed mass and energy sources of these ions remain open questions. Here, we address this issue from the perspective of the response of conjugate hemispheres. Investigation of Van Allen Probes data demonstrates a notable preference of oxygen outflows from the nightside subauroral zone from the sunlit hemisphere. This characteristic eliminates the possibility of nightside auroral precipitation playing a significant role, as it is more prominent in darkness. Instead, it highlights sunlight‐induced ionization as the mass source and enhanced plasma waves from the magnetotail as the energy source. The results presented here further support the nightside subauroral zone as an independent source of magnetospheric oxygen ions. Plain Language Summary: Single‐charged oxygen ions, believed to ultimately originate from the ionosphere, are the main carriers of the ring current during severe space weather, including super geomagnetic storms and substorms. Therefore, comprehending where and how they come from is crucial for understanding the magnetosphere and space weather. Recent studies have reported the nightside subauroral zone as a source region, besides the usually cited cusp, polar cap, and auroral oval. However, the detailed mechanisms for the subauroral oxygen outflows remain open questions. In this study, we address this issue by studying how opposite hemispheres react simultaneously in subauroral oxygen outflow events observed by the Van Allen Probes. Data analysis reveals that these outflows tend to occur in the local summer hemisphere, where the nightside subauroral ionosphere receives more sunlight compared to the opposite hemisphere. This feature rules out nightside auroral precipitation playing a significant role, as it is more noticeable in the dark. Instead, it points to sunlight‐induced ionization as the source of mass and enhanced plasma waves from the magnetotail as the source of energy. Our findings reinforce the idea that the nightside subauroral zone is an important source of ionospheric oxygen outflows. Key Points: The Van Allen Probes have observed oxygen outflows from the nightside subauroral ionosphere in a single hemisphereStatistics reveal a preference for the outflows in sunlit hemisphere, distinguishing them from auroral outflows more prominent in darknessThis preference highlights sunlight‐induced ionization and waves from the magnetotail as the source of mass and energy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical analysis has revealed a specific resonance that shares the same condition as Landau resonance, but instead involves wave electromagnetic fields rather than traditionally electrostatic fields. While this resonance, referred to as electromagnetic Landau resonance due to its properties, is considered significant for magnetospheric dynamics, rare reports or evaluations based on observations have been made thus far. Here, we present an event detected by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission near the dayside magnetopause. During this event, ∼748‐eV protons are observed to be in resonance with a wave. Detailed data analysis demonstrates the resonant velocity closely matches the wave's parallel phase speed, which, combined with the significant work done by wave perpendicular electric field, confirms this interaction as electromagnetic Landau resonance. Further investigation indicates these protons are being secularly accelerated within this resonance. Consequently, our observations provide the first empirical evidence supporting the previously suggested theoretical importance of the electromagnetic Landau resonance. Plain Language Summary: The electromagnetic Landau resonance shares the same resonance condition as the normal Landau resonance, but differs in that it involves the electromagnetic components of wave fields instead of the electrostatic components found in the case of the latter. Although it has been examined in theories and confirmed to occur in space plasmas experimentally, this resonance, especially the accompanying evolution of particle velocity distributions, has yet to be evaluated quantitatively through spacecraft observations. In this paper, we report the first observation of this resonance obtained by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission near the dayside magnetosphere. In the reported case, protons of ∼400–1,000 eV are found to be in resonance with a wave. A more detailed examination of the observed fields and protons shows the corresponding resonant velocity is nearly identical to the wave's parallel phase speed. This observation, combined with the significant work done by wave perpendicular electric field, conclusively confirms the observed interaction as the electromagnetic Landau resonance. Further investigation indicates the protons are secularly accelerated by the wave via this resonance. Hence, our observations provide empirical evidence supporting the previously suggested theoretical significance of the electromagnetic Landau resonance. Key Points: MMS observations of electromagnetic Landau resonance near the dayside magnetopause are presentedThis resonance follows the same condition as the Landau resonance, but modulates particles via the electromagnetic components of wave fieldsAnalysis of the observed fields and protons provide conclusive evidence for this resonance accelerating protons [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) refers to a region where the strength of the magnetic field is notably weaker compared to a dipole field. While previous studies have primarily focused on its effects on the inner radiation belt, this study investigates its impact on the aurora system. By analyzing 2 years' worth of data obtained by the Fengyun‐3E/ACMag instrument, we discover that magnetic fluctuations within the auroral oval are significantly weaker in the longitude sector corresponding to the SAA, as compared to those outside this area. This characteristic remains permanent and independent of seasons and geomagnetic activities. Additional investigation using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (DMSP/SSUSI) observations reveals a similar phenomenon in the auroral intensity. Therefore, our results demonstrate that the SAA substantially weakens the aurora system, shedding new light on the effects of magnetic anomalies on planetary auroras and magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere coupling. Plain Language Summary: The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) is a unique location on Earth where the magnetic field is weaker than normal. This region has drawn a lot of attention because its weakened magnetic field brings the inner Van Allen radiation belt unusually close to the Earth's surface, which poses a threat to satellites passing through it. Here, we uncovered another interesting aspect of the SAA: its impact on the aurora system. To investigate this, we first examined 2 years' worth of data from the ACMag instruments on the Fengyun‐3E satellite, which orbits the Earth at an altitude of 836 km in a dawn‐dusk, Sun‐synchronous orbit. Our findings reveal that the magnetic fluctuations within the southern auroral oval are significantly weaker in the region that aligns with the SAA. This weakening effect is consistently present, regardless of the season or the level of geomagnetic activity. To reinforce our results, we also analyzed auroral intensity from the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI) instrument on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite, and it corroborated the same weakening trend in this data set. In conclusion, our observations demonstrate that the SAA has a substantial impact on weakening the aurora system. This discovery deepens our understanding of how magnetic anomalies can influence planetary auroras. Key Points: The effects of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) on the terrestrial aurora system are examined using multiple instrumentsObservations reveal a substantial weakening of auroral magnetic fluctuations and auroral intensity in the SAA longitude sectorThe results indicate considering magnetic anomalies like the SAA is essential for comprehensively understanding planetary aurora systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the impact of total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation (tPTx+AT) on bone mineral density and serum soluble Klotho (sKlotho) level in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). Methods A total of 86 patients undergoing tPTx+AT in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from June 2019 to May 2022 were recruited in this study. Their demographic characteristics were collected before surgery, along with serum levels of corrected calcium, phosphorus, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and sKlotho before and at 5 d, and 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine the BMD values of the lumbar spine L1-L4 before surgery and at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery. The changes in BMD and serum FGF23 and sKlotho levels before and after tPTx+AT were observed. Results Surgical treatment was successfully completed in all 86 patients, with their clinical symptoms such as bone pain and skin itching significantly improved postoperatively, and markedly decreased serum calcium, phosphorus, iPTH, ALP and FGF23 levels. The sKlotho level was significantly lower at 5 d postoperatively than that preoperatively, with that at 1 month after surgery increased by approximately 24.5% than the preoperative level, and then the level was in a stable trend. The BMD values at the lumbar spine L1-L4 were increased postoperatively, and reached the highest levels at 12 months postoperatively. Further analyses showed that dialysis vintage, duration of SHPT, and ALP, iPTH and FGF23 levels were negatively correlated with the Z-scores of the lumbar spine L1-L4, while sKlotho level was positively correlated with the Z-scores. Conclusion tPTx+AT can significantly improve the clinical symptoms of SHPT patients, regulate the balance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, increase sKlotho level and reduce FGF23 level. It is an effective method to improve BMD.

Abstract Traditional optical anti-counterfeiting (AC) is achieved by static printed images, which makes them susceptible to lower levels of security and easier replication. Therefore, it is essential to develop AC device with dynamic modulation for higher security. Electrophoretic display (EPD) has the advantages of low power consumption, high ambient contrast ratio, and capability of showing dynamic images which is suitable for dynamic AC applications. Herein, we prepared a dynamical AC device based on a fluorescent EPD, and achieving the image switch between black, white, and green fluorescence states under the dual-mode driving (electronic field and UV light). We loaded perovskite quantum dots (CsPbBr3) onto the TiO2 particles and further prepared fluorescent electrophoretic particles TiO2/CsPbBr3-3-PLMA (TiO/CPB-3) by grafting and polymerizing method. In addition, we fabricated the AC devices based on the fluorescent EPD, which exhibits the multifunctional AC, where the fluorescent EPD has a fast response time of 350 ms, a high contrast ratio of 17, and bright green fluorescence. This prototype demonstrates a new way for future dynamic AC and identification.

ObjectiveAbnormal cognitive functioning is a core symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and is strongly correlated with MDD prognosis. Current studies suggest that the occurrence of MDD may be related to oxidative stress-induced inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis disorders, diminished monoamine function and microbe-brain-gut axis, among other pathways. In recent years, the relationship between the immune-inflammatory response and MDD has been a hot topic of research, but how the relationship between immunoinflammation and cognitive function is manifested in MDD is still unclear. In this study, we examined cognitive function characteristics, serum inflammatory factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and their correlations before and after pharmacological treatment(paroxetine hydrochloride tablets) in patients with first-episode major depressive disorder, aiming to identify objective biomarkers for cognitive function assessment.MethodsWe included 22 patients with first-episode major depressive disorder and 27 healthy volunteers from the community during the same period. The Hamilton Depression Scale-17 (HAMD-17) assessed the severity of depressive symptoms at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status(RBANS) evaluated cognitive function, and serum samples were collected to determine levels of inflammatory and neurotrophic factors at these two time points. For healthy volunteers, only HAMD-17 scale scores, RBANS scale scores, and serum samples were taken at baseline. Spearman’s correlation analyzed the relationship between inflammatory factors, neurotrophic factors, and cognitive function. Multiple linear regression determined factors affecting cognitive function in first-time patients.ResultsBaseline findings indicated that patients’ IL-6 and TNF-α levels exceeded those of healthy individuals, while their IFN-α levels were below; their scores in language, attention, delayed memory, and the RBANS scale were also lower than healthy counterparts. Post-treatment, patients’ BDNF, IL-6, and TNF-α levels remained higher than those of healthy subjects, and their IFN-α levels were still lower; their language and attention scores were also inferior. Association analyses revealed an association between BDNF and visuospatial/constructional ability scores and language scores in patients with MDD at baseline, and a positive relationship between TNF-α and attention score. Multiple regression analysis indicated an association between TNF-α levels and attention scores in MDD patients at baseline.ConclusionsOur study concludes that TNF-α and BDNF correlate with cognitive function in MDD at baseline, and furthermore, TNF-α could potentially serve as an objective biomarker to support the assessment of attentional function at baseline.

【Objective】 Non-pressurized mesh filters are often installed in front of pumps to filter sediments and debris. In this paper, we study the influence of different irrigation water sources and backwash device parameters on hydraulic performance of a new network filter. 【Method】 The water flow rate in the experiment ranged from 120 to 160 m3/h, and the sediment concentration in the water varied from 0.2 to 0.8 g/L. The backwash varied from 1 to 20 m3/h, and the velocity gradient in the filter box changed from 1 to 4 r/min. A multi factor dispersion analysis method was used to analyze the experimental results. 【Result】 ① The initial sediment concentration had minimal impact on hydraulic performance of the mesh filter, contributing only 0.010 8 to the overall effect. However, the influence of water flow duration on the initial sediment concentration was significant, exceeding 159%. ② The fourth model provided the best fit for the overall regression analysis, with a residual value of 0.804 4, significantly higher than other models; its coefficient of determination R2 was 0.986 1. ③ the optimal performance was achieved when flow rate was 120.198 m3/h, velocity was 1.112 r/min, and self-cleaning flow rate was 19.934 m3/h. The associated a minimum energy loss was 16.024 kPa. 【Conclusion】 The model we proposed can accurately predict the impact of operation conditions and sediment concentration in the water on the performance of the non-pressurized mesh filters. Selecting optimal operation conditions can minimize the energy loss across the filter.