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Background: Neurocognitive impairments are associated with poor clinical and employment outcomes in individuals with affective disorders. However, little is known about their associations with long-term clinical outcomes such as psychiatric hospitalizations, and with socio-demographic indicators other than employment. In the largest longitudinal study of neurocognition in affective disorders to date, we investigate the role of neurocognitive impairments on psychiatric hospitalizations and socio-demographic conditions., Methods: The study included 518 individuals with bipolar or major depressive disorder. Neurocognitive assessments covered executive function and verbal memory domains. Longitudinal data on psychiatric hospitalization and socio-demographic conditions (employment, cohabitation, and marital status) for up to 11 years were obtained using National population-based registers. The primary and secondary outcomes were psychiatric hospitalizations (n = 398) and worsening of socio-demographic conditions (n = 518), in the follow-up period since study inclusion, respectively. Cox regression models were used to examine the association of neurocognition with future psychiatric hospitalizations and the worsening of socio-demographic conditions., Findings: Clinically significant impairment in verbal memory (z-score ≤ -1; defined by the ISBD Cognition Task Force), but not in executive function, was associated with a higher risk of future hospitalization, when adjusted for age, sex, hospitalization in the year preceding inclusion, depression severity, diagnosis, and type of clinical trial (HR = 1.84, 95% CI:1.05-3.25, p = 0.034; n = 398). The results remained significant even after accounting for illness duration. Neurocognitive impairments were not associated with the worsening of socio-demographic conditions (p ≥ 0.17; n = 518)., Interpretation: Promoting neurocognitive function, especially verbal memory, may mitigate the risk of future psychiatric hospitalization in individuals with affective disorders., Funding: Lundbeckfonden (R279-2018-1145)., Competing Interests: Dr. Knudsen has received honoraria as expert advisor for Sage Therapeutics, and Sanos, and as expert supervisor for Onsero, and Gilgamesh. Dr. Frokjaer has served as consultant for SAGE therapeutics, H. Lundbeck and Janssen-Cilag. Dr. Miskowiak has received consultancy fees from Lundbeck, Janssen and Angelini Pharma in the past three years. All other authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Authors.)