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Virtual Reality (VR) is a key industry for the development of the digital economy in the future. Mobile VR has advantages in terms of mobility, lightweight and cost-effectiveness, which has gradually become the mainstream implementation of VR. In this paper, a mobile VR video adaptive transmission mechanism based on intelligent caching and hierarchical buffering strategy in Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)-equipped 5G networks is proposed, aiming at the low latency requirements of mobile VR services and flexible buffer management for VR video adaptive transmission. To support VR content proactive caching and intelligent buffer management, users' behavioral similarity and head movement trajectory are jointly used for viewpoint prediction. The tile-based content is proactively cached in the MEC nodes based on the popularity of the VR content. Second, a hierarchical buffer-based adaptive update algorithm is presented, which jointly considers bandwidth, buffer, and predicted viewpoint status to update the tile chunk in client buffer. Then, according to the decomposition of the problem, the buffer update problem is modeled as an optimization problem, and the corresponding solution algorithms are presented. Finally, the simulation results show that the adaptive caching algorithm based on 5G intelligent edge and hierarchical buffer strategy can improve the user experience in the case of bandwidth fluctuations, and the proposed viewpoint prediction method can significantly improve the accuracy of viewpoint prediction by 15%.

Abstract Background Evidence has revealed a connection between cuproptosis and the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. While the efficacy of a model based on cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) in predicting the prognosis of peripheral organ tumors has been demonstrated, the impact of CRGs on the prognosis and the immunological landscape of gliomas remains unexplored. Methods We screened CRGs to construct a novel scoring tool and developed a prognostic model for gliomas within the various cohorts. Afterward, a comprehensive exploration of the relationship between the CRG risk signature and the immunological landscape of gliomas was undertaken from multiple perspectives. Results Five genes (NLRP3, ATP7B, SLC31A1, FDX1, and GCSH) were identified to build a CRG scoring system. The nomogram, based on CRG risk and other signatures, demonstrated a superior predictive performance (AUC of 0.89, 0.92, and 0.93 at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively) in the training cohort. Furthermore, the CRG score was closely associated with various aspects of the immune landscape in gliomas, including immune cell infiltration, tumor mutations, tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion, immune checkpoints, cytotoxic T lymphocyte and immune exhaustion-related markers, as well as cancer signaling pathway biomarkers and cytokines. Conclusion The CRG risk signature may serve as a robust biomarker for predicting the prognosis and the potential viability of immunotherapy responses. Moreover, the key candidate CRGs might be promising targets to explore the underlying biological background and novel therapeutic interventions in gliomas.

Abstract Background Gene expression profiles in breast tissue biopsies contain information related to chemotherapy efficacy. The promoter profiles in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) carrying gene expression information of the original tissues may be used to predict the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer as a non-invasive biomarker. In this study, the feasibility of the promoter profiles in plasma cfDNA was evaluated as a novel clinical model for noninvasively predicting the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Method First of all, global chromatin (5 Mb windows), sub-compartments and promoter profiles in plasma cfDNA samples from 94 patients with breast cancer before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (pCR = 31 vs. non-pCR = 63) were analyzed, and then classifiers were developed for predicting the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Further, the promoter profile changes in sequential cfDNA samples from 30 patients (pCR = 8 vs. non-pCR = 22) during neoadjuvant chemotherapy were analyzed to explore the potential benefits of cfDNA promoter profile changes as a novel potential biomarker for predicting the treatment efficacy. Results The results showed significantly distinct promoter profile in plasma cfDNA of pCR patients compared with non-pCR patients before neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The classifier based on promoter profiles in a Random Forest model produced the largest area under the curve of 0.980 (95% CI: 0.978–0.983). After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 332 genes with significantly differential promoter profile changes in sequential cfDNA samples of pCR patients was observed, compared with non-pCR patients, and their functions were closely related to treatment response. Conclusion These results suggest that promoter profiles in plasma cfDNA may be a powerful, non-invasive tool for predicting the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy breast cancer patients before treatment, and the on-treatment cfDNA promoter profiles have potential benefits for predicting the treatment efficacy.

【Objective】As one of the four major nutrients required by plants, sulfur is a crucial for plant growth and development, playing a pivotal role in enhancing plant resistance against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Sulfate transporters (SULTR) serve as primary regulators in the absorption and transport of sulfate in plants, playing an irreplaceable role in this process. The understanding of the fundamental characteristics and expression patterns of CaSULTR genes could help to provide theoretical support for advancing researches on SULTR in peppers.【Method】Based on the pepper genome, members of the epper CaSULTR gene family were identified at the whole-genome level. A comprehensive analysis of their physicochemical properties, conserved Motifs and gene structures was conducted. By utilizing publicly available transcriptome data and qPCR technology, the expression patterns of CaSULTR genes under various hormone stress conditions were analyzed. Additionally, differentially expressed genes were cloned for further investigation.【Result】A total of 13 CaSULTR genes were identified and designated as CaSULTR1;1~1;3, CaSULTR2;1~2;2, CaSULTR3;1~3;7 and CaSULTR4;1. These genes were distributed on seven chromosomes in pepper, with amino acid lengths ranging from 641 to 947 aa, molecular weights from 69.65 to 104.36 kD, and isoelectric points between 8.42 to 9.62. Characterized by the hydrophobicity, CaSULTR proteins were classified into four subgroups (Ⅰ-Ⅳ), with subgroup Ⅲ containing the highest number of members. Within the same subgroup, members exhibited relatively small differences in physicochemical properties, and Motifs and gene structures were relatively conserved. With the exception of CaSULTR2;1 and CaSULTR2;2, all members possessed Motif 5. Tissue expression analysis indicated that CaSULTR genes may be involved in the development of organs such as leaves, fruits and flowers, with CaSULTR4;1 exhibiting expression in leaves, roots and stems. Expression profile analysis under hormone stress, coupled with qPCR results, revealed significant up-regulation of CaSULTR1;1 and CaSULTR3;4 under hormone induction.【Conclusion】The expression patterns of CaSULTR genes under hormone stress are identified, suggesting that of CaSULTR1;1 and CaSULTR3;4 may be involved in the regulation of sulfur metabolism by exogenous hormones.

Factory recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is facing in a stage of continuous research and technological innovation. Intelligent aquaculture is an important direction for the future development of aquaculture. However, the RAS nowdays still has poor self-learning and optimal decision-making capabilities, which leads to high aquaculture cost and low running efficiency. In this paper, a precise aeration strategy based on deep learning is designed for improving the healthy growth of breeding objects. Firstly, the situation perception driven by computer vision is used to detect the hypoxia behavior. Then combined with the biological energy model, it is constructed to calculate the breeding objects oxygen consumption. Finally, the optimal adaptive aeration strategy is generated according to hypoxia behavior judgement and biological energy model. Experimental results show that the energy consumption of proposed precise aeration strategy decreased by 26.3% compared with the manual control and 12.8% compared with the threshold control. Meanwhile, stable water quality conditions accelerated breeding objects growth, and the breeding cycle with the average weight of 400 g was shortened from 5 to 6 months to 3–4 months.

Abstract Motivated by unique topological semimetals in condensed matter physics, we propose an effective Hamiltonian with four degrees of freedom to describe evolutions of photonic double Weyl nodal line semimetals in one-dimensional hyper-crystals, which supports the energy bands translating or rotating independently in the form of Weyl quasiparticles. Especially, owing to the unit cells without inversion symmetry, a pair of reflection-phase singularities carrying opposite topological charges emerge near each nodal line, and result in a unique bilateral drumhead surface state. After reducing radiation leakages and absorption losses, these two singularities gather together gradually, and form a quasi-bound state in the continuum (quasi-BIC) ring at the nodal line ultimately. Our work not only reports the first realization of controllable photonics Weyl nodal line semimetals, establishes a bridge between two independent topological concepts−BICs and Weyl semimetals, but also heralds new possibilities for unconventional device applications, such as dual-mode schemes for highly sensitive sensing and switching.

This paper proposes a type of double-layer charge liner fabricated using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) that has tungsten as its inner liner. The feasibility of this design was evaluated through penetration tests. Double-layer charge liners were fabricated by using CVD to deposit tungsten layers on the inner surfaces of pure T2 copper liners. The microstructures of the tungsten layers were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The feasibility analysis was carried out by pulsed X-rays, slug-retrieval test and static penetration tests. The shaped charge jet forming and penetration law of inner tungsten-coated double-layer liner were studied by numerical simulation method. The results showed that the double-layer liners could form well-shaped jets. The errors between the X-ray test results and the numerical results were within 11.07%. A slug-retrieval test was found that the retrieved slug was similar to a numerically simulated slug. Compared with the traditional pure copper shaped charge jet, the penetration depth of the double-layer shaped charge liner increased by 11.4% and >10.8% respectively. In summary, the test results are good, and the numerical simulation is in good agreement with the test, which verified the feasibility of using the CVD method to fabricate double-layer charge liners with a high-density and high-strength refractory metal as the inner liner.

Abstract In recent years, topological photonics inspired by electric topological insulators has promoted extensive research on robust electromagnetic (EM) wave manipulation and new wave‐functional devices. Optical resonators can significantly confine EM waves and are the basic building blocks for constructing diverse topological structures under a tight binding mechanism. As an artificial “magnetic atom,” the split‐ring‐resonator (SRR) is one of the most attractive optical resonators. SRRs provide an excellent and flexible platform for constructing various topological structures with complex coupling distributions, uncovering abundant topological properties, and innovating practical devices. Here, the realization and fundamental EM responses of the SRR are briefly introduced. Compared to conventional EM resonance elements, the coupling between SRRs depends not only on the coupling distance but also on the orientation angle of the slits. The recent achievements in various low‐dimensional photonic topological structures composed of SRRs are summarized. Furthermore, this review explains the underlying physical principles and discusses progress in topological devices with SRRs, including wireless power transfer, sensing, and switching. Finally, this review provides an overview of the future of SRR topological structures and their impact on the development of novel topological systems and devices.

Covert speech (CS) refers to speaking internally to oneself without producing any sound or movement. CS is involved in multiple cognitive functions and disorders. Reconstructing CS content by brain-computer interface (BCI) is also an emerging technique. However, it is still controversial whether CS is a truncated neural process of overt speech (OS) or involves independent patterns. Here, we performed a word-speaking experiment with simultaneous EEG-fMRI. It involved 32 participants, who generated words both overtly and covertly. By integrating spatial constraints from fMRI into EEG source localization, we precisely estimated the spatiotemporal dynamics of neural activity. During CS, EEG source activity was localized in three regions: the left precentral gyrus, the left supplementary motor area, and the left putamen. Although OS involved more brain regions with stronger activations, CS was characterized by an earlier event-locked activation in the left putamen (peak at 262 ms versus 1170 ms). The left putamen was also identified as the only hub node within the functional connectivity (FC) networks of both OS and CS, while showing weaker FC strength towards speech-related regions in the dominant hemisphere during CS. Path analysis revealed significant multivariate associations, indicating an indirect association between the earlier activation in the left putamen and CS, which was mediated by reduced FC towards speech-related regions. These findings revealed the specific spatiotemporal dynamics of CS, offering insights into CS mechanisms that are potentially relevant for future treatment of self-regulation deficits, speech disorders, and development of BCI speech applications.

Folic acid is a fully oxidized synthetic folate with high bioavailability and stability which has been extensively prescribed to prevent congenital disabilities. Here we revealed the immunosuppressive effect of folic acid by targeting splenic marginal zone B (MZB) cells. Folic acid demonstrates avid binding with the Fc domain of immunoglobulin M (IgM), targeting IgM positive MZB cells in vivo to destabilize IgM-B cell receptor (BCR) complex and block immune responses. The induced anergy of MZB cells by folic acid provides an immunological escaping window for antigens. Covalent conjugation of folic acid with therapeutic proteins and antibodies induces immunological evasion to mitigate the production of anti-drug antibodies, which is a major obstacle to the long-term treatment of biologics by reducing curative effects and/or causing adverse reactions. Folic acid acts as a safe and effective immunosuppressant via IgM-mediated MZB cells targeting to boost the clinical outcomes of biologics by inhibiting the production of anti-drug antibodies, and also holds the potential to treat other indications that adverse immune responses need to be transiently shut off.

Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the preclinical stage of Alzheimer disease (AD), suffer decline in their visual working memory (WM) functions. Using large-scale network analysis of electroencephalography (EEG), the current study intended to investigate if there are differences in functional connectivity properties extracted during visual WM coding stages between MCI patients and normal controls (NC). A total of 21 MCI patients and 20 NC performed visual memory tasks of load four, while 32-channel EEG recordings were acquired. The functional connectivity properties were extracted from the acquired EEGs by the directed transform function (DTF) via spectral Granger causal analysis. Brain network analyses revealed distinctive brain network patterns between the two groups during the WM coding stage. Compared with the NC, MCI patients exhibited a reduced visual network connectivity of the frontal-temporal in $\theta $ (4-7Hz) band. A likely compensation mechanism was observed in MCI patients, with a strong brain functional connectivity of the frontal-occipital and parietal-occipital in both $\theta $ and $\alpha $ (8-13Hz) band. Further analyses of the network core node properties based on the differential brain network showed that, in $\theta $ band, there was a significant difference in the out-degree of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe between the two groups, while in $\alpha $ band, such difference was located only in the parietal lobe. The current study found that, in MCI patients, dysconnectivity is found from the prefrontal lobe to bilateral temporal lobes, leading to increased recruitment of functional connectivity in the frontal-occipital and parietal-occipital direction. The dysconnectivity pattern of MCI is more complex and primarily driven by core nodes Pz and Fz. These results significantly expanded previous knowledge of MCI patients’ EEG dynamics during WM tasks and provide new insights into the underpinning neural mechanism MCI. It further provided a potential therapeutic target for clinical interventions of the condition.

In this study, a car transfer planning system for parking lots was designed based on reinforcement learning. The car transfer planning system for parking lots is an intelligent parking management system that is designed by using reinforcement learning techniques. The system features autonomous decision-making, intelligent path planning and efficient resource utilization. And the problem is solved by constructing a Markov decision process and using a dynamic planning-based reinforcement learning algorithm. The system has the advantage of looking to the future and using reinforcement learning to maximize its expected returns. And this is in contrast to manual transfer planning which relies on traditional thinking. In the context of this paper on parking lots, the states of the two locations form a finite set. The system ultimately seeks to find a strategy that is beneficial to the long-term development of the operation. It aims to prioritize strategies that have positive impacts in the future, rather than those that are focused solely on short-term benefits. To evaluate strategies, as its basis the system relies on the expected return of a state from now to the future. This approach allows for a more comprehensive assessment of the potential outcomes and ensures the selection of strategies that align with long-term goals. Experimental results show that the system has high performance and robustness in the area of car transfer planning for parking lots. By using reinforcement learning techniques, parking lot management systems can make autonomous decisions and plan optimal paths to achieve efficient resource utilization and reduce parking time.

The detection of corroded bolts is crucial for tunnel safety. However, the specific directionality and complex texture of corroded bolt defects make current YOLO series models unable to identify them accurately. This study proposes a spatial adaptive improved detection network (SAIDN), which integrates a spatial adaptive improvement module (SAIM) that adaptively emphasizes important features and reduces interference, enhancing detection accuracy. The SAIM performs a detailed analysis and transformation of features in the spatial and channel dimensions, enhancing the model’s ability to recognize critical defect information. The use of depthwise separable convolutions and adaptive feature reweighting strategies improves detail processing capabilities and computational efficiency. Experimental results show that SAIDN significantly outperforms existing models in detection accuracy, achieving 94.4% accuracy and 98.5% recall, surpassing advanced models such as YOLOv9 and Cascade RCNN. These findings highlight the potential of SAIDN in enhancing subway tunnels’ safety and maintenance efficiency.

Abstract Background Coronary artery ectasia is defined as a local or diffuse dilatation of the coronary artery more than 1.5 times the diameter of the adjacent normal segment. The etiology of coronary artery ectasia is diverse, and rarely complicated with immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-related disease). A limited number of cases have been reported, with insidious onset, slow progression but poor prognosis. Case presentation we report a patient with coronary artery ectasia combined with IgG4-related disease. He has been diagnosed with IgG4-related disease 5 years after his first percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Despite routine treatment with steroids, he develops a large coronary aneurysm and eventually died. Conclusions It is suggested that a thorough evaluation should be performed when coronary artery ectasia is diagnosed. The factors such as manifestations of coronary artery thickening, typical imaging features, other aortas involvement, increased serum IgG4 level, etc. should be considered for early diagnosis of key etiologies.

Abstract Light propagates in various ways depending on environment, including uniform medium, surface/interface and photonic crystals, which appears ubiquitously in daily life and has been exploited for advanced optics technology. We unveiled that a topological photonic crystal exhibits unique electromagnetic (EM) transport properties originating from the Dirac frequency dispersion and multicomponent spinor eigenmodes. Measuring precisely local Poynting vectors in microstrips of honeycomb structure where optics topology emerges upon a band gap opening in the Dirac dispersion and a p-d band inversion induced by a Kekulé-type distortion respecting C 6v symmetry, we showed that a chiral wavelet induces a global EM transportation circulating in the direction counter to the source, which is intimately related to the topological band gap specified by a negative Dirac mass. This brand-new Huygens-Fresnel phenomenon can be considered as the counterpart of negative refraction of EM plane waves associated with upwardly convex dispersions of photonic crystals, and our present finding is expected to open a new window for photonic innovations.

Abstract With the development of green tribology in the shipping industry, the application of water lubrication gradually replaces oil lubrication in stern bearings and thrust bearings. In terms of large-scale and high-speed ships, water-lubricated bearings with high performance are more strictly required. However, due to the lubricating medium, water-lubricated bearings have many problems such as friction, wear, vibration, noise, etc. This review focuses on the performance of marine water-lubricated bearings and their failure prevention mechanism. Furthermore, the research of marine water-lubricated bearings is reviewed by discussing its lubrication principle, test technology, friction and wear mechanism, and friction noise generation mechanism. The performance enhancement methods have been overviewed from structure optimization and material modification. Finally, the potential problems and the perspective of water-lubricated bearings are given in detail.

The whole process of tobacco production is composed of many components, in which their operation and administration are currently independent. It is required to deploy smart manufacturing workflow for the whole production process, in order to realize centralized effective global scheduling. This requires an advanced administration control platform that has strong abilities of multisource data integration and automatic decision support. To bridge such research gap, this paper designs an optimal scheduling control system for smart manufacturing processes of tobacco industry. First of all, this work discusses major characteristics of future-generation production control patterns in intelligent tobacco factories (ITF). Then, a five-layer architecture for optimal scheduling control of ITF is proposed, which contains Internet-of-Things layer, centralized control layer, model layer, platform layer and operation layer. In addition, a production scheduling optimization strategy is also developed for the proposed system to serve as the software algorithm that drives the running of whole smart manufacturing processes. Finally, this paper presents a comparative analysis of the proposed system’s transformation in a cigarette factory. Naturally, the effectiveness of the proposed production optimization scheduling strategy is verified through simulation.

Abstract Background Chromosomal aneuploidy is the most common birth defect. However, the developmental mechanism and gene expression profile of fetuses with chromosomal aneuploidy are relatively unknown, and the maternal immune changes induced by fetal aneuploidy remain unclear. The inability to obtain the placenta multiple times in real-time is a bottleneck in research on aneuploid pregnancies. Plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) carries the gene expression profile information of its source cells and may be used to evaluate the development of fetuses with aneuploidy and the immune changes induced in the mother owing to fetal aneuploidy. Methods Here, we carried out whole-genome sequencing of the plasma cfDNA of 101 pregnant women carrying a fetus with trisomy (trisomy 21, n = 42; trisomy 18, n = 28; trisomy 13, n = 31) based on non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) screening and 140 normal pregnant women to identify differential genes according to the cfDNA nucleosome profile in the region around the transcription start sites (TSSs). Results The plasma cfDNA promoter profiles were found to differ between aneuploid and euploid pregnancies. A total of 158 genes with significant differences were identified, of which 43 genes were upregulated and 98 genes were downregulated. Functional enrichment and signaling pathway analysis were performed based on Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases found that these signal pathways were mainly related to the coordination of developmental signals during embryonic development, the control of cell growth and development, regulation of neuronal survival, and immune regulation, such as the MAPK, Hippo, TGF-β, and Rap1 signaling pathways, which play important roles in the development of embryonic tissues and organs. Furthermore, based on the results of differential gene analysis, a total of 14 immune-related genes with significant differences from the ImmPort database were collected and analyzed. These significantly different immune genes were mainly associated with the maintenance of embryonic homeostasis and normal development. Conclusions These results suggest that the distribution characteristics of cfDNA nucleosomes in maternal plasma can be used to reflect the status of fetal development and changes of the immune responses in trisomic pregnancies. Overall, our findings may provide research ideas for non-invasive detection of the physiological and pathological states of other diseases.

As an important recreational water facility on cruise ships, swimming pool brings remarkable energy demand due to the requirement of comfort. In order to reduce the energy consumption during the operation of the swimming pool, this study proposes a hybrid heating system of air source heat pump water heater/chillers (ASHP) and exhaust gas boiler applicable to the cruise ship swimming pool by regarding the parameters of a Vista-class cruise ship resort pool. A simulation model is developed via TRNSYS for a dynamic simulation of energy demand under the predicted climate conditions of cruise line. According to the simulation results, a sizing method based on economy and comfort index is proposed for the capacity of the heat pump. The performance of heat pump partially replaced the existing method is also discussed, which proves the adoption of the ventilation system with variable air volume control can make the variation range of room temperature acceptable during the operation of the heat pump. Under the annual state of navigation and in-port, the proposed system (PS) shows significant economic, energy saving and emission advantages while ensuring comfort level when compared with the existing system (ES) of the same specification, while these advantages will be further expanded with the increase of in-port duration, pool area and service life.

Abstract Introduction Diabetic neuropathy is the most prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus. Although the precise etiology of this neurological disorder has yet to be defined, elevated blood glucose promotes anerobic glycolysis; this produces excess advanced glycation end‐products, many of which have a pyrrole structure. Here, we test the hypothesis that protein pyrrole adducts are associated with elevated glucose indices and some clinical features of diabetic diffuse neuropathies. Method We investigated the levels of plasma pyrrole adducts and adjusted urinary pyrrole adducts in a group of elderly persons (n = 516, age 60–79) residing in the District of Luohu, Shenzhen, China between 2017 and 2018. Symptoms of distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN) and resting heart rate, a measure of autonomic nervous system function, were collected from participants (n = 258) with elevated glucose indices. Result Protein pyrrole adducts showed a strong correlation with glucose indices before and after adjustment for age and estimated glomerular filtration rates. Stratified analysis showed that the medians and interquartile values of pyrrole adducts grew as glucose indices of the subgroups increased. Participants with symptoms of DSPN and sinus tachycardia presented elevated levels of plasma pyrrole adducts. Conclusion This study provides a novel link between glucose indices and the etiology of diabetic diffuse neuropathies.

Abstract Background Fetal macrosomia is common occurrence in pregnancy, which is associated with several adverse prognosis both of maternal and neonatal. While, the accuracy of prediction of fetal macrosomia is poor. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable noninvasive prediction classifier of fetal macrosomia. Methods A total of 3600 samples of routine noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) data at 12+ 0–27+ 6 weeks of gestation, which were subjected to low-coverage whole-genome sequencing of maternal plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA), were collected from three independent hospitals. We identified set of genes with significant differential coverages by comparing the promoter profiling between macrosomia cases and controls. We selected genes to develop classifier for noninvasive predicting, by using support vector machine (SVM) and logistic regression models, respectively. The performance of each classifier was evaluated by area under the curve (AUC) analysis. Results According to the available follow-up results, 162 fetal macrosomia pregnancies and 648 matched controls were included. A total of 1086 genes with significantly differential promoter profiling were found between pregnancies with macrosomia and controls (p

The special properties of non-trivial topological structures usually come from a so-called edge mode which emerges in the band gap after the band inversion. The topological winding number of exceptional points (EPs) in non-Hermitian physical systems can be regarded as another type of topology. In photonics, the topological properties of EPs have been observed widely both in adiabatic and non-adiabatic second-order non-Hermitian systems. Here, we construct a higher-order non-Hermitian system with meta-atoms, including two independent second-order EPs. By circling EPs in different paths in the Riemann parameter surface, we observe extraordinary modes of reversion and repulsion, which is quite different from the conventional second-order EP systems. We propose a theoretical model of three-resonance non-Hermitian system and verify experimentally the mode reversion by encircling exceptional points in the microwave band, which may pave a new way for studying the topological physical mechanism of non-Hermitian systems, and provide a practical experimental system for its application.

In order to suppress the transverse vibration of a plate, a quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) resonator with tunable ultralow frequency bandgaps was introduced and analyzed. The resonator was designed by introducing the quasi-zero-stiffness systems into mass-in-mass resonators. The plane wave expansion method was employed to derive the bandgap characteristics of the locally resonant (LR) plate with QZS resonators, and corresponding simulations were carried out by finite element method (FEM). The results show that an LR plate with a QZS resonator can provide two bandgaps, and the ranges of the bandgaps agree well with the vibration attenuation bands calculated by FEM. Owing to the introduction of the QZS system, the bandgaps can be easily transferred to a lower frequency or even an ultralow frequency. The damping of the QZS resonators can effectively broaden the vibration attenuation bands. In addition, the differentiated design of the bandgap frequencies can be realized to obtain broadband low-frequency transverse wave suppression performance. Finally, a mechanical structure design scheme was proposed in order to achieve flexible adjustment of the bandgap frequency, which significantly increases the engineering applicability of QZS resonators.

In this paper, two randomized block Kaczmarz methods to compute inner inverses of any rectangular matrix A are presented. These are iterative methods without matrix multiplications and their convergence is proved. The numerical results show that the proposed methods are more efficient than iterative methods involving matrix multiplications for the high-dimensional matrix.

In order to improve the vibration reduction performance of damping treatments, a new damping structure consisting of a uniform base layer and two periodically alternating free layers was examined in this study. Closed-form solutions for both the band structure and the forced response of the periodic bi-layer beam were theoretically derived and verified via numerical solutions using the finite-element method. The results showed that the structure with periodic free-layer damping (PFLD) treatment reduced broadband vibrations, and the levels of reduction were dominated by Bragg scattering in the band gaps and damping in the passbands. The vibration experiment verified the derived theory’s accuracy and showed that the PFLD treatment could increase vibration reduction levels in low-frequency band gaps compared with traditional free-layer damping treatments. The effects of the parameters—cell lengths, sub-cell-length ratios, and thickness ratios—were also discussed, providing further understanding of the vibration reduction performance of the bi-layer beam with the PFLD treatment, and this can be used to help designers optimize the periodic bi-layer beam to achieve better performance.

From the in vitro level, this paper explores the synergistic inhibitory effects and mechanisms of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) and astragaloside IV(AS-IV) on HepG2 cells. By screening the optimal concentration of each drug, the authors tested the combined and separate effects of the two drugs on HepG2 cell proliferation, migration and invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis, as well as key genes and proteins of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway (PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, mTOR, and p-mTOR). The CCK-8 test and Transwell tests show that: the separate and joint uses of NaAsO2 and AS-IV reduced the viability and migration of cells to different degrees (p all NaAsO2 group > AS-IV group; GNGT1 siRNA group had an opposite trend with each treatment group. From in vitro level, the above results confirm that NaAsO2 and AS-IV can inhibit HepG2, and the two drugs has a synergistic effect. In addition, the two drugs could inhibit HepG2 cells through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway; GNGT1 participates in the regulation of that signaling pathway.

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, which involves the application of electrical currents to the cervical (tcVNS) or auricular (taVNS) branches of the vagus nerve, may be a potential treatment for improving cognitive dysfunction. taVNS may improve cognitive performance in healthy adults, and fewer studies have been performed on the effects of tcVNS on cognition in healthy subjects. We conducted a randomized, single-blind, crossover-controlled trial to investigate the effects of tcVNS stimulation on cognitive function and neural activity in the brains of healthy adults. This study provides support for further tcVNS studies for the treatment of cognitive impairment. Twenty-one participants were randomly divided into two groups, A and B. Group A received tcVNS first and then sham-tcVNS, while group B received the intervention in the reverse order, receiving sham stimulation first and then true stimulation. All subjects were required to perform cognitive function tests before and after receiving intervention, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed concurrently during the intervention. We hypothesized that tcVNS would have an effect on the cognitive performance of the subjects and alter the neural activity of the brain. The present study showed that tcVNS had beneficial effects on cognitive performance, mainly improving memory and language skills and attention. tcVNS intervention produced significant spontaneous neural activity in the calcarine gyrus, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus of the brain. Future tcVNS/fMRI trials will need to explore the effects of changes in stimulus parameters on the neural activity response of the brain.

ObjectiveAcoustic neuroma (AN) is a common benign tumor. Little is known of neuropsychological studies in patients with acoustic neuroma, especially cognitive neuropsychology, and the neuropsychological abnormalities of patients affect their life quality. The purpose of this study was to explore the changes in the cognitive function of patients with acoustic neuroma, and the possible mechanism of these changes by structural magnetic resonance imaging.Materials and methodsWe used a neuropsychological assessment battery to assess cognitive function in 69 patients with acoustic neuroma and 70 healthy controls. Then, we used diffusion tensor imaging data to construct the structural brain network and calculate topological properties based on graph theory, and we studied the relation between the structural brain network and cognitive function. Moreover, three different subnetworks (short-range subnetwork, middle-range subnetwork, and long-range subnetwork) were constructed by the length of nerve fibers obtained from deterministic tracking. We studied the global and local efficiency of various subnetworks and analyzed the correlation between network metrics and cognitive function. Furthermore, connectome edge analysis directly assessed whether there were differences in the number of fibers in the different brain regions. We analyzed the relation between the differences and cognitive function.ResultsCompared with the healthy controls, the general cognitive function, memory, executive function, attention, visual space executive ability, visual perception ability, movement speed, and information processing speed decreased significantly in patients with acoustic neuroma. A unilateral hearing loss due to a left acoustic neuroma had a greater impact on cognitive function. The results showed that changes in the global and local metrics, the efficiency of subnetworks, and cognitively-related fiber connections were associated with cognitive impairments in patients with acoustic neuroma.ConclusionPatients exhibit cognitive impairments caused by the decline of the structure and function in some brain regions, and they also develop partial compensation after cognitive decline. Cognitive problems are frequent in patients with acoustic neuroma. Including neuropsychological aspects in the routine clinical evaluation and appropriate treatments may enhance the clinical management and improve their life quality.

Recently, linear-crossing metamaterials (LCMMs) in the hyperbolic topological transition of iso-frequency contour, have attracted people’s great attention. Due to the novel linear dispersion, LCMM provides a new platform to control and enhance the light-matter interactions, such as all-angle negative refraction, filters, super-lens, etc. However, the narrow-band working frequency is currently the major limitation in LCMMs. In this work, we propose two methods to realize multiple linear-crossing metamaterials (MLCMMs), including a basic Drude-Lorenz model and an actual step-like multilayer structure. Especially, in order to identify the designed two kinds of MLCMMs, we numerically demonstrate the unique beam splitting and directional refraction of MLCMM at different frequencies. Our findings may not only provide a new platform for the fundamental study of LCMM, but also facilitate some broadband applications.

Recently, wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has attracted much attention and shown rapid development. However, a fundamental challenge emerges in practical applications: how to achieve robust power transfer against the variation of operating conditions, such as the fluctuation of transfer distance, as well as the relative orientation of resonant coils. In this article, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate that the robustness of a parity-time (PT) asymmetric system with unbalanced gain-loss working in a weak coupling region can be improved significantly, compared with that of a PT-symmetric system with balanced gain-loss working in a strong coupling region under the premise that the system works at a fixed optimal frequency. A pure real mode known as bound state in the continuum (BIC) in the weak coupling region of the PT-asymmetric system is adopted to ensure the high efficiency and stability of the WPT and break the limitations of balanced gain-loss of the PT-symmetric system. The better robustness performance originates from the orthogonal state with a pure real eigenmode embedded in the weak coupling region. Further experiments also verify that the PT-asymmetric system can achieve higher efficiency than that of the PT-symmetric system. In addition, we discuss the performance of the WPT system based on the theories of coupled mode theory (CMT) and circuit theory (CT); the BIC in the framework of CMT and a perfect impedance matching condition in the framework of CT for efficient power transfer are consistent. We also conducted power experimental verification of 30 watts, and found the efficiency between the coils can reach over 90% in dynamic scenarios, which meets expectations. The presented framework extends the field of non-Hermitian physics, bridges the gap between the non-ideal PT-symmetric system and a practical engineering application, and introduces a novel WPT mechanism for flexible application scenarios. Our results could provide instructive significance for practical applications of the WPT system in the long term.

In this study, we synthesized nano-microemulsions of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)-encapsulated curcumin (Cur)-Ferulic acid (FA) ester derivatives of diverse mass ratios by using the solution casting approach. The structures, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, physical properties, and potential of hydrogen (pH) sensitivity of these products were examined. Compared with microparticles of CaCO3, those of CaCO3@Cur-FA exhibited excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Response to pH was indicated through the release of Cur-FA from CaCO3@Cur-FA in solutions having different pH values. The results demonstrated that Cur-FA was released more quickly from CaCO3@Cur-FA at pH 5.5 than at pH 7.4. CaCO3@Cur-FA demonstrated good antioxidant capacities through its ability to scavenge 2,2′-amino-di(2-ethyl-benzothiazoline sulphonic acid-6)ammonium salt (ABTS+) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). These activities were three-fold more than those observed in CaCO3 microparticle control groups; additionally, the antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger and Escherichia coli increased by 40.5 and 54.6%, respectively. Overall, the microparticles of CaCO3@Cur-FA outperformed Cur-FA in terms of antimicrobial properties by inhibiting the growth of certain zoonotic pathogens.

Abstract Soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics is regulated by a complex interplay of factors such as climate and potential anthropogenic activities. Livestocks play a key role in regulating the C cycle in grasslands. However, the interrelationship between SOC and these drivers remains unclear at different soil layers, and their potential relationships network have rarely been quantitatively assessed. Here, we completed a six‐year manipulation experiment of grazing exclusion (no grazing: NG) and increasing grazing intensity (light grazing: LG, medium grazing: MG, heavy grazing: HG). We tested light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) and heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC) in 12 plots along grazing intensity in three soil layers (topsoil: 0–10 cm, mid‐soil: 10–30 cm, subsoil: 30–50 cm) to assess the drivers of SOC. Grazing significantly reduced SOC of the soil profile, but with significant depth and time dependencies. (1) SOC and SOC stability of the topsoil is primarily regulated by grazing duration (years). Specifically, grazing duration and grazing intensity increased the SOC lability of topsoil due to an increase in LFOC. (2) Grazing intensity was the major factor affecting the mid‐soil SOC dynamics, among which MG had significantly lower SOC than did NG. (3) Subsoil organic carbon dynamics were mainly regulated by climatic factors. The increase in mean annual temperature (MAT) may have promoted the turnover of LFOC to HFOC in the subsoil. Synthesis and applications. When evaluating the impacts of grazing on soil organic fraction, we need to consider the differences in sampling depth and the duration of grazing years. Our results highlight that the key factors influencing SOC dynamics differ among soil layers. Climatic and grazing factors have different roles in determining SOC in each soil layer.

The vibro-acoustic performance of a fluid-loaded periodic locally resonant (LR) plate was examined in this research, with a specific focus on the effect of water fluid on the vibration and sound radiation of the LR structure. The analytical models of the fluid-loaded LR plate’s band gap, vibration, and acoustic radiation were theoretically derived with closed-form solutions, which can be used to predict the general vibro-acoustic rules of underwater LR structure. The results show that the LR band-gap width and Bragg frequency are significantly reduced when water fluid is considered. Besides, the frequency range that can be tuned to control the vibration and sound radiation for the LR plate with fluid is much narrower than that without fluid. The reason for inducing the above effects was also given in this research, which can be physically explained by the attached mass caused by the water fluid. In addition, the reason for the enhanced radiation efficiency close above the band gap was also discussed, which is caused by the change of radiation mode from corner or edge radiation to monopole radiation. Furthermore, adding small damping into the resonator could reduce the vibration and sound radiation in the frequency range above or close below the band gap, inducing the attenuation zone to be significantly broadened. Thus, designing the periodic resonators with proper damping could be an efficient method to make the LR plate more beneficial for vibration and noise reduction in water-surrounding applications.

As one of the important friction pairs of a diesel engine, the cylinder-liner piston ring (CL-PR) faces a harsh high-temperature working environment. To explore the mapping relationship between the friction performance of the CL-PR and the change in temperature, the reciprocating-friction and wear-testing machine was used to analyze the friction performance and lubrication performance of four kinds of lubricating oil at different temperatures (room temperature, 60 °C, 90 °C, and 120 °C) from the friction coefficient, contact resistance and surface topography. The results show that the tribological properties of the four lubricating oils show different trends with the increase in temperature. The friction coefficient of the base oil first decreases and then increases with the increase in temperature; this shows that the friction property of the base oil is improved by a certain temperature rise, and the increase in temperature promotes the formation of an oxide film and reduces the friction coefficient. While the friction coefficient of other three lubricating oils with specific application scenarios increases first and then remains stable, the wear of the friction pair is the most severe at 120 °C. The wear forms are abrasive wear and adhesive wear.

Abstract The sewage treatment systems manage to reduce pollutants of wastewater to make it reach some requirement. The core of it is to effectively control and determine intermediate aeration amount, which is always challenging. Therefore, a multi‐objective planning mechanism (multi‐objective optimization design combining GRA and fuzzy logic inference) that combines grey relational analysis and fuzzy logic, to find the optimal dissolved oxygen solubility for achieving better outlet water quality, is proposed. First of all, grey correlation coefficient between each optimization target and the reference target is calculated, and are converted into fuzzy inference values through the four steps. After that, it is expected to analyse the average values of process variables to obtain the optimal parameter combinations. A real‐world dataset collected from a realistic sewage treatment plant is utilized as the simulation environment to evaluate the proposed multi‐objective optimization design combining GRA and fuzzy logic inference. Experimental results show that the multi‐objective optimization design combining GRA and fuzzy logic inference makes promotion of 47.34% for fitted outlet water quality compared with the original average annual water quality.

PurposeTo explore the changes of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and fractional anisotropy (FA) in stroke patients with motor dysfunction after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment, and to better understand the role of rTMS on motor rehabilitation of subcortical stroke patients from the perfusion and structural level.Materials and MethodsIn total, 23 first-episode acute ischemic stroke patients and sixteen healthy controls (HCs) were included. The patients were divided into the rTMS and sham group. The rehabilitation assessments and examination of perfusion and structural MRI were performed before and after rTMS therapy for each patient. Voxel-based analysis was used to detect the difference in CBF and FA among all three groups. The Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the CBF/FA value and the motor scales.ResultsAfter rTMS, significantly increased CBF was found in the ipsilesional supplementary motor area, postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, pons, medulla oblongata, contralesional midbrain, superior cerebellar peduncle, and middle cerebellar peduncle compared to that during the prestimulation and in the sham group, these fasciculi comprise the cortex-pontine-cerebellum-cortex (CPC) loop. Besides, altered CBF in the ipsilesional precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and pons was positively associated with the improved Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) scores. Significantly decreased FA was found in the contralesional precentral gyrus, increased FA was found in the ipsilesional postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, contralesional supplementary motor area, and bilateral cerebellum, these fasciculi comprise the corticospinal tract (CST). The change of FMA score was positively correlated with altered FA value in the ipsilesional postcentral gyrus and negatively correlated with altered FA value in the contralesional precentral gyrus.ConclusionOur results suggested that rTMS could facilitate the motor recovery of stroke patients. High frequency could promote the improvement of functional activity of ipsilesional CPC loop and the recovery of the microstructure of CST.

Optical non-reciprocal transmission plays an important role in many applications such as optical isolation, switching, and integrated photonic circuits. However, the non-reciprocity of natural magneto-optical (MO) materials is too weak to be widely used in the actual applications. Magnetized metamaterials enable the exploration of a new regime about the MO effect, including the enhanced non-reciprocal transmission and one-way surface waves. In this work, the Fano-type interference effect is studied in the heterostructure composed of a magnetized epsilon-near-zero material and a truncated photonic crystal. The inherent weak MO activity is significantly enhanced in the heterostructure because of the field intensity enhancement mechanism and Fano interference. The results provide a way to design novel optical non-reciprocal devices with excellent performance using metamaterials.

Abstract Several soft tissues residing in the living body have excellent hydration lubrication properties and can provide effective protection during relative motion. In order to apply this advantage of soft matters in practical applications and try to avoid its disadvantage, such as swelling and weakening in water, a design strategy of a soft/hard double network (DN) hydrogel microsphere modified ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composite is proposed in this study. A series of microspheres of urea-formaldehyde (UF), polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel, UF/PAAm double network, and their composites were prepared. The mechanical properties, swelling, wettability, friction properties, and the lubrication mechanisms of the composites were investigated. The results show that DN microspheres can have an excellent stability and provide hydration lubrication. The performance of 75 DN-1 composite was superior to others. This finding will provide a novel strategy for the development of water-lubricated materials and have wide application in engineering fields.

Abstract Background To evaluate the effects and optimal parameters of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cognition function of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and to estimate which cognitive function may obtain more benefits from rTMS. Method The articles dealing with rTMS on cognitive function of PD patients were retrieved from the databases until April 2019. Outcomes of global cognitive function and different cognitive domains were extracted. The standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of cognitive outcome for different parameters, scales, and cognitive functions were estimated. Results Fourteen studies involving 173 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. A significant effect size was observed with the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for the global cognitive outcome based on the evidence of four published articles. Further subtests for different cognitive domains demonstrated prominent effect for the executive function. The significant effect sizes for executive function were found with multiple sessions of high-frequency rTMS over frontal cortex; especially over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). All of the other cognitive domains, which included memory, attention, and language ability, did not obtain significant effects. Conclusions Multiple sessions of high-frequency rTMS over the DLPFC may have positive effect on executive function in PD patients. Further well designed studies with large sample sizes are needed to verify our results and ascertain the long-term effects of rTMS.

ABSTRACTBrucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis is considered to be one of the most important zoonotic diseases in China. In this study, Conventional bio-typing, MLVA (multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis), and WGS (whole-genome sequencing)-SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) were used to study the genetic similarity of B. melitensis in northern and southern China and analyze its relationship with worldwide lineages. Currently, the distribution of species/biovars of B. melitensis has obviously changed, and B. melitensis has become the dominant species in southern regions of China. Strains from the southern had a common geographic origin with strains from the northern. Many MLVA-16 events were shared in the genotypes of the southern and northern strains, suggest that genotypic movement occurred from north to south. Based on WGS-SNP analysis, strains from different provinces were closely related and may have descended from one common ancestor, suggests that the southern strains originated from northern China. These data indicate that B. melitensis is a latent “travel bacterium” that spread and expanded from North China to South China. Moreover, B. melitensis strains from China are also genetically related to strains from other Asian regions (Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia, and India). The movement of infected sheep and their products requires control.

Oily wastewater poses a significant impact on both environments and human societies. Especially, the treatment of oil/water emulsions for separating oil from water is challenging due to the high stability of oil/water emulsions. Smart membranes, known as stimuli-responsive membranes, are one of the emerging technologies that have been paid wide attention for separating oil/water emulsions in recent years. Smart membranes possess the unique features of switchable wettability between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity after being triggered by external stimuli and have desired anti-fouling properties. This review summarizes the development of smart membranes for oil/water emulsions separation during the past five years (2018 – present). It was found that solvent stimuli-responsive membranes are the most popular type of smart membranes for oil/water emulsions separation. For multi-stimuli-responsive membranes that can respond to more than one stimulus, future research should focus on developing appropriate fabrication strategies to increase the separation and anti-fouling performances of the membranes. Additionally, surface coating, surface grafting, and copolymer blending are the most popular methods for smart membranes fabrication. However, these methods might not be universally applicable to the different types of stimuli-responsive membranes.

AbstractFluid flow is strongly affected by fractures in unconventional reservoirs. It is essential to deeply understand the flow characteristics with fractures for improving the production and efficiency of unconventional reservoir exploitation. The purpose of this work is to develop an accurate numerical model to evaluate the transient-pressure response for well intersecting fractures. The meshes generated from Fullbore Formation Micro-Imager (FMI) images ensure an efficient numerical description of the geometries for fractures and interlayers. The numerical simulation is implemented by an inhouse finite element method-based code and benchmarked with drill stem test (DST) data. The results show that three flow regimes appear in the reservoir with fractures within the test period: wellbore afterflow, pseudolinear flow, and radial flow. In contrast, only the wellbore afterflow and radial flow appear for the wells without fractures. The results also reveal that fractures dominate the flow near the wellbore. Verification and application of the model show the practicability of the integrated approach for investigating the transient-pressure behaviors in the unconventional reservoir.

Hepatic insulin resistance is a crucial pathological process in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) associated with visceral adiposity and metabolic disorders. Echinops latifolius polysaccharide B (ETPB), a polysaccharide extracted from Echinops latifolius Tausch, increases insulin sensitivity in the high-fat diet-fed and STZ induced SD rat model and even prevented hepatic metabolic disorders. However, the mechanism by which ETPB improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in the liver with insulin resistance remains largely unknown. In the present work, an lnsulin resistance cell model (IR-HepG2) was established. Glucose consumption, glycogen content, triglycerides (TG), and free fatty acids (FFAs) levels were detected. The result revealed that the intervention of ETPB significantly increased glucose consumption and glycogen synthesis and reduced FFAs and TG production in IR-HepG2 cells. Further, we also employed RNA-seq to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and mRNAs (DEGs) with a fold change of ≥ 1.5 and p-value of

A dielectric resonator-based sensor for temperature measurement is demonstrated. A dielectric resonator is used as the key sensing element to transform the temperature signals to electromagnetic signals. The dielectric resonator can produce strong localized electromagnetic field at resonance. Both the numerical and experimental results demonstrated the sensor can measure temperature with a high sensitivity. As the temperature increases from 26.7 to 141.6 °C, the change of the resonance frequency is 672 MHz, showing a temperature sensitivity of 5.91 MHz/°C. In addition, due to the strong resonance and temperature-sensitive performance of the dielectric resonator, the temperature sensor has a simple structure, which is conductive to the integration of temperature sensors.

Planar waveguides limit the transmission of electromagnetic waves in a specific direction and have a wide range of applications in filters, sensors, and energy‐transfer devices. However, given the increasing demand for planar‐integrated photonics, new waveguides are required with excellent characteristics such as more functionality, greater efficiency, and smaller size. Herein, the experimental results for a planar microwave‐regime waveguide fabricated from circuit‐based magnetic hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) are reported. HMM is a special type of anisotropic metamaterial, whose isofrequency contour (IFC) takes the form of an open hyperboloid. Because of the open‐dispersion IFCs, HMMs support propagating high‐k modes with large effective refractive indices, which allow planar hyperbolic waveguides to be miniaturized. Especially, as opposed to the traditional dielectric slab waveguide, the group velocity and phase velocity in hyperbolic waveguides are oriented in opposite directions—a characteristic that is exploited to realize the backward propagation of electromagnetic waves. Based on this property, a backward coupler based on the hyperbolic waveguide is designed and experimented with. Herein, the significant potential of circuit‐based platforms for the experimental study of the propagation and coupling of guided modes is not only revealed but also the use of HMMs for numerous integrated functional devices is promoted.

Part of the patients with incisional hernia (IH) suffered from constipation or even circulatory impairment, which is called large IH with loss of domain (LOD) or giant IH. For now, there is still controversy about the definition and pathomechanism of the LOD; meanwhile, there is no clear criterion for evaluating and treating patients with LOD. A systematic search of the literature was implemented in PubMed and the Cochrane database by using the keywords “IH, abdominal wall function(AWF), LOD” and got 60 publications finally. First, there is still no unified definition for LOD, but we found that it was translated into a situation that abdominal content can hardly be reduced with AWF deficiency in 2018th Chinese Guidelines. Second, we concluded that poor abdominal wall contraction caused by muscular atrophy or fibrillation after large area aponeurosis released shall be important pathomechanism of LOD. Third, we found that there are different methods for evaluating LOD, while the activity evaluation may be most useful. Finally, component separation technique (CST), bridge repair or utotransplantation have been recommended in many publications for variable condition. The definition of LOD is better to be divided into the functional deficiency and the anatomical defect just like Chinese guidelines. The pathomechanism of LOD was actually based on anatomical destruction of abdominal wall contraction system. The activity evaluation may be the most convenient method mentioned in the publications. CST was strongly recommended to be used in giant hernia, the defect of which can be hardly closed. Patients who have IH with LOD are proposed to receive hernioplasty as early as possible because of the impendency to reconstruct the large defect on the abdominal wall as well as restoration of the AWF. Surgeons may select appropriate CST to repair IH according to the length of the defect.