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A novel pretreatment strategy utilizing a combination of NaOH and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) was proposed to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of abandoned Medium-density fiberboard (MDF). The synergistic effect of NaOH and [Bmim]Cl pretreatment significantly improved the glucose yield, reaching 445.8 mg/g within 72 h, which was 5.04 times higher than that of the untreated samples. The working mechanism was elucidated according to chemical composition, as well as FTIR, 13C NMR, XRD, and SEM analyses. The combined effects of NaOH and [Bmim]Cl led to lignin degradation, hemicellulose removal, the destruction and erosion of crystalline regions, pores, and an irregular microscopic morphology. In addition, by comparing the enzymatic hydrolysis sugar yield and elemental nitrogen content of untreated MDF samples, eucalyptus, and hot mill fibers (HMF), it was demonstrated that the presence of adhesives and additives in waste MDF significantly influences its hydrolysis process. The sugar yield of untreated MDF samples (88.5 mg/g) was compared with those subjected to hydrothermal pretreatment (183.2 mg/g), Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment (406.1 mg/g), and microwave-assisted ionic liquid pretreatment (MWI) (281.3 mg/g). A long water bath pretreatment can reduce the effect of adhesives and additives on the enzymatic hydrolysis of waste MDF. The sugar yield produced by the combined pretreatment proposed in this study and the removal ability of adhesives and additives highlight the great potential of our pretreatment technology in the recycling of waste fiberboard.

Abstract Background Various authors have successfully demonstrated that the distance from the greater trochanter to the femoral head center (GTFHC) and the distance from the lesser trochanter to the femoral head center (LTFHC) can be used as parameters to determine the recovery of the femoral head center (FHC) during hip arthroplasty. It is necessary to undertake an anatomical study concerning the correlations between the greater trochanter (GT), the lesser trochanter (LT), and the FHC using data obtained from the 3D-CT reconstruction method. Methods The study comprised 293 patients (151 males and 142 females), with an average age of 65.06 years. The femoral head diameter(FHD), the linear distance from FHC to GT (GTFHC), and the linear distance from FHC to LT(LTFHC) were all measured and recorded data. The correlation between FHD with LTFHC and GTFHC was assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients, and the ratio of LTFHC and GTFHC to FHD was calculated from this ratio. All measured parameters were compared between the left and right sides and the sexes of the participants. Results The average ratios of GTFHC/FHD and LTFHC/FHD were 0.99 and 0.95, respectively .96% of the LTFHC had absolute lateral differences of

It is widely thought that the tumor microenvironment (TME) provides the “soil” for malignant tumors to survive. Prior to metastasis, the interaction at the host site between factors secreted by primary tumors, bone-marrow-derived cells, with stromal components initiates and establishes a pre-metastatic niche (PMN) characterized by immunosuppression, inflammation, angiogenesis and vascular permeability, as well as lymphangiogenesis, reprogramming and organotropism. Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and metabolic constraints. Ferroptotic cancer cells release various signal molecules into the TME to either suppress or promote tumor progression. This review highlights the important role played by ferroptosis in PMN, focusing on the relationship between ferroptosis and PMN characteristics, and discusses future research directions.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant craniocerebral tumor. The treatment of this cancer is difficult due to its high heterogeneity and immunosuppressive microenvironment. Ferroptosis is a newly found non-apoptotic regulatory cell death process that plays a vital role in a variety of brain diseases, including cerebral hemorrhage, neurodegenerative diseases, and primary or metastatic brain tumors. Recent studies have shown that targeting ferroptosis can be an effective strategy to overcome resistance to tumor therapy and immune escape mechanisms. This suggests that combining ferroptosis-based therapies with other treatments may be an effective strategy to improve the treatment of GBM. Here, we critically reviewed existing studies on the effect of ferroptosis on GBM therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. In particular, this review discussed the potential of ferroptosis inducers to reverse drug resistance and enhance the sensitivity of conventional cancer therapy in combination with ferroptosis. Finally, we highlighted the therapeutic opportunities and challenges facing the clinical application of ferroptosis-based therapies in GBM. The data generated here provide new insights and directions for future research on the significance of ferroptosis-based therapies in GBM.

Abstract Febrile seizures (FSs) are common neurological disorders in both infants and children, although the precise underlying mechanism remains to be explored, especially in the expression pattern and function of microRNAs (miRNAs). In this report, we aimed to screen new potential miRNAs and examine the role of miR-148a-3p in hippocampal neurons in FS rats via Synaptojanin-1 (SYNJ1). Thirty rats were randomly divided into the normal and FS model groups, which were investigated by miRNA array. This process identified 31 differentially expressed (20 upregulated and 11 downregulated) miRNAs and potential miRNA target genes. In addition, hippocampal neurons were assigned into five groups for different transfections. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL and flow cytometry. SYNJ1 was identified as a target gene of miR-148-3p. In vitro experiments revealed that inhibition of miR-148a-3p decreased neuronal cell apoptosis. Moreover, overexpression of miR-148a-3p resulted in activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. MiR-148a-3p inhibitor could reverse the above events. Taken together, our data demonstrated that the hippocampal miRNA expression profiles of a rat model of FS provide a large database of candidate miRNAs and neuron-related target genes. Furthermore, miR-148a-3p acted as a apoptosis enhcaner via the activation of the SYNJ1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, highlighting a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of infants with hyperthermia-induced brain injury.

Cerebral hemorrhage generally refers to nontraumatic cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage. In China, about 20%–30% of all stroke in a month after the mortality rate can be as high as 40%. And most of the survivors have obvious neurological dysfunction, to the patient’s family and society from all walks of life caused great psychological pressure, which will seriously affect the human physical and mental health. This article aims at studying the construction of nanomaterials and the role of rutin in the treatment of ICH. It first introduces the characteristics of nanomaterials; nanomaterials have some special effects based on their special internal structural properties and surface states. These effects derive many physical and chemical properties that general substances do not possess, such as optical, electrical, magnetic, catalytic, and photocatalytic properties. A simple analysis of cerebral hemorrhage then gives the nanomaterials the first-principles algorithm. Practical application of nanomaterials is a class of nanomaterials, which have many strange chemical characteristics such as special light, electric, magnetic, thermal, mechanical, mechanical physical, and chemical characteristics. Then, the nanocomposite of rutin electrochemical detection is analyzed, and finally rutin and analog brain drug dynamics is discussed. The experimental results showed that the RSD of samples at room temperature, freeze-thaw cycles, and long-term stability of the mice were less than 5.0%, and the stability of mouse brain tissue homogenate samples completely meets the requirements of troxerutin, rutin, and troxerutin aglycone.

In this study, a two-step method was used to realize the liquefaction of waste sawdust under atmospheric pressure, and to achieve a high liquefaction rate. Specifically, waste sawdust was pretreated with NaOH, followed by liquefaction using phenol. The relative optimum condition for alkali–heat pretreatment was a 1:1 mass ratio of NaOH to sawdust at 140 °C. The reaction parameters including the mass ratio of phenol to pretreated sawdust, liquefaction temperature, and liquefaction time were optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for phenol liquefaction of pretreated sawdust were a 4.21 mass ratio of phenol to sawdust, a liquefaction temperature of 173.58 °C, and a liquefaction time of 2.24 h, resulting in corresponding liquefied residues of 6.35%. The liquefaction rate reached 93.65%. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze untreated waste sawdust, pretreated sawdust, liquefied residues, and liquefied liquid. SEM results showed that the alkali–heat pretreatment and liquefaction reactions destroyed the intact, dense, and homogeneous sample structures. FT-IR results showed that liquefied residues contain aromatic compounds with different substituents, including mainly lignin and its derivatives, while the liquefied liquid contains a large number of aromatic phenolic compounds. XRD showed that alkali–heat pretreatment and phenol liquefaction destroyed most of the crystalline regions, greatly reduced the crystallinity and changed the crystal type of cellulose in the sawdust.

This study investigated the effect of expanded vermiculite (EV) on the flammability properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF), which was evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and simultaneous thermal analysis (TG-DSC). In addition, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the samples were studied. The results indicated that the addition of EV increased the LOI of MDF, while it decreased the MOR and MOE of MDF quite rapidly. The TG data showed that the fiber-charring rate of the fire retardant MDF increased sharply, more than 10 times that of untreated MDF. Moreover, with increasing of the ratio of the EV and fiber (V/F), it increased the fiber-charring rate of the MDF sharply, decreased the temperature of the maximum mass loss, and decreased the maximum mass loss rate of MDF. The DSC test results indicated that the total temperature range of the exothermic stage had extended and that the first peak in the exothermic stage decreased rapidly with increasing of V/F ratio.

The overall objective was to use waste plywood and medium density fiberboard (MDF) to manufacture a new type of board. The dimensional stability of board was improved by mechanical inhibition between laths along the thickness direction. Its modulus of rupture (MOR) and dimensional stability were tested to determine whether it satisfied the Chinese national standard. The innovational points lie in the treatment to improve dimensional stability and raw materials. The MOR of board manufactured with MDF was superior to that manufactured with plywood, although the MOR of MDF was lower than the MOR of plywood. The IT and DT of new manufactured boards decreased more than 33.48% compared to the raw materials. Besides, the warpage and thickness variation tended to be stabilized with cyclical tests continuing. This result indicated that the treatment of mechanical inhibition between laths along thickness direction could improve the dimensional stability of boards. In addition, MDF was a suitable raw material for the new board.

A new zero-waste and zero-pollution composite adhesive labeled Chinese fir-based adhesive for exterior plywood was synthesized by blending alkaline Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) liquid with a small amount of phenol-formaldehyde (PF). The free phenol and free formaldehyde content of the Chinese fir-based adhesive were sharply decreased compared to normal PF resin by more than 50%. The synthetic adhesive show with excellent water resistance and environmental friendliness, which had a 28h boil-dry-boil wet bonding strength of 1,73MPa according to standard JIS K6806-2003 and a formaldehyde emission of 0,045mg/L according to standard JIS A1460-2003. The structural properties and their thermal properties of cured adhesives were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The FT-IR analysis confirmed the expected chemical structure as the Chinese fir liquid reacted with formaldehyde and phenol which occurred at the wavenumbers of 1733, 1698, 1652cm-1 and 1077, 1048 cm-1. Although the DSC results indicated that the Chinese fir-based adhesive’s curing need higher temperature than the control PF resin, the higher curing temperature hardly cripple the availability of Chinese fir-based resin in the plywood production.

A Middle Ordovician submarine-channel deposit in the southern Appalachians is capped by an interval of fine-grained, predominantly cross-laminated sandstones that are interpreted as internal-tide deposits. Two facies are recognized: (1) bidirectional cross-laminated, very fine grained sandstones, and (2) unidirectional cross-bedded and cross-laminated, medium- to fine-grained sandstones. Facies 1 is dominated by bidirectional cross-laminations that dip both landward and seaward parallel to the paleochannel axis. This facies is related to up-channel and down-channel currents caused by internal tides. Facies 2 has both low-angle, tabular cross-beds and cross-laminations that dip landward. The formative up-channel currents are attributed to superimposition of internal waves on internal tides. The vertical transition from high-concentration gravity-flow deposits to intercalated low-concentration turbidites and internal-tide deposits is related to a rise in sea level that resulted in storage of coarse debris landward of the submarine channel.

The thermogravimetric properties and chemical characterization of rice straw (RS) pretreated by mixed culture of white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) and brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum (G. trabeum) were investigated. The mixed fungal pretreatment showed a synergistic effect, which resulted in an energy-efficient pyrolysis of pretreated rice straw. The differences in thermochemical conversion of rice straw before and after fungal pretreatment were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method. Furthermore, the pretreated samples were also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to illuminate the changes in chemical composition and pyrolysis behavior. Compared to single fungal pretreatment, the mixed fungal pretreatment worked better and exhibited great potential in biomass pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fenton reaction has been widely used in the pretreatment of lignocellulose. It offers the advantages of simple operation, fast reaction speed, and low pollution. In this study, the effects of different proportions of Fenton reagents on the enzymatic hydrolysis of poplar were compared and analyzed, and the optimal ratio of Fenton reagents was obtained. The maximum yield of enzymatic hydrolysis of glucose in Fenton pretreatment samples was 406 mg/g at H2O2 and Fe2+ concentrations of 1.0 mol/L and 0.01 mol/L, respectively, which was 2.5 times that of untreated samples. Meanwhile, the composition analysis and FT-IR analysis showed that Fenton pretreatment could degrade lignin and hemicellulose effectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that Fenton pretreatment can partially destroy the amorphous region of poplar. These findings will contribute to efforts to improve the viability of the Fenton pretreatment process for converting biomass into energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to certain problems with petroleum-based products, the development of a renewable and green adhesive is urgent and important. Yeast hydrolysate, which contains more than 55% protein, possesses many advantages in its source (it originates from yeast as opposed to petroleum) and environmental protection. In this work, a wood adhesive based on yeast hydrolysate was developed through the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyvinyl alcohol, and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) to improve properties of the yeast hydrolysate adhesive via the epoxy group in EGDE. The influence of EGDE on the adhesive properties (density, viscosity, solid content, bonding strength, and curing temperature) was investigated. The thermal property and changes in molecular structure during curing were characterized via differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. These results indicated that a ring-opening reaction between the epoxy group of EGDE and the active group had an important influence on the properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall objective was to use waste plywood and medium density fiberboard (MDF) to manufacture a new type of board. The dimensional stability of board was improved by mechanical inhibition between laths along the thickness direction. Its modulus of rupture (MOR) and dimensional stability were tested to determine whether it satisfied the Chinese national standard. The innovational points lie in the treatment to improve dimensional stability and raw materials. The MOR of board manufactured with MDF was superior to that manufactured with plywood, although the MOR of MDF was lower than the MOR of plywood. The IT and DT of new manufactured boards decreased more than 33.48% compared to the raw materials. Besides, the warpage and thickness variation tended to be stabilized with cyclical tests continuing. This result indicated that the treatment of mechanical inhibition between laths along thickness direction could improve the dimensional stability of boards. In addition, MDF was a suitable raw material for the new board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]