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BackgroundTreatments for patients with early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) include liver transplantation (LT), liver resection (LR), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and microwave ablation (MWA), are critical for their long-term survival. However, a computational model predicting treatment-independent prognosis of patients with HCC, such as overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS), is yet to be developed, to our best knowledge. The goal of this study is to identify prognostic factors associated with OS and RFS in patients with HCC and develop nomograms to predict them, respectively.MethodsWe retrospectively retrieved 730 patients with HCC from three hospitals in China and followed them up for 3 and 5 years after invasive treatment. All enrolled patients were randomly divided into the training cohort and the validation cohort with a 7:3 ratio, respectively. Independent prognostic factors associated with OS and RFS were determined by the multivariate Cox regression analysis. Two nomogram prognostic models were built and evaluated by concordance index (C-index), calibration curves, area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, time-dependent area under the ROC curve (AUC), the Kaplan–Meier survival curve, and decision curve analyses (DCAs), respectively.ResultsPrognostic factors for OS and RFS were identified, and nomograms were successfully built. Calibration discrimination was good for both the OS and RFS nomogram prediction models (C-index: 0.750 and 0.746, respectively). For both nomograms, the AUC demonstrated outstanding predictive performance; the DCA shows that the model has good decision ability; and the calibration curve demonstrated strong predictive power. The nomograms successfully discriminated high-risk and low-risk patients with HCC associated with OS and RFS.ConclusionsWe developed nomogram survival prediction models to predict the prognosis of HCC after invasive treatment with acceptable accuracies in both training and independent testing cohorts. The models may have clinical values in guiding the selection of clinical treatment strategies.

In recent decades, land use/cover change (LUCC) due to urbanization, deforestation, and desertification has dramatically increased, which changes the global landscape and increases the pressure on the environment. LUCC not only accelerates global warming but also causes widespread and irreversible loss of biodiversity. Therefore, LUCC reconstruction has important scientific and practical value for studying environmental and ecological changes. The commonly used LUCC reconstruction models can no longer meet the growing demand for uniform and high-resolution LUCC reconstructions. In view of this circumstance, a deep learning-integrated LUCC reconstruction model (DLURM) was developed in this study. Zhenlai County of Jilin Province (1986–2013) was taken as an example to verify the proposed DLURM. The average accuracy of the DLURM reached 92.87% (compared with the results of manual interpretation). Compared with the results of traditional models, the DLURM had significantly better accuracy and robustness. In addition, the simulation results generated by the DLURM could match the actual land use (LU) map better than those generated by other models.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The images of cell migration. All CFS treatments inhibited cell migration compared with negative controls at the concentration of 80 μL/mL (untreated group is the negative control and the 5-FU treatment group is the positive control).

In recent decades, the semi-arid ecosystem of China's Western Jilin province has changed dramatically due to intensive human activities. This article simulated the population density in Western Jilin using a Kernel Density Estimation method and explored the influence of population density on both the value and structure of ecosystem services in various regions. The results showed that lower population density correlated with higher values of ecosystem services per unit area. Apart from food production value, the value of each type of ecosystem service per unit area decreased as population density increased, with the greatest change observed in the value of waste disposal and the lowest in the value of raw materials. Analysis of demographic change on the structure of ecosystem services value produced a Gourd Phenomenon. Sensitivity analysis showed that the sensitivity coefficient of farmland ecosystems was highest, followed by wetland ecosystems and water ecosystems. Therefore, we should restore farmland to grassland and wetland (with its associated rivers and lakes) when reconstructing the eco-environment in Western Jilin.

Unreasonable land use pattern is the one main driving factor of nonpoint source pollution (NPSP). Based on effect of land use change (reclaiming wetland into cultivated land) on NPSP, this paper analyzed the contents of main forms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as key climate parameters in Naoli River Basin in Sanjiang Plain through field monitoring, sampling and indoor test. N and P are major non-point source pollutants. The spatial–temporal variation law of non-point pollution factors under different land use patterns and durations was analyzed. The cumulative effect of long-term land use and cover changes on non-point source pollution was simulated quantitatively by ArcSWAT model. The indoor test reported that (1) paddy field has the higher soil N and P contents, followed by dry land, wetland and forest land, successively; (2) in the whole river basin, mid-downstream shows the highest N and P nutrients in water, followed by midstream, downstream, mid-upstream and upstream, successively. N and P distributions in soil are similar to those in water. According to the quantitative simulation of NPSP in the Naoli River Basin, NPSP mainly concentrates on the two sides of the main stream. Compared to forest land, paddy field and dry land contribute more to NPSP. Cultivated land occupies 58 % of the whole basin area, which contributes at least 89.6 and 91.7 % of TP and TN. All of these areas were reclaimed from wetland, indicating that area and spatial position changes of wetland are the main causes of intensifying NPSP in the Naoli River Basin. The cumulative effect analysis revealed that since TN and TP in per unit of cultivated land area increase continuously, land use changes exert cumulative effect on NPSP. In other words, reclamation of wetland will accelerate increase of TP and TN loads.

Staphylococcal infection has become a common cause of postinfectious glomerulonephritis in the past 3 decades. Because few investigations focus on this disease, the demographics and clinicopathological features of glomerulonephritis related to staphylococcal infection are not well characterized. We conducted a pooled analysis of published literature in electronic databases and analyzed the clinical features, laboratory findings, and histopathological changes. The patients were divided into 4 groups based on their prognosis: remission, persistent renal dysfunction, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or death. A logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants of disease outcome. A total of 83 (64 men) patients with glomerulonephritis related to staphylococcal infection from 31 reports were analyzed. The mean age was 58 years (58 ± 17). Majority of the reports originated from Taiwan, Japan, and the United States. Clinical characteristics of the cases were hematuria (82/83), proteinuria (78/83), and acute kidney injury (75/83). Visceral abscesses (26/83) and skin infections (24/83) were the common sites of infection. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen. The dominant or codominant deposition of IgA or C3 along the glomeruli was an important feature identified by immunofluorescence. There were 19 patients (22.9%) that progressed to dialysis-dependent ESRD. Twelve patients (14.5%) died. A univariate regression analysis indicated that diabetes mellitus (DM) (odds ratio [OR] 2.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–8.48; P = 0.04) and age (OR 4.80; 95% CI 1.84–12.53; P = 0.001) were risk factors for ESRD or death. A multivariate regression analysis also revealed that age (OR 4.90; 95% CI 1.82–13.18; P = 0.002) and DM (OR 3.07; 95% CI 0.98–9.59; P = 0.05) were independent risk factors for unfavorable prognosis. Glomerulonephritis related to staphylococcal infection has different features than typical postinfectious glomerulonephritis. The diagnosis of glomerulonephritis related to staphylococcal infection relies on immunofluorescence and electron microscopy findings. Age and DM are independent risk factors of poor prognosis for glomerulonephritis related to staphylococcal infection.

Objective: To explore treatments of severe post-kidney-transplant lung infection by integrative Chinese and Western medicine (ICWM), in order to elevate the curing rate as well as to lower the death rate.Methods: Based on conventional ways of Western medical treatments of 18 cases of severe post-kidney-transplant lung infection, such as putting the patients in single individual ward, antibiotics to prevent infection, respiratory machines, blood filtration, nutritional support, steroids, and maintaining electrolytes balance, we applied integrated Chinese medicinal treatments, like altering conventional prescription “pneumonia III”, and conducted clinical observation of effectiveness, and indexes including white blood cell (WBC), neutrophilic granulocyte, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood creatinine (Cr), etc.Results: Of the 18 cases studied, 7 were already cured, 8 proved the treatment effective, 3 died. All clinical indexes had statistically significant changes compared with those of before treatment (P

It is formidable task to provide a comprehensive investigation of wave breaking and its turbulence process. In this review paper, the observations of turbulence by wave breaking and its parameterizations since 1990 are presented. Among them, the following are the most important. (1)Wave breaking induced turbulent mixing process cannot be described by the wall-layer theory, that is, the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy is not proportional to the inverse of water depth. In fact, a significant turbulent mixing enhancement in near-surface layer for a depth of several meters is achived by wave breaking. The dissipation rate of turbulence kinet energy is one to three orders larger than the value predicted by the wall-layer scaling. (2)In the crest region above the mean waterline, the dissipation rate increases as disz-2.3, while in the region below the trough, the dissipation rate decreases as disexp(-z) or disz-2. (3)The turbulent mixing length is a critical physical quantity to study the wave breaking. Up to now, however, there has been a large difference between the values given by the previous studies. Extensive work on the mixing depth and turbulent mixing length by wave breaking is also needed in the future.

The response of the South China Sea （SCS） to Typhoon Imbudo was examined using POM model. The results indicated that SST decreased by 2—6℃with a rightward-biased response as Typhoon Imbudo passed across the SCS. Due to a strong mixing process, the mixed layer （ML） depth deepened as much as 10—60m and ML heat budget lost 824.78W/m2, which was dominated by the vertical mixing. By the response of upper ML heat transport, the temperature below the ML increased and oscillated near the inertial period. Furthermore, strong inertial currents were generated by the storm with the max currents up to 1.4m/s in the upper ML.

Based on the experiments, the energy loss from wave breaking εed, the bubble plume penetration depth zb, the rate of air entrainment Q(z), and the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate εT(z) are estimated in this study. As a consequence, a simple bubble size spectrum model N(a,z) is proposed and the rate of energy dissipation due to air bubble entrainment and bubble fragment Hinze scale and bubble size spectrum are investigated under different sea states. It is indicated that the rate of energy dissipation due to air bubble entrainment ranges from 01 to 06 in low and moderate sea states, but may be negligible in the high sea state. Bubble fragment Hinze scale downshifts to the lower-frequency band as wind speed increases. Bubble size spectrum not only depends on the rate of air entrainment, the breaking rate, and the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, but also strongly on the wind and sea state.