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Ischnura praematura sp. nov. Sanmart��n-Villar & Zhang Figures 2���4 Holotype. ♂ (currently at ECOEVO Lab, to be deposited at Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, ACR- 3521), China, Yunnan, Lijiang, 26��31��03.54���N, 100��13���38.89���E, 2396 m, 04.vii.2015, I. Sanmart��n-Villar & H. Zhang leg.; Figure 2a). Paratypes. 4 ♂♂ (ECOEVO Lab, ACR-3517, ACR-3520, ACR-3522, ACR-3523) and 4 ♀♀ (ECOEVO Lab, ACR-3515, ACR-3516, ACR-3518, ACR-3519). Same collection data as the holotype. 1♂ and 1♀ (Xiaohexiang village, Kunming city, Yunnan province, 04. Vi. 2021, Haomiao Zhang leg; 15.vi.2014, Sanjiacun, Dali city, Yunnan province, Haomiao Zhang leg). Allotype. ♀ (ECOEVO Lab, ACR-3514; Figure 2b). Same collection data as the holotype. Etymology. Specific name praematura (i.e. premature: occurring before a state of readiness or maturity has arrived) in reference to its reproductive behaviour, in which mature males mate with newly emerged females before they reach sexual maturity (see below). Description of holotype Head (Figure 3a���b). Mainly yellow-green except for some black colouration present on the upper border of the labrum (arrow-like mark), the postclypeus and the upper part of the epicranium. Antennae completely black, except for the yellow-green basal segment. Postocular spots, which are small and rounded, and occipital bar (a central line with one spot at each side) also yellow-green. Thorax (Figure 2a). Dorsal part of the pronotum���s middle lobe black with one yellow-green spot at each side. Propleuron yellow-green. The posterior lobe of the pronotum shows an elevated central notch, like a saddle cantle. The mesostigmal plate possesses four dorso-lateral triangular protuberances pointing to the sides (Figures 6a, 8a). The dorsal pair of these protuberances are dorsally projected and possess a hook-shaped apical expansion that points laterally, outwards from the body. The lateral protuberances are triangular in shape, and point also laterally outwards from the body. Thorax is mainly yellow-green, except for the blackish middorsal carina, a broader line covering the humeral suture expanded towards the mesepisternum (first segment) and mesepimeron (second segment), a spot at the posterior region of the interpleural suture, and a narrow lateral suture enlarged at the posterior region in the junction between the metepisternum and metepimeron. Legs (Figure 2a). All parts yellow-green except dorsally black in femur, tibia and the tip of the third tarsal segment. Black colour narrows in the distal part of femur and is not present in the distal part of the tibia. Wings (Figures 2a, 3c). Hyaline. Nine postnodal veins. Pterostigma bicolour, blurring between blackish (anterior) towards light brown (posterior). Colours more differentiated in hindwings than forewings. Abdomen (Figure 2a). S1 and S2 black dorsally, greenish and yellow-reddish in the lateral and ventral region respectively. S3 to S5 completely yellow-reddish except for black intersegment areas. S6 mostly yellow-reddish, and black in the 1/5 posterior part. S7 dorsally black and ventrally green-yellow (Figure 2a). S8 with blue colour describing a lower case omega (��, considering lateral plus dorsal view; Figures 4a, i). S9 blue. S10 blue, with a basal black delta-shaped mark and two triangular anterior black marks. Protuberance in S10 not elevated and dorsally blue. Genital ligula (Figure 5). Close to the junction with the second segment, the first ligula segment presents a triangular spot of short spines at the basis and a group of long spines at the middle. Second segment with a pair of curved long spines and a pair of C-shape long and wide flagella. The ventral region of the flagella is covered by short spines aligned in rows. Anal appendages (Figures 4a, b, i). In lateral view (Figure 4a), the dorsal part of the cerci is darker and elongated forming an upwards directed spine. Paraprocts are small and do not extend beyond the cerci. In posterior view (Figure 4b), the spines of the cerci are divergent, whereas the tip of the paraprocts are convergent. Body length = 24.9 mm; abdominal length = 19.0 mm; hindwing length = 13.8 mm. Description of allotype. Similar colour patterns and shape as males in head, legs and wings, but turquoise green instead yellow-green (Figure 2b). The posterior lobe of the pronotum shows a discontinuous notch, only present in the lateral regions (Figures 6b, 7b). Mesostigmal plates do not show developed dorsal protuberances as in males (Figure 8b). Abdomen (Figures 2b, 4j). Dorsally black and ventrally green. Without vulvar spine. Genital valves overpass the base of the cerci but the stylus does not reach the tip of the cerci. Cerci longer than S10 and are narrow at the tip. Body length = 25.4 mm; abdominal length = 19.2 mm; hindwing length = 14.9 mm. Variations in paratypes. There is slight variation in the number of wing veins (up to two additional veins in all wing rows). The blue colouration of male S10 is laterally interrupted by black spots in some specimens, so that they show a blue dorsal dot and a pair of blue lateral regions. No polychromatism was observed and all females showed a greenish colouration pattern different than males (gynochrome). Older individuals develop a grey wax over the cuticle (pruinescence; Figure 10B). Differential diagnosis. Similar at naked eye in size and colouration to I. aurora and I. rubilio, I. praematura can be distinguished from these two species by the first thoracic segments in males and females and by the anal appendages and the abdominal colouration in males. The elevated central notch that appears in the posterior lobe of the pronotum of I. praematura (Figure 6a, 8a), is not found in I. aurora (Figure 6c, 8c) and I. rubilio (Figures 6e, 8e). The middle part of the posterior lobe is not expanded in I. praematura (males: Figures 6a, 7a; females: Figures 6b, 7b) as it occurs in the other two species (I. aurora males: Figures 6c, 7c; females: Figures 6d, 7d; I. rubilio males: Figures 6e, 7e; females: Figures 6f, 7f). The dorsal protuberances on the mesostigmal plates are triangular with apical expansion in I. praematura (Figures 6a, 8a), while in I. aurora (Figures 6c, 8c) and I. rubilio (Figures 6e, 7e) these are rounded and their basis are narrower. Female mesostigmal plates are wider in I. praematura (Figure 8b) than in the other cited species (Figures 8d, f). All observed male specimens of I. praematura possess no elevated dorsal tubercule in the abdominal S10 (Figures 4a, b), while this structure is highly prominent in I. aurora (Figures 4c, d) and I. rubilio (Figures 4e, f). The superior part of the I. praematura cerci is expanded in a long spine differentiated from the basis (Figures 4a, b), in opposition to the continuous shape in I. aurora (Figures 4c, d) and I. rubilio (Figures 4 e, f). Paraprocts are separated from cerci in I. aurora (Figure 4c) and I. rubilio (Figure 4e), while in I. praematura the paraprocts are wider and they appear, in a lateral view, masked by the cerci (Figure 4a). Ischnura praematura is the only of these three species that shows blue colouration on the dorsal part of the abdominal S10 (Figure 4i). At naked eye, I. asiatica differs from I. praematura in its abdominal colouration (black and green-yellow with only S9 dorsally blue) and larger body size (body length = 27.5 mm; hindwing = 14.2 mm). However, males of I. praematura and I. asiatica are similar in the first thoracic segments and in the anal appendages, and clearly different from I. aurora or I. rubilio. Ischnura asiatica also possess an elevated central notch in the posterior lobe of the pronotum (Figure 6g), although it is not interrupted in the middle (Figure 7g; also in females; Figure 7h) as in I. praematura (male: Figure 7a; female: Figure 7b). The middle part of the posterior lobe is not expanded as in I. praematura (Figure 6g, 7g), but I. asiatica shows two triangular lateral expansions (Figure 7g; also present in females; Figure 7h) not found in I. praematura. The dorsal protuberances on the mesostigmal plates are triangular with apical expansion in I. praematura and I. asiatica, but they are wider in the former. Female mesostigmal plates are narrower in I. asiatica (Figure 8h). The dorsal tubercle is more elevated in I. asiatica than in I. praematura, and is dorsally blue in both species. The superior part of the I. asiatica cerci is expanded but not developing a long spine as in I. praematura. Paraprocts are narrow and laterally separated from cerci in I. asiatica in contrast with I. praematura. Blue colouration is restricted to the dorsal tubercle in I. asiatica S10. Phylogenetic relationships with other Ischnura species. Obtained sequences were all identified by BLAST as similar to other odonate species in the NCBI databases. Results of phylogenetic analyses were congruent for both mitochondrial and nuclear datasets, and also for BI and ML analyses. All the Ischnura specimens collected at Lijiang formed a monophyletic and well supported clade (Figure 9), with I. asiatica, I. ezoin (Asahina, 1952) and I. pumilio as the most closely related species. Interestingly, two individuals identified as Ischnura sp., whose sequences were downloaded from GenBank (see Table 1 and Figure 9), clustered together with the specimens from Lijiang sequenced by us, indicating that they are indeed the same species. The author of these sequences, Dr. Ryo Futahashi has confirmed us that these specimens were collected in Xishan District, Kunming, also in the province of Yunnan, ca. 500 km far from Lijiang (R. Futahashi, personal communication, 2 June 2021). Genetic distances were congruent with the obtained phylogenetic results and generally high between the species included in the analysis (Table 2). For the mtDNA, genetic distances between I. praematura and the rest of the Ischnura species ranged between 11.23% for the I. praematura / I. asiatica pair and 16.67% for I. praematura / I. ramburii (Selys, 1850). For the nDNA genetic distances were lower than for mtDNA. Genetic distances for the ITS marker between I. praematura and other Ischnura species included in the study ranged from 2.58% for the I. praematura / I. ezoin pair to 8.58% for I. praematura / I. senegalensis (see Table 2). Despite their apparent morphological similarities, I. aurora and I. praematura fall within two distinct genetic clades. Even if we were not able to include I. rubilio in the genetic analyses carried out for the present study, given the high morphological similarity of this species with I. aurora, we would expect I. rubilio to be more genetically similar to I. aurora than to I. praematura. Ecological and behavioural observations. The Lijiang I. praematura population showed high density and a balanced sex ratio (167 mature males and 170 mature females captured in 10 minutes by one person). Only three immature males and four immature females were observed during mark and recapture. Mature males (Figure 10a) were observed in tandem with both mature and teneral females (see a tandem with teneral female in Figure 10c). While in tandem, males tried to pull females from the substrate with their legs. Mature females in tandem rejected the male mating attempts shaking all body parts and keeping their abdomen in a straight position without touching the male���s secondary genitalia (see Robertson & Tennessen 1984). Despite the high density of the population, we did not record any mating involving mature females, but we detected two matings involving mature males and teneral females (Figure 10d). To our knowledge, mating by teneral females has only been reported in I. aurora from Oceanian populations (Rowe 1978, 2010), while this behaviour is not present in Indian I. aurora (Srivastava & Babu 1984)., Published as part of Sanmart��n-Villar, Iago, Lorenzo-Carballa, M. Olalla, Zhang, Haomiao & Cordero-Rivera, Adolfo, 2022, Ischnura praematura sp. nov. (Odonata: Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae): a species from Yunnan (China) whose females mate in the teneral state, pp. 59-74 in Zootaxa 5087 (1) on pages 63-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5819681, {"references":["Robertson, H. M. & Tennessen, K. J. (1984) Precopulatory genital contact in some Zygoptera. Odonatologica, 13, 591 - 595.","Rowe, R. J. (1978) Ischnura aurora (Brauer), a dragonfly with unusual mating behaviour (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). Odonatologica, 7, 375 - 383.","Rowe, R. J. (2010) Ischnura aurora (Brauer 1865) (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae), an Australo-Pacific species. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 37, 189 - 192. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.2010.488789","Srivastava, B. K. & Babu, B. S. (1984) Some observations on oviposition of Ischnura aurora (Brauer) in Indian biotope (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae). Fraseria, 7, 24."]}

Ischnura praematura sp. nov. Sanmartín-Villar & Zhang Figures 2–4 Holotype. ♂ (currently at ECOEVO Lab, to be deposited at Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, ACR- 3521), China, Yunnan, Lijiang, 26º31´03.54”N, 100º13’38.89”E, 2396 m, 04.vii.2015, I. Sanmartín-Villar & H. Zhang leg.; Figure 2a). Paratypes. 4 ♂♂ (ECOEVO Lab, ACR-3517, ACR-3520, ACR-3522, ACR-3523) and 4 ♀♀ (ECOEVO Lab, ACR-3515, ACR-3516, ACR-3518, ACR-3519). Same collection data as the holotype. 1♂ and 1♀ (Xiaohexiang village, Kunming city, Yunnan province, 04. Vi. 2021, Haomiao Zhang leg; 15.vi.2014, Sanjiacun, Dali city, Yunnan province, Haomiao Zhang leg). Allotype. ♀ (ECOEVO Lab, ACR-3514; Figure 2b). Same collection data as the holotype. Etymology. Specific name praematura (i.e. premature: occurring before a state of readiness or maturity has arrived) in reference to its reproductive behaviour, in which mature males mate with newly emerged females before they reach sexual maturity (see below). Description of holotype Head (Figure 3a–b). Mainly yellow-green except for some black colouration present on the upper border of the labrum (arrow-like mark), the postclypeus and the upper part of the epicranium. Antennae completely black, except for the yellow-green basal segment. Postocular spots, which are small and rounded, and occipital bar (a central line with one spot at each side) also yellow-green. Thorax (Figure 2a). Dorsal part of the pronotum’s middle lobe black with one yellow-green spot at each side. Propleuron yellow-green. The posterior lobe of the pronotum shows an elevated central notch, like a saddle cantle. The mesostigmal plate possesses four dorso-lateral triangular protuberances pointing to the sides (Figures 6a, 8a). The dorsal pair of these protuberances are dorsally projected and possess a hook-shaped apical expansion that points laterally, outwards from the body. The lateral protuberances are triangular in shape, and point also laterally outwards from the body. Thorax is mainly yellow-green, except for the blackish middorsal carina, a broader line covering the humeral suture expanded towards the mesepisternum (first segment) and mesepimeron (second segment), a spot at the posterior region of the interpleural suture, and a narrow lateral suture enlarged at the posterior region in the junction between the metepisternum and metepimeron. Legs (Figure 2a). All parts yellow-green except dorsally black in femur, tibia and the tip of the third tarsal segment. Black colour narrows in the distal part of femur and is not present in the distal part of the tibia. Wings (Figures 2a, 3c). Hyaline. Nine postnodal veins. Pterostigma bicolour, blurring between blackish (anterior) towards light brown (posterior). Colours more differentiated in hindwings than forewings. Abdomen (Figure 2a). S1 and S2 black dorsally, greenish and yellow-reddish in the lateral and ventral region respectively. S3 to S5 completely yellow-reddish except for black intersegment areas. S6 mostly yellow-reddish, and black in the 1/5 posterior part. S7 dorsally black and ventrally green-yellow (Figure 2a). S8 with blue colour describing a lower case omega (ω, considering lateral plus dorsal view; Figures 4a, i). S9 blue. S10 blue, with a basal black delta-shaped mark and two triangular anterior black marks. Protuberance in S10 not elevated and dorsally blue. Genital ligula (Figure 5). Close to the junction with the second segment, the first ligula segment presents a triangular spot of short spines at the basis and a group of long spines at the middle. Second segment with a pair of curved long spines and a pair of C-shape long and wide flagella. The ventral region of the flagella is covered by short spines aligned in rows. Anal appendages (Figures 4a, b, i). In lateral view (Figure 4a), the dorsal part of the cerci is darker and elongated forming an upwards directed spine. Paraprocts are small and do not extend beyond the cerci. In posterior view (Figure 4b), the spines of the cerci are divergent, whereas the tip of the paraprocts are convergent. Body length = 24.9 mm; abdominal length = 19.0 mm; hindwing length = 13.8 mm. Description of allotype. Similar colour patterns and shape as males in head, legs and wings, but turquoise green instead yellow-green (Figure 2b). The posterior lobe of the pronotum shows a discontinuous notch, only present in the lateral regions (Figures 6b, 7b). Mesostigmal plates do not show developed dorsal protuberances as in males (Figure 8b). Abdomen (Figures 2b, 4j). Dorsally black and ventrally green. Without vulvar spine. Genital valves overpass the base of the cerci but the stylus does not reach the tip of the cerci. Cerci longer than S10 and are narrow at the tip. Body length = 25.4 mm; abdominal length = 19.2 mm; hindwing length = 14.9 mm. Variations in paratypes. There is slight variation in the number of wing veins (up to two additional veins in all wing rows). The blue colouration of male S10 is laterally interrupted by black spots in some specimens, so that they show a blue dorsal dot and a pair of blue lateral regions. No polychromatism was observed and all females showed a greenish colouration pattern different than males (gynochrome). Older individuals develop a grey wax over the cuticle (pruinescence; Figure 10B). Differential diagnosis. Similar at naked eye in size and colouration to I. aurora and I. rubilio, I. praematura can be distinguished from these two species by the first thoracic segments in males and females and by the anal appendages and the abdominal colouration in males. The elevated central notch that appears in the posterior lobe of the pronotum of I. praematura (Figure 6a, 8a), is not found in I. aurora (Figure 6c, 8c) and I. rubilio (Figures 6e, 8e). The middle part of the posterior lobe is not expanded in I. praematura (males: Figures 6a, 7a; females: Figures 6b, 7b) as it occurs in the other two species (I. aurora males: Figures 6c, 7c; females: Figures 6d, 7d; I. rubilio males: Figures 6e, 7e; females: Figures 6f, 7f). The dorsal protuberances on the mesostigmal plates are triangular with apical expansion in I. praematura (Figures 6a, 8a), while in I. aurora (Figures 6c, 8c) and I. rubilio (Figures 6e, 7e) these are rounded and their basis are narrower. Female mesostigmal plates are wider in I. praematura (Figure 8b) than in the other cited species (Figures 8d, f). All observed male specimens of I. praematura possess no elevated dorsal tubercule in the abdominal S10 (Figures 4a, b), while this structure is highly prominent in I. aurora (Figures 4c, d) and I. rubilio (Figures 4e, f). The superior part of the I. praematura cerci is expanded in a long spine differentiated from the basis (Figures 4a, b), in opposition to the continuous shape in I. aurora (Figures 4c, d) and I. rubilio (Figures 4 e, f). Paraprocts are separated from cerci in I. aurora (Figure 4c) and I. rubilio (Figure 4e), while in I. praematura the paraprocts are wider and they appear, in a lateral view, masked by the cerci (Figure 4a). Ischnura praematura is the only of these three species that shows blue colouration on the dorsal part of the abdominal S10 (Figure 4i). At naked eye, I. asiatica differs from I. praematura in its abdominal colouration (black and green-yellow with only S9 dorsally blue) and larger body size (body length = 27.5 mm; hindwing = 14.2 mm). However, males of I. praematura and I. asiatica are similar in the first thoracic segments and in the anal appendages, and clearly different from I. aurora or I. rubilio. Ischnura asiatica also possess an elevated central notch in the posterior lobe of the pronotum (Figure 6g), although it is not interrupted in the middle (Figure 7g; also in females; Figure 7h) as in I. praematura (male: Figure 7a; female: Figure 7b). The middle part of the posterior lobe is not expanded as in I. praematura (Figure 6g, 7g), but I. asiatica shows two triangular lateral expansions (Figure 7g; also present in females; Figure 7h) not found in I. praematura. The dorsal protuberances on the mesostigmal plates are triangular with apical expansion in I. praematura and I. asiatica, but they are wider in the former. Female mesostigmal plates are narrower in I. asiatica (Figure 8h). The dorsal tubercle is more elevated in I. asiatica than in I. praematura, and is dorsally blue in both species. The superior part of the I. asiatica cerci is expanded but not developing a long spine as in I. praematura. Paraprocts are narrow and laterally separated from cerci in I. asiatica in contrast with I. praematura. Blue colouration is restricted to the dorsal tubercle in I. asiatica S10. Phylogenetic relationships with other Ischnura species. Obtained sequences were all identified by BLAST as similar to other odonate species in the NCBI databases. Results of phylogenetic analyses were congruent for both mitochondrial and nuclear datasets, and also for BI and ML analyses. All the Ischnura specimens collected at Lijiang formed a monophyletic and well supported clade (Figure 9), with I. asiatica, I. ezoin (Asahina, 1952) and I. pumilio as the most closely related species. Interestingly, two individuals identified as Ischnura sp., whose sequences were downloaded from GenBank (see Table 1 and Figure 9), clustered together with the specimens from Lijiang sequenced by us, indicating that they are indeed the same species. The author of these sequences, Dr. Ryo Futahashi has confirmed us that these specimens were collected in Xishan District, Kunming, also in the province of Yunnan, ca. 500 km far from Lijiang (R. Futahashi, personal communication, 2 June 2021). Genetic distances were congruent with the obtained phylogenetic results and generally high between the species included in the analysis (Table 2). For the mtDNA, genetic distances between I. praematura and the rest of the Ischnura species ranged between 11.23% for the I. praematura / I. asiatica pair and 16.67% for I. praematura / I. ramburii (Selys, 1850). For the nDNA genetic distances were lower than for mtDNA. Genetic distances for the ITS marker between I. praematura and other Ischnura species included in the study ranged from 2.58% for the I. praematura / I. ezoin pair to 8.58% for I. praematura / I. senegalensis (see Table 2). Despite their apparent morphological similarities, I. aurora and I. praematura fall within two distinct genetic clades. Even if we were not able to include I. rubilio in the genetic analyses carried out for the present study, given the high morphological similarity of this species with I. aurora, we would expect I. rubilio to be more genetically similar to I. aurora than to I. praematura. Ecological and behavioural observations. The Lijiang I. praematura population showed high density and a balanced sex ratio (167 mature males and 170 mature females captured in 10 minutes by one person). Only three immature males and four immature females were observed during mark and recapture. Mature males (Figure 10a) were observed in tandem with both mature and teneral females (see a tandem with teneral female in Figure 10c). While in tandem, males tried to pull females from the substrate with their legs. Mature females in tandem rejected the male mating attempts shaking all body parts and keeping their abdomen in a straight position without touching the male’s secondary genitalia (see Robertson & Tennessen 1984). Despite the high density of the population, we did not record any mating involving mature females, but we detected two matings involving mature males and teneral females (Figure 10d). To our knowledge, mating by teneral females has only been reported in I. aurora from Oceanian populations (Rowe 1978, 2010), while this behaviour is not present in Indian I. aurora (Srivastava & Babu 1984).

Analyze the failure mode of electronic components, find the type of stress that causes the failure of the energy meter, trace the key components that cause the fault, and complete the failure mode and impact analysis of key electronic components through failure detection means and failure analysis experiments. In order to develop a reliable product, it is necessary to understand the potential failure mechanism of the product. Modeling to describe the relevant failure modes can promote the development of product design principles. The research results of failure mechanism are not only conducive to improving the reliability manufacturing level of domestic electric energy meter, but also can save the maintenance and transformation cost of electric energy meter, and have very important practical significance for the construction of smart grid.

Chlorogomphus shanicus Wilson, 2002 Figures 26 ���30, 53. Chlorogomphus (Sinorogomphus) shanicus Wilson, 2002: 66 ���69, Type locality: Henglongbei, Guangdong. Material examined. 3 final stage larvae, 28.IX. 2010, Dadongshan, Nanling National Nature Reserve (24 �� 56 �� 53 ��N, 112 �� 43 �� 27 ��E), 780 m, Lianzhou City, N. Guangdong Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg.; 3 final stage larvae, 25.III. 2009, Sanyatang (23 �� 41 'N, 113 �� 47 'E), 530 m, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg. 13 and its exuvia, same data, emerged on 15.IV. 2009. Medium-sized chlorogomphid larva with ground color ivory-white. Head Labrum and clypeus ivory-white. Labrum and postclypeus with central black stripes, anteclypeus with central longitudinal white stripe. Frontal shelf with longitudinal prominence (Fig. 30). Mandibles as in Figs. 26���27. Mandibular formula: Left mandible with 6 rounded molar crest, a complanate, b rounded, a > b; incisors pointed, 4> 3> 2> 1; right mandible without molar crest, a and b pointed, a > b; incisors pointed, 4> 1> 3> 2, additional tooth y present on right mandible. Labial mask as in Fig. 28. Prementum with row of 5 long outer setae and 4���5 smaller inner setae on each side; distal process as in Fig. 29, bifid lobes angled. Thorax Ivory-white with long hair-like setae, sides of synthorax black. Pronotum strongly developed, with 3 pairs of black spots; wing pads narrow and strongly divergent, black, reaching posterior margin of S 4; femora and tibiae each yellowish with black stripes submedially. Abdomen Rather slender, ivory-white with conspicuous black spots. S 1���5 with a pair of small black spots centrally and a pair of black rings laterally; S 6 with black central I-shaped spot, about 1 / 3 width of segment, and pair of black rings laterally; S 7 with pair of black I-shaped spots centrally and pair of black rings laterally; S 8���9 with pair of black inverse V-shaped spots dorsally; S 10 largely white with pair of black spots close to hind margin of S 9. Caudal appendages brown. Measurements (mm). Total length 39.0��� 39.5, head width 9.0��� 9.5, hindwing length 9.0��� 9.5, width 4.0, hind femur 6.5, prementum length 7.5 ���8.0, width 8.0. Distribution. China (Hunan and Guangdong). Remarks. The larva is very easy to separate from other species by its ivory-white ground color with stable black stripes as well as the slender body. The head is conspicuously broader than the thorax, and the abdomen is narrow. Larvae were abundant in montane forest streams and very active when disturbed, very different from the death-feigning larvae of Chlorogomphus papilio. The species is widespread in Guangdong and also known from the adjacent Hunan Province., Published as part of Zhang, Haomiao & Tong, Xiaoli, 2013, Descriptions of the final instar larvae of seven Chinese Chlorogomphidae species, with taxonomic notes on adults (Odonata: Anisoptera), pp. 223-244 in Zootaxa 3620 (2) on page 233, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/215672

Genus Chlorogomphus Selys, 1854, Published as part of Zhang, Haomiao & Tong, Xiaoli, 2013, Descriptions of the final instar larvae of seven Chinese Chlorogomphidae species, with taxonomic notes on adults (Odonata: Anisoptera), pp. 223-244 in Zootaxa 3620 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/215672

Chlorogomphus nasutus nasutus Needham, 1930 Figures 11 ���16, 51. Chlorogomphus nasutus Needham, 1930: 97, Type locality: Jiangxi; Klotsi, 1947: 3���4, figs. 3 ���4, 7��� 8; Chen, 1950: 142, 144 ��� 147, figs. 6, 18; Asahina, 1956: 224���225, figs. 42���45. Chlorogomphus n. nasutus: Wilson, 2005: 112. Sinorogomphus nasutus: Carle, 1995: 390; Chao, 1999: 2. Chlorogomphus (Sinorogomphus) n. nasutus: Zhang & Tong, 2010: 343 ���344. Material examined. final stage larvae: 1 ��, 16.IX. 2008, Nankunshan Nature Reserve (23 �� 38 'N, 113 �� 50 'E), Guangdong Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg.; 13, 08.X. 2009, Nanling National Nature Reserve (24 �� 55 �� 42 ��N, 113 ��01��02��E), Guangdong Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg.; 1 ��, 25.III. 2009, Sanyatang (23 �� 41 'N, 113 �� 47 'E), Conghua, Guangdong Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg.; 13 and its exuvia, same data, emerged on 02.V. 2010. Large chlorogomphid larva, ground color brownish yellow with conspicuous black maculation. Head Labrum and clypeus ivory-white. Labrum and clypeus without spots. Frontal shelf housetop-shaped when viewed frontally, upper surface with conspicuous longitudinal central prominence (Figs. 11���12). mandibles as in Figs. 13���14. Mandibular formula: Left mandible with 6 rounded molar crest, a complanate, b obtuse, a > b; incisors obtuse, 4> 3> 2> 1; right mandible without molar crest, a and b pointed, a > b; incisors rounded, 4> 1> 3> 2, additional tooth y present on right mandible. Labial mask as in Fig. 15. Prementum with row of 5 long outer setae and 2-3 smaller inner setae on each side; Distal process as in Fig. 16, bifid lobes angled. Thorax Brownish yellow with long hair-like setae, sides with very broad black stripes; pronotum with 2 pairs of black rounded spots close to anterior margin; wing pads black, reaching middle of S 5; femora and tibiae with long filiform setae and black stripes submedially. Abdomen Ground color brownish yellow with black spots, S 1���5 with pair of small black central spots and pair of black rings laterally; S 6 with black middorsal stripe, about 1 / 3 width of segment, and pair of yellow circles laterally; S 7���9 with pair of black I-shaped spots centrally and pair of black crescent-shaped spots laterally; lower side of S 10 black; epiproct dark brown basally and yellow distally, with large yellow basal spot, apex pointed and dark brown; paraprocts dark brown basally and yellow distally, apex pointed and dark brown. Measurements (mm). Total length 40.0��� 44.5, head width 10.0��� 10.5, hindwing length 10.8 ���11.0, width 4.0, hind femur 7.5, prementum length 8.0���9.0, width 8.5 ���9.0. Distribution. China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Zhejiang Fujian, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong). Remarks. The habitat of this larva is very narrow forest streams, usually with moderate gradient, and thus differs from the open streams of most other congeners. This is a large larva with a very broad head and spotted body. For behavior of the adult, see Zhang and Tong (2010)., Published as part of Zhang, Haomiao & Tong, Xiaoli, 2013, Descriptions of the final instar larvae of seven Chinese Chlorogomphidae species, with taxonomic notes on adults (Odonata: Anisoptera), pp. 223-244 in Zootaxa 3620 (2) on page 228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/215672

Chlorogomphus papilio Ris, 1927 Figures 17 ���25, 52. Chlorogomphus papilio Ris, 1927: 103 -105, fig. 1; Needham, 1930: 95���96, pl. 10, figs. 4, 4a, 4 b; Chen, 1950: 138, 144, 146 ��� 147, figs 1, 13; Yang & Davies, 1996: 284; Wilson, 2005: 112, 167. Aurorachlorus papilio: Carle, 1995: 391; Chao, 1999: 4. Chlorogomphus (Aurorachlorus) papilio: Wilson, 2002: 66 ���67, figs. 1���10; Zhang & Tong, 2010: 342���343. Material examined. final stage larva: 13, 07.X. 2009, Nanling National Nature Reserve (24 �� 55 �� 42 ��N, 113 ��01��02��E), Guangdong Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg.; 3 smaller larvae, 24.IX. 2010, Chebaling National Nature Reserve (24 �� 42 �� 11 ��N, 114 �� 11 �� 13 ��E), Guangdong Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg. 13 1 �� and their exuviae, same data, emerged on 22.V. 2010. Large chlorogomphid larva with ground color earth yellow. Head Light brown without spots. Upper surface without conspicuous longitudinal central prominence (Fig. 21). Labrum and clypeus rectangular; mandibles as in Figs. 17���18. Mandibular formula: Left mandible with 5 rounded molar crest, a complanate, b fused with base of crest and obtuse, a > b; incisors pointed, 4> 3> 2> 1> 2 ���, 2 ��� located in cleft between 1 and 2; right mandible without molar crest, a and b pointed, a > b; incisors 2, 3 and 4 pointed, 1 rounded, 4> 1> 3> 2, additional tooth y present on right mandible. Labial mask as in Fig. 19. Premental setae 4 + 1 + 1 + 2 / 2 + 1 + 1 + 4. Distal process as in Fig. 20, apex of each lobe strongly pointed outward. Thorax Light brown with long hair-like setae, almost as broad as width of head. Pronotum strongly developed; wing pads broad and strongly divergent, brown in color, reaching posterior margin of S 5. femora and tibiae yellowish with dark brown stripes submedially. Abdomen Very broad, pale yellow with abundant brown spots; S 1���4 with a pair of small black dorsal spots, S 5���8 with two pairs of irregular black dorsal spots, S 9���10 largely brown with central yellow spot. Lower side of S 2���10 brown. Caudal appendages brown. Measurements (mm). Total length 43.0, head width 10.0, hindwing length 12.0, width 5.0, hind femur 8.0, prementum length 8.5, width 8.0. Distribution. China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan, Guangxi and Guangdong) and North Vietnam. Remarks. The following characters can well separate this larva from others: 1) head conspicuously narrower than abdomen; 2) wing pads extremely large and broad; 3) prementum rather long and narrow, its distal bifid lobes strongly elongated, with sharply pointed apex. The larvae withdraw their legs and feign death when out of water, with abdomen curved upward, similar to the behavior of some aeshnid larvae. The population density of larvae is very low. Males of C. papilio can travel miles to find a mate (personal observation by the first author). They appear on both sunny and cloudy days, patrolling along open shallow or rocky streams. Females oviposit in the edge of these streams, even on rainy days. The wing base of both sexes possess large brown and white spots which are more developed in females (Figs. 22���25). These brown and white spots can be very variable, some individuals with broader white spots (Figs. 23���24), and in males the white spots change to yellow with age. The species is widespread in South and Southwest China, the flight period from May to September., Published as part of Zhang, Haomiao & Tong, Xiaoli, 2013, Descriptions of the final instar larvae of seven Chinese Chlorogomphidae species, with taxonomic notes on adults (Odonata: Anisoptera), pp. 223-244 in Zootaxa 3620 (2) on page 230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/215672

Chlorogomphus kitawakii Karube, 1995 Figures 1 ���10, 50, 60���61. Chlorogomphus Selys, 1854: 99. Type species: Chlorogomphus magnificus Selys, 1854 Chlorogomphus kitawakii Karube, 1995 Chlorogomphus kitawakii Karube, 1995 a: 47 ���49. Type locality: Mt. Tiantangling, Jinxiu, Guangxi, China. Material examined. 3 ultimate stadium larvae: 13, 2��, 04.XII. 2009, Sanyatang (23 �� 41 'N, 113 �� 47 'E), Conghua City, Guangdong Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg. 1 �� and its exuvia, same data, emerged on 24. III. 2010. Medium sized chlorogomphid larva. Ground color brownish yellow or brown with dark brown spots. Head Labrum and clypeus rectangular, entirely yellow; upper surface of frontal shelf with inconspicuous longitudinal prominence (Fig. 5); mandibles as in Figs. 1���2. Mandibular formula: Left mandible with 5 rounded molar crest, a and b pointed, a > b; incisors pointed, 4> 3> 2> 1; right mandible without molar crest, a and b pointed, a > b; incisors pointed, 4> 1> 3> 2, additional tooth y present on right mandible. Labial mask in dorsal view as in Fig. 3. Prementum with a row of 5 long outer setae and 3���4 smaller inner setae on each side; distal process in dorsal view as in Fig. 4, with bifid lobes angled. Thorax Brownish yellow with long hair-like setae, more abundant laterally. Pronotum and synthorax brownish yellow without conspicuous stripes; wing pads narrow, brown in color, reaching hind margin of S 4; femora and tibiae brownish yellow with brown stripes submedially. Abdomen S 1���9 with a pair of brown spots centrally, the spots developed on S 5���8; S 3���8 with a pair of brown crescents laterally; S 10 and caudal appendages entirely brownish yellow. Measurements (mm). Total length 40.0���41.0, width of head 9.5 ���10.0, hindwing length 9.5, width 4.0, hind femur 7.0, prementum length 7.0, width 8.0. Description of female adult (hitherto undescribed) Head with frons not triangularly protruded as in male (Fig. 6). Eyes dark green in life (Figs. 60���61). Labium whitish yellow, labrum entirely black, anteclypeus largely black with lower edge yellow. Postclypeus yellow. Upper edge of antefrons and top of frons with yellow bands. Vertex protruded, with dorsal part flat. Prothorax black with anterior margin yellow, median lobe with pair of small yellow spots. Synthorax black with following yellow stripes: dorsal stripe tapering to collar; much broader antehumeral stripe contiguous with stripe of mesinfraepisternum; broad stripe on metepisternum; lower margin of metepimeron and metapoststernum yellow (Fig. 7). Wings hyaline, median space with 2 cross veins in all wings; triangles 2 -celled in fore wings and 3 - celled in hind wings; pterostigmas black, covering 3 cells in fore wings and 3���4 cells in hind wings; anal loop 15 - celled. Nodal index: 11-23: 22 - 12 / 14-18: 17 - 14. Legs black, coxae and trochanters with yellow rounded spots. Abdomen very long, black with yellow markings as follows (Figs. 7���8): S 1 with one dorsal and two lateral spots; S 2 with two oblique lateral stripes on each side connected with posterior yellow ring; posterior margin of S 3���6 with pair of dorsolateral spots meeting dorsally close to posterior margin, those on S 6 largest; S 7���10 entirely black. Vulvar lamina shown in Figs. 9���10; lower half of sternite 8 protruded to form V-shaped valve. Sternite 10 prolonged to a semicircular genital plate. Measurements (mm). Abdomen + appendages 75.0, hindwing 48.5. Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangxi and Guangdong). Remarks. The larva is very variable in body maculation. The ground color changes from yellow to dark brown. The larva is similar to larvae of C. nasutus and C. usudai in the prementum, as all three possess 5 long mental setae and bifid lobes that are angled. The shape of the lobes is closer to that of the larva of C. nasutus (Fig. 16) and slightly different from the larva of C. usudai, which possesses bent lobes (Fig. 34); also, C. usudai is much smaller in body size and head width. The larva can be distinguished from the larva of C. nasutus by 1) Sides of synthorax without black stripes; wing pads brown (black in C. nasutus); 2) S 6 without wide black middorsal stripe (with broad middorsal stripe, about 1 / 3 width of S 6, in C. nasutus); 3) Left mandible with 5 rounded molar crest (6 in C. nasutus)., Published as part of Zhang, Haomiao & Tong, Xiaoli, 2013, Descriptions of the final instar larvae of seven Chinese Chlorogomphidae species, with taxonomic notes on adults (Odonata: Anisoptera), pp. 223-244 in Zootaxa 3620 (2) on pages 225-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/215672

Genus Chloropetalia Carle, 1995, Published as part of Zhang, Haomiao & Tong, Xiaoli, 2013, Descriptions of the final instar larvae of seven Chinese Chlorogomphidae species, with taxonomic notes on adults (Odonata: Anisoptera), pp. 223-244 in Zootaxa 3620 (2) on page 239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/215672

Chlorogomphus yokoii Karube, 1995 Figures 36 ���44, 55��� 58. Chlorogomphus yokoii Karube, 1995 b: 50 -51, figs. 12���19. Type Locality: Nan, N. Thailand. Material examined. 13 and its exuvia, 01.IX. 2009, Mengla (21 �� 29 �� 43 ��N, 101 �� 31 �� 59 ��E), Xishuangbanna, S. Yunnan Province, China, Haomiao Zhang leg., emerged on 01.V. 2010; 1 �� and its exuvia, same date, emerged on 03.V. 2010; 2 final instar larvae, same data. Medium-sized chlorogomphid larva with variable ground color and maculation. Head Brownish yellow, pale brown or reddish brown. Postclypeus with brown spots centrally. Frontal shelf as in Fig. 40, mandibles as in Figs. 36���37. Mandibular formula: Left mandible with 5 rounded molar crest, a complanate, b rounded, a > b; teeth of the incisors pointed, 4> 3> 2> 1> 2 ���, 2 ��� located in the cleft between 1 and 2; right mandible without molar crest, a and b pointed, a > b; teeth of the incisors pointed, 4> 1> 3> 2, additional tooth y present on the right mandible; labial mask as in Fig. 38. Prementum with row of 6 long outer setae and 3���5 smaller inner setae on each side; distal process as in Fig. 39; bifid lobes of the distal process angled, each lobe bent slightly outwards. Thorax Yellow, pale brown or reddish brown with long hair-like setae. Pronotum strongly developed with brown stripes, sides of synthorax slightly tinted with black; wing pads strongly divergent, color identical to synthorax, reaching hind margin of S 4; femora and tibiae with brown stripes submedially. Abdomen S 1���3 with pair of small brown spots centrally; S 4���6 with a pair of oval brown spots centrally and pair of crescent-shaped brown spots laterally; S 7���9 with pair of oval brown spots centrally and pair of crescentshaped brown spots laterally, less developed than those present on S 4���6; lower side of S 10 black. Measurements (mm). Total length 36.0��� 36.5, head width 8.0��� 8.5, hind wing length 9.0, width 3.5, hind femur 6.5, prementum length 7.0, width 8.0. Distribution. China (Yunnan) and north Thailand. Remarks. Described from Thailand and now known to occur in Yunnan, China. The male adult reared from a larva is illustrated in Figs. 41���44. This is the first arooni -group species from mainland China, easily distinguished by the male caudal appendages. The larvae were found in some open streams around altitude 350 m. Larvae are very variable in ground color, and at least four forms were collected: 1) largely yellow with brown head and black abdominal spots; 2) predominantly orange with brown spots; 3) entirely reddish brown without remarkable spots; 4) largely yellowish brown with dark brown head and black abdominal spots. The larvae were active when disturbed. The larva is similar to that of Chlorogomphus shanicus in possessing 6 long premental setae but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: 1) color of sides of synthorax is identical to the ground color of body or only slightly darkened, yellowish brown or reddish brown (sides of synthorax black in C. shanicus; 2) wing pads identical in color to body, yellowish brown or reddish brown (black wing pads in C. shanicus); 3) S 6 without dorsal black spots centrally (large dorsal black spots, about 1 / 3 width of S 6, in C. shanicus); 4) body size and head width smaller than C. shanicus; 5) left mandible with 5 molar crest (6 in C. shanicus)., Published as part of Zhang, Haomiao & Tong, Xiaoli, 2013, Descriptions of the final instar larvae of seven Chinese Chlorogomphidae species, with taxonomic notes on adults (Odonata: Anisoptera), pp. 223-244 in Zootaxa 3620 (2) on pages 236-239, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/215672

Chlorogomphus usudai Ishida, 1996 Figures 31 ���35, 54. Chlorogomphus usudai Ishida, 1996: 51 ���54, Type Locality: Tongza, Hainan. Aurorachlorus usudai: Chao, 1999: 4���5. Chlorogomphus icarus: Wilson & Reels, 2001: 172 ���173, figs. 67���75. Syn. nov. Chlorogomphus (Orogomphus) usudai: Wilson, 2002: 69 ���70. Material examined. final stage larvae: 13, 30.VIII. 2005, Yinggeling Nature Reserve (18 �� 58 �� 76 ��N, 109 �� 24 �� 27 ��E), Hainan Province, Liusheng Chen leg.; 13, 23.IV. 2009, Diaoluoshan Nature Reserve (18 �� 43 �� 37 ��N, 109 �� 52 �� 20 ��E), Hainan Province, Haomiao Zhang leg. Small chlorogomphid larva, ground color brownish yellow with brown maculation. Head Labrum and clypeus pale yellow. Labrum and postclypeus with brown central spots. Frontal shelf similar to that of C. nasutus (Fig. 35). Mandibles as in Figs. 31���32. Mandibular formula: Left mandible with 4 rounded molar crest, a complanate, b obtuse, a > b; incisors pointed, 4> 3> 2> 1> 2 ���; right mandible without molar crest, a and b pointed, a > b; teeth of the incisors pointed, 4> 1> 3> 2, additional tooth y present on the right mandible. Labial mask as in Fig. 33. Prementum with row of 5 long outer setae and 3���5 smaller inner setae on each side. Distal process as in Fig. 34; lobes angled and each lobe bent slightly outwards. Thorax Brownish yellow with long hair-like setae; pronotum with pair of black spots close to anterior margin; wing pads brownish yellow and broad, reaching middle of S 6. femora and tibiae with black stripes submedially. Abdomen Brownish yellow with brown spots. S 1���4 with two pairs of inconspicuous spots; S 5���6 largely black centrally, with pair of scaphoid spots laterally; S 7���9 with pair of oblique spots centrally and pair of scaphoid spots laterally, less developed than those on S 5���6; S 10 and anal appendages without spots. Measurements (mm). Total length 33.0��� 33.5, head width 8.0��� 8.2, hind wing length 8.5, width 4.0, hind femur 6.0, prementum length 7.0, width 7.5. Distribution. China (Hainan). Remarks. This is a relatively small larva with very broad wing pads. It is only known from Hainan island and is widespread in the montane area. Two Chlorogomphus species were recorded from Hainan island, C. gracilis and C. usudai, and larva of C. usudai was confirmed from the streams in Yinggeling Reserve, where C. gracilis is absent and the adults of C. usudai are common., Published as part of Zhang, Haomiao & Tong, Xiaoli, 2013, Descriptions of the final instar larvae of seven Chinese Chlorogomphidae species, with taxonomic notes on adults (Odonata: Anisoptera), pp. 223-244 in Zootaxa 3620 (2) on pages 233-236, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/215672

Matrona corephaea Hämäläinen, Yu & Zhang, spec. nov. (Figs. 2, 5–6, 8, 10, 12, 14–17) Material. Holotype 3: China, Zhejiang, West Tianmushan, alt. 700m, 8 viii 2007, Yu Xin leg. Deposited at the Institute of Entomology, Life Sciences College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China. Paratypes: 4 3, 4 Ƥ, Zhejiang, West Tianmushan, alt. 380m, 25 / 28 vi 2008, Zhang Haomiao leg.; 13, Zhejiang, Qingliangfeng, alt. 600m, 12 viii 2007, Yu Xin leg.; 2 3, 1 Ƥ, China, Zhejiang, Qingliangfeng, alt. 900m, 13 / 14 viii 2007, Yu Xin leg. Other material: 1 Ƥ, China, Hunan, Mt. Hupingshan, 0 7 viii 2009, Yuanxin leg.; 1 3, 1 Ƥ, China, Guizhou, Tongren, Mt. Fanjingshan, alt. 1100m, 17 vii 2008, Zhang Haomiao leg. Etymology. The specific epithet, corephaea, (a Latinized form of the Greek compound κορη = ‘maiden’ and Φαια ‘dusky’), = ‘dusky maiden’, in reference to the dark brownish wings of this damselfly species. A noun in apposition. Diagnosis. A brownish winged Matrona species without any milky coloured reticulation at the wing bases, hindwing darker brown than forewing; in hindwing veins look paler than the wing membrane. Wing tips darkened, more extensively so in hindwing. Reticulation of wings relatively open as in M. oreades. Description of male (Fig. 2, 5). Head: Eyes in the living specimens largely dark brown with lower section pale greenish. Labium mainly pale, median lobe darkened at base. Labrum mainly pale bluish, bordered with black; a dark median basal triangle; base of mandibles black with a pale spot. Anteclypeus black with a paler marking in the middle; postclypeus metallic bluish. Frons and vertex dark metallic green; antennae dark with an obscure, pale spot at base of pedicel (Fig. 8). Thorax: Prothorax metallic green. Synthorax dull metallic green with bluish tint middorsally. Pale portions restricted to the level anterior to stigma and around metepimeron (Fig. 5). Ventrally pale yellowish. Legs largely black; hind coxa yellow, fore and middle coxa with yellow lateral markings. Hind tibiae moderately bent (Fig. 2, 5). Wings coffee brown, hindwing clearly darker coloured (Fig. 10). Venation brown, in hindwing the veins and crossveins appear distinctly paler than the wing membrane, except at the wing base. Forewing with darker striation along the costal and subcostal fields; apical 1 / 4 of forewing obscurely paler, except for the extreme tip; base of forewing subhyaline. The apical 1 / 5 of the hindwing conspicuously darker brown; at the lower wing border the dark colour extends basad to half the wing length. Base of hindwing subhyaline to the level of the distal end of the quadrangle. Wings moderately broad, in hindwing the length/breadth ratio is 2.9–3.2. Reticulation sparse for the genus, best seen in the number of intercalary veins and density of crossveins in the area defined by CuP and the wing border (Fig. 14). Median space with 1–5 (usually 3) crossveins. Cubital space with 15–19 crossveins in forewing, 16–19 in hindwing. Quadrangle with 8–11 crossveins in forewing, 9–12 in hindwing. Antenodals (the first series) number 32–40 in forewing and 30–35 in hindwing. Abdomen shining metallic blue throughout on dorsum and sides, with greenish tint on S 6–7. Underside (including the lower edges of tergites) uniformly dark, except for the sternites of the two basal and apical segments, which pale or partly pale. Appendages black, except the basal part of the inferiors which is pale on the underside; shaped as in Fig. 15. Penis as in Figs. 16–17. Measurements (mm): abdomen + appendages 54.5–55; hind wing 38–40.5. Description of female (Fig. 6). Colour pattern of head and thorax similar to the male. Legs as in male. Wings (Fig. 12) coffee brown, hindwing clearly darker coloured. The tip of forewing darkened. The apical part of hindwing darker; at the upper wing margin the darker coloration extends basad to the level of the nodus; at the lower wing margin the darker coloration extends slightly more basad; in the middle of the wing it extends to halfway between the nodus and pseudopterostigma. Veins and crossveins pale brown. White pseudopterostigma in both wings, covering 5–7 cells. Wings proportionally narrower than in male; in hindwing length/breadth ratio 3.2. At wing base the reticulation is denser than in male. Median space with 2–5 reticulated crossveins. Cubital space with 18–21 crossveins in forewing, 18–21 in hindwing. Quadrangle with 12–14 crossveins in forewing, 14–15 in hindwing. Antenodals (the first series) number 40–47 in forewing and 32–36 in hindwing. Abdomen dark metallic green with brownish tint; a narrow pale band middorsally on S 8–10, on S 8 covering the apical 2 / 3; lower lateral side of S 8–10 brownish yellow, the same colour also at the apical end of S 7. Measurements (mm): abdomen + appendages 50.5–53.5; hind wing 40.5–43.5. Remarks on biology. In Tianmushan this species can be found on streams with rocky or sandy substrates, between 2–6 metres in width. We even found them near a waterfall. In fine days they always stay along the streams, where they can be quite conspicuous, occasionally displaying their brown wings with a slow wing clap after a short flight. On rainy days they can be found perching on low-lying vegetation in the shady forest beside the streams. Unfortunately no mating behaviour was observed, but it is anticipated that the males establish territories and fight. Records were made between late June and early August. In late June both fully mature and teneral individuals occurred simultaneously, so apparently the species is on the wing at least from mid June to late August. Other odonate species on the same streams included: Matrona basilaris Selys, Archineura incarnata (Karsch), Bayadera bidentata Needham, B. melanopteryx Ris, Philoganga robusta Navás, Periaeschna magdalena Martin, Chlorogomphus suzukii Oguma, and Macromia malleifera Lieftinck. Distribution. Confirmed records are available from Zhejiang, Hunan and Guizhou. It is possible that the records of ‘ M. kricheldorffi ‘ from Guizhou (Mt Zhujia, Duyun and Chishui) and Hunan (Xiaoxi), presented in the unpublished MSc thesis by Zhou (2007) refer to M. corephaea, but the record of ‘ M. kricheldorffi ’ from Guangyuan in Sichuan may be M. oreades. Moreover, based on the colour photographs of specimens in Wang (2007, colour pl. 67), M. corephaea seems to occur also in Henan. Wang identified the figured specimens incorrectly as Matrona basilaris nigipectus (sic!) Selys. It remains to be seen whether all specimens reported as ‘ Matrona basilaris nigipectus ’ by Wang & al. (1990) from the following localities in Henan: “Sanmenxia, Lushi, Qihe forestry station”, “Luanchuan, Mt. Laojun”, “Neixiang, Getiaopa”, “Nanyang, Tongbai”, “Shuiliandong” and “Xinyang, Shangcheng, Jingangtai” are in fact M. corephaea. He (2007, p. 162-163) includes four colour photos from unspecified localities in China identified as ' Matrona basilaris nigripectus Selys'. The middle photo on p. 162 appears to show either M. corephaea (more likely) or M. oreades female, the other two photos on p. 162 show M. basilaris male and female, but the photo on p. 163 shows male of Atrocalopteryx atrata (Selys).

Matrona corephaea H��m��l��inen, Yu & Zhang, spec. nov. (Figs. 2, 5���6, 8, 10, 12, 14���17) Material. Holotype 3: China, Zhejiang, West Tianmushan, alt. 700m, 8 viii 2007, Yu Xin leg. Deposited at the Institute of Entomology, Life Sciences College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China. Paratypes: 4 3, 4 ��, Zhejiang, West Tianmushan, alt. 380m, 25 / 28 vi 2008, Zhang Haomiao leg.; 13, Zhejiang, Qingliangfeng, alt. 600m, 12 viii 2007, Yu Xin leg.; 2 3, 1 ��, China, Zhejiang, Qingliangfeng, alt. 900m, 13 / 14 viii 2007, Yu Xin leg. Other material: 1 ��, China, Hunan, Mt. Hupingshan, 0 7 viii 2009, Yuanxin leg.; 1 3, 1 ��, China, Guizhou, Tongren, Mt. Fanjingshan, alt. 1100m, 17 vii 2008, Zhang Haomiao leg. Etymology. The specific epithet, corephaea, (a Latinized form of the Greek compound �������� = ���maiden��� and �������� ���dusky���), = ���dusky maiden���, in reference to the dark brownish wings of this damselfly species. A noun in apposition. Diagnosis. A brownish winged Matrona species without any milky coloured reticulation at the wing bases, hindwing darker brown than forewing; in hindwing veins look paler than the wing membrane. Wing tips darkened, more extensively so in hindwing. Reticulation of wings relatively open as in M. oreades. Description of male (Fig. 2, 5). Head: Eyes in the living specimens largely dark brown with lower section pale greenish. Labium mainly pale, median lobe darkened at base. Labrum mainly pale bluish, bordered with black; a dark median basal triangle; base of mandibles black with a pale spot. Anteclypeus black with a paler marking in the middle; postclypeus metallic bluish. Frons and vertex dark metallic green; antennae dark with an obscure, pale spot at base of pedicel (Fig. 8). Thorax: Prothorax metallic green. Synthorax dull metallic green with bluish tint middorsally. Pale portions restricted to the level anterior to stigma and around metepimeron (Fig. 5). Ventrally pale yellowish. Legs largely black; hind coxa yellow, fore and middle coxa with yellow lateral markings. Hind tibiae moderately bent (Fig. 2, 5). Wings coffee brown, hindwing clearly darker coloured (Fig. 10). Venation brown, in hindwing the veins and crossveins appear distinctly paler than the wing membrane, except at the wing base. Forewing with darker striation along the costal and subcostal fields; apical 1 / 4 of forewing obscurely paler, except for the extreme tip; base of forewing subhyaline. The apical 1 / 5 of the hindwing conspicuously darker brown; at the lower wing border the dark colour extends basad to half the wing length. Base of hindwing subhyaline to the level of the distal end of the quadrangle. Wings moderately broad, in hindwing the length/breadth ratio is 2.9���3.2. Reticulation sparse for the genus, best seen in the number of intercalary veins and density of crossveins in the area defined by CuP and the wing border (Fig. 14). Median space with 1���5 (usually 3) crossveins. Cubital space with 15���19 crossveins in forewing, 16���19 in hindwing. Quadrangle with 8���11 crossveins in forewing, 9���12 in hindwing. Antenodals (the first series) number 32���40 in forewing and 30���35 in hindwing. Abdomen shining metallic blue throughout on dorsum and sides, with greenish tint on S 6���7. Underside (including the lower edges of tergites) uniformly dark, except for the sternites of the two basal and apical segments, which pale or partly pale. Appendages black, except the basal part of the inferiors which is pale on the underside; shaped as in Fig. 15. Penis as in Figs. 16���17. Measurements (mm): abdomen + appendages 54.5���55; hind wing 38���40.5. Description of female (Fig. 6). Colour pattern of head and thorax similar to the male. Legs as in male. Wings (Fig. 12) coffee brown, hindwing clearly darker coloured. The tip of forewing darkened. The apical part of hindwing darker; at the upper wing margin the darker coloration extends basad to the level of the nodus; at the lower wing margin the darker coloration extends slightly more basad; in the middle of the wing it extends to halfway between the nodus and pseudopterostigma. Veins and crossveins pale brown. White pseudopterostigma in both wings, covering 5���7 cells. Wings proportionally narrower than in male; in hindwing length/breadth ratio 3.2. At wing base the reticulation is denser than in male. Median space with 2���5 reticulated crossveins. Cubital space with 18���21 crossveins in forewing, 18���21 in hindwing. Quadrangle with 12���14 crossveins in forewing, 14���15 in hindwing. Antenodals (the first series) number 40���47 in forewing and 32���36 in hindwing. Abdomen dark metallic green with brownish tint; a narrow pale band middorsally on S 8���10, on S 8 covering the apical 2 / 3; lower lateral side of S 8���10 brownish yellow, the same colour also at the apical end of S 7. Measurements (mm): abdomen + appendages 50.5���53.5; hind wing 40.5���43.5. Remarks on biology. In Tianmushan this species can be found on streams with rocky or sandy substrates, between 2���6 metres in width. We even found them near a waterfall. In fine days they always stay along the streams, where they can be quite conspicuous, occasionally displaying their brown wings with a slow wing clap after a short flight. On rainy days they can be found perching on low-lying vegetation in the shady forest beside the streams. Unfortunately no mating behaviour was observed, but it is anticipated that the males establish territories and fight. Records were made between late June and early August. In late June both fully mature and teneral individuals occurred simultaneously, so apparently the species is on the wing at least from mid June to late August. Other odonate species on the same streams included: Matrona basilaris Selys, Archineura incarnata (Karsch), Bayadera bidentata Needham, B. melanopteryx Ris, Philoganga robusta Nav��s, Periaeschna magdalena Martin, Chlorogomphus suzukii Oguma, and Macromia malleifera Lieftinck. Distribution. Confirmed records are available from Zhejiang, Hunan and Guizhou. It is possible that the records of ��� M. kricheldorffi ��� from Guizhou (Mt Zhujia, Duyun and Chishui) and Hunan (Xiaoxi), presented in the unpublished MSc thesis by Zhou (2007) refer to M. corephaea, but the record of ��� M. kricheldorffi ��� from Guangyuan in Sichuan may be M. oreades. Moreover, based on the colour photographs of specimens in Wang (2007, colour pl. 67), M. corephaea seems to occur also in Henan. Wang identified the figured specimens incorrectly as Matrona basilaris nigipectus (sic!) Selys. It remains to be seen whether all specimens reported as ��� Matrona basilaris nigipectus ��� by Wang & al. (1990) from the following localities in Henan: ���Sanmenxia, Lushi, Qihe forestry station���, ���Luanchuan, Mt. Laojun���, ���Neixiang, Getiaopa���, ���Nanyang, Tongbai���, ���Shuiliandong��� and ���Xinyang, Shangcheng, Jingangtai��� are in fact M. corephaea. He (2007, p. 162-163) includes four colour photos from unspecified localities in China identified as ' Matrona basilaris nigripectus Selys'. The middle photo on p. 162 appears to show either M. corephaea (more likely) or M. oreades female, the other two photos on p. 162 show M. basilaris male and female, but the photo on p. 163 shows male of Atrocalopteryx atrata (Selys)., Published as part of H��m��l��inen, Matti, Yu, Xin & Zhang, Haomiao, 2011, Descriptions of Matrona oreades spec. nov. and Matrona corephaea spec. nov. from China (Odonata: Calopterygidae), pp. 20-28 in Zootaxa 2830 on pages 25-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.204508, {"references":["Zhou, Z-H. (2007) Taxonomic and faunistic studies on the superfamily Calopterygoidea from China. Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China. Unpublished MSc thesis, 7 + 79 pp. (In Chinese, with English title and extracts).","Wang, Z-G. (2007) The fauna dragonflies of Henan Odonata. Henan Science and Technology Press, Zhengzhou, 189 pp., 43 pls. excl. (In Chinese, with English title).","Wang, Z-G., Wang, D-S. & Lee, S-S. (1990) A preliminary report of dragonflies of Henan province, China. Henan Science, 8, 78 - 94. (In Chinese, with Engl. summary).","He, S-X. (2007) Photo atlas of the usual China dragonflies. Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou City, 232 pp. (In Chinese, with Engl. title)."]}