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Pseudococcus meridionalis Prado sp. n. (Fig. 4) Diagnosis. P. meridionalis belongs to the Pseudococcus maritimus complex, characterized by the presence of discoidal pores near the eyes (Gimpel & Miller, 1996) and is very similar to P. maritimus and P. v ib u r n i. One of the most important diagnosis characteristics of P. maritimus, the presence of a marginal OR between cerarii 15 and 16, is absent from P. meridionalis. Other important characteristics of P. meridionalis include OC present in ventromarginal areas of thorax, translucent pores present on hind tibia and femur, and discoidal pores near eyes not located on sclerotized rim. External appearance. P. meridionalis shows four long caudal tails; the length of the wax tail of cerarius 2 reaches less than half the length of the wax tail of the anal cerarius. Body color is dark gray. A compact ovisac is produced containing orange color eggs. Mounted material. (data in brackets for paratypes) Adult female. Holotype elongated oval, length 2.09 mm (1.6���3.1), width 1.19 mm (0.80���1.75). Anal lobes well developed. Longest anal lobe seta 80 mm (78.2���119.5), approximately twice greatest width of anal ring (n = 23). Antennae each 480 ��� 468 ��m long, with eight segments. Average lengths of each segment as follows: I 65.0 mm (53.7���85.4); II 62.2 mm (51.2 ���78.0); III 61.0 mm (51.2 ��� 75.0); IV 45.0 mm (31.7���56.1); V 55.0 mm (46.3���63.4); VI 40.2 mm (36.6���51.2); VII 47.5 mm (41.5���51.2); VIII 105.0 mm (95.1���109.8). Legs well developed; hind trochanter + femur 345���350 mm (300���400); hind tibia + tarsus 405 ��� 390 mm (345���460); ratio of length of hind tibia + tarsus to hind trochanter + femur 1.17 ��� 1.11: 1 (1.01���1.22: 1). Ratio of length of hind tibia to tarsus 2.5 ��� 2.5: 1 (2.0��� 2.9: 1). Translucent pores: 40 ��� 39 (16���60) present on hind femur and 48 ��� 45 (26���52) on hind tibia; absent from hind coxa and trochanter. Hind tibia with 22 ��� 21 (21���38) setae. Longest seta on hind trochanter 97.6���107.3 (80���131) mm long. Labium 150 mm long (117���183). Circulus 1.6 times as wide as long, 162 mm wide (158���176). Longest anal-ring seta 125 mm long (117���173). Cerarii numbering 17 pairs. Each anal lobe cerarius lightly sclerotized, with three setae of different sizes, long, medium and short. Cerarii 1���11 each mainly with 2 conical setae per cerarius (rarely 3 in ce 2 and 6); ce 12 with 3 (rarely 2); ce 13 and 14 with 2; ce 15 with 3; ce 16 with 4 (3 or 4); and ce 17 with 3 (sometimes 4). All cerarii with auxiliary setae, more numerous in anal cerarius with 5 (4���7), ce 2 with 4 (3���7) and ce 17 with 4 (2���5). Dorsal surface with flagellate setae of mostly one size, only somewhat longer on segment VIII; with 5 dorsomedial setae on segment VIII (3���9), longest of 22 mm long (14.6���24.4). Multilocular pores absent. Trilocular pores scattered throughout. Each oral rim tubular duct (OR) usually with 0 to 3 associated discoidal pores and 0 or 1 seta, present on submargin close to ce 2 to 9 and 11, between ce 13 and 14, and close to ce 17 (ce 17 rarely with 2 OR on paratypes); absent near ce 10 on holotype but sometimes present on paratypes; absent near ce12, 15 and 16. In addition, abdomen with 6 OR located in the medial line (3���9) and 9 in the submedial lines (9���21); also present on thorax as submarginal (as mentioned above in association with cerarii), 2 in the medial line (1���6) and 9 in submedial line (3���13). Few dorsal OC, located in margin. Discoidal pores of one size scattered over dorsum approximately same size as on venter. Discoidal pores present near eyes 1 or 2 (0���4). Ventral surface with normal flagellate setae, longest on abdominal segment VII each 57 mm long (43���63); 3 cisvulvar setae on each side (2���3), 40 mm long (30���43). Longest interantennal seta 98 mm long (66���98). Multilocular pores present on abdominal segments IV���VIII but not extending laterally to margin; pores restricted to an anterior band on segment VII and around vulva but present as both an anterior and a posterior band on VI and V but more dispersed on the V anterior band; on IV they are dispersed; absent from head and thorax on holotype but occasionally present on paratypes. Trilocular pores scattered throughout the body. One size OC in the holotype, some paratypes show 2 sizes with the second type being somewhat longer and narrower, located in the medial and submedial part of abdomen; associated with multilocular pores on posterior band of abdominal segments IV���VII, also present submarginally on head and thorax; numerous between ce 1 and 7, much less frequent between ce 8 and 11; then with 5���7 (3���17) OC between ce 10 and 11; 4���9 (7���27) close to ce 12; 9���12 (7���13) near ce 13; 7���8 (6���28) between ce 14 and 15; none near ce 16; 7���8 (6���16) on each side of head. OR each with 1 (0���2) discoidal pore and 1 (0���1) setae associated with rim; with 1 submarginal between ce 8 and 9, also 1 submarginal duct at level of cerarii ce 10 and 12 (2���3), and 1 submedial between ce 9 and 10; thus a total of 4 OR between anterior spiracle and abdominal segment 2 on each side of abdomen on holotype but varying from 2 to 9 on paratypes. Posterior spiracle greatest length 68.3���70.7 mm long (60.9���80.5). Type material. HOLOTYPE: adult female on one slide, Chile, La Serena, 10.V. 2002, on pomegranate (Punica granatum), Col. M. Zambrano (depositary Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile, MNNC). PARA- TYPES: Four adult females on four slides, same data as holotype; 29 specimens on 24 slides, Chile, Calera de Tango, Santiago, 18.III. 2002 and 30.IV. 2002, on Pyrus pyrifolia; 12 specimens on 10 slides, Chile, Huelqu��n, Santiago, 17.IV. 2002, on Pyrus pyrifolia; one specimen on one slide, Chile, San Bernardo, SAG fruit inspection, on Pyrus communis; eight specimens on eight slides, Chile, Buin, March 2010, on Vitis vinifera. Paratypes deposited in MNNC, USNM; MNHN and ANSES. Non-type material. The specimens identified previously as Pseudococcus sp. 1 preserved at Servicio Agr��cola y Ganadero (SAG, Chile), and at Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA, Chile) were also identified as P. meridionalis. Hosts and distribution. This species has been collected in Chile from Antofagasta Region (23 �� 11`23 ``S, 68 ��00`13 ``W) to Los Angeles (37 �� 27`48 ``S, 72 �� 19`36 ``W) on blueberries, nectarine, peach, pear, Japanese pear, persimmon, plum, cherimoya, pomegranate and grapevine. Etymology. The species name ��� meridionalis ��� refers to the location of this species at the southern part of South America, Chile., Published as part of Correa, Margarita, Aguirre, Carlos, Germain, Jean-Fran��ois, Hinrichsen, Patricio, Zaviezo, Tania, Malausa, Thibaut & Prado, Ernesto, 2011, A new species of Pseudococcus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) belonging to the " Pseudococcus maritimus " complex from Chile: molecular and morphological description, pp. 46-54 in Zootaxa 2926 on pages 51-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.205308, {"references":["Gimpel, W. F. Jr. & Miller, D. R. (1996) Systematic analysis of the mealybugs in the Pseudococcus maritimus complex (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 2 (1), 1 - 162."]}

The citrophilus mealybug, Pseudococcus calceolariae, is a polyphagous pest that has a major impact on fruit crops in central Chile, and is of quarantine importance for many markets. To study many control alternatives, it is important to develop efficient rearing protocols. The objective of this work was to determine mealybug development on three different plant substrates: sprouted potatoes, lemon fruits and Butternut squash. Insects were inoculated on the substrates, maintained at 25 °C and in total darkness until completing their development. Every one to 4 days, advancement on the development was checked by counting the exuvia. Mean developmental time for each stage, adult longevity, fecundity and fertility were determined. Preimaginal developmental time was similar for females and males, but it differed among plant substrates. For females, preimaginal development was about nine days shorter on potatoes, as compared to butternut squash or lemons, and for males about 12 days longer in squash than on the other two substrates. The preoviposition period was significantly longer in squash and consequently, a longer generational time resulted. Female adult longevity was similar in all substrates, around 31 days, and for males it was 6 days in potatoes and lemons and 4 days on squash. Female fecundity was similar in potatoes and squash, and lower on lemons. Egg fertility was significantly higher on potatoes. Parthenogenetic reproduction was not observed. Therefore, the three substrates were adequate for rearing P. calceolariae, but the shortest developmental time and highest fecundity and fertility were obtained on sprouted potatoes. El chanchito blanco citrófilo, Pseudococcus calceolariae, es una plaga polífaga de gran impacto en frutales en Chile, y además tienen importancia cuarentenaria en mercados de destino. Para estudiar alternativas de control es importante contar con métodos de crianza eficientes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el desarrollo de Pseudococcus calceolariae en tres sustratos: papas etioladas, frutos de limón y zapallo Butternut. Los insectos fueron inoculados en los sustratos y mantenidos a 25°C en oscuridad hasta completar su desarrollo. El avance en el desarrollo poblacional fue medido contando los exuvios cada uno a cuatro días. Se determinó el tiempo de desarrollo promedio para cada estado, longevidad de adultos, fertilidad y fecundidad de hembras. El tiempo de desarrollo preimaginal fue similar para hembras y machos, pero difirió entre sustratos. En hembras el desarrollo preimaginal fue nueve días menos en papas en comparación con zapallos y limones. En machos fue 12 días más en zapallos que en los otros sustratos. El período de preoviposición y tiempo generacional fue más largo en zapallos. La longevidad de hembras adultas fue similar en los sustratos, cerca de 31 días, pero para machos fue de seis días en papas y limones y cuatro en zapallo. La fecundidad de las hembras fue mayor en papas y zapallos que en limones. No se observó reproducción por partenogénesis. Por lo tanto, los tres sustratos probados son adecuados para criar P. calceolariae, pero en papas etioladas se obtienen los tiempos generacionales más cortos y la mayor fecundidad y fertilidad de hembras.

In this work, we document the presence of Harmonia axyridis in Chile, an invasive coccinellid species that has had negative effects in other regions of the world, such as: impacts on non-target arthropods, invasions of houses and fruit damage. This species has been found in the last three years in the Metropolitan and Valparaíso regions, in crops, pine plantations and inside houses. We warn about the consequences of the introduction of this species to Chile and claim to take actions to avoid its spread in the country. En esta nota se documenta la presencia de Harmonia axyridis en Chile, un especie de coccinélido invasiva que ha provocado efectos negativos en otras regiones del mundo, como impactos en otros artrópodos, invasión a hogares y daño en fruta. La especie ha sido encontrada en los últimos tres años en la Región de Valparaíso y Metropolitana, tanto en cultivos, plantaciones como en interior de domicilios. Se advierte de las consecuencias de la introducción de esta especie a Chile y se hace un llamado a tomar medidas, para evitar que esta especie se siga propagando en Chile.

Permanent and permeable edges, where natural enemies can feed, overwinter or easily cross over, should enhance the early arrival of these predators to crops. We evaluated the abundance and species richness of coccinellids migrating to alfalfa fields adjacent to Eucalyptus, a mix of false acacia, blackberries and poplar (F-B-P), vineyards, corn and annual vegetables. From September 2007 to May 2008, we captured coccinellids in three sticky traps (2.64 m²) placed at the borders between alfalfa fields and adjacent vegetation. We also estimated the abundance of aphid populations in the alfalfa fields, by counting the number of individuals per alfalfa stem in spring, summer and autumn. We collected 90,396 coccinellids from 14 species. Neither total abundance nor species richness of coccinellids was significantly affected by adjacent vegetation, but Adalia deficiens, Psyllobora picta and Cycloneda sanguínea were more abundant in alfalfa adjacent to Eucalyptus and F-B-P, meanwhile Olla v-nigrum next to annual crops and Hyperaspis sphaeridioides next to vineyards. Edge height and orientation explained 94% of the variance in species abundance. Particularly, P. picta and O. v-nigrum were positively and negatively influenced by border height, respectively. Hyperaspis sphaeridioides was negatively affected by northern exposure and none of the species was affected by edge permeability. Aphids were less abundant in alfalfa fields adjacent to F-B-P, especially in spring. These results show that most species of coccinellids were not affected by the composition of crop edges, although tall permanent edges may enhance the arrival of particular coccinellid species to alfalfa fields. Bordes permanentes y permeables favorecerían la llegada de los enemigos naturales a los cultivos. Se evaluó la abundancia y riqueza de especies de coccinélidos migrando a campos de alfalfa adyacentes a Eucalyptus, una mezcla de Falsa acacia, zarzamoras y álamos (F-B-P), viñas, maíz y cultivos anuales bajos. También se estimó la abundancia de áridos en los campos de alfalfa. Entre septiembre 2007 y mayo 2008, los coccinélidos fueron capturados en tres trampas pegajosas (2,64 m²) ubicadas en el borde de cada alfalfal; la abundancia de áfidos dentro de los alfalfales se estimó en primavera, verano y otoño. Se colectaron 90.396 coccinélidos de 14 especies. Ni la abundancia total ni la riqueza de especies de coccinélidos fueron significativamente afectados por el tipo de vegetación adyacente, pero Adalia deficiens, Psylloborapicta y Cycloneda sanguínea fueron más capturadas en campos de alfalfa adyacentes a Eucalyptus y F-B-P, Olla v-nigrum cerca de cultivos anuales e Hyperaspis sphaeridioides cerca de viñas. La altura y orientación de los bordes explican el 94% de la varianza de la abundancia de especies. Psyllobora picta fue positivamente influenciada por la altura, O. v-nigrum negativamente e Hyperaspis sphaeridioides negativamente afectada por la exposición norte; ninguna de las especies fue afectada por la permeabilidad del borde. Los áfidos fueron menos abundantes en alfalfales cercanos a F-B-P. En general, la mayoría de las especies de coccinélidos no fueron afectadas por el tipo de borde, pero los bordes altos y permanentes facilitan la llegada de algunas especies de coccinélidos a los campos de alfalfa.

Habitat loss and fragmentation are considered as the main causes of biodiversity depression. Habitat loss implies a reduction of suitable habitat for organisms, and habitat fragmentation is a change in the spatial configuration of the landscape, with the remaining fragments resulting more or less isolated. Recent theory indicates that the effects of habitat loss are more important than those of habitat fragmentation, however there are few experimental studies evaluating both processes separately. To test the effects of habitat fragmentation per se on the abundance, species richness and diversity of epigeal coleopterans, 15 (30 x 30 m) alfalfa micro-landscapes, distributed in three blocks, were created. On twelve of them, 84 % of the habitat was removed, leaving in each landscape four or 16 fragments separated by 2 or 6 m of bare ground. From December 2002 to April 2003, before and after fragmentation, coleopterans were sampled using pitfall traps. In total, 8,074 coleopterans of 75 species belonging to 16 families were captured. Neither habitat fragmentation nor habitat loss affected the total abundance of coleopterans, with the exception of Anthicidae that was more abundant in the micro-landscapes composed by four fragments separated for 2 m. This family was also more abundant in the matrix of fragmented micro-landscapes, while most other beetle families were more abundant in the fragments, significantly Carabidae and Lathridiidae. Species richness (per trap and per landscape) was higher in micro-landscapes with 16 fragments separated by 6 m. Contrary to what is described frequently in the literature, habitat fragmentation did not negatively affect the abundance or the species richness of epigeal coleopterans. Rather, smaller and more isolated alfalfa fragments seem to provide habitat to support greater biodiversity. These results agree with more recent findings where habitat fragmentation per se seems not to have deleterious effects on the fauna, instead, it could favor the biota, at least at short time scales La pérdida y fragmentación del hábitat han sido consideradas como las principales causas de la disminución de biodiversidad. La pérdida de hábitat es una disminución del hábitat utilizable por los organismos y la fragmentación es un cambio en la configuración espacial del paisaje, donde los fragmentos remanentes quedan relativamente aislados entre sí. Trabajos teóricos recientes indican que los efectos de la pérdida de hábitat son más importantes que los de la fragmentación, sin embargo existen pocos estudios experimentales que evalúen por separado ambos procesos. Para estudiar los efectos de la fragmentación per se sobre la abundancia y riqueza de especies de coleópteros epigeos, se crearon 15 micro-paisajes de alfalfa de 30 x 30 m distribuidos en tres bloques. Doce de ellos se fragmentaron removiendo el 84 % del hábitat, dejando cuatro ó 16 fragmentos separados por 2 ó 6 m. Entre diciembre del 2002 y abril del 2003, antes y después de la fragmentación, se muestrearon los coleópteros mediante trampas Barber. Se capturó un total de 8.074 coleópteros de 75 especies pertenecientes a 16 familias. El tipo de paisaje no afectó la abundancia de coleópteros, sólo Anthicidae fue más abundante en los paisajes de 4 fragmentos separados por 2 m y fue más abundante en la matriz. El resto de de las familias fue más abundante en los fragmentos, significativamente Carabidae y Lathridiidae. La riqueza de especies por trampa y por paisaje fue mayor en los paisajes con 16 fragmentos separados por 6 m, concentrándose en los fragmentos. Contrario a lo descrito en la mayor parte de la literatura, la fragmentación no afectó negativamente la abundancia y riqueza de especies de coleópteros epigeos asociados a alfalfa. Más bien, fragmentos de alfalfa más pequeños y aislados ofrecieron un refugio de hábitat para la biodiversidad de coleópteros epigeos. Estos resultados concuerdan con los postulados más recientes que indican que la fragmentación per se puede no tener efectos sobre la biota, o incluso puede favorecerla, al menos en el corto plazo