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1. Estimating the real world daily usage and cost for exenatide twice daily and liraglutide in Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK based on volumes dispensed by pharmacies

Author

McDonell,Amanda, Kiiskinen,Urpo, Zammit,Danielle, Kotchie,Robert, Thuresson,Per-Olof, Nicolay,Claudia, Haslam,Thomas, Bruinsma,Michiel, Janszen-Van Oosterhout,Anne-Jeanine, Otto,Thorsten, McDonell,Amanda, Kiiskinen,Urpo, Zammit,Danielle, Kotchie,Robert, Thuresson,Per-Olof, Nicolay,Claudia, Haslam,Thomas, Bruinsma,Michiel, Janszen-Van Oosterhout,Anne-Jeanine, and Otto,Thorsten

Abstract

Amanda L McDonell,1 Urpo Kiiskinen,2 Danielle C Zammit,3 Robert W Kotchie,1 Per-Olof Thuresson,3 Claudia Nicolay,4 Thomas Haslam,1 Michiel Bruinsma,5 Anne-Jeanine Janszen-Van Oosterhout,6 Thorsten Otto41IMS Health, London, UK; 2Eli Lilly and Company, Helsinki, Finland; 3IMS Health, Basel, Switzerland; 4Eli Lilly and Company, Bad Homburg, Germany; 5IMS Health, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; 6Eli Lilly Nederland, Houten, the NetherlandsBackground: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are indicated for improvement of glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Cost is one aspect of treatment to be considered, in addition to clinical benefits, when selecting optimal therapy for a patient. The objective of this study was to estimate the average dose usage and real world daily cost of the GLP-1 receptor agonists, exenatide twice daily and liraglutide once daily, in Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK.Methods: Administrative databases were used to source the data from longitudinal records of dispensed prescriptions. Data were extracted from the IMS Longitudinal Prescription database which captures details of prescriptions dispensed in pharmacies. Information on the dispensed quantity of each product was used to estimate average daily usage per patient. Daily dose usage was multiplied by the public price per unit to estimate daily cost.Results: The dispensed volume in Germany corresponded to a mean dispensed daily dose of 16.81 µg for exenatide twice daily and 1.37 mg for liraglutide (mean daily cost €4.02 and €4.54, respectively). In the Netherlands, average dispensed daily doses of 17.07 µg and 1.49 mg were observed for exenatide twice daily and liraglutide (mean daily cost €3.05 and €3.97, respectively). In the UK, the mean dispensed volume corresponded to a daily usage of 20.49 µg for exenatide twice daily and 1.50 mg for liraglutide (mean daily cost £2.53 and £3.28, re

Published
2015

2. Estimating the real world daily usage and cost for exenatide twice daily and liraglutide in Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK based on volumes dispensed by pharmacies

Author

McDonell, Amanda, primary, Kiiskinen, Urpo, additional, Zammit, Danielle, additional, Kotchie, Robert, additional, Thuresson, Per-Olof, additional, Nicolay, Claudia, additional, Otto, Thorsten, additional, Haslam, Thomas, additional, Bruinsma, Michiel, additional, and Janszen-Van Oosterhout, Anne-Jeanine, additional

Published
2015
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3. The reciprocal influences of asthma and pregnancy in Maltese women

Author

Zammit, Danielle

Subjects
Asthmatics, Asthma in pregnancy, Immunologic diseases in pregnancy, Allergy in pregnancy, respiratory tract diseases, Asthma in pregnancy -- Malta -- Case studies
Abstract

Asthma has been reported to complicate 1 % of pregnancies and increase the likelihood of prematurity and low birth weight (Cordon et aI, 1970). Pregnancy itself may alter the course of asthma. In general, one third of women feel that their asthma improves during pregnancy, one third feel that it deteriorates, while another third feel that pregnancy has no effect on their asthma (Weinstein et aI, 1979). The management of asthma in the pregnant patient does not differ greatly from that in patients who are not pregnant. Although it is wise to avoid all drugs, especially in the first trimester, it is important to remember that the potential hazards of uncontrolled asthma are much more likely to endanger the life of both mother and foetus (DiMarco. 1989). Regular visits, during which asthma severity and therapeutic responsiveness are assessed, both objectively (with pulmonary function tests) and subjectively, are recommended in order to achieve the desired therapeutic goals in asthmatic females who require regular medication during pregnancy (Shatz et aI, 1991)., peer-reviewed

Published
1992

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