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Uvod: Prekinitev nosečnosti predstavlja stisko za žensko, partnerja in družino. Pomembno je, da zdravstveno osebje v celovito zdravstveno obravnavo vključi tudi duhovno oskrbo. Namen pregleda literature je ugotoviti, kakšno duhovno oskrbo najpogosteje potrebujejo ženske po spontani prekinitvi nosečnosti. Metode: Izveden je bil sistematični pregled literature v bazah podatkov CINAHL Ultimative, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library in Web of Science z iskalnim nizom v angleškem jeziku. Za prikaz iskanja, pregleda in izbora člankov za analizo je bil uporabljen diagram poteka PRISMA. Izvedena je bila kritična ocena člankov s kontrolnimi seznami Joanna Briggs Institute. Zbrani podatki so bili analizirani po metodi vsebinske analize. Rezultati: Iskanje je dalo 490 zadetkov, od katerih je bilo v končno analizo vključenih devet raziskav. Glavno kategorijo smo oblikovali na osnovi treh podkategorij: (1) čustvovanje in počutje, (2) medosebni odnosi in (3) duhovna rast. Diskusija in zaključek: Ugotovitve kažejo, da je pri zagotavljanju duhovne oskrbe ključno razumevanje duhovnih potreb in stisk, ki jih doživljajo ženske po spontani prekinitvi nosečnosti. Poleg medicinske oskrbe si zelo želijo tudi dobro duhovno oskrbo. Ženske svoje duhovne potrebe izražajo skozi čustva in občutke, ki jih morajo medicinske sestre in babice prepoznati ter se nanje ustrezno odzvati. Duhovna oskrba mora temeljiti na razumevanju, sočutju in podpori.

Izhodišča: Telemedicina lahko izboljša glikemične in porodne izide nosečnostne sladkorne bolezni (NSB), čeprav še ni jasno, za katere posameznice naj bi bila telemedicinska orodja najbolj primerna. Namen naše raziskave je bil preveriti povezavo nekaterih psiholoških dejavnikov z glikemičnimi parametri pri ženskah z NSB, ki smo jih spremljali s telemedicinsko obravnavo. Analizirati smo želeli zadovoljstvo nosečnic s telemedicinsko obravnavo in opredeliti osebnostne značilnosti žensk, ki jim telemedicinska obravnava bolj ustreza. Metode: Vključene nosečnice so izpolnile Vprašalnik Velikih pet (angl. Big Five Inventory, BFI) in Vprašalnik o opolnomočenju v zvezi z vodenjem sladkorne bolezni (angl. Diabetes Empowerment Scale, DES). Podatke o samomeritvah koncentracije glukoze v krvi smo pridobili iz glukometrov. Povezanost med spremenljivkami smo izračunali s Spearmanovim koeficientom korelacije (Spearman ρ). Rezultati: V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 50 žensk (starost 32,0 ± 4,3 let) z NSB, ki so bile vodene telemedicinsko. Od osebnostnih dimenzij sta bili sprejemljivost (Spearman ρ=0.422, p=0.003) in vestnost (Spearman ρ = 0.346, p = 0.016) pozitivno povezani s skupno realizacijo meritev glukoze v krvi. Ugotovili smo povezavo med povprečno koncentracijo glukoze v krvi po obrokih in skupnim dosežkom pri Vprašalniku DES (Spearman q = 0.324, p = 0.030) ter dvema podlestvicama, tj. Obvladovanjem psihosocialnih vidikov NSB (Spearman q = 0.326, p = 0.029) in Nezadovoljstvom in pripravljenostjo na spremembe (Spearman q = 0.363, p = 0.014). Zaključek: Naši rezultati predstavljajo korak k opredelitvi skupka psiholoških značilnosti žensk z NSB, ki bi lahko bil pomemben napovednik učinkovitosti telemedicinske obravnave. Potrebne so še nadaljnje raziskave, tudi o drugih psiholoških vidikih.

This paper reviews the recent research in the field of application of ultraviolet (UV) protection finishes in textile functionalisation. The aim and the UV protecting mechanisms of UV protection finishes on textile substrates are described. The standard methods for determination of UV protective properties are presented. Contemporary research directions in the application of environmentally friendly organic UV absorbers and inorganic UV blockers are highlighted and discussed. The bioactive substances as novel organic UV absorbers are exposed. Novel multifunctional properties of textiles including the inorganic UV blockers are described. The ecological issues of the use of UV protection finishes are presented.

Razprava se ukvarja s pojmovanjem ekspresionizma in nove stvarnosti, kakor ga je v svoji literarnokritiški in literarnozgodovinski publicistiki podal France Vodnik. Ob tem obravnava tudi njegovo vrednotenje posameznih literarnih del in njegov pogled na umetnost nasploh, pri čemer je mogoče zaznati občuten vpliv križarske miselnosti.

To investigate the impact of paracrine IL-2 signals on memory precursor (MP) cell differentiation, we activated CD8 T cell in vitro in the presence or absence of exogenous IL-2 (ex-IL-2). We assessed memory differentiation by transferring these cells into virus-infected mice. Both conditions generated CD8 T cells that participate in the ongoing response and gave rise to similar memory cells. Nevertheless, when transferred into a naive host, T cells activated with ex-IL-2 generated a higher frequency of memory cells displaying increased functional memory traits. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis indicated that without ex-IL-2, cells rapidly acquire an MP signature, while in its presence they adopted an effector signature. This was confirmed at the protein level and in a functional assay. Overall, ex-IL-2 delays the transition into MP cells, allowing the acquisition of effector functions that become imprinted in their progeny. These findings may help to optimize the generation of therapeutic T cells., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024 The Authors.)

To increase the antitubercular potency, we synthesized a series of novel pyrazolylpyrazoline derivatives ( 9a - p ) using the one-pot multicomponent reaction of the substituted heteroaryl aldehyde ( 3a , b ), 2-acetyl pyrrole/thiazole ( 4a , b ), and substituted hydrazine hydrates ( 5 - 8 ) in the presence of base NaOH as a catalyst in ethanol as the solvent at room temperature. Substituted heteroaryl aldehyde ( 3a , b ) was synthesized from 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H -pyrazole-4-methyl-carbaldehyde on protection with ethylene glycol followed by treatment with 4-amino triazole/5-amino tetrazole and then deprotection using acid. The salient features of the green protocol are the one-pot reaction, shorter reaction time, and straightforward workup procedure. All of the compounds were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 Rv, wherein compounds 9i , 9k , 9l , 9o , and 9p were found to be most effective. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were determined using spectral methods. Furthermore, molecular docking investigations into the active site of mycobacterial InhA yielded well-clustered solutions for these compounds' binding modalities producing a binding affinity in the range from -8.884 to -7.113. Theoretical results were in good accord with the observed experimental values. The docking score of the most active compound 9o was found to be -8.884, and the Glide energy was -61.144 kcal/mol. and it was found to accommodate well into the active site of InhA, engaging in a network of bonded and nonbonded interactions., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Species harbor extensive structural variation underpinning recent adaptive evolution. However, the causality between genomic features and the induction of new rearrangements is poorly established. Here, we analyze a global set of telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies of a fungal pathogen of wheat to establish a nucleotide-level map of structural variation. We show that the recent emergence of pesticide resistance has been disproportionally driven by rearrangements. We use machine learning to train a model on structural variation events based on 30 chromosomal sequence features. We show that base composition and gene density are the major determinants of structural variation. Retrotransposons explain most inversion, indel and duplication events. We apply our model to Arabidopsis thaliana and show that our approach extends to more complex genomes. Finally, we analyze complete genomes of haploid offspring in a four-generation pedigree. Meiotic crossover locations are enriched for new rearrangements consistent with crossovers being mutational hotspots. The model trained on species-wide structural variation accurately predicts the position of >74% of newly generated variants along the pedigree. The predictive power highlights causality between specific sequence features and the induction of chromosomal rearrangements. Our work demonstrates that training sequence-derived models can accurately identify regions of intrinsic DNA instability in eukaryotic genomes.

Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch, a major pathogen of wheat globally and the most damaging pathogen of wheat in Europe. A gene-for-gene (GFG) interaction between Z. tritici and wheat cultivars carrying the Stb6 resistance gene has been postulated for many years, but the genes have not been identified. We identified AvrStb6 by combining quantitative trait locus mapping in a cross between two Swiss strains with a genome-wide association study using a natural population of c. 100 strains from France. We functionally validated AvrStb6 using ectopic transformations. AvrStb6 encodes a small, cysteine-rich, secreted protein that produces an avirulence phenotype on wheat cultivars carrying the Stb6 resistance gene. We found 16 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms among the tested strains, indicating that AvrStb6 is evolving very rapidly. AvrStb6 is located in a highly polymorphic subtelomeric region and is surrounded by transposable elements, which may facilitate its rapid evolution to overcome Stb6 resistance. AvrStb6 is the first avirulence gene to be functionally validated in Z. tritici, contributing to our understanding of avirulence in apoplastic pathogens and the mechanisms underlying GFG interactions between Z. tritici and wheat., (© 2017 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2017 New Phytologist Trust.)

Zymoseptoria tritici is an ascomycete fungus that causes Septoria tritici blotch, a globally distributed foliar disease on wheat. Z. tritici populations are highly polymorphic and exhibit significant quantitative variation for virulence. Despite its importance, the genes responsible for quantitative virulence in this pathogen remain largely unknown. We investigated the expression profiles of four Z. tritici strains differing in virulence in an experiment conducted under uniform environmental conditions. Transcriptomes were compared at four different infection stages to characterize the regulation of gene families thought to be involved in virulence and to identify new virulence factors. The major components of the fungal infection transcriptome showed consistent expression profiles across strains. However, strain-specific regulation was observed for many genes, including some encoding putative virulence factors. We postulate that strain-specific regulation of virulence factors can determine the outcome of Z. tritici infections. We show that differences in gene expression may be major determinants of virulence variation among Z. tritici strains, adding to the already known contributions to virulence variation based on differences in gene sequence and gene presence/absence polymorphisms.

Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB) on wheat. The disease interaction is characterized by clearly defined temporal phases of infection, ultimately resulting in the death of host tissue. Zymoseptoria tritici is a highly polymorphic species with significant intraspecific variation in virulence profiles. We generated a deep transcriptomic sequencing dataset spanning the entire time course of an infection using a previously uncharacterized, highly virulent Z. tritici strain isolated from a Swiss wheat field. We found that seven clusters of gene transcription profiles explained the progression of the infection. The earliest highly up-regulated genes included chloroperoxidases, which may help the fungus cope with plant defences. The onset of necrotrophy was characterized by a concerted up-regulation of proteases, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and lipases. Functions related to nutrition and growth characterized late necrotrophy and the transition to saprotrophic growth on dead plant tissue. We found that the peak up-regulation of genes essential for mating coincided with the necrotrophic phase. We performed an intraspecies comparative transcriptomics analysis using a comparable time course infection experiment of the genome reference isolate IPO323. Major components of the fungal infection transcriptome were conserved between the two strains. However, individual small, secreted proteins, proteases and cell wall-degrading enzymes showed strongly differentiated transcriptional profiles between isolates. Our analyses illustrate that successful STB infections involve complex transcriptomic remodelling to up-regulate distinct gene functions. Heterogeneity in transcriptomes among isolates may explain some of the considerable variation in virulence and host specialization found within the species., (© 2015 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.)

Since its first report in Brazil in 1985, wheat blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae (anamorph: Pyricularia oryzae), has become increasingly important in South America, where the disease is still spreading. We used 11 microsatellite loci to elucidate the population structure of the wheat blast pathogen in wheat fields in central-western, southeastern, and southern Brazil. No subdivision was found among the wheat-infecting populations, consistent with high levels of gene flow across a large spatial scale. Although the clonal fraction was relatively high and the two mating type idiomorphs (MAT1-1 and MAT1-2) were not at similar frequencies, the clone-corrected populations from Distrito Federal and Goiás, Minas Triangle, and São Paulo were in gametic equilibrium. Based on these findings, we propose that populations of the wheat blast pathogen exhibit a mixed reproductive system in which sexual reproduction is followed by the local dispersal of clones. Seedling virulence assays with local wheat cultivars differentiated 14 pathotypes in the current population. Detached head virulence assays differentiated eight virulence groups on the same wheat cultivars. There was no correlation between seedling and head reactions.

Chromosomal rearrangements are a major driver of eukaryotic genome evolution, affecting speciation, pathogenicity and cancer progression. Changes in chromosome structure are often initiated by mis-repair of double-strand breaks in the DNA. Mis-repair is particularly likely when telomeres are lost or when dispersed repeats misalign during crossing-over. Fungi carry highly polymorphic chromosomal complements showing substantial variation in chromosome length and number. The mechanisms driving chromosome polymorphism in fungi are poorly understood. We aimed to identify mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. We combined population genomic resequencing and chromosomal segment PCR assays with electrophoretic karyotyping and resequencing of parents and offspring from experimental crosses to show that this pathogen harbors a highly diverse complement of accessory chromosomes that exhibits strong global geographic differentiation in numbers and lengths of chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes carried highly differentiated gene contents due to numerous insertions and deletions. The largest accessory chromosome recently doubled in length through insertions totaling 380 kb. Based on comparative genomics, we identified the precise breakpoint locations of these insertions. Nondisjunction during meiosis led to chromosome losses in progeny of three different crosses. We showed that a new accessory chromosome emerged in two viable offspring through a fusion between sister chromatids. Such chromosome fusion is likely to initiate a breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle that can rapidly degenerate chromosomal structure. We suggest that the accessory chromosomes of Z. tritici originated mainly from ancient core chromosomes through a degeneration process that included BFB cycles, nondisjunction and mutational decay of duplicated sequences. The rapidly evolving accessory chromosome complement may serve as a cradle for adaptive evolution in this and other fungal pathogens., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Zymoseptoria is a newly described genus that includes the prominent wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici (synonyms Mycosphaerella graminicola and Septoria tritici). Studies indicated that the center of origin of Z. tritici is in the Middle East where this important pathogen emerged during the domestication of wheat. Several Zymoseptoria species have been found on uncultivated grasses in the Middle East, and in this article we describe two new Zymoseptoria species from Iran. These species, isolated from Elymus repens, Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne, are named Z. ardabiliae and Z. pseudotritici. Both species were identified by means of morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of a seven-gene DNA dataset. These taxa comprise some of the closest known relatives of the wheat pathogen Z. tritici, confirming the reported close phylogenetic relationship between Z. tritici and Z. pseudotritici.

The white-thread blight and black rot (WTBR) caused by basidiomycetous fungi of the genus Ceratobasidium is emerging as an important plant disease in Brazil, particularly for crop species in the Ericales such as persimmon (Diospyros kaki) and tea (Camellia sinensis). However, the species identity of the fungal pathogen associated with either of these hosts is still unclear. In this work, we used sequence variation in the internal transcribed spacer regions, including the 5.8S coding region of rDNA (ITS-5.8S rDNA), to determine the phylogenetic placement of the local white-thread-blight-associated populations of Ceratobasidium sp. from persimmon and tea, in relation to Ceratobasidium species already described world-wide. The two sister populations of Ceratobasidium sp. from persimmon and tea in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest agroecosystem most likely represent distinct species within Ceratobasidium and are also distinct from C. noxium, the etiological agent of the first description of white-thread blight disease that was reported on coffee in India. The intraspecific variation for the two Ceratobasidium sp. populations was also analyzed using three mitochondrial genes (ATP6, nad1 and nad2). As reported for other fungi, variation in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was incongruent. Despite distinct variability in the ITS-rDNA region these two populations shared similar mitochondrial DNA haplotypes.

The fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola emerged as a new pathogen of cultivated wheat during its domestication ~11,000 yr ago. We assembled 12 high-quality full genome sequences to investigate the genetic footprints of selection in this wheat pathogen and closely related sister species that infect wild grasses. We demonstrate a strong effect of natural selection in shaping the pathogen genomes with only ~3% of nonsynonymous mutations being effectively neutral. Forty percent of all fixed nonsynonymous substitutions, on the other hand, are driven by positive selection. Adaptive evolution has affected M. graminicola to the highest extent, consistent with recent host specialization. Positive selection has prominently altered genes encoding secreted proteins and putative pathogen effectors supporting the premise that molecular host-pathogen interaction is a strong driver of pathogen evolution. Recent divergence between pathogen sister species is attested by the high degree of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) in their genomes. We exploit ILS to generate a genetic map of the species without any crossing data, document recent times of species divergence relative to genome divergence, and show that gene-rich regions or regions with low recombination experience stronger effects of natural selection on neutral diversity. Emergence of a new agricultural host selected a highly specialized and fast-evolving pathogen with unique evolutionary patterns compared with its wild relatives. The strong impact of natural selection, we document, is at odds with the small effective population sizes estimated and suggest that population sizes were historically large but likely unstable.

The fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola has been a pathogen of wheat since host domestication 10,000-12,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent. The wheat-infecting lineage emerged from closely related Mycosphaerella pathogens infecting wild grasses. We use a comparative genomics approach to assess how the process of host specialization affected the genome structure of M. graminicola since divergence from the closest known progenitor species named M. graminicola S1. The genome of S1 was obtained by Illumina sequencing resulting in a 35 Mb draft genome sequence of 32X. Assembled contigs were aligned to the previously sequenced M. graminicola genome. The alignment covered >90% of the non-repetitive portion of the M. graminicola genome with an average divergence of 7%. The sequenced M. graminicola strain is known to harbor thirteen essential chromosomes plus eight dispensable chromosomes. We found evidence that structural rearrangements significantly affected the dispensable chromosomes while the essential chromosomes were syntenic. At the nucleotide level, the essential and dispensable chromosomes have evolved differently. The average synonymous substitution rate in dispensable chromosomes is considerably lower than in essential chromosomes, whereas the average non-synonymous substitution rate is three times higher. Differences in molecular evolution can be related to different transmission and recombination patterns, as well as to differences in effective population sizes of essential and dispensable chromosomes. In order to identify genes potentially involved in host specialization or speciation, we calculated ratios of synonymous and non-synonymous substitution rates in the >9,500 aligned protein coding genes. The genes are generally under strong purifying selection. We identified 43 candidate genes showing evidence of positive selection, one encoding a potential pathogen effector protein. We conclude that divergence of these pathogens was accompanied by structural rearrangements in the small dispensable chromosomes, while footprints of positive selection were present in only a small number of protein coding genes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

ABSTRACT Sheath blight disease (SBD) on rice, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA, is one of the most devastating rice diseases on a global basis, including China (in Eastern Asia), the world's largest rice-growing country. We analyzed the population genetics of nine rice-infecting populations from China using nine microsatellite loci. One allopatric population from India (Southern Asia) was included in the analyses. In total, 300 different multilocus genotypes were found among 572 fungal isolates. Clonal fractions within rice fields were 16 to 95%, suggesting that sclerotia were a major source of primary inoculum in some fields. Global Phi(ST) statistics (Phi(ST) = 42.49; P

Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG)-1 IA causes soybean foliar blighting (aerial blight) and rice sheath blight diseases. Although taxonomically related within the AG-1 complex, sister populations of R. solani AG-1 IA infecting Poaceae (rice) and Fabaceae (soybean) are genetically distinct based on internal transcribed spacer rDNA. However, there is currently no information available regarding the extent of genetic differentiation and host specialization between rice- and soybean-infecting populations of R. solani AG-1 IA. We used 10 microsatellite loci to compare sympatric R. solani AG-1 IA populations infecting rice and soybeans in Louisiana and one allopatric rice-infecting population from Texas. None of the 154 multilocus genotypes found among the 223 isolates were shared among the three populations. Partitioning of genetic diversity showed significant differentiation among sympatric populations from different host species (Phi(ST) = 0.39 to 0.41). Historical migration patterns between sympatric rice- and soybean-infecting populations from Louisiana were asymmetrical. Rice- and soybean-derived isolates of R. solani AG-1 IA were able to infect both rice and soybean, but were significantly more aggressive on their host of origin, consistent with host specialization. The soybean-infecting population from Louisiana was more clonal than the sympatric rice-infecting population. Most of the loci in the soybean-infecting populations were out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), but the sympatric rice-infecting population from Louisiana was mainly in HWE. All populations presented evidence for a mixed reproductive system.

The antifungal compound 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) contributes to biocontrol in pseudomonads, but whether or not Phl(+) biocontrol pseudomonads display higher plant-protecting activity than Phl(-) biocontrol pseudomonads remains to be demonstrated. This issue was addressed by assessing 230 biocontrol fluorescent pseudomonads selected from a collection of 3132 bacterial isolates obtained from 63 soils worldwide. One-third of the biocontrol pseudomonads were Phl(+) and almost all Phl(+) isolates also produced hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The only Phl(+) HCN(-) strain did harbor hcn genes, but with the deletion of a 134 bp hcnC fragment corresponding to an ADP-binding motif. Statistical analysis of biocontrol isolate distributions indicated that Phl production ability was associated with superior disease suppression activity in the Pythium-cucumber and Fusarium-tomato pathosystems, but this was also the case with HCN production ability. However, HCN significance was not as strong, as indicated both by the comparison of Phl(-) HCN(+) and Phl(-) HCN(-) strains and by correlation analyses. This is the first population-level demonstration of the higher plant-protecting activity of Phl(+) biocontrol pseudomonads in comparison with Phl(-) biocontrol pseudomonads.

A total of 1,366 Rhynchosporium secalis isolates causing scald on barley, rye, and wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) were assayed for restriction fragment length polymorphism loci, DNA fingerprints, and mating type, to characterize global genetic structure. The isolates originated from 31 field populations on five continents. Hierarchical analysis revealed that more than 70% of the total genetic variation within regions was distributed within a barley field. At the global level, only 58% of the total genetic variation was distributed within fields, while 11% was distributed among fields within regions, and 31% was distributed among regions. A significant correlation was found between genetic and geographic distance. These findings suggest that gene flow is common at the local level while it is low between regions on the same continent, and rare between continents. Analyses of multilocus associations, genotype diversity, and mating type frequencies indicate that sexual recombination is occurring in most of the populations. We found the highest allele richness in Scandinavia followed by Switzerland. This suggests that R. secalis may not have originated at the center of origin of barley, the Fertile Crescent, nor in a secondary center of diversity of barley, Ethiopia.

Virulence in the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is controlled by cell density via diffusible signalling molecules ('autoinducers') of the N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) type. Two Bacillus sp. isolates (A23 and A24) with AHL-degrading activity were identified among a large collection of rhizosphere bacteria. From isolate A24 a gene was cloned which was similar to the aiiA gene, encoding an AHL lactonase in another Bacillus strain. Expression of the aiiA homologue from isolate A24 in P. aeruginosa PAO1 reduced the amount of the quorum sensing signal N-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone and completely prevented the accumulation of the second AHL signal, N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone. This strongly reduced AHL content correlated with a markedly decreased expression and production of several virulence factors and cytotoxic compounds such as elastase, rhamnolipids, hydrogen cyanide and pyocyanin, and strongly reduced swarming. However, no effect was observed on flagellar swimming or on twitching motility, and aiiA expression did not affect bacterial adhesion to a polyvinylchloride surface. In conclusion, introduction of an AHL degradation gene into P. aeruginosa could block cell-cell communication and exoproduct formation, but failed to interfere with surface colonization.