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OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, risk factors, clinical findings and outcome of patients at Hospital Juarez of Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional, non-experimental, single-center and analytical study was done including the records of patients with direct examination, culture or histopathological study positive for mucormycosis. The incidence by year and demographic and clinical characteristics were studied from January 2017 to December 2022 at the Hospital Juarez of Mexico. RESULTS: A total of 14 patients with mucormycosis were identified. The median age was 51 years, and the majority were women (n = 9). The site of involvement was rhinoorbito-cerebral mucormycosis in the entire sample. Eleven patients had uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Annual cases of mucormycosis increased notably at the end of the COVID-19 pandemic during 2022. CONCLUSIONS: Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal disease most seen in immunocompromised patients. In this study, its highest prevalence was in decompensated diabetes mellitus and the clinical variety was rhino-orbito-cerebral. An increase was noted at the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi have evolved over millions of years and their species diversity is predicted to be the second largest on the earth. Fungi have cross-kingdom interactions with many organisms that have mutually shaped their evolutionary trajectories. Zygomycete fungi hold a pivotal position in the fungal tree of life and provide important perspectives on the early evolution of fungi from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Phylogenomic analyses have found that zygomycete fungi diversified into two separate clades, the Mucoromycota which are frequently associated with plants and Zoopagomycota that are commonly animal-associated fungi. Genetic elements that contributed to the fitness and divergence of these lineages may have been shaped by the varied interactions these fungi have had with plants, animals, bacteria, and other microbes. To investigate this, we performed comparative genomic analyses of the two clades of zygomycetes in the context of Kingdom Fungi, benefiting from our generation of a new collection of zygomycete genomes, including nine produced for this study. We identified lineage-specific genomic content that may contribute to the disparate biology observed in these zygomycetes. Our findings include the discovery of undescribed diversity in CotH, a Mucormycosis pathogenicity factor, which was found in a broad set of zygomycetes. Reconciliation analysis identified multiple duplication events and an expansion of CotH copies throughout the Mucoromycotina, Mortierellomycotina, Neocallimastigomycota, and Basidiobolus lineages. A kingdom-level phylogenomic analysis also identified new evolutionary relationships within the subphyla of Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota, including supporting the sister-clade relationship between Glomeromycotina and Mortierellomycotina and the placement of Basidiobolus as sister to other Zoopagomycota lineages.

Upper-extremity mucormycosis is a rare, life-threatening fungal infection mainly affecting immunocompromised patients. We report a case of a 30-year-old woman with acute myelogenous leukemia who developed this infection during her hospital stay. The culprit was Mucorales, a subgroup of Zygomycetes species known for fast-progressing, highly lethal infections. She presented with fever, chills, and a lesion on her left forearm that worsened despite initial broad-spectrum antibiotics. A punch biopsy confirmed the diagnosis, leading to antifungal therapy with isavuconazonium sulfate and later amphotericin B, combined with surgery. Timely intervention is critical because delayed treatment can result in severe complications and death. Early suspicion, histology, microscopy, and fungal cultures are vital for accurate diagnosis. Treatment primarily involves amphotericin B, whereas adjunctive therapies such as topical amphotericin B and hyperbaric oxygen show promise. This case underscores the importance of prompt medical and surgical action, enhancing early detection of mucormycosis in immunocompromised patients.

Invasive fungal (IF) diseases are a leading global cause of mortality, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further exacerbated this scenario, intensifying comorbid IF infections such as mucormycoses of the nasopharynx. In the work reported here, it is shown that zygomycetes, significant contributors to mycoses, are sensitive to the natural product allicin. Inhibition of Mucorales fungi by allicin in solution and by allicin vapor was demonstrated. Mathematical modeling showed that the efficacy of allicin vapor is comparable to direct contact with the commercially available antifungal agent amphotericin B (ampB). Furthermore, the study revealed a synergistic interaction between allicin and the non-volatile ampB. The toxicity of allicin solution to human cell lines was evaluated and it was found that the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of allicin was 25–72 times higher in the cell lines as compared to the fungal spores. Fungal allicin sensitivity depends on the spore concentration, as demonstrated in a drop test. This study shows the potential of allicin, a sulfur-containing defense compound from garlic, to combat zygomycete fungi. The findings underscore allicin's promise for applications in infections of the nasopharynx via inhalation, suggesting a novel therapeutic avenue against challenging fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylogenomic studies using genome-scale amounts of data have greatly improved understanding of the tree of life. Despite the diversity, ecological significance, and biomedical and industrial importance of fungi, evolutionary relationships among several major lineages remain poorly resolved, especially those near the base of the fungal phylogeny. To examine poorly resolved relationships and assess progress toward a genome-scale phylogeny of the fungal kingdom, we compiled a phylogenomic data matrix of 290 genes from the genomes of 1,644 species that includes representatives from most major fungal lineages. We also compiled 11 data matrices by subsampling genes or taxa from the full data matrix based on filtering criteria previously shown to improve phylogenomic inference. Analyses of these 12 data matrices using concatenation- and coalescent-based approaches yielded a robust phylogeny of the fungal kingdom, in which ∼85% of internal branches were congruent across data matrices and approaches used. We found support for several historically poorly resolved relationships as well as evidence for polytomies likely stemming from episodes of ancient diversification. By examining the relative evolutionary divergence of taxonomic groups of equivalent rank, we found that fungal taxonomy is broadly aligned with both genome sequence divergence and divergence time but also identified lineages where current taxonomic circumscription does not reflect their levels of evolutionary divergence. Our results provide a robust phylogenomic framework to explore the tempo and mode of fungal evolution and offer directions for future fungal phylogenetic and taxonomic studies.

Introduction: Fungal Rhinosinusitis (FRS) is a growing concern in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients and involves a broad spectrum of immune and pathological responses induced by different types of fungi. The aims of this study were to determine the type of fungi causing Rhinosinusitis and to correlate type of FRS with respect to the histopathological findings, causative fungi, immune status, clinical presentation, other co-morbid conditions, treatment and outcome Materials and Methods: This retrospective study on FRS was done on 92 non-duplicate specimens of suspected cases of FRS over three-year period. Samples from patients of suspected FRS were processed for fungal smear KOH examination and fungal culture. Identification of fungi was done by both conventional and automated methods using MALITOF-MS (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry). Results: Out of 92 non-duplicate specimens of suspected cases of FRS received during study period; fungal smear or histopathological examination for fungal hyphae was positive in 43 cases and fungal culture was positive in 42 cases with 48 fungal isolates. Aspergillus flavus (43.75%) was isolated maximally followed by Rhizopus sp. (20.8%). Mixed infection with two types of fungi was also seen. Aspergillus FRS was mainly Allergic in immunocompetent host and Acute invasive in immunocompromised hosts. Infection with Zygomycetes was largely invasive and was seen in immunocompromised hosts with poor prognosis. Other fungi like Schizophyllum commune, Bipolaris and Paecilomyces were associated with Allergic FRS. Scedosporium apiospermum was associated with chronic non-specific FRS in immunocompetent patient. Fusarium infection was seen both as mere colonization and invasive sinusitis. Candida species were isolated mainly in mixture with mycelial fungi and were associated with invasive FRS. Conclusion: Our study depicts that a variety of fungi may cause FRS and the type of FRS caused by different types of fungi depend upon type of host. So, it is pertinent to monitor and study the types of fungi causing infections in different patient populations. Automated methods like MALDITOF -MS are an excellent tool in the definitive and timely identification of fungi resulting in timely and appropriate management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first genome sequenced of a eukaryotic organism was for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as reported in 1996, but it was more than 10 years before any of the zygomycete fungi, which are the early-diverging terrestrial fungi currently placed in the phyla Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota, were sequenced. The genome for Rhizopus delemar was completed in 2008; currently, more than 1000 zygomycete genomes have been sequenced. Genomic data from these early-diverging terrestrial fungi revealed deep phylogenetic separation of the two major clades—primarily plant—associated saprotrophic and mycorrhizal Mucoromycota versus the primarily mycoparasitic or animal-associated parasites and commensals in the Zoopagomycota. Genomic studies provide many valuable insights into how these fungi evolved in response to the challenges of living on land, including adaptations to sensing light and gravity, development of hyphal growth, and co-existence with the first terrestrial plants. Genome sequence data have facilitated studies of genome architecture, including a history of genome duplications and horizontal gene transfer events, distribution and organization of mating type loci, rDNA genes and transposable elements, methylation processes, and genes useful for various industrial applications. Pathogenicity genes and specialized secondary metabolites have also been detected in soil saprobes and pathogenic fungi. Novel endosymbiotic bacteria and viruses have been discovered during several zygomycete genome projects. Overall, genomic information has helped to resolve a plethora of research questions, from the placement of zygomycetes on the evolutionary tree of life and in natural ecosystems, to the applied biotechnological and medical questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into secondary metabolism (SM) production by fungi has resulted in the discovery of diverse, biologically active compounds with significant medicinal applications. The fungi rich in SM production are taxonomically concentrated in the subkingdom Dikarya, which comprises the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Here, we explore the potential for SM production in Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota, two phyla of nonflagellated fungi that are not members of Dikarya, by predicting and identifying core genes and gene clusters involved in SM. The majority of non-Dikarya have few genes and gene clusters involved in SM production except for the amphibian gut symbionts in the genus Basidiobolus Basidiobolus genomes exhibit an enrichment of SM genes involved in siderophore, surfactin-like, and terpene cyclase production, all these with evidence of constitutive gene expression. Gene expression and chemical assays also confirm that Basidiobolus has significant siderophore activity. The expansion of SMs in Basidiobolus are partially due to horizontal gene transfer from bacteria, likely as a consequence of its ecology as an amphibian gut endosymbiont.

In this article, we will talk briefly about mucormycosis (Black Fungus). Mucormycosis is a name that most doctors are acquainted with, and it refers to a collection of different mycoses caused by one of the several saprophytic fungi in the Mucorales order. Although the number of Mucorales species that cause human disease is small, case reports imply that, under the right circumstances, species of Mucorales that were previously thought to be harmless commensals could produce invasive disease. The fact that the names of the fungi have changed over time as more information about their taxonomy has been revealed has made identifying organisms recovered from human infections more difficult. To add to the confusion, mucormycosis has been given several other names, none of which are particularly helpful from a medical standpoint. Mucormycosis was referred to as phycomycosis while Phycomyces was part of the taxonomic lexicon. Mucorales-related disorders have also been given the label Zygomycosis. The name zygomycosis refers to the Zygomycetes class, which includes both Mucorales and Entomophthorales, which cause diseases that are fundamentally distinct from those caused by Mucorales. Furthermore, the name of mycotic diseases is not usually taken from the name of the causative fungus class. As a result, mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis appear to be appropriate nomenclature for the two diseases caused by the Mucorales and Entomophthorales, respectively. The goal of this study is to go over the most up-to-date information on mucormycosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conidiobolomycosis has a wide distribution, predominantly in humid tropical regions, affecting several species with significant mortality rates. The genus Conidiobolus is now divided into four genera: Capillidium, Conidiobolus, Microconidiobolus, and Neoconidiobolus. There are no confirmed reports of infection by these fungi in Equidae in Brazil. We present a rhinofacial rhinitis caused by Neoconidiobolus lamprauges in a mule from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The mule presented bilateral semi-occlusion of the nostrils, difficulty breathing, and weight loss. The histological examination of the nostril biopsied mass revealed multifocal necrotizing areas with nonstained images of fungal hyphae in the Splendore-Hoeppli reaction and surrounded by macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, and multinucleated giant cells. The Grocott methenamine silver staining revealed thin-walled, rarely septated, irregular branching hyphae, with a varying diameter of 12 μm (± 3.63 μm), and terminal ballooning dilations. The determining etiology of this rhinitis was based on the hyphae staining by immunohistochemistry and by amplifying the DNA fragment of N. lamprauges by polymerase chain reaction. Conidiobolomycosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of the causes of rhinitis in equids, mainly in tropical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted over a 6-month period (2018-2019) to study the inherent fungal contaminants of irrigation water in Al-Kharj farms. Water samples were collected from three sites of the wells (the north and south sides and the plastic housing) at the farms. Sewage samples were also collected. One hundred and sixty-seven fungal isolates were obtained from the wells and the sewage. These isolates belonged to 16 genera, of which 13 were deuteromycetes, one was a zygomycetes and one was an oomycete. The results showed that Pythium, Aspergillus, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, and Fusarium genera were found throughout most months of the year. The results for each month were similar in terms of the frequency of fungi detected (99.96–100%) and the fungi isolation frequency (average, 6.247–6.25%). Pythium, Aspergillus, Rhizoctonia, Penicillium, and Diplococcium were identified in the water samples taken from the wells and the plastic housing. Alternaria and Fusarium were identified in water samples taken from the wells, while Candida and Macrophoma were also found in water samples taken from the well, while Cladosporium was found in the water samples and the sewage samples. Rhizopus was found in water samples taken from all of the wells near the plastic housing. Ulocladium was found in water samples taken from the wells and the plastic housing, while Thielaviopsis was found in water samples taken from the wells near the housing and the sterile fungus was found in water samples taken from the wells and the plastic housing. Moreover, we found that the seed trap method was the best method for fungi isolation (isolation frequency, 11.17%) and was better than the direct method of isolation (isolation frequency, 8.53%).

The article discusses a case of upper extremity gangrene likely caused by mucormycosis in a 77-year-old male with multiple comorbidities. The patient underwent surgical management, including amputation and antifungal treatment, but ultimately succumbed to multi-organ failure and septic shock. Mucormycosis is a rare but life-threatening fungal infection that poses a significant risk to immunocompromised individuals, with a high mortality rate. Early detection and targeted interventions are crucial for improving outcomes in cases of mucormycosis. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Trisporic acids are considered to be key regulators of carotenoid biosynthesis and sexual reproduction in zygomycetes, but the mechanisms underlying this regulation have not been fully elucidated. Results: In this study, the relationships between trisporic acids and lycopene synthesis were investigated in Blakeslea trispora. The lycopene concentration in single fermentation by the (−) strain with the addition of 24 μg/L trisporic acids was slightly higher than that observed in mated fermentation. After transcriptomic analysis, a steroid 5α-reductase-like gene, known as SR5AL in B. trispora, was first reported. 5α-Reductase inhibitors reduced lycopene biosynthesis and downregulated the expression of sex determination and carotenoid biosynthesis genes. Overexpression of the SR5AL gene upregulated these genes, regardless of whether trisporic acids were added. Conclusion: These findings indicated that the SR5AL gene is a key gene associated with the response to trisporic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted over a 6-month period (2018-2019) to study the inherent fungal contaminants of irrigation water in Al-Kharj farms. Water samples were collected from three sites of the wells (the north and south sides and the plastic housing) at the farms. Sewage samples were also collected. One hundred and sixty-seven fungal isolates were obtained from the wells and the sewage. These isolates belonged to 16 genera, of which 13 were deuteromycetes, one was a zygomycetes and one was an oomycete. The results showed that Pythium, Aspergillus, Rhizoctonia, Rhizopus, and Fusarium genera were found throughout most months of the year. The results for each month were similar in terms of the frequency of fungi detected (99.96-100%) and the fungi isolation frequency (average, 6.247-6.25%). Pythium, Aspergillus, Rhizoctonia, Penicillium, and Diplococcium were identified in the water samples taken from the wells and the plastic housing. Alternaria and Fusarium were identified in water samples taken from the wells, while Candida and Macrophoma were also found in water samples taken from the well, while Cladosporium was found in the water samples and the sewage samples. Rhizopus was found in water samples taken from all of the wells near the plastic housing. Ulocladium was found in water samples taken from the wells and the plastic housing, while Thielaviopsis was found in water samples taken from the wells near the housing and the sterile fungus was found in water samples taken from the wells and the plastic housing. Moreover, we found that the seed trap method was the best method for fungi isolation (isolation frequency, 11.17%) and was better than the direct method of isolation (isolation frequency, 8.53%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is a rare developmental lung disease. The aim of this study is to analyze the histomorphological spectrum of CPAM in a series of 15 cases. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of 15 cases of CPAM was carried out from 2013 to 2018 in our hospital, and cases were classified based on the Stocker's classification. Results: The age ranged from 4 days to 9 years (66.6% were infants). The left lung was most commonly involved (66.6%). The most common lobe was the left upper lobe (60%), followed by right lower lobe (20%). Grossly, cysts measured 0.2–5 cm, filled with mainly serous fluid with few having hemorrhagic and brownish mucoid secretions. On microscopy, single to multiple noncommunicating cysts of size 0.2–5 cm were seen, lined by ciliated columnar epithelium (60%), pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (26.7%), mucin-secreting columnar epithelium (6.7%), and flattened epithelium (6.7%). Few cases showed smooth muscle (20%) and cartilage (13.3%) in the cyst wall. Chronic inflammation (73.3%) with dense histiocytic infiltrate (13.3%) was also seen. Emphysematous changes were also observed (13.3%). Cytomegalovirus inclusions (6.7%), zygomycete fungus (6.7%), and red hepatization (6.7%) were observed. The most common type was type II (60%), followed by type I (33.3%) and type IV (6.7%). Conclusion: Type II was the most common variant in this study. A careful observation should be done to look for fungal hyphae or viral inclusions.

ABSTRACT: Conidiobolomycosis has a wide distribution, predominantly in humid tropical regions, affecting several species with significant mortality rates. The genus Conidiobolus is now divided into four genera: Capillidium, Conidiobolus, Microconidiobolus, and Neoconidiobolus. There are no confirmed reports of infection by these fungi in Equidae in Brazil. We present a rhinofacial rhinitis caused by Neoconidiobolus lamprauges in a mule from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The mule presented bilateral semi-occlusion of the nostrils, difficulty breathing, and weight loss. The histological examination of the nostril biopsied mass revealed multifocal necrotizing areas with nonstained images of fungal hyphae in the Splendore-Hoeppli reaction and surrounded by macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, and multinucleated giant cells. The Grocott methenamine silver staining revealed thin-walled, rarely septated, irregular branching hyphae, with a varying diameter of 12 μm (± 3.63 μm), and terminal ballooning dilations. The determining etiology of this rhinitis was based on the hyphae staining by immunohistochemistry and by amplifying the DNA fragment of N. lamprauges by polymerase chain reaction. Conidiobolomycosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of the causes of rhinitis in equids, mainly in tropical regions.

The fungus Rhizopus delemar was grown on bread waste in a submerged cultivation process and wet-laid into films. Alkali or enzyme treatments were used to isolate the fungal cell wall. A heat treatment was also applied to deactivate biological activity of the fungus. Homogenization of fungal biomass was done by an iterative ultrafine grinding process. Finally, the biomass was cast into films by a wet-laid process. Ultrafine grinding resulted in densification of the films. Fungal films showed tensile strengths of up to 18.1 MPa, a Young’s modulus of 2.3 GPa and a strain at break of 1.4%. Highest tensile strength was achieved using alkali treatment, with SEM analysis showing a dense and highly organized structure. In contrast, less organized structures were obtained using enzymatic or heat treatments. A cell viability assay and fluorescent staining confirmed the biocompatibility of the films. A promising route for food waste valorization to sustainable fungal wet-laid films was established.

Definition: Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection due to organisms of the Zygomycetes class and the order of Mucorales that can cause various types of infections. In recent years, an increasing phenomenon has been observed—invasive fungal infections especially in the healthcare setting. Among immucompromised patients, an important clinical emergency could be represented by mucormycosis. The epidemiology of mucormycosis has shown an alarming trend and its incidence is rising globally. Four elements are fundamental for a successful treatment: rapid diagnosis, reduction of predisposing factors (if possible), surgical debridement of infected tissues, and appropriate antifungal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Windipila spinifera from the Rhynie cherts is a spheroidal microfossil enveloped in a hyphal mantle from which extend prominent spines and otherwise shaped projections. It is believed to be a reproductive unit of a fungus in the Glomeromycota or zygomycetes, but features to determine the systematic affinities have not hitherto been documented. This study describes a new specimen of W. spinifera that contains a single spherical structure from which a hypha arises that extends outside and terminates in what appears to be a sporangium. The specimen is reminiscent of germinated zygospores of the germ-sporangial type, and thus may suggest affinities of W. spinifera to the zygomycetes. However, the interior sphere and its outgrowth could also be a part of another organism that had invaded W. spinifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes and illustrates six bivalve taxa from the Early Bathonian to Early Callovian Ferruginous Oolite Formation and 24 taxa from the Callovian to basal-most Cretaceous Spiti Shale Formation of the Spiti and Zanskar areas in the Indian Himalayas. The Spiti Shale Formation contains a low-diversity bivalve fauna that is concentrated in few horizons, particularly in the lower member of the formation. With few exceptions, the bivalves are poorly preserved. Bivalve taxa recorded by earlier studies are revised wherever possible. Several of the taxa, most of which are from mid- to outer shelf environments, are characteristic of the south-eastern margin of the Neotethys, but some are also closely related to forms occurring in Kachchh, a rift basin situated at the western margin of the Indian Craton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into secondary metabolism (SM) production by fungi has resulted in the discovery of diverse, biologically active compounds with significant medicinal applications. The fungi rich in SM production are taxonomically concentrated in the subkingdom Dikarya, which comprises the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Here, we explore the potential for SM production in Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota, two phyla of nonflagellated fungi that are not members of Dikarya, by predicting and identifying core genes and gene clusters involved in SM. The majority of non-Dikarya have few genes and gene clusters involved in SM production except for the amphibian gut symbionts in the genus Basidiobolus. Basidiobolus genomes exhibit an enrichment of SM genes involved in siderophore, surfactin-like, and terpene cyclase production, all these with evidence of constitutive gene expression. Gene expression and chemical assays also confirm that Basidiobolus has significant siderophore activity. The expansion of SMs in Basidiobolus are partially due to horizontal gene transfer from bacteria, likely as a consequence of its ecology as an amphibian gut endosymbiont.

Unused pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) discharged into the aquatic environment have been regarded as emerging pollutants due to potential harmful effects on humans and the environment. Microbial bioremediation is considered as a viable option for their removal from wastewater. The aim of this study was to assess the simultaneous removal of carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBP) by previously isolated fungi (Aspergillus niger, Mucor circinelloides , Trichoderma longibrachiatum , Trametes polyzona , and Rhizopus microsporus). The tolerance to PhCs was conducted by tracking the fungal mycelium mat diameters in solid media and its dry biomass in liquid media, at the drug concentration range of 0.1 to 15 mg/L. The fungal enzymatic activities were determined for lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase (Lac), respectively. The PhC removal efficiency of the fungi was assessed in aerated batch flasks and the drug concentrations and intermediate compounds formation were determined by using SPE-UPLC/MS. A tolerance over 70% was recorded for all the fungi at drug concentration of 0.1 mg/L. Manganese peroxidase was produced by all the fungi with very low amount of LiP, while all the enzymes were produced by T. polyzona. The pH of 4.3, temperature 37 ± 1.5°C and incubation time of 6 days were the optimum parameters for the fungal enzymatic activities. The best removal of CBZ (87%) was achieved by R. microsporus after 10 days. Between 78 and 100% removal of DCF was observed by all the fungi after 24 h, while 98% of IBP was removed after 2 days by M. circinelloides. Only a few intermediate compounds were identified after 3 days and disappeared after 10 days of incubation. This study demonstrated that apart from the basidiomycete s , the ascomycetes and zygomycetes are also producers of ligninolytic enzymes and have the ability to biodegrade emerging pollutants such as PhCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is a rare developmental lung disease. The aim of this study is to analyze the histomorphological spectrum of CPAM in a series of 15 cases. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of 15 cases of CPAM was carried out from 2013 to 2018 in our hospital, and cases were classified based on the Stocker's classification. Results: The age ranged from 4 days to 9 years (66.6% were infants). The left lung was most commonly involved (66.6%). The most common lobe was the left upper lobe (60%), followed by right lower lobe (20%). Grossly, cysts measured 0.2–5 cm, filled with mainly serous fluid with few having hemorrhagic and brownish mucoid secretions. On microscopy, single to multiple noncommunicating cysts of size 0.2–5 cm were seen, lined by ciliated columnar epithelium (60%), pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (26.7%), mucin-secreting columnar epithelium (6.7%), and flattened epithelium (6.7%). Few cases showed smooth muscle (20%) and cartilage (13.3%) in the cyst wall. Chronic inflammation (73.3%) with dense histiocytic infiltrate (13.3%) was also seen. Emphysematous changes were also observed (13.3%). Cytomegalovirus inclusions (6.7%), zygomycete fungus (6.7%), and red hepatization (6.7%) were observed. The most common type was type II (60%), followed by type I (33.3%) and type IV (6.7%). Conclusion: Type II was the most common variant in this study. A careful observation should be done to look for fungal hyphae or viral inclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the case of a 66-year-old neutropenic man with mantle-cell lymphoma who presented for evaluation of a rapidly expanding necrotic eschar after a minor cutaneous injury. Histopathology revealed infection with Rhizopus indicating primary cutaneous mucormycosis. Our case reviews the presentation and management of this condition as well highlights the potential for minor cutaneous injuries in the hospital to lead to this dangerous infection.

Pollution has been increased recently due to the activities of industries and agriculture, especially pesticides, heavy metals, and other toxic compounds that are usually considered as carcinogenic and mutagenic, materials need a long time to be degraded into simple forms. Therefore, it is a crucial to eradicate such pollutants from environments in different mechanisms from which the possibility of using microorganisms such as fungi. This mechanism then would be called mycoremediation. Such process should be known and practice to achieve clean and healthy environments. In this review article, we shed light on the definition, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of mycoremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a rapidly life‐threatening disease caused by a fungal infection. Every diabetic patient with sinusitis symptoms, headache, and visual changes needs radiological approach and nasal endoscopy to rule out mucormycosis. The mortality rate is 50%‐85%, despite an early diagnosis and a correct treatment.

β-Galactosidases of Mucoromycota are rarely studied, although this group of filamentous fungi is an excellent source of many industrial enzymes. In this study, 99 isolates from the genera Lichtheimia, Mortierella, Mucor, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus and Umbelopsis, were screened for their β-galactosidase activity using a chromogenic agar approach. Ten isolates from the best producers were selected, and the activity was further investigated in submerged (SmF) and solid-state (SSF) fermentation systems containing lactose and/or wheat bran substrates as enzyme production inducers. Wheat bran proved to be efficient for the enzyme production under both SmF and SSF conditions, giving maximum specific activity yields from 32 to 12,064 U/mg protein and from 783 to 22,720 U/mg protein, respectively. Oligosaccharide synthesis tests revealed the suitability of crude β-galactosidases from Lichtheimia ramosa Szeged Microbiological Collection (SZMC) 11360 and Rhizomucor pusillus SZMC 11025 to catalyze transgalactosylation reactions. In addition, the crude enzyme extracts had transfructosylation activity, resulting in the formation of fructo-oligosaccharide molecules in a sucrose-containing environment. The maximal oligosaccharide concentration varied between 0.0158 and 2.236 g/L depending on the crude enzyme and the initial material. Some oligosaccharideenriched mixtures supported the growth of probiotics, indicating the potential of the studied enzyme extracts in future prebiotic synthesis processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi are traditionally considered a reservoir of biologically active natural products. However, an active secondary metabolism has long not been attributed to early-diverging fungi such as Mortierella. Here, we report on the biosynthesis of two series of cyclic pentapeptides, the malpicyclins and malpibaldins, as products of Mortierella alpina ATCC 32222. The molecular structures of malpicyclins were elucidated by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HR-MS/MS), Marfey's method, and one-dimensional (1D) and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In addition, malpibaldin biosynthesis was confirmed by HR-MS. Genome mining and comparative quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) expression analysis pointed at two pentamodular nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), malpicyclin synthetase MpcA and malpibaldin synthetase MpbA, as candidate biosynthetic enzymes. Heterologous production of the respective adenylation domains and substrate specificity assays confirmed the existence of promiscuous substrate selection and also confirmed their respective biosynthetic roles. In stark contrast to known fungal NRPSs, MpbA and MpcA contain bacterial-like dual epimerase/condensation domains allowing the racemization of enzyme-tethered L-amino acids and the subsequent incorporation of D-amino acids into the metabolites. Phylogenetic analyses of both NRPS genes indicated a bacterial origin and a horizontal gene transfer into the fungal genome. We report on the as-yet-unexplored nonribosomal peptide biosynthesis in basal fungi which highlights this paraphylum as a novel and underrated resource of natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mucoralean zygomycete Parasitella parasitica infects complementary mating types of its host Absidia glauca. This parasitism is characterized by fusion between the partners at infection sites. As a consequence, nuclei of the parasite invade into the host's mycelium. Both types of nuclei undergo frequent recombination. Apart from complementing auxotrophies of the host by genes from the parasite, especially repetitive DNA elements exert remarkable effects in recombinants. Parasitella-specific sequences are efficiently transferred and established in A. glauca, sometimes in copy numbers, exceeding the situation in the donor. In addition, at least one frequent Absidiaspecific element (rAg1), lacking from the Parasitella genome, is considerably affected by infection. We have sequenced the genomes of both, host and parasite, and confirmed that the genomes are constituted by 32% (Absidia) and 22% (Parasitella) repetitive DNA. Many of these elements were attributed to known repeat families, some of which are reported as transposable, but approximately 1/3 of all elements are specific for these organisms. Interestingly, both fungi present different repeat specificities. DIRS elements as well as Ginger, MuLE-F, TcMar-ISRm11, TcMar-Tc1, LINE/Jockey and LINE/R1 are specific for the Parasitella parasitica. Transposable elements from the group of endogenous retroviroses as well as LINE/RTE-BovB and Merlin occur exclusively in Absidia glauca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Entomophthoromycotina, a subphylum close to the root of terrestrial fungi with a bias toward insects as their primary hosts, has been notoriously difficult to categorize taxonomically for decades. Here, we reassess the phylogeny of this group based on conserved genes encoding ribosomal RNA and RNA polymerase II subunits, confirming their general monophyly, but challenging previously assumed taxonomic relationships within and between particular clades. Furthermore, for the prominent, partially human-pathogenic taxon Conidiobolus, a new type species C. coronatus is proposed in order to compensate for the unclear, presumably lost previous type species C. utriculosus Brefeld 1884. We also performed an exhaustive survey of the broad host spectrum of the Entomophthoromycotina, which is not restricted to insects alone, and investigated potential patterns of co-evolution across their megadiverse host range. Our results suggest multiple independent origins of parasitism within this subphylum and no apparent co-evolutionary events with any particular host lineage. However, Pterygota (i.e., winged insects) clearly constitute the most dominantly parasitized superordinate host group. This appears to be in accordance with an increased dispersal capacity mediated by the radiation of the Pterygota during insect evolution, which has likely greatly facilitated the spread, infection opportunities, and evolutionary divergence of the Entomophthoromycotina as well.

Forty-eight taxa of saprophytes fungi were isolated and identified from submerged plant debris samples collected from different sites in Misan province, southern Iraq, which are Maymouna, Al-Salam, Majar Al-Kabir, and Amara. Among them, 24 species belonged to Ascomycota (six of which are sexual state), 19 species to hyphomycetes (anamorphic fungi), 4 to Zygomycota, and one to Oomycetes. Six species were isolated and newly recorded from Iraq, which are Aniptodera margaration, Cirrenalia iberica, Cordana lignicola, Cordana verruculosa, Pseudoacrodictys appendiculata, and Scytalidium thermophilum. However, in the evaluation of both moist chamber and direct culture methods, 34 species were isolated by the first method and 27 species by the second method, meantime, 13 species (9 belonged to Ascomycota, 2 to hyphomycetes, and 2 to Zygomycetes) were recovered by both methods. Aspergillus terrus was appeared in highest frequency and occurrence (11.76%, 42.55%, respectively), followed by Aspergillus horti (10%, 36.17%, respectively), and then A. niger with a frequency and occurrence of 5.29% and 19.14%, respectively, while 17 species were appeared lowest frequency and occurrence to reach 0.58%, 2.12%, respectively, for all. One hundred and seven isolates have been recovered from all study sites. Meantime, sixty-four isolates have been reported from Majar Al-Kabir, as compared with other sites, followed by Amara (43 isolates), while 39 isolates have been isolated from the Maymouna, and 24 isolates from Al-Salam. The biodiversity of fungi isolated from submerged plant debris was compared with previous studies. Brief descriptions of the new recorded fungi were given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into secondary metabolism (SM) production by fungi has resulted in the discovery of diverse, biologically active compounds with significant medicinal applications. The fungi rich in SM production are taxonomically concentrated in the subkingdom Dikarya, which comprises the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Here, we explore the potential for SM production in Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota, two phyla of nonflagellated fungi that are not members of Dikarya, by predicting and identifying core genes and gene clusters involved in SM. The majority of non-Dikarya have few genes and gene clusters involved in SM production except for the amphibian gut symbionts in the genus Basidiobolus. Basidiobolus genomes exhibit an enrichment of SM genes involved in siderophore, surfactin-like, and terpene cyclase production, all these with evidence of constitutive gene expression. Gene expression and chemical assaysalso confirm that Basidiobolus has significant siderophore activity. The expansion of SMs in Basidiobolus are partially due to horizontal gene transfer from bacteria, likely as a consequence of its ecology as an amphibian gut endosymbiont. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucormycosis, caused by saprophytic fungi of the order Mucorales of the class zygomycetes, is a rare opportunistic fungal infection, which has a rapidly progressive and fulminant course with fatal outcome. Mucormycosis can result in an acute, rapidly advancing and occasionally fatal disease caused by different fungi typically found in the soil in association with decaying organic matter such as leaves, compost piles, or bread molds. Mucormycosis is not contagious and does not spread from person to person. We report a case of palatal perforation by rhino-maxillary mucormycosis in an immunocompromised patient. The patient was treated and had a good prognosis for such a fatal condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Conidiobolus is an important group in entomophthoroid fungi and is considered to be polyphyletic in recent molecular phylogenies. To re-evaluate and delimit this genus, multi-locus phylogenetic analyses were performed using the large and small subunits of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nucLSU and nuc-SSU), the small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (mtSSU) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1a). The results indicated that the Conidiobolus is not monophyletic, being grouped into a paraphyletic grade with four clades. Consequently, the well-known Conidiobolus is revised and three new genera Capillidium, Microconidiobolus and Neoconidiobolus are proposed along with one new record and 22 new combinations. In addition, the genus Basidiobolus is found to be basal to the other entomophthoroid taxa and the genus Batkoa locates in the Entomophthoraceae clade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Mucormycosis is an infection caused by fungi to the class Zygomycetes that usually appears in immunosuppressed patients. Diagnostic confirmation is often delayed, with fatal prognosis in cases in which treatment is not rapidly established. Case report: We present two clinical cases of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis with an atypical presentation form, consisting of a unilateral complete sudden vision loss. Intravenous treatment with liposomal amphotericin B was started and total orbital exenteration surgery was performed. The removed surgical area was filled with gauze impregnated with liposomal amphotericin B and was left open for cures every 12 hours. Due to the good clinical evolution, a reconstruction of the orbital exenteration defect was performed in Case 1 with a temporal muscle flap and a skin island pedicled flap. In Case 2, reconstruction was not performed due to the poor evolution of the patient. Discussion: As it is a very aggressive surgery, the aesthetic and functional sequelae are very important. When the survival of the patient is achieved, we should offer reconstructive solutions that improve their quality of life. The reconstruction carried out using a flap of the temporal muscle can be made in a single act without requiring microvascular surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a rapidly life‐threatening disease caused by a fungal infection. Every diabetic patient with sinusitis symptoms, headache, and visual changes needs radiological approach and nasal endoscopy to rule out mucormycosis. The mortality rate is 50%‐85%, despite an early diagnosis and a correct treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-Galactosidases of Mucoromycota are rarely studied, although this group of filamentous fungi is an excellent source of many industrial enzymes. In this study, 99 isolates from the genera Lichtheimia, Mortierella, Mucor, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus and Umbelopsis, were screened for their β-galactosidase activity using a chromogenic agar approach. Ten isolates from the best producers were selected, and the activity was further investigated in submerged (SmF) and solid-state (SSF) fermentation systems containing lactose and/or wheat bran substrates as enzyme production inducers. Wheat bran proved to be efficient for the enzyme production under both SmF and SSF conditions, giving maximum specific activity yields from 32 to 12,064 U/mg protein and from 783 to 22,720 U/mg protein, respectively. Oligosaccharide synthesis tests revealed the suitability of crude β-galactosidases from Lichtheimia ramosa Szeged Microbiological Collection (SZMC) 11360 and Rhizomucor pusillus SZMC 11025 to catalyze transgalactosylation reactions. In addition, the crude enzyme extracts had transfructosylation activity, resulting in the formation of fructo-oligosaccharide molecules in a sucrose-containing environment. The maximal oligosaccharide concentration varied between 0.0158 and 2.236 g/L depending on the crude enzyme and the initial material. Some oligosaccharide-enriched mixtures supported the growth of probiotics, indicating the potential of the studied enzyme extracts in future prebiotic synthesis processes.

A simple scalable method has been developed to obtain protein hydrolysate from fleshing waste generated during leather processing. UV–Vis, FTIR and Solid State C13 NMR analyses identified that prepared protein hydrolysate is basically collagen hydrolysate. DLS and MALDI-TOF-MS spectra indicated that the prepared protein hydrolysate is mostly comprised of di- and tri-peptides and less poly-dispersed than the standard commercial product. A combination of 0.3% Yeast extract, 1% Protein Hydrolysate (PHz) and 2% Glucose is found to be the most efficient nutrient composition for the fermentative growth of three well-known chitosan producing zygomycetes group of fungi. Mucor sp. showed highest yield of biomass (2.74 g/L) as well as chitosan (335 mg/L). Biomass and chitosan yield for Rhizopus oryzae were found 1.53 g/L; 239 mg/L. Same for Absidia coerulea were 2.05 g/L and 212 mg/L, respectively. This work shows promising prospect of utilization of fleshing waste of leather processing for the low-cost production of industrially important biopolymer chitosan. [Display omitted] • A scalable method has been established to prepare protein hydrolysate from fleshing waste. • Prepared protein hydrolysate is collagen hydrolysate comprised of di- and tri-peptides mainly. • 0.3%Yeast extract, 1% Protein-Hydrolysate with 2% Glucose was found best composition for fermentation. • Production of chitosan is highest in the case of Mucor sp. and lowest in the case of Absidia coerulea. • The percentage of extractable chitosan was found to be highest in the case of Rhizopus oryzae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 20th century, the sub-Antarctic islands have suffered an increasing number of biological invasions. Despite the large number of publications on this topic, there is a lack of knowledge on parasitism rates of invasive species and on the role of parasites and pathogens to regulate their populations. Six aphid species have been introduced in the archipelagos of Crozet (Île de la Possession, 46° 25’ S–51° 51’ E) and Kerguelen (49° 21’ S–70° 13’ E). Five of these species were found infected by entomopathogenic fungi of the order Entomophthorales. All these fungal species are cosmopolitan. Conidiobolus obscurus and Entomophthora planchoniana were the most frequently observed on Île de la Possession and in Archipel des Kerguelen, respectively. This is the first report of pathogenic fungi of aphids on the sub-Antarctic islands. We discuss these results in the light of our current knowledge of these insect pathogens. Their introduction by aphids surviving on plants during transportation is the most likely hypothesis to explain their presence on these remote islands.

Dikshya Sharma,1 Kumud Dahal,2 Bandana Pathak,3 Udip Dahal4 1Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, 2University of Illinois College of Medicine, 3OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, IL, 4University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Abstract: Mucormycosis is a rare infection caused by the ubiquitous filamentous fungi of the order Mucorales and class Zygomycetes. These species are vasotropic, causing rapid onset of tissue infarctions and necrosis and subsequent thrombosis by invading vascular bed. The disease spectrum ranges from involvement of skin, sinuses, lung, and brain to disseminated and mostly fatal infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Here, we present a case of a fatal disseminated mucormycosis in a 56-year-old female who had deceased donor renal allograft transplantation ~2 weeks prior to presentation. She presented with shortness of breath and dry cough. Despite being on broad-spectrum antibiotics/antifungals and proper management by transplant, infectious disease, and primary team, she died within 3 weeks of admission. Autopsy showed disseminated mucormycosis of lungs and thyroid. Disseminated infection within 2 weeks of solid organ transplantation in this patient was one of the rare features of mucormycosis. Keywords: Zygomycetes, immunocompromised, transplant

Introduction: Zygomycosis, a fungal infection caused by a group of filamentous fungi, Zygomycetes. Zygomycetes belong to orders Mucorales and Entomorphthorales. Infection occurs in rhinocerebral, pulmonary, cutaneous, abdominal, pelvic and disseminated forms. Cutaneous zygomycosis is the third most common presentation, usually occurring as gradual and slowly progressive disease but may sometimes become fulminant leading to necrotizing lesion and haematogenous dissemination. Infection caused by Saksenaea vasiformis is rare but are emerging pathogens having a tendency to cause infection even in immunocompetent hosts. Aim: To analyse cases of cutaneous zygomycosis caused by Saksenaea vasiformis with respect to risk factors, clinical presentation, causative agents, management and patient outcome. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai. All the diagnosed cases of cutaneous zygomycosis caused by Saksenaea vasiformis during the period 2010-2017 were included in the study. Case information was retrieved from medical records department. Diagnosis of zygomycosis was based on 10% Potassium Hydroxoide (KOH) examination, culture on Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA), identification of fungus by slide culture, Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB) mount and Water Agar method. Results: In the present study, seven cases of cutaneous Zygomycosis caused by emerging pathogen Saksenaea vasiformis were studied. On analysing these cases, it was found that break in the skin integrity predisposes to infection. Two patients were known cases of Diabetes mellitus, while five of them had no underlying associated medical conditions. This study shows that although infection with Saksenaea vasiformis is more common in immunocompromised patients but a healthy individuals can be infected and may have a bad prognosis if diagnosis and treatment is delayed. Conclusion: In cases of rapidly progressive necrosis of wound not responding to antibiotics, Saksenaea vasiformis should be considered as one of the aetiological agents and laboratory plays the major role for diagnosing these cases and thereby helps in prompt management of patients.

Background: During the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in recent times, an upsurge of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) such as mucormycosis was witnessed by many countries like India. This COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) has presented as a menace to the already creaking health infrastructure. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and end clinical outcomes varied for every other region/country. The aim of this study is to delineate and analyze plausible clinical and epidemiological factors and associated predictors of CAM in suspected patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand, India, during the second wave of COVID-19 in India., Material and Methods: A total of 200 cases of suspected post‑COVID-19 mucormycosis were enrolled. Data were collected taking into account parameters such as hospitalization and ICU admissions during the episode of COVID-19 infection, steroid/antibiotics/oxygen requirement, and comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or any chronic illness and outcome., Results: Participants diagnosed with CAM using KOH examination and fungal culture were analyzed in the study (n=46). The median age of patients included was 48, 73.9% were males, and 26% were females. The major predisposing factor was found to be diabetes mellitus type 2. Our work suggests that the mean duration between COVID-19 episodes and CAM was 11.86 days with a significant statistical association. Oxygen requirement and imprudent use of steroids/antibiotics were also allied with mucormycosis., Conclusion: The burden of such IFIs is expected to be unveiled in tropical countries during pandemics such as COVID-19, which lead to immunosuppression in masses post-treatment. Comorbidities such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension add to the risk of acquiring other infectious disease. Such times require competent healthcare professionals such as diagnosticians, physicians, and surgeons who are skilled to manage such IFIs timely., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Raina et al.)

Abstract Basidiobolomycosis, a rare fungal infection, is of worldwide distribution but areas commonly involved include the tropical areas of Africa, USA and South East Asia. 88% of the cases are reported among patients younger than 20 years. Many of the case reports in Saudi Arabia are from Tohama area where our patient lives. The diagnosis tends to be overlooked as the presentation may mimic colonic carcinoma in adults or inflammatory bowel diseases and tuberculosis in both children and adults. Angioinvasion seen in our patient is extremely rare suggesting the diagnosis of mucormycosis and resulting in a delay in choosing the most appropriate treatment. We report this case to remind physicians and surgeons to consider this diagnosis in patients from endemic area presenting with such conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen Las infecciones por cigomicetos, producidas tanto por hongos mucorales como entomoftorales, se caracterizan por la invasión de los vasos sanguíneos y de otros órganos o estructuras adyacentes. Los mucorales suelen producir infección orbitorrinocerebral, pulmonar, cutánea, digestiva o diseminada y su desarrollo se ve favorecido por ciertas enfermedades de base (diabetes, insuficiencia renal) o factores de riesgo (neutropenia, inmunosupresión, sobrecarga de hierro). Se asocian a una elevada mortalidad y la clave del éxito reside en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento antifúngico precoz asociado, en la mayoría de los casos, a un desbridamiento quirúrgico amplio. En la actualidad, el isavuconazol representa una alternativa en el tratamiento de la mucormicosis refractaria o intolerante a la anfotericina B liposomal, y dadas sus características farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas, así como su escasa toxicidad, constituye la mejor opción para el tratamiento de mantenimiento de estas infecciones fúngicas invasivas. Abstract Infections due to zygomycetes, caused by mucorales and entomophthorales, are characterized by angioinvasion and invasion of neighboring organs or structures. Mucorales most commonly cause rhinocerebral, pulmonary, cutaneous or disseminated infection and its spread is favored by several diseases (such as diabetes or chronic kidney disease) and risk factors (neutropenia, immunosuppression, iron overload). They have a high mortality rate, and the key to success in their treatment are early diagnosis, prompt administration of antifungal treatment, and extensive surgical debridement. Currently, isavuconazole constitutes an option for the treatment of those mucormycosis refractory to liposomal amphotericin B. Due to its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and its low toxicity, it is also the best choice for maintenance therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid accumulation is an important cellular process of oleaginous microorganisms. To dissect metabolic behavior of oleaginous Zygomycetes, the lipid over-producing strain, Mucor circinelloides WJ11, was subjected for omics-scale analysis. The genome annotation was improved and used for construction of genome-scale metabolic network of WJ11 strain. Then, the quality of the metabolic network was enhanced by incorporating gene and protein expression data. In addition to the known oleaginous genes, our results showed a number of newly identified unique genes of WJ11 strain, which involved in central carbon metabolism, lipid, amino acid and nitrogen metabolisms. The systematic compilations indicated the additional metabolic routes with the involvement in supplying precursors (acetyl-CoA, NADPH and fatty acyl substrate) for fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis. Interestingly, amino acid metabolism played a substantial role in responsive mechanism of the fungal cells to nutrient imbalance circumstance through lipogenesis as the finding of reporter metabolites ( l -methionine, l -glutamate, l -aspartate, l -asparagine and l -glutamine) at lipid-accumulating stage. The cooperative function of certain lipid-degrading enzymes at the particular growth stage was elucidated by integrating the metabolic networks with gene expression data. The unique feature of carotenoid biosynthetic route in WJ11 strain was also identified by protein domain analysis. Taken together, there were cross-functional metabolisms in regulating lipid biosynthesis and retaining high level of cellular lipids in the representative of lipid over-producing strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The order Mucorales, the largest in number of species within the Mucoromycotina, comprises typically fast-growing saprotrophic fungi. During a study o f the fungal diversity of undiscovered taxa in Korea, two novel mucoralean strains, CNUFC-GWD3-9 and CNUFCEGF1-4, were isolated from specific habitats including freshwater and fecal samples, respectively. On the basis of their morphological characteristics and sequence analyses o f internal transcribed spacer and large subunit ribosomal DNA, the CNUFC-GWD3-9 and CNUFC-EGF1-4 isolates were confirmed to be Gilbertella persicaria and Pilobolus crystallinus, respectively. It is ecologically, pathologically, and mycologically significant to find such rare zygomycetous fungi in such specific habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective method for research of macro-morphological characterization and its kinetics was developed by studying the macro-morphological characteristics of Mortierella alpina, an oleaginous zygomycete widely used to produce lipids rich in PUFA, in function of culture medium composition and to link morphological features of fungus with the level of lipid production. A number of distinct morphological forms including hollow pellets, fluffy pellets and freely dispersed mycelia were obtained by changing the fermentation factors. By fitting a Logistic curve, the maximum specific growth rate (μmax)was obtained, which determined the final mycelia morphology. μmax of 0.6584 in three kind of morphological forms is the more appropriate. According to the Luedeking-Piret equation fitting, α≠0 and β≠0, lipid production was partially associated with the hyphal growth, fluffy pellets which turn glucose into lipidwas more effective than the other two kinds of morphological forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]